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04eb85e8d60dbeca | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix', 'title': 'List of original programs distributed by Netflix', 'header': ['Title', 'Genre', 'Premiere', 'Seasons', 'Length', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt', 'summary': 'Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock , starring Ellie Kemper in the title role . It premiered on March 6 , 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons , ending on January 25 , 2019 . In May 2019 , it was reported the series would return with an interactive special set to premiere in 2020 . The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt ( Kemper ) as she adjusts to life after her rescue from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville , Indiana , where she and three other women were held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) for 15 years . Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude , Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City , where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) , finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) , and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) . Since its premiere , the show has received critical acclaim , with critic Scott Meslow calling it the first great sitcom of the streaming era . The series has been nominated for 18 Primetime Emmy Awards , including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 seasons , 51 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-53 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace and Frankie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_and_Frankie', 'summary': 'Grace and Frankie is an American comedy series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love with each other and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second through sixth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , were released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , January 19 , 2018 , January 18 , 2019 , and January 15 , 2020 respectively . Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews upon its debut , but its second and subsequent seasons have been met with a largely positive reception from television critics . It has received several nominations , including five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy . On September 4 , 2019 , the series was renewed for a seventh and final season , which will consist of 16 episodes , thus making it the longest-running Netflix original series with 94 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy-drama', 'summary': 'Comedy-drama or dramedy ( a portmanteau of drama and comedy ) , is a genre of dramatic works ( including film , television , and theatre ) in which plot elements are a combination of comedy and drama . It is a subgenre of contemporary tragicomedy . Comedy-drama is especially found in television programs and is considered a hybrid genre .'}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 seasons , 78 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wet_Hot_American_Summer:_First_Day_of_Camp', 'summary': "Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp is a comedy web television series written by David Wain and Michael Showalter , and directed by Wain . First Day of camp is the second installment in the Wet Hot American Summer franchise . The eight-episode Netflix series is a prequel to Wain 's 2001 film Wet Hot American Summer , a parody of teen sex comedies which has since developed a cult following . Although many of the original film 's ensemble cast have gone on to high-profile work , all of the then-adult actors returned for this series , playing even younger versions of their original roles . The episodes were released for online viewing at the end of July 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Satirical comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satire', 'summary': 'In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction , satire is a genre of literature and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - in satire , irony is militant - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to question . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics .'}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miniseries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master of None', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_None', 'summary': 'Master of None is an American comedy-drama web television series , which was released for streaming on November 6 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series was created by Aziz Ansari and Alan Yang , and stars Ansari in the lead role of Dev Shah , a 30-year-old actor , mostly following his romantic , professional , and cultural experiences . The first season was set in New York City , and consisted of ten episodes . The second season , which takes place in Italy and New York , consists of ten episodes and was released on May 12 , 2017 . Master of None has won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe . The series has received critical acclaim , appeared on multiple year-end top ten lists , and received multiple awards and nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-57 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W/ Bob & David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W/_Bob_&_David', 'summary': 'W/ Bob & David is a comedy sketch show created by and starring Bob Odenkirk and David Cross that premiered on Netflix on November 13 , 2015 . The sketch show consists of four half-hour episodes plus an hour-long making-of special entitled Behind the Making of the Scenes . Although it shares much of the same writing team as Mr. Show with Bob and David , which aired on HBO from 1995 to 1998 , it follows a different structure with Odenkirk describing it as lighter , less complex and faster .'}]}, {'value': 'Sketch comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sketch_comedy', 'summary': "Sketch comedy comprises a series of short scenes or vignettes , called sketches , commonly between one and ten minutes long . Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians , either on stage or through an audio or visual medium such as radio and television . Often sketches are first improvised by the actors and sketched down based on the outcome of these improv sessions ; however , such improvisation is not necessarily involved in sketch comedy . An individual comedy sketch is a brief scene or vignette of the type formerly used in vaudeville , and now used widely in comedy and variety shows , talk shows and some children 's television series ( such as Sesame Street ) . Warner Bros . Animation made two sketch comedy shows , including Mad and Right Now Kapow . Sketch comedians routinely differentiate their product from a skit , maintaining that a skit is a ( single ) dramatized joke ( or bit ) while a sketch is a comedic exploration of a concept , character or situation ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 5 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-33 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Love is an American romantic comedy web television series created by Judd Apatow , Lesley Arfin , and Paul Rust , starring Gillian Jacobs , Paul Rust , and Claudia O'Doherty . Netflix originally ordered two seasons of the show . The first 10-episode season was made available on February 19 , 2016 , and a 12-episode second season premiered on March 10 , 2017 . Netflix renewed the series for a third season one month prior to the second-season premiere . On December 15 , 2017 , Netflix announced that the third season would be its last . Season 3 premiered on March 9 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romantic_comedy', 'summary': 'Romantic comedy ( portmanteaus : romedy , romcom , rom-com or lovecome ) is a subgenre of comedy and slice-of-life fiction , focusing on lighthearted , humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas , such as how true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily . Another definition suggests that its primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres , not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and seemingly meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference , a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally reunited . A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 34 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-40 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fuller House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuller_House_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987-1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J . Tanner-Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy - along with her teenage daughter - live together at the Tanners ' childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes , which were released on February 26 , 2016 , worldwide . The second season was released on December 9 , 2016 . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half on December 22 , 2017 . On January 29 , 2018 , Netflix renewed Fuller House for a fourth season , which was released on December 14 , 2018 . While the first season reception was generally negative , reviews for the following seasons were generally positive . On January 31 , 2019 , the show was renewed for its fifth and final season of eighteen episodes . The first half premiered on December 6 , 2019 , with the second half set to premiere in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 seasons , 66 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final season ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flaked', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flaked', 'summary': "Flaked is an American comedy web television series that stars Will Arnett , who developed it alongside the creator/executive producer of Arrested Development , Mitch Hurwitz . The first season consisted of eight episodes , which were released simultaneously worldwide on March 11 , 2016 . In July 2016 , the series was renewed for a six-episode second season , which premiered on June 2 , 2017 . Columnist Cindy Elavsky describes the show as being about a self-help guru named Chip who 's struggling to stay a step ahead of his own lies ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 14 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30-34 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netflix Presents : The Characters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netflix_Presents:_The_Characters', 'summary': 'Netflix Presents : The Characters is an American web television comedy sketch show that premiered on Netflix on March 11 , 2016 . It features eight up-and-coming comedians , who each write and star in their own 30 minute show . The comedians featured in the show are Lauren Lapkus , Kate Berlant , Phil Burgers , Paul W. Downs , John Early , Tim Robinson , Natasha Rothwell , and Henry Zebrowski . Eight episodes were released on March 11 , 2016 . The following month , Netflix cancelled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sketch comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sketch_comedy', 'summary': "Sketch comedy comprises a series of short scenes or vignettes , called sketches , commonly between one and ten minutes long . Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians , either on stage or through an audio or visual medium such as radio and television . Often sketches are first improvised by the actors and sketched down based on the outcome of these improv sessions ; however , such improvisation is not necessarily involved in sketch comedy . An individual comedy sketch is a brief scene or vignette of the type formerly used in vaudeville , and now used widely in comedy and variety shows , talk shows and some children 's television series ( such as Sesame Street ) . Warner Bros . Animation made two sketch comedy shows , including Mad and Right Now Kapow . Sketch comedians routinely differentiate their product from a skit , maintaining that a skit is a ( single ) dramatized joke ( or bit ) while a sketch is a comedic exploration of a concept , character or situation ."}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-38 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ranch_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Ranch is an American sitcom web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes , the episodes are approximately 30 minutes in length . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , Dolly Parton in part five , Alabama in part six , Brad Paisley in part seven , and John Denver in part eight . On October 31 , 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a fourth and final season with the series to conclude in 2020 . The first part of the final season ( Part 7 ) premiered on September 13 , 2019 . The second part of the final season ( part 8 ) was released on January 24 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 parts , 80 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lady Dynamite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Dynamite', 'summary': 'Lady Dynamite is an American comedy series created by Pam Brady and Mitch Hurwitz , on Netflix . The series stars Maria Bamford , and is loosely based on her life . The twelve-episode first season was released in its entirety on May 20 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a second season on July 27 , 2016 . The second season premiered on November 10 , 2017 . On January 13 , 2018 , the series was canceled after two seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Easy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easy_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Easy is an American comedy-drama anthology series written , directed , edited and produced by Joe Swanberg . It consists of 25 half-hour episodes . The series is set in Chicago . The first season was released on Netflix on September 22 , 2016 . In April 2017 , Swanberg revealed the series had been renewed for a second season , which was released on December 1 , 2017 . In August 2018 , the series was renewed for a third and final season that premiered on May 10 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy anthology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romantic_comedy', 'summary': 'Romantic comedy ( portmanteaus : romedy , romcom , rom-com or lovecome ) is a subgenre of comedy and slice-of-life fiction , focusing on lighthearted , humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas , such as how true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily . Another definition suggests that its primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres , not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and seemingly meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference , a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally reunited . A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthology_series', 'summary': 'An anthology series is a radio , television , or film series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode , season , segment or short . These usually have a different cast each episode , but several series in the past , such as Four Star Playhouse , employed a permanent troupe of character actors who would appear in a different drama each week . Some anthology series , such as Studio One , began on radio and then expanded to television .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 25 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-52 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haters Back Off', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haters_Back_Off', 'summary': "Haters Back Off is a Netflix original television comedy series based on the YouTube character Miranda Sings created by Colleen Ballinger . Its two seasons were released in October 2016 and 2017 , respectively . The surreal and absurd series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings , a sheltered , self-absorbed , overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube . The half-hour episodes depict Miranda 's road to fame , and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others . The show stars Colleen Ballinger as Miranda , Angela Kinsey as her mother Bethany , Steve Little as her uncle Jim , Francesca Reale as her sister Emily , and Erik Stocklin as her best friend and love interest , Patrick . Season 2 added Matt Besser as Miranda 's estranged father . Netflix described the show as a bizarre family comedy , and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame . The series was developed by Colleen Ballinger and her brother , Christopher Ballinger , together with showrunners Gigi McCreery and Perry Rein . It was produced by Brightlight Pictures . The show was named for Miranda Sings ' signature catchphrase that she uses when responding to negative comments on her YouTube videos . Haters Back Off was one of the first scripted series created by a YouTube personality . The first season was released on October 14 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 16 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trailer Park Boys Out of the Park : Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys', 'summary': "Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg . The show focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents , some of whom are ex-convicts , living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . The television series , a continuation of Clattenburg 's 1999 film of the same title , premiered on Showcase in 2001 . There are three films in the series : The Movie , released on October 6 , 2006 ; Countdown to Liquor Day , released on September 25 , 2009 ; and Do n't Legalize It , released on April 18 , 2014 . The seventh and final season of the series ' original run on Showcase ended in 2007 , with its final episode , Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys , premiering as a one-hour special on December 7 , 2008 . In 2013 , Robb Wells , John Paul Tremblay , and Mike Smith , the actors who portrayed Ricky , Julian , and Bubbles , purchased the rights to the show from the original producers and created their own internet streaming network , Swearnet . In March 2014 , Swearnet began co-producing new seasons of the show , partnering with the streaming service Netflix to produce an eighth and ninth season , as well as three new specials . Season 8 premiered on September 5 , 2014 , followed by Season 9 on March 27 , 2015 . Later that year , the show received the green light for two more seasons and began production on Season 10 . During that time , the Canadian government granted the cast and crew money to help produce the new season and a new spin-off series . Season 10 premiered on Netflix on March 28 , 2016 . A new 8-part series , Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : Europe , became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22-30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Day at a Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)', 'summary': "One Day at a Time is an American comedy web television series based on Norman Lear 's 1975-1984 sitcom of the same name . Lear 's company , Act III Productions , approached Sony with the idea of reimagining the original series with a Hispanic family . It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce , with Lear and his producing partner Brent Miller as executive producers . The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado , Todd Grinnell , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , Stephen Tobolowsky , and Rita Moreno . The show revolves around a Cuban-American family living in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Echo Park , focusing on a single mother who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD , her kids and her Cuban mother . The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles issues like mental illness , immigration , sexism , homophobia , and racism that Latinos living in the United States face . The series premiered on Netflix on January 6 , 2017 ; with subsequent seasons premiering on January 26 , 2018 and February 8 , 2019 . Netflix cancelled the series on March 14 , 2019 , but on June 27 , 2019 , Pop announced that they would revive the series in 2020 , making One Day at a Time the first original program cancelled by Netflix to be revived on a traditional linear network . In January 2020 , it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on March 24 , 2020 . Upon its release , the show received critical acclaim , with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Machado and Moreno . One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017 , with numerous critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year . The series received multiple awards and nominations , including 3 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Pat Barnett ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'January 6 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 39 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clarita Diet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Diet', 'summary': 'Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer . The single-camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , received generally positive reviews . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season and premiered on March 29 , 2019 . The show was cancelled on April 26 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy-horror', 'summary': 'Comedy horror is a literary and film genre that combines elements of comedy and horror fiction . Comedy horror has been described as able to be categorized under three types : black comedy , parody and spoof . It often crosses over with the black comedy genre . Comedy horror can also parody or subtly spoof horror clichés as its main source of humour or use those elements to take a story in a different direction , for example in The Cabin in the Woods , Tucker & Dale vs . Evil , or the Evil Dead franchise . Author Bruce G. Hallenbeck cites the short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving as the first great comedy horror story . The story made readers laugh one moment and scream the next , and its premise was based on mischief typically found during the holiday Halloween .'}]}, {'value': 'February 3 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000', 'summary': "Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( abbreviated as MST3K ) is an American television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and currently produced by Alternaversal Productions , LLC . The show premiered on KTMA-TV ( now WUCW ) in Minneapolis , Minnesota , on November 24 , 1988 . It later aired on The Comedy Channel/Comedy Central for seven seasons until its cancellation in 1996 . Thereafter , it was picked up by The Sci-Fi Channel and aired for three seasons until another cancellation in August 1999 . A 60-episode syndication package titled The Mystery Science Theater Hour was produced in 1993 and syndicated to stations in 1995 . In 2015 , Hodgson led a crowdfunded revival of the series with 14 episodes in its eleventh season , first released on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , with another six-episode season following on November 22 , 2018 . As of 2019 [ update ] , 217 episodes and a feature film have been produced . The show initially starred Hodgson as Joel Robinson , a janitor trapped by two mad scientists ( mads ) on the Earth-orbiting Satellite of Love , and forced to watch a series of B movies as a part of the scientists ' plot to take over the world . To keep his sanity , Joel crafts a number of robot companions - including Tom Servo , Crow T. Robot , and Gypsy - to keep him company and help him humorously comment on each movie as it plays , a process known as riffing . Each two-hour episode would feature a single movie in its entirety , sometimes with various shorts and educational films , with Joel , Tom , and Crow watching in silhouette from a row of theater seats at the bottom of the screen . These theater segments were framed with interstitial sketches called host segments . The show 's cast changed over its duration ; most notably , the character of Joel was replaced by Mike Nelson ( played by Michael J. Nelson ) in the show 's fifth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Comic science fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comic_science_fiction', 'summary': "Science fiction comedy or comic science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that exploits the science-fiction ( SF ) genre 's conventions for comedic effect . Comic science fiction often mocks or satirizes standard SF conventions - such as alien invasion of Earth , interstellar travel , or futuristic technology . It can also satirize and criticize present-day society . An early example was the Pete Manx series by Henry Kuttner and Arthur K. Barnes ( sometimes writing together and sometimes separately , under the house pen-name of Kelvin Kent ) . Published in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1930s and early 1940s , the series featured a time-traveling carnival barker who uses his con-man abilities to get out of trouble . Two later series cemented Kuttner 's reputation as one of the most popular early writers of comic science fiction : the Gallegher series ( about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic robot ) and the Hogben series ( about a family of mutant hillbillies ) . The former appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails ( Gnome , 1952 ) , and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s . In the 1950s comedy became more common in science fiction . [ citation needed ] Some of the authors contributing included : Alfred Bester , Harry Harrison , C.M . Kornbluth , Frederik Pohl , and Robert Sheckley . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science-fiction series written by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it later morphed into other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 computer game , and 2005 feature film ."}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86-94 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girlboss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girlboss', 'summary': 'Girlboss is an American comedy web television series created by Kay Cannon . The series was released on Netflix on April 21 , 2017 . The show was cancelled after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'April 21 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-29 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dear White People', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dear_White_People_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Dear White People is an American comedy-drama television series on Netflix that follows several black college students at an Ivy League institution , touching on issues surrounding modern American race relations . It is based on the 2014 film of the same name . The film 's writer and director , Justin Simien , returned to write and direct episodes of the series . Each episode focuses on a particular character , except for the finale . Netflix ordered ten 30-minute episodes and the first season was released on April 28 , 2017 . On June 30 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 4 , 2018 . On June 21 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a third season which was released on August 2 , 2019 . On October 2 , 2019 , the series was renewed for its fourth and final season , set to premiere in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Satire / Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satire', 'summary': 'In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction , satire is a genre of literature and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - in satire , irony is militant - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to question . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama_(modern_genre)', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'April 28 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 volumes , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GLOW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GLOW_(TV_series)', 'summary': "GLOW is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch for Netflix . The series revolves around a fictionalization of the characters and gimmicks of the 1980s syndicated women 's professional wrestling circuit , the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling ( or GLOW ) founded by David McLane . The first season consists of 10 episodes and was released on June 23 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of 10 episodes , which was released on June 29 , 2018 . The series was renewed on August 20 , 2018 , for a third season , which was released on August 9 , 2019 . On September 20 , 2019 , the series was renewed for a fourth and final season ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-46 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Original programming -- Comedy', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix_2', 'intro': "Netflix is an American global Internet streaming-on-demand media provider that has distributed a number of original programs, including original series, specials (including stand-up comedy specials), miniseries and documentaries and films. Netflix's original productions also include continuations of canceled series from other networks, as well as licensing or co-producing content from international broadcasters for exclusive broadcast in other territories, which is also branded in those regions as Netflix original content. Netflix previously produced content through Red Envelope Entertainment. Netflix's first original content series was House of Cards, released in 2013 and the company has since increased its original content. All programming is in English unless stated otherwise, is organized by its primary genre or format and is sorted by premiere date."} | null | null | Who stars in the Netflix original program that premiered on February 19 , 2016 ? | Gillian Jacobs , Paul Rust , and Claudia O'Doherty |
04ecec5397d64c52 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Indiana', 'title': 'Warren County, Indiana', 'header': ['Township', 'Established year', 'Area mi²', 'Area km²', 'Population 2010', 'Places ( incorporated in bold )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Adams Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana . According to the 2010 census , its population was 512 and it contained 250 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '512', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Village,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pine Village is a town in Adams Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 217 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Jordan Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 247 and it contained 105 housing units . It is almost entirely agricultural and contains no incorporated towns .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104.98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedrick , Pence , Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedrick,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Hedrick is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pence,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pence is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Stewart is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It sits at the south end of the short Bee Line Railroad and consists of a single residence and a grain elevator operated by the Stewart Grain Company . The original elevator , built in 1905 and rebuilt in 1910 after a fire , still stands although it was moved 500 feet to a non-working location in 2009 for historical and sentimental reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Kent Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 428 and it contained 196 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '428', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Line City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_Line_City,_Indiana', 'summary': "State Line City is a town in Kent Township , Warren County , Indiana , United States , situated along the state 's boundary with Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the town population was 143 ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Liberty Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 896 and it contained 362 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '113.95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbondale , Judyville , Kramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbondale,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Carbondale is an unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judyville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Judyville is a small unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kramer,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Kramer is a small unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Medina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medina_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Medina Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 457 and it contained 191 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Hill,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Green Hill is a small unincorporated community in Medina Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mound_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Mound Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 418 and it contained 183 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '418', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foster,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Foster is a small unincorporated community in Mound Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Pike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pike_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pike Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 1,221 and it contained 529 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lebanon,_Indiana', 'summary': 'West Lebanon is a town in Pike Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 723 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pine Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 481 and it contained 213 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '481', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Rainsville is a small unincorporated community in Pine Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Prairie Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 257 and it contained 117 housing units ; the population density is the lowest of any township in the county , at 6.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 2.4/km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '123.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '257', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tab,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Tab is a small unincorporated community in Prairie Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Steuben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steuben_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Steuben Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . It was established in 1834 . According to the 2010 census , its population was 487 and it contained 199 housing units . It contains no incorporated towns and is largely agricultural .'}]}, {'value': '1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnsonville , Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnsonville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Johnsonville is a small unincorporated community in Steuben Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marshfield is a small unincorporated community in Steuben Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Warren Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 806 and it contained 324 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence , Winthrop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Independence is a small unincorporated community in Warren Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winthrop,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Winthrop is a small unincorporated community in Warren Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Washington Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . It is the most populous township in the county ; according to the 2010 census , its population was 2,298 , with 1,898 of those living in Williamsport , and it contained 1,011 housing units . It has the highest population density of the Warren County townships at about 120 inhabitants per square mile ( 46/km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,298', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Williamsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsport,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Williamsport is a town in Washington Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 1,898 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Warren County and is the largest of the four incorporated towns in the county . Williamsport Falls is located in downtown Williamsport .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren County', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '366.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '949.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,508', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Geography', 'section_text': "Map of Warren County , showing townships and settlements The Wabash River , coming out of Tippecanoe County to the east , defines the southeastern border of the county ; the terrain here is hilly and wooded areas are common . Fountain County lies across the river . By contrast , the northwest region consists mainly of flat prairie farmland ; this continues in Benton County to the north . Along the western side of the county is the border with Vermilion County , Illinois . The small southern border is shared with the north end of the similarly named Indiana county of Vermillion . The state capital of Indianapolis lies about 70 miles ( 110 km ) to the southeast . [ 41 ] Williamsport Falls According to the 2010 census , the county has a total area of 366.40 square miles ( 949.0 km2 ) , of which 364.68 square miles ( 944.5 km2 ) ( or 99.53% ) is land and 1.72 square miles ( 4.5 km2 ) ( or 0.47% ) is water . [ 3 ] Elevations in the county range from 480 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level where the Wabash River enters Vermillion County to 830 feet ( 250 m ) in northeastern Prairie Township . [ 47 ] The landscape consists mostly of flat or gently sloping moraine overlaying silty and loamy glacial till , except along the Wabash River where sand , gravel , sandstone and shale are exposed . [ 48 ] Various forms of silt loam constitute most of the county 's soil [ 48 ] and are conducive to agriculture . [ 7 ] Forests cover about 14% of the county , [ 49 ] mainly around major waterways , [ 50 ] and consist principally of deciduous hardwoods among which maple–beech and oak–hickory forests are the most common . [ 51 ] The only coal mines in the county are located in the southeastern part of Steuben Township , near the Wabash River . [ 52 ] When the county was formed in 1827 , it was divided into four townships : Medina , Warren , Pike and Mound . Over the following decades , many changes were made to the township borders and eight new townships were created . Pine and Washington were the first of these , in March 1830 ; [ 53 ] Steuben followed in 1834 . Liberty was formed in 1843 , Adams in 1848 , then Jordan in 1850 . Kent and Prairie were the last to be created , in 1864 . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] As of 2010 [ update ] , Prairie Township , at 5.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 2.1/km2 ) , has the lowest population density ; it covers more area than any of the other townships—nearly 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) —and contains no incorporated towns . The highest density is in Washington Township , which has 120 inhabitants per square mile ( 46/km2 ) ; it includes Williamsport , the county 's largest town , and covers only about 20 square miles ( 52 km2 ) . [ 4 ] There are four incorporated towns in the county . The largest is Williamsport , which is on the western banks of the Wabash River in the eastern part of the county , just downstream of Attica ( which is on the east side of the river in Fountain County ) ; in 2010 , its population was 1,898—nearly one-fourth of the county 's total . [ 56 ] West Lebanon is about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Williamsport on State Road 28 , with a population of 723 . [ 57 ] The town of Pine Village lies about 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the north of Williamsport where State Road 55 intersects State Road 26 , near the northern edge of the county ; 217 people live in Pine Village . [ 58 ] State Line City is in the southwestern part of the county and shares its western border with the Illinois state line . A small Illinois community named Illiana lies immediately on the west side of the county road which runs along the state border ( and which is also a street between the two communities ) . State Line City is the smallest of the towns , with a population of 143 . [ 59 ] Railroad crossing sign at Sloan In addition to the incorporated towns , there are over a dozen small unincorporated communities in Warren County [ 60 ] that are historical centers of activity . Now they consist mostly of dwellings , though several have churches and some still have small businesses . The small settlements of Hedrick , Pence and Stewart are in Jordan Township ; Stewart consists of a grain processing facility and a single residence . In Steuben Township , Johnsonville has a church and a handful of residences . Marshfield has an automotive body repair shop , a grain elevator and a church . Independence , platted in 1832 , is located on the site of a trading post set up by Zachariah Cicott . He is buried in a cemetery in Warren Township , just north of town . The township included the small settlement of Winthrop . Liberty Township has three unincorporated communities : Carbondale , Judyville and Kramer ( near the site of the Mudlavia Hotel ) . Several townships contain only a single settlement . Foster is the only one in Mound Township and has a motel and several houses . In the northeast corner of the county , Green Hill is Medina Township 's only settlement . Tab is the only settlement in Prairie Township ; most of this township is agricultural , and a large grain processing facility is Tab 's only remaining business . Pine Township 's only community is Rainsville . [ 61 ] Some settlements did not survive . The river town of Baltimore thrived and was a major center of trade until the river was overshadowed by the railroad for purposes of trade and transportation ; a single house , built long after the town 's heyday , is all that remains . [ 62 ] Warrenton had a promising start as the first county seat , but it began to wane after the seat moved , and today no trace is left . [ 63 ] Chesapeake was the first settlement in Steuben Township , but it faded away so early that even an 1883 county history has little to say on the subject . [ 64 ] Brisco was never large , though it did have a school house from the 1850s through the 1920s . It likewise disappeared by the end of the 20th century . Chatterton had a school , a store and a post office , but it has disappeared even though the name continues to appear on maps . [ 65 ] Other communities were planned but did not develop . Dresser was never much more than a collection of houses , though it did have a post office for a few years around the turn of the 20th century . The settlements of Kickapoo , Locust Grove , Sloan and Walnut Grove were similar in this respect . Point Pleasant never developed much beyond the founder 's residence and a liquor store , and was later described as a `` paper town '' . [ 66 ]", 'uid': 'Warren_County,_Indiana_0', 'intro': "Warren County lies in western Indiana between the Illinois state line and the Wabash River in the United States. According to the 2010 census, the population was 8,508. The county seat is Williamsport. Before the arrival of non-indigenous settlers in the early 19th century, the area was inhabited by several Native American tribes. The county was officially established in 1827 and was the 55th county to be formed in Indiana. It is one of the most rural counties in the state, with the third-smallest population and the lowest population density at about 23 inhabitants per square mile (8.9/km2). The county has four incorporated towns with a total population of about 3,100, as well as many small unincorporated communities. The county is divided into 12 townships which provide local services. Much of the land in the county is given over to agriculture, especially on the open prairie in the northern and western parts; the county's farmland is among the most productive in the state. Nearer the river along the southeastern border, the land has many hills, valleys, and tributary streams and is more heavily wooded. Agriculture, manufacturing, government, education, and health care each provide substantial portions of the jobs in the county. Four Indiana state roads cross the county, as do two U.S."} | null | null | What is the most populous township founded in 1830 has how many housing units ? | 1,011 |
04eda3bd0c58a952 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1974 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's ninth year in the National Football League ( NFL ) . After coming close to their maiden postseason appearance the previous season and finishing with a best-to-date 9-5 record despite an upset loss to the Cardinals , the Falcons traded star cornerback Ken Reaves to obtain in-demand guard Royce Smith in a widely criticized move . During the strike-affected pre-season , they beat the Eagles 23 to 7 in a rain-soaked match , before losing to the Raiders , 28-16 . Soon afterwards the Falcons lost key offensive tackle Bill Sandeman for the entire season with a slipped disc in his back . Along with a form lapse from quarterback Bob Lee and an injury to running back Dave Hampton , this destroyed the Falcons offense . The 1974 Falcons scored 111 points with a mere twelve touchdowns , the lowest total in franchise history , and the second lowest by any team in a fourteen-game NFL season after the infamous Zero Gang offense of the 1977 Buccaneers who were shut out six times in fourteen games . Their failure to score more than seventeen points in any game has been equalled since only by the infamous offense of the 1992 Seahawks . The Falcons sacked long-serving head coach Norman van Brocklin after being thrashed by the Miami Dolphins and having heard demands from fans to make that move ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Byas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Byas', 'summary': 'Richard Reese Byas , Jr. ( October 19 , 1950 in Detroit , Michigan ) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League ; he was also a 1987 inductee to the Wayne State University Athletic Hall of Fame . He now has a son named Ryan who is playing high school basketball for Concordia Lutheran .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_State_Warriors_football', 'summary': 'The Wayne State Warriors football team is the college football team at Wayne State University in Detroit , Michigan . The Wayne State football team played their first game in October 1918 . The Wayne State Warriors have competed in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference since 1999 ( and previously from 1975 to 1989 ) , and are currently a Division II member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Wayne State plays their home games at Tom Adams Field at Wayne State Stadium . All Wayne State games are broadcast on WDTK radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Div . II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Baltimore_Colts_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Baltimore Colts season was the 22nd season for the team in the National Football League . The Colts finished with a record of 2 wins and 12 losses , fifth in the AFC East . Second-year head coach Howard Schnellenberger was fired after three games , after an argument with owner Robert Irsay over whether Marty Domres or Bert Jones should start at quarterback for the Colts . General manager Joe Thomas took over the head coaching duties for the remainders of the season , but could direct the team to only two wins , both on the road , as the Colts failed to win a home game during the 1974 season . This would be the last time the Colts would fail to win a home game in a non-strike season until their abysmal 1-15 1991 season , when the team was based in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Troup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Troup', 'summary': "Paul William Bill Troup III ( April 2 , 1951 - December 14 , 2013 ) was a professional American football player . He was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . An undrafted quarterback from the University of South Carolina , Troup played in seven NFL seasons from 1974 to 1980 for 2 different teams . After being released by Baltimore , Troup went north to the C.F.L . 's Winnipeg Blue Bombers , where he served as Dieter Brock 's backup for the 1979 season . He saw his most extensive action for the Colts in 1978 , when Bert Jones was injured and Mike Kirkland ineffective ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1973 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as an independent team in the 1973 NCAA Division I football season . The Gamecocks finished the season 7-4 overall .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 5th season in the National Football League , and the 15th overall . Buffalo made the NFL playoffs for the first time and reached the postseason for the first time in eight seasons . In the playoffs , they lost to the eventual champions , the Pittsburgh Steelers , 32-14 in Pittsburgh . This was O.J . Simpson 's only playoff game of his career , as the Bills did not have another playoff team with him on the team . Simpson would be traded to the 49ers in 1978 , but the 49ers did not make the playoffs that season nor the 1979 season , Simpson 's final season in the NFL . In the game , Simpson would only rush for 49 yards on 11 carries and did not score a touchdown . He did , however , catch a touchdown pass from quarterback Joe Ferguson late in the 3rd quarter . Buffalo debuted their new uniforms and helmets in 1974 , replacing the red standing buffalo with the streaking bison . The look first shown to a national audience on the first Monday Night Football game of the season , in a dramatic 21-20 victory over Oakland . Star running back O.J . Simpson , coming off consecutive rushing titles , did not lead the league in 1974 , but did cross the 1,000-yard barrier despite a sore knee ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Nighswander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Nighswander', 'summary': 'Nicholas M. Nighswander ( born November 3 , 1952 ) is a former professional American football player who played Center in 1974 for the Buffalo Bills .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Morehead State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehead_State_Eagles_football', 'summary': "The Morehead State Eagles football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Morehead State University located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League , the only public school in the conference . Morehead State 's first football team was fielded in 1927 . The team plays its home games at the 10,000 seat Jayne Stadium in Morehead , Kentucky . The Eagles are coached by Rob Tenyer ."}]}, {'value': 'OVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Chicago Bears season was their 55th regular season completed in the National Football League . The team finished with a 4-10 record , which led to the ouster of Abe Gibron as head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Hoban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Hoban', 'summary': 'Michael Angelus Hoban ( born January 9 , 1952 ) is a former American football player . A native of Chicago , Illinois , Hoban played high school football for Gordon Tech High School . He played college football as an offensive guard for the University of Michigan from 1971 to 1973 . As a junior , he started all 11 games at offensive left guard for the 1972 Michigan Wolverines football team that finished with a 10-1 record , ranked No . 6 in the final AP Poll . As a senior , he helped lead the 1973 Michigan Wolverines football team to an undefeated 10-0-1 record and was selected as an All-Big Ten Conference player . After his senior year , Hoban was selected to play for the northern all-star team in the December 1973 Blue-Gray Football Classic . Hoban played as a guard for the Chicago Bears during the 1974 NFL season . Hoban and his family appeared in multiple episodes of the Family Feud , with Richard Dawson as host .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team', 'summary': "The 1973 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1973 Big Ten Conference football season . In his fifth year as Michigan 's head coach , Bo Schembechler led the team to a 10-0-1 record . It was Michigan 's first undefeated season since 1948 . The Wolverines outscored their opponents 330 to 68 . Michigan was ranked No . 6 in both of the major post-season polls . Two other selectors , the National Championship Foundation and the Poling System , recognize Michigan as a co-national champion for the 1973 season . The season ended with a 10-10 tie against Ohio State . Both teams were undefeated , with the winner to play the Rose Bowl . When the game ended in a tie , the Big Ten Conference athletic directors voted to send Ohio State to the Rose Bowl . Michigan athletic officials and fans were outraged , with even the Vice President of the United States speaking out against the decision . On offense , the team was led by quarterback Dennis Franklin who completed 36 of 67 passes for 534 yards and rushed 101 times for 425 yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Chicago Bears season was their 55th regular season completed in the National Football League . The team finished with a 4-10 record , which led to the ouster of Abe Gibron as head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Pagac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Pagac', 'summary': 'Frederick Pagac ( born April 26 , 1952 ) is a former American football tight end . He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 1974 . He played college football at Ohio State . Pagac also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and has been a coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes , Oakland Raiders , Kansas City Chiefs , Minnesota Vikings and Buffalo Bills .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1973 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 10-0-1 record , including the 1974 Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , where they won , 42-21 , against the USC Trojans .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Dallas Cowboys season was their 15th in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 10-4 , winning only eight games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in nine seasons and this marked the only season from 1966 to 1983 ( 18 seasons ) that the Cowboys did not qualify . The Cowboys began with a 1-4 start and although they went 7-2 afterwards , it was not enough to overcome the slow start . The season featured one of the most memorable Thanksgiving Day games in Cowboys history . Trailing 16-3 in the second half ( and having already lost quarterback Roger Staubach to injury ) , little used backup Clint Longley threw two touchdown passes to lead the team to a 24-23 victory over the Redskins at Texas Stadium . 1974 was also a season of transition ; as it would be the final season of future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Bob Lilly . Also finishing their careers that season would be fullback Walt Garrison ; and center Dave Manders . Also , this would be the final season for wide receiver Bob Hayes ( who would finish his career with the San Francisco 49ers the following year ) ; running back Calvin Hill ( who departed for the Hawaiians of the World Football League ) ; defensive end Pat Toomay ( who left for the Buffalo Bills ) ; guard John Niland ( who left the following year for the Philadelphia Eagles ) and quarterback Craig Morton ( traded early in the season to the New York Giants ) in a Cowboy uniform .'}]}, {'value': 'Doug Dennison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Dennison', 'summary': 'William Douglas Dennison ( born December 18 , 1951 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Cleveland Browns . He also was a member of the Chicago Blitz and Arizona Wranglers of the United States Football League . He played college football at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Kutztown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kutztown_Golden_Bears_football', 'summary': "The Kutztown Golden Bears are the sports teams that represent Kutztown University of Pennsylvania , located in Kutztown , Pennsylvania . Kutztown University is a member of NCAA Division II and competes in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) . The university sponsors eight men 's and thirteen women 's intercollegiate sports . In 2007-08 , Kutztown University added womens lacrosse and womens bowling to the list of varsity sports that it offers . Kutztown won the Dixon Trophy in 2006 , which is awarded to the PSAC school with the best overall athletic program that year . Kutztown became the fifth league school to win the award after placing second in the rankings in the 2003-04 and 2004-05 school years . Famous former athletes from Kutztown include football stars Andre Reed , John Mobley , Bruce Harper and Doug Dennison and baseball standout Ryan Vogelsong . The university provides an array of intramural and club sports programs for students . Leagues and tournaments are organized by the Recreational Services department every semester , and range from badminton tournaments to rock climbing competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'PSAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ( PSAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference that participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . The conference is currently composed of 17 full-time members within Pennsylvania and 1 in West Virginia . The conference headquarters are located in Lock Haven , Pennsylvania and staffed by a commissioner , two assistant commissioners , and a director of media relations .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Dallas Cowboys season was their 15th in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 10-4 , winning only eight games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in nine seasons and this marked the only season from 1966 to 1983 ( 18 seasons ) that the Cowboys did not qualify . The Cowboys began with a 1-4 start and although they went 7-2 afterwards , it was not enough to overcome the slow start . The season featured one of the most memorable Thanksgiving Day games in Cowboys history . Trailing 16-3 in the second half ( and having already lost quarterback Roger Staubach to injury ) , little used backup Clint Longley threw two touchdown passes to lead the team to a 24-23 victory over the Redskins at Texas Stadium . 1974 was also a season of transition ; as it would be the final season of future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Bob Lilly . Also finishing their careers that season would be fullback Walt Garrison ; and center Dave Manders . Also , this would be the final season for wide receiver Bob Hayes ( who would finish his career with the San Francisco 49ers the following year ) ; running back Calvin Hill ( who departed for the Hawaiians of the World Football League ) ; defensive end Pat Toomay ( who left for the Buffalo Bills ) ; guard John Niland ( who left the following year for the Philadelphia Eagles ) and quarterback Craig Morton ( traded early in the season to the New York Giants ) in a Cowboy uniform .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Houston_(American_football)', 'summary': 'William Glenn Houston ( born August 22 , 1951 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at Jackson State University .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Jackson State Tigers are the college football team representing the Jackson State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Dallas Cowboys season was their 15th in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 10-4 , winning only eight games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in nine seasons and this marked the only season from 1966 to 1983 ( 18 seasons ) that the Cowboys did not qualify . The Cowboys began with a 1-4 start and although they went 7-2 afterwards , it was not enough to overcome the slow start . The season featured one of the most memorable Thanksgiving Day games in Cowboys history . Trailing 16-3 in the second half ( and having already lost quarterback Roger Staubach to injury ) , little used backup Clint Longley threw two touchdown passes to lead the team to a 24-23 victory over the Redskins at Texas Stadium . 1974 was also a season of transition ; as it would be the final season of future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Bob Lilly . Also finishing their careers that season would be fullback Walt Garrison ; and center Dave Manders . Also , this would be the final season for wide receiver Bob Hayes ( who would finish his career with the San Francisco 49ers the following year ) ; running back Calvin Hill ( who departed for the Hawaiians of the World Football League ) ; defensive end Pat Toomay ( who left for the Buffalo Bills ) ; guard John Niland ( who left the following year for the Philadelphia Eagles ) and quarterback Craig Morton ( traded early in the season to the New York Giants ) in a Cowboy uniform .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Howard_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Ronald Ford Howard ( born March 3 , 1951 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys , Seattle Seahawks and Buffalo Bills . He played college basketball at Seattle University .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Redhawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Redhawks are the intercollegiate varsity athletic teams of Seattle University of Seattle , Washington . They compete in the NCAA 's Division I as a member institution of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'WCAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The West Coast Conference ( WCC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated in NCAA Division I consisting of ten member schools across the states of California , Oregon , Utah and Washington . All of the current members are private , faith-based institutions . Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates , with four of these schools being Jesuit institutions . Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ . Brigham Young University is an affiliate of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS ) . The conference 's newest member , the University of the Pacific ( which re-joined in 2013 after a 42-year absence ) , is affiliated with the United Methodist Church , although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 Dallas Cowboys season was their 15th in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 10-4 , winning only eight games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in nine seasons and this marked the only season from 1966 to 1983 ( 18 seasons ) that the Cowboys did not qualify . The Cowboys began with a 1-4 start and although they went 7-2 afterwards , it was not enough to overcome the slow start . The season featured one of the most memorable Thanksgiving Day games in Cowboys history . Trailing 16-3 in the second half ( and having already lost quarterback Roger Staubach to injury ) , little used backup Clint Longley threw two touchdown passes to lead the team to a 24-23 victory over the Redskins at Texas Stadium . 1974 was also a season of transition ; as it would be the final season of future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Bob Lilly . Also finishing their careers that season would be fullback Walt Garrison ; and center Dave Manders . Also , this would be the final season for wide receiver Bob Hayes ( who would finish his career with the San Francisco 49ers the following year ) ; running back Calvin Hill ( who departed for the Hawaiians of the World Football League ) ; defensive end Pat Toomay ( who left for the Buffalo Bills ) ; guard John Niland ( who left the following year for the Philadelphia Eagles ) and quarterback Craig Morton ( traded early in the season to the New York Giants ) in a Cowboy uniform .'}]}, {'value': 'Louie Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louie_Walker', 'summary': 'Louis Walker ( born July 23 , 1953 ) is an American football former linebacker who played in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys in 1974 for a total of 8 games .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football', 'summary': "The Colorado State Rams football program , established in 1893 , represents Colorado State University and is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and Mountain West Conference . Rams football teams have had relative success over the years , including winning or sharing the Mountain West title in 1999 , 2000 and 2002 . The team 's head coach role is vacant as of December 2019 . The Rams completed a 49-season tenure at Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium , located four miles west of the school 's campus in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains , in 2016 . The university completed construction of Canvas Stadium , a new on-campus facility , in 2017 . The first game at Canvas Stadium ( then named Colorado State Stadium for only the 2017 season ) was played on August 26 , 2017 , when the Rams defeated the Oregon State Beavers 58-27 . The Rams have long-standing rivalries with Colorado , Wyoming , and Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-13 , winning seven games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronnie Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Coleman_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Ronnie L. Coleman ( born July 9 , 1951 in Jasper , Alabama ) is a graduate of Alabama A & M University , played professional American football for the Houston Oilers as a running back from 1974 to 1981 in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_A&M_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': 'The Alabama A & M Bulldogs are the college football team representing the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University . The Bulldogs play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-13 , winning seven games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Fisher_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Edwin Louis Fisher ( born May 31 , 1949 in Stockton , California ) is a former professional American football guard who played nine seasons in the National Football League . He later played for the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League . Fisher attended Arizona State University .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1973 Arizona State Sun Devils football team represented Arizona State University in the 1973 NCAA Division I football season and outscored its opponents 519 to 171 . Led by sixteenth-year head coach Frank Kush , the Sun Devils stayed home and won the Fiesta Bowl to finish at 11-1 and ninth in the final AP poll .'}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-13 , winning seven games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Jennings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Jennings_(American_football)', 'summary': "David Tuthill Jennings ( June 8 , 1952 - June 19 , 2013 ) was an American football punter who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1974 to 1987 . He played for the New York Giants and the New York Jets . He worked as a radio color commentator for Giants games from 2002 until 2007 , when he was replaced by former Giants linebacker Carl Banks . He had also worked as a radio commentator for Jets games from 1988 to 2001 . Jennings worked as a game analyst alongside WFAN Giants announcers Bob Papa and Dick Lynch . In addition to his booth work , Jennings was a part of the Giants pre and post game shows , covering player interviews from the locker room . Jennings , who had Parkinson 's disease , left broadcasting altogether following the 2008 season . Jennings went to the 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , and 1982 Pro Bowl games . He played college football and graduated from St. Lawrence University . As a high school student , he did not play football . Jennings died following a lengthy battle with Parkinson 's disease on June 19 , 2013 , eleven days after his 61st birthday ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_football', 'summary': "The St. Lawrence Saints are composed of 33 teams representing St. Lawrence University in intercollegiate athletics , including men and women 's alpine skiing , basketball , cross country , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , nordic skiing , riding , rowing , soccer , squash , swimming , tennis , and track and field . Men 's sports include baseball and football . Women 's sports include field hockey , softball , and volleyball . The Saints compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the Liberty League for all sports except ice hockey , which competes in NCAA Division I , as a member of ECAC Hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Div . III )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_independent_schools', 'summary': "NCAA Division III independent schools are four-year institutions that compete in college athletics at the NCAA 's Division III level , but do so independently of an established athletic conference . These institutions often compete as members of an intercollegiate athletic conference in some sports . The reason for independent status varies among institutions , but it is frequently because the school 's primary athletic conference does not sponsor a particular sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-13 , winning seven games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Terry Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Wells_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Terry Wells is a former running back in the National Football League . He first played with the Houston Oilers during the 1974 NFL season before playing the following season with the Green Bay Packers .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Miss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football', 'summary': 'The Southern Miss Golden Eagles football program represents the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . They play college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The Eagles are members of Conference USA and play their home games at M. M. Roberts Stadium in Hattiesburg , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-13 , winning seven games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'C. L. Whittington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._L._Whittington', 'summary': 'Columbus Lorenzo Whittington ( born August 1 , 1952 ) is a former American football player and coach . He served as the head football coach at Prairie View A & M University for one season in 2003 , compiling a record of 1-10 . Whittington played college football at Prairie View A & M from 1970 to 1973 and then with the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is currently the defensive back coach at Hallsville High School .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Prairie View A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View_A&M_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Prairie View A & M Panthers football team is the college football team representing the Prairie View A & M University . The Panthers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . From 1989 to 1998 , Prairie View A & M lost 80 straight games , the longest losing streak in NCAA history .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 5th season in the National Football League , the 12th as the Kansas City Chiefs , and the 15th overall , it ended with a 5-9 record and the Chiefs missed the playoffs for the 3rd straight year and third-place finish in the AFC West , Hank Stram was fired after the season and was replaced by Paul Wiggin in 1975 . While the club 's sparkling new facility at Arrowhead Stadium was drawing rave reviews , the Chiefs roster was beginning to show its age . The result was the team 's first losing season in 11 years as the club was unable to string together consecutive victories during the year , a first in franchise history . Many of the club 's key players were entering the twilight of their careers : Len Dawson was 39 , Jim Tyrer was 35 , Bobby Bell , Buck Buchanan , and Ed Budde were 34 , Dave Hill was 33 and Otis Taylor was 32 . One of the year 's few bright spots in the 5-9 season was cornerback Emmitt Thomas , who led the league with a franchise-record 12 interceptions . The final game of the 1974 campaign marked the final time all seven of Kansas City 's Pro Football Hall of Fame players from the club 's AFL champion era took the field together with coach Hank Stram . Including owner Lamar Hunt and seven future Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers , an amazing total of 16 Hall of Fame inductees were involved in that 1974 season finale game . That 35-15 loss against Minnesota provided an anticlimactic conclusion to Hank Stram 's illustrious coaching career in Kansas City . Three days later , Stram , the only head coach in franchise history was relieved of his duties on December 27 after compiling a 124-76-10 regular season record with the club ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleo Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleo_Miller', 'summary': 'Cleophus Miller ( born September 5 , 1951 in Gould , Arkansas ) is a President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and a former professional American football running back who played nine seasons for the Kansas City Chiefs and Cleveland Browns . He is the uncle of NFL defensive lineman Frank Okam of the Houston Texans .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas-Pine Bluff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas-Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_football', 'summary': 'The UAPB Golden Lions are the college football team representing the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff . The Golden Lions play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Div . II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1974 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 37th year with the National Football League and the 29th season in Los Angeles . The Rams looked to improve on its 12-2 season from 1973 and win the NFC West for the 2nd straight season . While not improving on their record , they did win their division for the 2nd straight season with a 10-4 record , which was good enough for the 2nd best record in the NFC . In the playoffs , Los Angeles defeated the Washington Redskins in a rematch of week 13 's game , which Washington won 23-17 , which turned out to be the Rams only loss at home during the entire season . They won this game 19-10 to advance to the NFC Championship Game for the first time ever . However , they lost to the Minnesota Vikings 14-10 to end their season ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Milan', 'summary': 'Don Milan is a former quarterback in the National Football League . He spent two seasons in the NFL . The first with the Los Angeles Rams , though he did not see any playing time during a regular season game . His second season was with the Green Bay Packers .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1973 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University [ note 1 ] during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season . Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by sixth-year head coach Joe Harper and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . They finished the regular season as CCAA champion with a record of nine wins and one loss ( 9-1 , 4-0 CCAA ) . This was the fifth of five consecutive CCAA championships for the Mustangs . UPI ranked the Mustangs Number 9 in the final Small College poll for 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'CCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . All of its current members are public universities , and all except for UC San Diego are members of the California State University system . It was founded in December 1938 and began competition in 1939 . The interim commissioner of the CCAA is Mitch Cox . CCAA offices are located in San Ramon , California . The CCAA is the most successful conference in NCAA Division II , as its former and current members have won 153 National Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 1974 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 5th season in the National Football League and 15th overall . The Patriots ended the season with a record of seven wins and seven losses and finished tied for third in the AFC East Division . The Pats stunned the Super Bowl Champion Miami Dolphins in Week 1 at Schaffer Stadium . The Pats went on to win their first five games on their way to a 6-1 start . However , they struggled in the second half , winning only one game before finishing with a 7-7 record ."}]}, {'value': 'Deac Sanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deac_Sanders', 'summary': "John Deac Sanders ( born January 11 , 1950 in Chicago , Illinois ) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League . Sanders played college football at South Dakota . He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 1974 and played with them for 3 years , first as a cornerback and then as a free safety . Sanders then replaced Bill Bradley ( American football ) as the starting free safety for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1977 , Dick Vermeil 's second year as the Eagle head coach , and also in 1978 . But in 1979 , his final year , he played only one game , replaced by Brenard Wilson ."}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Dakota_Coyotes_football', 'summary': "The South Dakota Coyotes football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of South Dakota located in the U.S. state of South Dakota . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference . South Dakota 's first football team was fielded in 1889 . The team plays its home games at the 10,000 seat DakotaDome in Vermillion , South Dakota ."}]}, {'value': 'NCC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Central_Conference', 'summary': "The North Central Conference ( NCC ) , also known as North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , was a college athletic conference which operated in the north central United States . It participated in the NCAA 's Division II ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1974 New Orleans Saints season was the teams eighth as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . This was their final season at Tulane Stadium as the Louisiana Superdome opened the following season . They matched their previous season 's output of 5-9 . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the eighth consecutive season . Despite another losing record , the Saints defeated two of the NFC 's four playoff entries , ousting the Los Angeles Rams 20-7 in week 10 and the St. Louis Cardinals 14-0 in week 13 , both at home . The win over the Cardinals was the Saints final game at Tulane Stadium . The Saints ended an 18-game winless streak on the road when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in week six . However , they would not win again away from New Orleans until 1976 . From 1972 through 1975 , the Saints were 1-26-1 on the road ."}]}, {'value': 'Emanuel Zanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emanuel_Zanders', 'summary': 'Emanuel Zanders ( born July 31 , 1951 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the New Orleans Saints and Chicago Bears . He played college football at Jackson State University . Zanders is a member of the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame 25 Years All-Time Team . He was a Saints captain from 1976-1979 . In 1979 , he was voted as the Saints Offensive Lineman of the Year . Other honors Zanders received in his professional career was the Soulful Saints , Inc . Offensive Player of the Year , 1978 and the National Sports Foundation Offensive Player of the Year , 1980 . Zanders was inducted into the Jackson State University Sports Hall of Fame in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Jackson State Tigers are the college football team representing the Jackson State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1974 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 50th season in the National Football League . The Giants finished in last place in the National Football Conference East Division with a 2-12 record , the team 's worst since 1966 . The Giants home venue in 1974 was the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut , and they were winless at home in seven games . They won only one of twelve games at the Yale Bowl in 1973 and 1974 . The Giants played at Shea Stadium in Queens in 1975 and opened Giants Stadium in New Jersey in October 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Chandler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Chandler', 'summary': 'Karl Chandler is a former professional American football player who played six seasons as an offensive lineman for the New York Giants and Detroit Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Princeton Tigers football program represents Princeton University and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level as a member of the Ivy League . Princetons football program - along with the football program at nearby Rutgers University - began in 1869 with a contest that is often regarded as the beginnings of American Football .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1974 New York Jets season was the fifteenth season for the team and the fifth in the National Football League . It began with the team trying to improve upon its 4-10 record from 1973 under new head coach Charley Winner . After beginning the season 1-7 , the Jets won six straight and finished with a record of 7-7 . During the streak were home upsets of playoff-bound Miami and Buffalo .'}]}, {'value': 'Lou Piccone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Piccone', 'summary': 'Louis James Piccone ( born July 17 , 1949 in Vineland , New Jersey ) is a former American football wide receiver and kick returner who played nine seasons in the National Football League for the New York Jets and Buffalo Bills . He played college football at West Liberty State College . Piccone caught 100 passes for 1,380 yards and six touchdowns in nine years in the NFL . Piccone led the NFL with 39 kickoff returns and 961 kickoff return yards as a rookie with the Jets in 1974 . He again led the NFL with 31 kickoff returns in 1976 . He also finished 5th in the league that season with 699 kickoff return yards .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'West Liberty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Liberty_Hilltoppers_football', 'summary': "West Liberty University ( WLU ) is a public university in West Liberty , West Virginia , United States , near Wheeling . West Liberty University is West Virginia 's oldest institution of higher education . It offers more than 70 undergraduate majors plus a number of graduate programs , including a master 's degree in education and an online MBA . WLU 's athletic teams , known as the Hilltoppers , are charter members of the NCAA Division II Mountain East Conference with nearly 400 student-athletes participating in 18 intercollegiate sports , including football , basketball , wrestling , track , tennis , baseball ."}]}, {'value': 'WVIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( WVIAC ) was a collegiate athletic conference which historically operated exclusively in the state of West Virginia , but briefly had one Kentucky member in its early years , and expanded into Pennsylvania in its final years . It participated in the NCAA 's Division II , but held its final athletic competitions in spring 2013 , and officially disbanded on September 1 of that year . Its football-playing members announced in June 2012 that they planned to withdraw to form a new Division II conference effective at the end of the 2012-13 season ; this led to a chain of conference moves that saw all but one of the WVIAC 's members find new conference homes ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† Pro Bowler [ 7 ] Hall of Famer', 'uid': '1974_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1974 NFL draft took place at the Americana Hotel in New York City, New York, on January 29-30, 1974. Each of the 26 NFL teams were granted 17 selections for a total of 442 picks. Many experts consider the 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers to have had the best draft class in NFL history as they selected four players later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lynn Swann, Jack Lambert, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster). A fifth player, Donnie Shell, was signed by Pittsburgh after going unselected in the 1974 NFL Draft; he too was later enshrined in the Hall of Fame. The closest any other team has come to this success in a draft is the Dallas Cowboys 1964 draft, when three Hall of Famers were taken. [citation needed]\n The Houston Oilers had the first pick in the 1974 draft based on their one-win record in 1973, but they traded the first overall pick - as well as the first pick of the third round, #53 overall - to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for defensive end Tody Smith and wide receiver Billy Parks. Dallas used the two picks to select two future Pro Bowlers, defensive end Ed Too Tall Jones and quarterback Danny White. This was the first NFL draft since 1938 to not have any quarterbacks taken in the first round, and one of only five. Along with 1988, it is the only draft where no quarterback was taken in the first two rounds, and 1974 is generally regarded as one of the worst quarterback draft classes of all time, with only fourth round pick Mike Boryla reaching the Pro Bowl, and even Boryla was out of the NFL by 1978.'} | null | null | Who as the undrafted quarterback in 1974 that played for the Baltimore Colts ? | Bill Troup |
04efea6c407813e6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chelsea_F.C._records_and_statistics', 'title': 'List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics', 'header': ['', 'Name', 'To', 'Fee', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eden Hazard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Hazard', 'summary': "Eden Michael Hazard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ edɛn azaʁ ] ; born 7 January 1991 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a winger or attacking midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Belgium national team . Widely considered as one of the best players in the world , Hazard is known for his creativity , speed , acceleration , dribbling and passing . Hazard is the son of two former footballers and began his career in Belgium playing for local youth clubs . In 2005 , he moved to France , where he began his senior career with Ligue 1 club Lille . Hazard spent two years in the club 's academy and , at the age of 16 , made his professional debut in November 2007 . He went on to become an integral part of the Lille team under manager Rudi Garcia , making over 190 appearances . In his first full season as a starter , he won the Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year award , becoming the first non-French player to win the award . In the 2009-10 season , Hazard captured the award again , becoming the first player to win the award twice . He was also named to the Ligue 1 Team of the Year . In the 2010-11 season , he was a part of the Lille team that won the league and cup double and , as a result of his performances , was named the Ligue 1 Player of the Year , the youngest player to win the award . Hazard was also given the Bravo Award by Italian magazine Guerin Sportivo for his performances during this season . In June 2012 Hazard signed for English club Chelsea ; he won the UEFA Europa League in his first season and the PFA Young Player of the Year in his second ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F.', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': '£88,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_(footballer,_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ oˈskaʁ duˈsɐ̃tus ẽˈbwabɐ ˈʒũnioɾ ] ; born 9 September 1991 ) , better known as simply Oscar , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese Super League club Shanghai SIPG . Oscar began his career at São Paulo , and in 2009 , he went to court against the club due to irregularities in his contract . After a series of controversies , he left for Internacional , where he spent the next three years of his career . His displays for club and country led to him signing for Chelsea for a fee of R $ 61.575 million . After four-and-a-half years with Chelsea , he signed for Chinese Super League side Shanghai SIPG for an Asian transfer record £60 million in January 2017 . He is a Brazilian international and has represented his country at the under-20 level , at the 2012 London Olympics and at senior level . On 20 August 2011 , Oscar scored three goals in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup final win against Portugal , becoming the first player to score a hat-trick in the FIFA U-20 World Cup final . Oscar later described his performances at the tournament as being a gateway to the senior side . His playing style and ability have drawn comparison to compatriot Kaká . He made his senior debut for Brazil in 2011 and was a member of the team that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and that finished fourth at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , both on home soil .'}]}, {'value': 'Shanghai SIPG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_International_Port_Group_F.C.', 'summary': "Shanghai SIPG F.C . ( Chinese : 上海上港 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Shànggǎng ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ.zɑ̃.ɡã ] ; ) or SIPG FC is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Pudong , Shanghai , and their home stadium is the Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 16,000 . The club plans to move to the currently under construction Pudong Football Stadium in 2021 . Their owners are the Chinese group Shanghai International Port Group ( SIPG ) . The club was founded on 25 December 2005 , as Shanghai Dongya FC ( Dongya , Chinese : 东亚 ; pinyin : Dōngyà ; literally : 'East Asia ' ) by former Chinese international footballer coach Xu Genbao . The club used graduates from Genbao Football Base , a football academy also founded by Xu , to form their first team as they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 2006 league season . They worked their way up to the top tier and finished as league champions for the first time in the 2018 Chinese Super League season . According to Forbes , Shanghai SIPG F.C . are the third-most valuable football club in China , with a club value of $ 159 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 37 million in 2015 . According to the annual report of the parent company , the football club had a revenue of CN¥565.7 million in 2015 financial year , as well as net loss of CN¥41.5 million , total assets of CN¥286.8 million , net assets of CN¥59.7 million ."}]}, {'value': '£60,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Álvaro Morata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Morata', 'summary': 'Álvaro Borja Morata Martín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈalβaɾo moˈɾata ] ; born 23 October 1992 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Atlético Madrid , on loan from English club Chelsea , and the Spain national team . He began his career at Real Madrid , making his debut with the senior team in late 2010 . After winning the 2014 Champions League , he moved to Juventus for €20 million in 2014 , winning the double of Serie A and the Coppa Italia in both of his seasons in Turin . After being bought back by Real for €30 million , he won another La Liga and the Champions League in 2016-17 before joining Chelsea in 2017 for a club record fee of around £60 million . In January 2019 , he moved to Atlético Madrid on loan and would join the club permanently on 1 July 2020 . Morata earned 34 caps for Spain at youth level , helping the country win the 2013 European Under-21 Championship . He made his senior debut in 2014 , and represented Spain at Euro 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}]}, {'value': '£58,300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Costa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Costa', 'summary': "Diego da Silva Costa ( Spanish : [ ˈdjeɣo ða ˈsilβa ˈkosta ] , Portuguese : [ ˈdʒjeɡu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈkɔstɐ ] ; born 7 October 1988 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Atlético Madrid and the Spain national team . Costa began his football career in his native Brazil before joining Braga in Portugal in 2006 , aged 17 . He never played for the club but spent time on loan at Penafiel , and signed with Atlético Madrid the following year . Over the next two seasons he had loan periods with Braga , Celta Vigo and Albacete . His form earned him a move to fellow La Liga club Real Valladolid in 2009 , where he spent one season , finishing as their top goalscorer , before returning to Atlético Madrid . Costa struggled to maintain a regular starting role with Atlético , and spent more time on loan , this time at Rayo Vallecano , where he finished as the club 's highest scorer that season . In 2011 Costa returned to Atlético with a greater role . He blossomed as a goalscorer , and helped the team win a La Liga title , a Copa del Rey title , and a UEFA Super Cup . His performances attracted the attention of several big clubs , and in 2014 Costa was transferred to Premier League club Chelsea in a deal worth €35 million ( £32 million ) . In London , Costa won three trophies , including two Premier League titles , and a League Cup . In 2018 , following a rift with head coach Antonio Conte , Costa returned to Atlético Madrid in a club record transfer worth an initial €56 million , [ note 1 ] where he won a UEFA Europa League title and another UEFA Super Cup . Costa is a dual citizen of Brazil and Spain ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}]}, {'value': '£57,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Luiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Luiz', 'summary': 'David Luiz Moreira Marinho ( born 22 April 1987 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Premier League club Arsenal . Primarily a centre back , he can also be deployed as a defensive midfielder . After starting out at Vitória , he moved to Benfica , remaining with the club for five seasons ( three complete ) . He joined Chelsea in January 2011 , winning the UEFA Champions League during the 2011-12 season . In the following season he won the UEFA Europa League . In June 2014 , he transferred to Paris Saint-Germain for a fee of £50 million , a world record transfer for a defender , and won all four domestic competitions over his two seasons in French football . He returned to Chelsea in August 2016 in a £30 million transfer deal . David Luiz made his full international debut for Brazil in 2010 and has since earned over 50 caps for his country . He was a member of the Brazilian teams which won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and reached the semi-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , and has also represented his nation in two editions of the Copa América .'}]}, {'value': 'Paris Saint-Germain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C.', 'summary': "Paris Saint-Germain Football Club ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ] ) , commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain , Paris SG , or simply Paris or PSG , is a French professional football club based in Paris . Founded in 1970 , the club has traditionally worn red and blue kits . PSG has played their home matches in the 47,929-capacity Parc des Princes , in the 16th arrondissement of Paris , since 1974 . The club plays in the highest tier of French football , Ligue 1 . The Parisian club established itself as a major force in France , and one of the major forces of European football in the 2010s . PSG have won a total of 40 titles , 39 of them top-flight trophies , making it the most successful French club in history by this measure . Paris SG is also the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1 , the club with most consecutive seasons in the top-flight ( they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974 ) , one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title , the most popular football club in France , and one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Domestically , the Parisians have won eight Ligue 1 titles , a record twelve Coupe de France , a record eight Coupe de la Ligue , and a record nine Trophée des Champions titles . In European football , they have won one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . The capital club has also won one Ligue 2 , regarded as a minor official title . PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille . The duo contest French football 's most notorious match , known as Le Classique ."}]}, {'value': '£50,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemanja Matić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nemanja_Matić', 'summary': 'Nemanja Matić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Немања Матић , pronounced [ němaɲa mǎːtitɕ ] ; born 1 August 1988 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for English Premier League club Manchester United and the Serbian national team . Starting his career as an attacking midfielder , Matić shifted to a defensive midfielder during his spell at Benfica . He is known for his consistent performances on the pitch and his combative style of play . Matić began his senior career at Kolubara , before joining Slovak side Košice in 2007 . He moved to English club Chelsea for £1.5 million in 2009 . Used sparingly during his first spell at Stamford Bridge , he spent the 2010-11 season on loan at Dutch club Vitesse , and in the summer of 2011 , he moved to Benfica as part of a swap deal involving David Luiz . He won the Primeira Liga Player of the Year award for his performances in the 2012-13 season . Matić returned to Chelsea in January 2014 , for £21 million . He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the 2014-15 season . In July 2017 , he was reunited with former Chelsea manager José Mourinho after signing for Manchester United . Matić represented Serbia at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2008 and has since earned over 40 caps .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '£40,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Mata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Mata', 'summary': "Juan Manuel Mata García ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xwam ˈmata ] ; born 28 April 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Manchester United and the Spain national team . He mostly plays as a central attacking midfielder , but he can also play on the wing . A graduate of Real Madrid 's youth academy , Mata played for Real Madrid Castilla in 2006-07 , before joining Valencia in the summer of 2007 . He became an integral part of the club 's midfield , making 174 appearances over the course of four seasons . In August 2011 , Mata signed for English club Chelsea of the Premier League for a fee believed to be in the region of €28 million , and in his debut season was part of the team that won the UEFA Champions League and the FA Cup . The following year , Chelsea won the UEFA Europa League , making Mata and teammate Fernando Torres the first players to hold the Champions League , Europa League , World Cup , and the European Championships simultaneously . After falling out of favour at Chelsea under José Mourinho , Mata was sold to Manchester United in January 2014 , for a fee of £37.1 million . Mata is a Spanish international , having represented Spain at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 , under-20 , under-21 , Olympic and senior levels . He played for the under-20 side in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . In June 2009 , Mata played at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , his first senior tournament . On 9 September 2009 , Mata scored his first goal for the senior team , against Estonia , securing the nation a place at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , and was part of Spain 's World Cup-winning squad . In 2011 , he went back to playing in the under-21 side , helping Spain win the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in Denmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '£37,100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thibaut Courtois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thibaut_Courtois', 'summary': "Thibaut Nicolas Marc Courtois ( Dutch : [ tiˈboː kuːrˈtʋaː ] ; born 11 May 1992 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Belgium national team . Courtois graduated through the youth system of Genk , and aged 18 , he played a key role in the team 's Belgian Pro League victory . In July 2011 he joined Chelsea for a reported £8 million , and was immediately loaned to Atlético Madrid . In three seasons there , he won the Europa League in 2012 , the Copa del Rey in 2013 and the La Liga title in 2014 . He also won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for best goalkeeper in La Liga , for his performances in his two latter seasons . Courtois returned to Chelsea in July 2014 , and in his first season he helped them win the League Cup and the Premier League title . Two years later , he won the Premier League Golden Glove as Chelsea again won the league . Later , Real Madrid signed him for £35 million , becoming La Liga 's most expensive goalkeeper , surpassing the record set by Jan Oblak . Courtois made his senior international debut in October 2011 , becoming the youngest goalkeeper to represent Belgium . He has since earned over 70 caps and appeared at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup where he was awarded the Golden Glove as best goalkeeper of the tournament as the Belgians came third ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F.', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': '£35,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romelu Lukaku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku', 'summary': "Romelu Menama Lukaku Bolingoli ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroːmeːlu luˈkaːku ] ; born 13 May 1993 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Inter Milan and the Belgium national team . Born in Antwerp , he began his professional career at Belgian Pro League club Anderlecht in 2009 , where he made his senior debut , at age 16 . He won the league 's top goalscorer , the league championship and the Belgian Ebony Shoe there . He signed for English side Chelsea in 2011 , but featured sparingly in his first season and joined West Bromwich Albion on loan in 2012 . He helped them to an unexpected eighth-place finish in the 2012-13 season and ahead of the 2013-14 season , he joined Everton on loan . After helping Everton reach a club-record points tally , he joined the team in a permanent deal worth a club-record fee of £28 million in 2014 . He was named in the 2016-17 PFA Team of the Year , Lukaku signed for Manchester United in 2017 , for an initial fee of £75 million . A Belgian international , Lukaku has played 84 games for his country , and scored 52 goals , making him Belgium 's all-time top goalscorer . [ N1 ] Lukaku made his senior international debut for Belgium in 2010 , at age 17 , and has since represented his country at three major tournaments , including two FIFA World Cups and one UEFA European Championship . At the 2018 World Cup , Lukaku led Belgium to a third-place finish by finishing as the joint second-highest goalscorer , and won the Bronze Boot ."}]}, {'value': 'Everton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everton_F.C.', 'summary': "Everton Football Club ( /ˈɛvərtən/ ) is an English professional football club based in Liverpool that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has competed in the top division for a record 116 seasons and has missed the top division only four times ( 1930-31 , 1951-52 , 1952-53 , and 1953-54 ) since the creation of the Football League , of which it is a founding member . The club has won nine League Championships , five FA Cups , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Formed in 1878 , Everton won its first League Championship during the 1890-91 season . After winning four more League Championships and two FA Cups , the club experienced a post-World War II lull until a revival in the 1960s . A period of sustained success came in the mid-1980s , when Everton won a further two League Championships , one FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup . The club 's supporters are colloquially known as Evertonians or Blues . Everton has a rivalry with Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club has been based at Goodison Park in Walton since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a disagreement over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': '£28,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramires', 'summary': 'Ramires Santos do Nascimento ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁaˈmiɾes ˈsɐ̃tus du nasiˈmẽtu ] ; born 24 March 1987 ) , known as Ramires , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Palmeiras . A midfielder , he is comfortable playing in either the centre or right midfielder position . He normally plays as a box-to-box midfielder role because of his energy in supporting defensive and attacking play . Ramires began his career playing for Royal Sport Club , at Barra do Piraí , 114 km north-west of Rio de Janeiro . In 2005 , he signed for Joinville , before joining Cruzeiro , with whom he spent just over two seasons , appearing in 61 league matches and scoring 10 times . In 2009 , Ramires moved to Portugal and signed for Benfica . He spent one season with Benfica in which he helped them to the Primeira Liga title and Taça da Liga . He then joined English club Chelsea in the summer of 2010 and won five different domestic and European competitions with them . In January 2016 , Ramires signed for Jiangsu Suning for £25 million . Ramires is a Brazilian international , making his debut on 6 June 2009 in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Uruguay . He was in the teams which won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics . As well being a member of the Brazil national team for the 2010 World Cup , 2011 Copa América and 2014 World Cup , he has been capped 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiangsu Suning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiangsu_Suning', 'summary': 'Jiangsu Suning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 江苏苏宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 江蘇蘇寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Jiāngsū Sūníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Nanjing , Jiangsu and their home stadium is the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre which has a seating capacity of 61,443 . Their owners are Suning Appliance Group ( Chinese : 苏宁电器集团有限公司 ) , a sister company of Suning.com . The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team while the current professional football club was established in March 1994 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season ; however , they faced relegation in that campaign . They have since gone on to win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2008 league season and achieved their best ever league position when they finished runners-up in the 2012 season and the 2016 season . According to Forbes , Jiangsu are the fourth wealthiest football team in China , with a team value of $ 144 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 36 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '£25,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Highest transfer fees received', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Chelsea_F.C._records_and_statistics_3', 'intro': "Chelsea Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Fulham, London. The club was established in 1905 and plays its home games at Stamford Bridge. Chelsea have won six top-flight titles. Upon winning the 2012-13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time. The club's record appearance maker is Ron Harris, who made 795 appearances between 1961 and 1980. Frank Lampard is Chelsea's record goalscorer, scoring 211 goals in total."} | null | null | Which year did the player signed by Everton for £28,000,000 in 2014 win the Belgian Ebony Shoe ? | 2009 |
04f07b62075c366d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_dinosaur_body_fossils', 'title': 'List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur body fossils', 'header': ['Name', 'Age', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aguja Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aguja_Formation', 'summary': 'The Aguja Formation is a geological formation in North America , exposed in Texas , United States and Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico , whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation .'}]}, {'value': 'Campanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campanian', 'summary': 'The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) . In chronostratigraphy , it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series . Campanian spans the time from 83.6 ( ± 0.7 ) to 72.1 ( ± 0.6 ) million years ago . It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian . The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas . The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved : it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Formation', 'summary': 'The Allen Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous ( middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Barun Goyot Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barun_Goyot_Formation', 'summary': 'The Barun Goyot Formation ( West Goyot Formation ) is a geological formation dating to the Late Cretaceous Period . It is located within and is widely represented in the Gobi Desert Basin , in the Ömnögovi Province of Mongolia .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Campanian ( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': 'Bayan Mandahu Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayan_Mandahu_Formation', 'summary': 'The Bayan Mandahu Formation ( or Wuliangsuhai Formation ) is a geological unit of redbeds located near the village of Bayan Mandahu in Inner Mongolia , China Asia ( Gobi Desert ) and dates from the late Cretaceous Period . Laid down in the Campanian , it is dated somewhat uncertainly to between 75-71 mya ( million years ago ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Bayan Shireh Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayan_Shireh_Formation', 'summary': 'The Bayan Shireh Formation ( also known as Baynshire Formation or Baynshirenskaya Svita ) is a geological formation in Mongolia , that dates to the Late Cretaceous period . It was first described and established by Vasiliev et al . 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cenomanian to Santonian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': 'Bissekty Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bissekty_Formation', 'summary': 'The Bissekty Formation ( sometimes referred to as Bissekt ) is a geologic formation which crops out in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan , and dates to the Late Cretaceous Period . Laid down in the mid to late Turonian , it is dated to about 92 to 90 Ma ( million years ago ) . The Bissekty Formation is characterised by a mix of marine , brackish , freshwater , and terrestrial animal fossils . This stands in contrast the strictly marine fossils found in the underlying Dzheirantui Formation , and indicates that the Bissekty was formed during the regression of a saltwater sea . The coastline expanded inland again in the upper portion of the Bissekty , represented by a proportional increase of fully aquatic species , which were almost completely absent from the middle period of the formation . Semi-aquatic species remained abundant during this middle period , and the geology of the formations indicates that a braided river system took the place of the coastline . Eventually the area was again completely underwater , during the time period represented by the later Aitym Formation , which preserves coastal marine sediments .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Turonian to Coniacian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Cedar Mountain Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Mountain_Formation', 'summary': 'The Cedar Mountain Formation is the name given to a distinctive sedimentary geologic formation in eastern Utah . The formation was named for Cedar Mountain in northern Emery County , Utah , where William Lee Stokes first studied the exposures in 1944 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barremian to basal Cenomanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barremian', 'summary': 'The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale ( or a chronostratigraphic stage ) between 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma ( million years ago ) and 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma ) . It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch ( or Lower Cretaceous series ) . It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian stage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cenomanian', 'summary': "The Cenomanian is , in the ICS ' geological timescale the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series . An age is a unit of geochronology : it is a unit of time ; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age . Both age and stage bear the same name . As a unit of geologic time measure , the Cenomanian age spans the time between 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma ( million years ago ) . In the geologic timescale it is preceded by the Albian and is followed by the Turonian . The Upper Cenomanian starts approximately at 95 M.a . The Cenomanian is coeval with the Woodbinian of the regional timescale of the Gulf of Mexico and the early part of the Eaglefordian of the regional timescale of the East Coast of the United States . At the end of the Cenomanian an anoxic event took place , called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the Bonarelli Event , that is associated with a minor extinction event for marine species ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Dinosaur Park Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinosaur_Park_Formation', 'summary': 'The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Belly River Group ( also known as the Judith River Group ) , a major geologic unit in southern Alberta . It was laid down during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch between 76.9 and 75.8 million years ago . It was deposited in alluvial and coastal plain environments , and it is bounded by the nonmarine Oldman Formation below it and the marine Bearpaw Formation above it . The Dinosaur Park Formation contains dense concentrations of dinosaur skeletons , both articulated and disarticulated , which are often found with preserved remains of soft tissues . Remains of other animals such as fish , turtles , and crocodilians , as well as plant remains , are also abundant . The formation has been named after Dinosaur Provincial Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site where the formation is well exposed in the badlands that flank the Red Deer River .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Campanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campanian', 'summary': 'The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) . In chronostratigraphy , it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series . Campanian spans the time from 83.6 ( ± 0.7 ) to 72.1 ( ± 0.6 ) million years ago . It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian . The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas . The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved : it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Djadochta Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djadochta_Formation', 'summary': "The Djadochta Formation ( sometimes transcribed Djadokhta ) is a geological formation situated in central Asia ( Gobi Desert ) , dating from the Late Cretaceous Period . Laid down in the early Campanian , possibly starting in the latest Santonian , it is dated somewhat uncertainly at about 75-71 mya ( million years ago ) . The type locality are the famous Flaming Cliffs , locally known as Bayanzag ( rich in Haloxylon ) or Ulaan-Ereg ( red cliffs ) . It preserves an arid habitat of sand dunes , with little freshwater apart from oases and arroyos . In fact , the present-day climate at most Djadochta Formation sites differs little from what it was some 80 mya , except by being somewhat warmer and perhaps a bit less arid then . This is testimony to the fact that the location has long been so far from any major source of evaporation that little rainfall reached it , even before the Himalayas were uplifted which bar clouds from reaching today 's Gobi desert . Most notable fossil discoveries have been the first confirmed dinosaur eggs ( a clutch , probably of Oviraptor ) and several dinosaur finds , Protoceratops , Pinacosaurus and Velociraptor being the most prominent ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Campanian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliot Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliot_Formation', 'summary': "The Elliot Formation is a geological formation and forms part of the Stormberg Group , the uppermost geological group that comprises the greater Karoo Supergroup . Outcrops of the Elliot Formation have been found in the northern Eastern Cape , southern Free State , and in the eastern KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa . Outcrops and exposures are also found in several localities in Lesotho such as Qacha 's Neck , Hill Top , Quthing , and near the capital , Maseru . The Elliot Formation is further divided into the lower ( LEF ) and upper ( UEF ) Elliot formations to differentiate significant sedimentological differences between these layers . The LEF is dominantly Late Triassic ( Norian-Rhaetian ) in age while the UEF is mainly Early Jurassic ( Hettangian ) and is tentatively regarded to preserve a continental record of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Africa . This geological formation is named after the town of Elliot in the Eastern Cape , and its stratotype locality is located on the Barkly Pass , 9 km north of the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Norian to Sinemurian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norian', 'summary': 'The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period . It has the rank of an age ( geochronology ) or stage ( chronostratigraphy ) . The Norian lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago . It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sinemurian', 'summary': 'In the geologic timescale , the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series . It spans the time between 199.3 ± 2 Ma and 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma ( million years ago ) . The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and is followed by the Pliensbachian . In Europe the Sinemurian age , together with the Hettangian age , saw the deposition of the lower Lias , in Great Britain known as the Blue Lias .'}]}, {'value': 'Lesotho South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho', 'summary': "Lesotho ( /ləˈsuːtuː/ ( listen ) , Sotho pronunciation : [ lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( Sotho : 'Muso oa Lesotho ) , is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa . Along with the Vatican City and San Marino , it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country , and the only one outside of the Italian peninsula . Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 ( 11,583 sq mi ) in size and has a population of around 2 million . Its capital and largest city is Maseru . Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland , but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 . It is now a fully sovereign state that is a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . The name Lesotho roughly translates to the land of the brown-skinned people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferris Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferris_Formation', 'summary': 'The Ferris Formation is a Late Cretaceous ( ~66 Ma ) to Paleocene ( 66-63 Ma ) , fluvial-deltaic geological formation in southern Wyoming . It contains a variety of trace and body fossils , preserved in sandy fluvial channel deposits and overbank units . Dinosaur remains are fragmentary , but include Triceratops , Tyrannosaurus , dromaeosaurids , Paronychodon , Ricardoestesia , Edmontosaurus , Edmontonia , Ankylosaurus , and Pachycephalosaurus . Some of the fluvial channels contain evidence of tidal influence and brackish water , in the form of tidal facies , shark teeth , and shrimp burrows . This demonstrates that the western shoreline of the Western Interior Sea was still within a few hundred kilometers even during the latest Cretaceous . The local K-T boundary is contained within a sandy channel deposit made up of stacked bars . Reworked Cretaceous fossils are preserved at the base of the channel complex , associated with mud rip-up clasts , and Paleocene mammal fossils are preserved in the upper portion of the bar . The Ferris Formation is up to 2,000 m thick in the Hanna Basin and represents rapid accumulation of predominantly fine-grained sediment on a broad delta . The delta previously fed the deepwater Lewis Shale and shallow marine Fox Hills Formation . The Ferris followed behind as a system of lagoons , bays , and delta plain environments .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Maastrichtian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maastrichtian', 'summary': 'The Maastrichtian ( /mɑːˈstrɪktiən/ ) is , in the ICS geologic timescale , the latest age ( uppermost stage ) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series , the Cretaceous period or system , and of the Mesozoic era or erathem . It spanned the interval from 72.1 to 66 million years ago . The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian ( part of the Paleogene and Paleocene ) . At the end of this period , there was a mass extinction known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event ( formerly known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event ) . [ a ] In this extinction event , many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian dinosaurs , plesiosaurs and mosasaurs , as well as many other lesser-known groups , died out . The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to an asteroid about 10 to 15 kilometres ( 6.2 to 9.3 mi ) wide colliding with Earth at the end of the Cretaceous .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Frenchman Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frenchman_Formation', 'summary': 'The Frenchman Formation is stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous ( late Maastrichtian ) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin . It is present in southern Saskatchewan and the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta . The formation was defined by G.M . Furnival in 1942 from observations of outcrops along the Frenchman River , between Ravenscrag and Highway 37 . It contains the youngest of dinosaur genera , much like the Hell Creek Formation in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Maastrichtian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maastrichtian', 'summary': 'The Maastrichtian ( /mɑːˈstrɪktiən/ ) is , in the ICS geologic timescale , the latest age ( uppermost stage ) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series , the Cretaceous period or system , and of the Mesozoic era or erathem . It spanned the interval from 72.1 to 66 million years ago . The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian ( part of the Paleogene and Paleocene ) . At the end of this period , there was a mass extinction known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event ( formerly known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event ) . [ a ] In this extinction event , many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian dinosaurs , plesiosaurs and mosasaurs , as well as many other lesser-known groups , died out . The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to an asteroid about 10 to 15 kilometres ( 6.2 to 9.3 mi ) wide colliding with Earth at the end of the Cretaceous .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Hastings Beds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings_Beds', 'summary': 'The Wealden Group , occasionally also referred to as the Wealden Supergroup , is a group ( a sequence of rock strata ) in the lithostratigraphy of southern England . The Wealden group consists of paralic to continental ( freshwater ) facies sedimentary rocks of Berriasian to Aptian age and thus forms part of the English Lower Cretaceous . It is composed of alternating sands and clays . The sandy units were deposited in a flood plain of braided rivers , the clays mostly in a lagoonal coastal plain . The Wealden Group can be found in almost all Early Cretaceous basins of England : its outcrops curve from the Wessex Basin in the south to the Cleveland Basin in the northeast . It is not found in northwest England and Wales , areas which were at the time tectonic highs where no deposition took place . The same is true for the London Platform around London and Essex . Offshore , the Wealden Group can reach a thickness of 700 metres . The terms Wealden and Wealden facies are also used as generic terms referring to Early Cretaceous non-marine sequences elsewhere in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Berriasian to Valanginian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Hell Creek Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation', 'summary': "The Hell Creek Formation is an intensively-studied division of mostly Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks in North America , named for exposures studied along Hell Creek , near Jordan , Montana . The formation stretches over portions of Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Wyoming . In Montana , the Hell Creek Formation overlies the Fox Hills Formation . The site of Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a small isolated section of the Hell Creek Formation . In 1966 , the Hell Creek Fossil Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service . It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays , mudstones , and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian ( respectively , the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene ) by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway . The climate was mild , and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate , with no prolonged annual cold . The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary , which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic , occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding above and occasionally within the formation , near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation . The world 's largest collection of Hell Creek fossils is housed and exhibited at the Museum of the Rockies , in Bozeman , Montana . The specimens displayed are the result of the museum 's Hell Creek Project , a joint effort between the museum , Montana State University , the University of Washington , the University of California , Berkeley , the University of North Dakota , and the University of North Carolina which began in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Maastrichtian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maastrichtian', 'summary': 'The Maastrichtian ( /mɑːˈstrɪktiən/ ) is , in the ICS geologic timescale , the latest age ( uppermost stage ) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series , the Cretaceous period or system , and of the Mesozoic era or erathem . It spanned the interval from 72.1 to 66 million years ago . The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian ( part of the Paleogene and Paleocene ) . At the end of this period , there was a mass extinction known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event ( formerly known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event ) . [ a ] In this extinction event , many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian dinosaurs , plesiosaurs and mosasaurs , as well as many other lesser-known groups , died out . The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to an asteroid about 10 to 15 kilometres ( 6.2 to 9.3 mi ) wide colliding with Earth at the end of the Cretaceous .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Horseshoe Canyon Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation', 'summary': 'The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a stratigraphic unit of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta . It takes its name from Horseshoe Canyon , an area of badlands near Drumheller . The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is part of the Edmonton Group and is up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) thick . It is of Late Cretaceous age , Campanian to early Maastrichtian stage ( Edmontonian Land-Mammal Age ) , and is composed of mudstone , sandstone , carbonaceous shales , and coal seams . A variety of depositional environments are represented in the succession , including floodplains , estuarine channels , and coal swamps , which have yielded a diversity of fossil material . Tidally-influenced estuarine point bar deposits are easily recognizable as Inclined Heterolithic Stratification ( IHS ) . Brackish-water trace fossil assemblages occur within these bar deposits and demonstrate periodic incursion of marine waters into the estuaries . The Horseshoe Canyon Formation crops out extensively in the area around Drumheller , as well as farther north along the Red Deer River near Trochu and along the North Saskatchewan River in Edmonton . It is overlain by the Battle , Whitemud , and Scollard formations . The Drumheller Coal Zone , located in the lower part of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation , was mined for sub-bituminous coal in the Drumheller area from 1911 to 1979 , and the Atlas Coal Mine in Drumheller has been preserved as a National Historic Site . In more recent times , the Horseshoe Canyon Formation has become a major target for coalbed methane ( CBM ) production .'}]}, {'value': 'Early Maastrichtian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Huincul Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huincul_Formation', 'summary': 'The Huincul Formation is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous ( Early Cenomanian to Late Turonian ) age of the Neuquén Basin that outcrops in the Mendoza , Río Negro and Neuquén Provinces of northern Patagonia , Argentina . It is the second formation in the Río Limay Subgroup , the oldest subgroup within the Neuquén Group . Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation , and the Huincul Formation was known as the Huincul Member .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Iren Dabasu Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iren_Dabasu_Formation', 'summary': 'The Iren Dabasu Formation is a Late Cretaceous ( Santonian ) geologic formation in the Iren Nor region of Inner Mongolia . Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation . It is located in the Iren Nor region of China .'}]}, {'value': '? Campanian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiufotang Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation', 'summary': 'The Jiufotang Formation ( Chinese : 九佛堂组 , pinyin : jiǔfótáng zǔ ) is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang , Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs , primitive birds , pterosaurs , and other organisms ( see Jehol Biota ) . It is a member of the Jehol group . The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years , with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous . He et al . ( 2004 ) used argon - isotope radiometry to confirm biostratigraphic age estimates . They confirmed an Early Cretaceous , Aptian age for the Jiufotang Formation , 120.3 +/-0.7 million years ago . Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang .'}]}, {'value': 'Aptian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aptian', 'summary': 'The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column . It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch or series and encompasses the time from 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma ( million years ago ) , approximately . The Aptian succeeds the Barremian and precedes the Albian , all part of the Lower/Early Cretaceous . The Aptian partly overlaps the upper part of the regionally used ( in Western Europe ) stage Urgonian . The Selli Event , also known as OAE1a , was one of two oceanic Anoxic events in the Cretaceous period , which occurred around 120 Ma and lasted approximately 1 to 1.3 million years . The Aptian extinction was a minor extinction event hypothesized to have occurred around 116 to 117 Ma .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith River Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_River_Formation', 'summary': 'The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana , and is part of the Judith River Group . It dates to the Late Cretaceous , between 80 and 75 million years ago , corresponding to the Judithian land vertebrate age . It was laid down during the same time period as portions of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and the Oldman Formation of Alberta . It is an historically important formation , explored by early American paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope , who named several dinosaurs from scrappy remains found here on his 1876 expedition ( such as Monoclonius ) . Modern work has found nearly complete skeletons of the hadrosaurid Brachylophosaurus .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Campanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campanian', 'summary': 'The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) . In chronostratigraphy , it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series . Campanian spans the time from 83.6 ( ± 0.7 ) to 72.1 ( ± 0.6 ) million years ago . It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian . The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas . The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved : it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaiparowits Formation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiparowits_Formation', 'summary': 'The Kaiparowits Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in the Kaiparowits Plateau in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument , in the southern part of Utah in the western United States . It is over 2800 feet ( 850 m ) thick , and is Campanian in age . This Upper Cretaceous formation was formed from alluvial floodplains of large rivers in coastal southern Laramidia ; sandstone beds are the deposit of rivers , and mudstone beds represent floodplain deposits . It is fossiliferous , with most specimens from the lower half of the formation , but exploration is only comparatively recent , with most work being done since 1982 . It has been estimated that less than 10% of the Kaiparowits formation has been explored for fossils . Most fieldwork has been conducted by The Natural History Museum of Utah .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'By diversity -- > 10', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_dinosaur_body_fossils_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of stratigraphic units from which dinosaur body fossils have been recovered. Although Dinosauria is a clade which includes modern birds, this article covers only Mesozoic stratigraphic units. Units listed are all either formation rank or higher (e.g. group).'} | null | null | What kind of Spanish territory preceded the nation which contains the Huincul Formation ? | viceroyalty |
04f235cc5bc91d8d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Buchanan_Award', 'title': 'Buck Buchanan Award', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'School', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1995 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began in August 1995 , and concluded with the 1995 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 16 , 1995 , at Marshall University Stadium in Huntington , West Virginia . The Montana Grizzlies won their first I-AA championship , defeating the Marshall Thundering Herd by a final score of 22−20 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dexter Coakley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dexter_Coakley', 'summary': "William Dexter Coakley ( born October 20 , 1972 ) is a former American football linebacker who played ten seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a third round draft choice of the Dallas Cowboys in the 1997 NFL Draft , out of Division I-AA school Appalachian State . Coakley was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2011 making him Appalachian State 's first inductee ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers have competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Sun Belt Conference since 2014 . Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium , named after former head coach Kidd Brewer , whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season . The Mountaineers competed in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) from its founding in 1978 to 2013 . They won three straight national championships from 2005 to 2007 , the first FCS team to do so since the playoffs began in 1978 . They were also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat from 1944 to 1946 , and the first Division I school in the modern era to claim three straight undisputed national titles . Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press ( AP ) college football poll on January 8 , 2008 . The Mountaineers received five points in the poll . Through its history , the App State football program has won over 550 games , claimed three national championships and appeared in the Division-I FCS playoffs 20 times . The Mountaineers have 19 conference championships and have one of the nation 's best home field advantages . The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner , Armanti Edwards , who was the first player to win the award in back-to-back years ( 2008 , 2009 ) . On October 21 , 2018 , the Mountaineers became ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 Poll , ranking at number 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1996 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began in August 1996 , and concluded with the 1996 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 21 , 1996 , at Marshall University Stadium in Huntington , West Virginia . The Marshall Thundering Herd won their second I-AA championship , defeating the defending national champion Montana Grizzlies by a final score of 49-29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dexter Coakley ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dexter_Coakley', 'summary': "William Dexter Coakley ( born October 20 , 1972 ) is a former American football linebacker who played ten seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a third round draft choice of the Dallas Cowboys in the 1997 NFL Draft , out of Division I-AA school Appalachian State . Coakley was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2011 making him Appalachian State 's first inductee ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers have competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Sun Belt Conference since 2014 . Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium , named after former head coach Kidd Brewer , whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season . The Mountaineers competed in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) from its founding in 1978 to 2013 . They won three straight national championships from 2005 to 2007 , the first FCS team to do so since the playoffs began in 1978 . They were also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat from 1944 to 1946 , and the first Division I school in the modern era to claim three straight undisputed national titles . Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press ( AP ) college football poll on January 8 , 2008 . The Mountaineers received five points in the poll . Through its history , the App State football program has won over 550 games , claimed three national championships and appeared in the Division-I FCS playoffs 20 times . The Mountaineers have 19 conference championships and have one of the nation 's best home field advantages . The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner , Armanti Edwards , who was the first player to win the award in back-to-back years ( 2008 , 2009 ) . On October 21 , 2018 , the Mountaineers became ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 Poll , ranking at number 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1997 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 1997 , and concluded with the 1997 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 20 , 1997 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Youngstown State Penguins won their fourth I-AA championship , defeating the McNeese State Cowboys by a final score of 10−9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris McNeil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina A & T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_A&T_Aggies_football', 'summary': 'The North Carolina A & T Aggies football program represents North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in college football . The Aggies play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1998 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 1998 , and concluded with the 1998 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 19 , 1998 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The UMass Minutemen won their first I-AA championship , defeating the Georgia Southern Eagles by a final score of 55−43 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Milton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Illinois_Leathernecks_football', 'summary': "The Western Illinois Leathernecks football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Western Illinois University located in Macomb , Illinois . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1903 . The team plays its home games at the 16,368 seat Hanson Field ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 1999 , and concluded with the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 18 , 1999 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Georgia Southern Eagles won their fifth I-AA championship , defeating the Youngstown State Penguins by a final score of 59−24 .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Lucas_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Albert Lucas ( September 1 , 1978 - April 10 , 2005 ) was an American football player in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Arena Football League ( AFL ) who died from a game-related spinal cord injury while playing for the Los Angeles Avengers .'}]}, {'value': 'Troy State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Trojans_football', 'summary': 'The Troy Trojans football program represents Troy University in Troy , Alabama , in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision , of which it has been a member since 2001 . The head football coach is Chip Lindsey . The football program joined the Sun Belt Conference in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2000 , and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 16 , 2000 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Georgia Southern Eagles won their sixth I-AA championship , defeating the Montana Grizzlies by a final score of 27-25 .'}]}, {'value': 'Edgerton Hartwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgerton_Hartwell', 'summary': 'Edgerton Ed Hartwell II ( born May 27 , 1978 ) is a former American football linebacker . He played college football at Western Illinois and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft . Hartwell was also a member of the Atlanta Falcons , Cincinnati Bengals , Oakland Raiders and Las Vegas Locomotives .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Illinois_Leathernecks_football', 'summary': "The Western Illinois Leathernecks football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Western Illinois University located in Macomb , Illinois . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1903 . The team plays its home games at the 16,368 seat Hanson Field ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2001 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2001 , and concluded with the 2001 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 21 , 2001 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Montana Grizzlies won their second I-AA championship , defeating the Furman Paladins by a final score of 13-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Derrick Lloyd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football', 'summary': 'The James Madison Dukes football team , founded in 1972 , plays at Bridgeforth Stadium and is coached by Curt Cignetti . The JMU football team has been the centerpiece of JMU sports since the early 1990s and the programs early runs into the National Playoffs against Marshall and Appalachian State . Notable Dukes include Charles Haley , one of two players to win five Super Bowl rings and is also an inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame ; Scott Norwood , of the Buffalo Bills ; Gary Clark , an All-Pro wide receiver for the Washington Redskins ; and Arthur Moats , a linebacker for the Buffalo Bills and Pittsburgh Steelers who is known for delivering the sack that led to the end of the record streak of consecutive starts made by Brett Favre in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2002 , and concluded with the 2002 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 20 , 2002 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Western Kentucky Hilltoppers won their first I-AA championship , defeating the McNeese State Cowboys by a final score of 34−14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rashean Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rashean_Mathis', 'summary': 'Rashean Jamil Mathis ( /rəˈʃiːn/ ; born August 27 , 1980 ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Bethune-Cookman University , and was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft . He also played for the Detroit Lions and is regarded as one of the best defensive players in the history of the Jacksonville Jaguars .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune–Cookman_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of college football . The Wildcats compete in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Daytona Stadium . The Wildcats have won two black college football national championships and seven MEAC titles in the history of their football program .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': "The 2003 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2003 , and concluded with the 2003 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 19 , 2003 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens won their first I-AA championship , defeating the Colgate Raiders by a final score of 40−0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jared Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jared_Allen', 'summary': 'Jared Scot Allen ( born April 3 , 1982 ) is a former professional American football defensive end . After playing college football for Idaho State University , he was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL Draft . After four years with the Chiefs , Allen was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for three draft picks , including a first-rounder . He spent six years with the Vikings before joining the Chicago Bears as a free agent in 2014 . During the 2015 season , he was traded to the Carolina Panthers , with whom he played in his only career Super Bowl . A five-time Pro Bowl and four-time All-Pro selection , Allen tallied 136 quarterback sacks during his 12-year career .'}]}, {'value': 'Idaho State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_Bengals_football', 'summary': 'The Idaho State Bengals football program represents Idaho State University in college football . The Bengals play their home games at Holt Arena , an indoor facility on campus in Pocatello , Idaho . Idaho State is a charter member of the Big Sky Conference in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) ( formerly Division I-AA ) . Through the 2018 season , the Bengals have an all-time record of 472-520-20 ( .476 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2004 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began on August 28 , 2004 , and concluded with the 2004 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 17 , 2004 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . James Madison won their first I-AA championship , defeating Montana by a final score of 31−21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jordan Beck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Beck', 'summary': 'Jordan David Beck ( born April 18 , 1983 in Mount Hermon , California ) is a former American football linebacker . He played college football at Cal Poly . He was originally drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft . After leaving the Falcons , Beck signed with the Denver Broncos and was later released after the 2008 preseason .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football', 'summary': 'The Cal Poly Mustangs are the football team representing California Polytechnic State University located in San Luis Obispo , California . The team plays its home games in Alex G. Spanos Stadium . The current head coach is Beau Baldwin , who began his tenure in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2005 NCAA Division I-AA football season , the 2005 season of college football for teams in Division I-AA , began on September 1 , 2005 , and concluded on December 16 , 2005 . In the 2005 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game , played in Chattanooga , Tennessee , the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the Northern Iowa Panthers .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Gocong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Gocong', 'summary': 'Christopher Andrew Gocong ( born November 16 , 1983 ) is a former American football linebacker who played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Cleveland Browns in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at FCS Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo , CA .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football', 'summary': 'The Cal Poly Mustangs are the football team representing California Polytechnic State University located in San Luis Obispo , California . The team plays its home games in Alex G. Spanos Stadium . The current head coach is Beau Baldwin , who began his tenure in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2006 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 26 , 2006 and concluded on December 15 , 2006 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2006 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game where the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the UMass Minutemen , 28-17 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Shotwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football', 'summary': 'The Cal Poly Mustangs are the football team representing California Polytechnic State University located in San Luis Obispo , California . The team plays its home games in Alex G. Spanos Stadium . The current head coach is Beau Baldwin , who began his tenure in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': "The 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2007 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 25 , 2007 , and concluded on December 14 , 2007 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2007 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game , where the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens to win the NCAA Division I Football Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Kroy Biermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kroy_Biermann', 'summary': 'Kroy Evan Biermann ( born September 12 , 1985 ) is a former American football defensive end and outside linebacker . He was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft . He played college football at Montana . He is married to Bravo television personality Kim Zolciak .'}]}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_Grizzlies_football', 'summary': 'The Montana Grizzlies football program ( commonly referred to as the Griz ) represents the University of Montana in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of college football . The Grizzlies have competed in the Big Sky Conference since 1963 , where it is a founding member . They play their home games on campus in Missoula at Washington-Grizzly Stadium , where they had an average attendance of 25,377 in 2016 ( 1st in FCS ) . The Grizzlies had a winning season from 1986 to 2011 . In Washington-Grizzly Stadium , they have a winning percentage of .890 including playoffs . They hold the records for most playoff appearances in a row ( 17 ) , Big Sky Conference titles in a row ( 12 ) , and overall playoff appearances ( 19 ) . Their success made them the most successful program in all of college football in the 2000s ( 119 wins ) and third most successful team in FCS in the 1990s ( 93 wins ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2008 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 28 , 2008 , and concluded on December 19 , 2008 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2008 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game , where the Richmond Spiders defeated the Montana Grizzlies to win the NCAA Division I Football Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Peach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Peach', 'summary': 'Greg Peach ( born November 19 , 1986 ) is a professional Canadian football defensive end who is currently a free-agent . He was most recently a member of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He was originally signed by the Edmonton Eskimos as a street free agent in 2009 . He played college football at Eastern Washington and was the 2008 recipient of the Buck Buchanan Award . Peach has also been a member of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Washington_Eagles_football', 'summary': 'The Eastern Washington Eagles football team represents Eastern Washington University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision . The Eastern Eagles are members of the Big Sky Conference and play at Roos Field , which is known for being the only stadium in college football with a red playing surface .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2009 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began in August 2009 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on December 18 , 2009 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , won by Villanova 23-21 over Montana .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Moats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Moats', 'summary': "Arthur Moats ( born March 14 , 1988 ) is a former American football linebacker for the Buffalo Bills , Pittsburgh Steelers , and Arizona Cardinals . He was drafted by the Bills in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft . Moats played college football at James Madison , where he was team captain . In 2010 , as a member of the Bills , Moats delivered the hit on Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre that ultimately led to the end of Favre 's NFL record streak of consecutive starts the following week at 297 ."}]}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football', 'summary': 'The James Madison Dukes football team , founded in 1972 , plays at Bridgeforth Stadium and is coached by Curt Cignetti . The JMU football team has been the centerpiece of JMU sports since the early 1990s and the programs early runs into the National Playoffs against Marshall and Appalachian State . Notable Dukes include Charles Haley , one of two players to win five Super Bowl rings and is also an inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame ; Scott Norwood , of the Buffalo Bills ; Gary Clark , an All-Pro wide receiver for the Washington Redskins ; and Arthur Moats , a linebacker for the Buffalo Bills and Pittsburgh Steelers who is known for delivering the sack that led to the end of the record streak of consecutive starts made by Brett Favre in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2010 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began in September 2010 and concluded with the 2011 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 7 , 2011 . In the title game , Eastern Washington defeated Delaware , 20-19 , to claim their first Division I national title in any team sport . For the first time since 1997 , the final game was played at a new location - Pizza Hut Park in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . Every title game since 1997 had been held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee , but the NCAA opened the hosting rights for the 2010-2012 championship games for bids during the 2009 season , as the hosting contract between the NCAA and the Chattanooga organizers was set to expire . In addition to Frisco and Chattanooga , three other cities submitted bids :'}]}, {'value': 'J. C. Sherritt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._C._Sherritt', 'summary': 'John Cody J. C. Sherritt ( born May 2 , 1988 ) is the linebackers coach for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He is a former Canadian football linebacker who played in eight seasons for the Edmonton Eskimos and won one Grey Cup championship in 2015 . Sherritt played his college football at Eastern Washington and was the 2010 recipient of the Buck Buchanan Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Washington_Eagles_football', 'summary': 'The Eastern Washington Eagles football team represents Eastern Washington University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision . The Eastern Eagles are members of the Big Sky Conference and play at Roos Field , which is known for being the only stadium in college football with a red playing surface .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on September 1 , 2011 , and concluded with the 2012 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 7 , 2012 , at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco , Texas . North Dakota State won their first FCS championship , defeating Sam Houston State by a final score of 17-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Evans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The New Hampshire Wildcats football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of New Hampshire located in the U.S. state of New Hampshire . The Wildcats compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association . The team plays its home games at the 11,000 seat Wildcat Stadium in Durham , New Hampshire , and are currently coached by Ricky Santos on an interim basis while longtime head coach Sean McDonnell is taking a leave of absence for health-related reasons . The school has fielded a football team annually since 1893 , with the exception of one year during World War I and two years during World War II . Bill Bowes , who served as head coach from 1972 to 1998 , is an inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 30 , 2012 , and concluded with the 2013 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 5 , 2013 , at FC Dallas Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Caleb Schreibeis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_Bobcats_football', 'summary': "The Montana State Bobcats football program competes in the Big Sky Conference of the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision for Montana State University . The program began in 1897 and has won three national championships ( 1956 , 1976 , and 1984 ) . It is the only college football program in the nation to win national championships on three different levels of competition , NAIA , NCAA Division II , and NCAA Division I-AA ( now FCS ) . Through the 2018 season , the Bobcats had played in 1,005 games with an all-time record of 500-485-32 . The first championship came in Montana State 's last season in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , which moved to NAIA in 1952 . The national championship was the first ever for the RMAC and was also the first time the NAIA had a football champion . The Bobcats were members of the RMAC from 1917 to 1956 , after being an independent from 1897 to 1916 . MSC rejoined the NCAA ( College Division ) in 1957 , and had one of its most successful runs as an independent from 1957 to 1962 with six straight winning seasons , including an 8-2 mark in 1957 and 8-1 in 1958 . In 1963 , Montana State became a charter member of the Big Sky Conference and has since won two national championships . Montana State has won 20 conference titles , including 15 in the Big Sky Conference and five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference . The Bobcats have won conference titles in eight of the past nine decades and have won multiple conference titles in seven of the last eight decades . MSU finished the 1926 season undefeated in RMAC conference games , but was not awarded a conference title ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 29 , 2013 , and concluded with the 2014 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 4 , 2014 , at Toyota Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Brad Daly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_Bobcats_football', 'summary': "The Montana State Bobcats football program competes in the Big Sky Conference of the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision for Montana State University . The program began in 1897 and has won three national championships ( 1956 , 1976 , and 1984 ) . It is the only college football program in the nation to win national championships on three different levels of competition , NAIA , NCAA Division II , and NCAA Division I-AA ( now FCS ) . Through the 2018 season , the Bobcats had played in 1,005 games with an all-time record of 500-485-32 . The first championship came in Montana State 's last season in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , which moved to NAIA in 1952 . The national championship was the first ever for the RMAC and was also the first time the NAIA had a football champion . The Bobcats were members of the RMAC from 1917 to 1956 , after being an independent from 1897 to 1916 . MSC rejoined the NCAA ( College Division ) in 1957 , and had one of its most successful runs as an independent from 1957 to 1962 with six straight winning seasons , including an 8-2 mark in 1957 and 8-1 in 1958 . In 1963 , Montana State became a charter member of the Big Sky Conference and has since won two national championships . Montana State has won 20 conference titles , including 15 in the Big Sky Conference and five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference . The Bobcats have won conference titles in eight of the past nine decades and have won multiple conference titles in seven of the last eight decades . MSU finished the 1926 season undefeated in RMAC conference games , but was not awarded a conference title ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 23 , 2014 , and concluded with the 2015 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game played on January 10 , 2015 , at Toyota Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Emanuel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Emanuel', 'summary': 'Kyle Emanuel ( born August 16 , 1991 ) is a former American football linebacker . He won the Buck Buchanan Award in 2014 . He played college football for North Dakota State University where they won four straight FCS championships . He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'North Dakota State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota_State_Bison_football', 'summary': 'The North Dakota State Bison football program represents North Dakota State University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level and competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference . The Bison play in the 19,000 seat Fargodome located in Fargo . The Bison have won sixteen national championships and 36 conference championships . They won five-consecutive NCAA Division I FCS National Championships between 2011 and 2015 as well as three more consecutively between 2017 and 2019 . NDSU is the only college football program to ever win five consecutive NCAA national championships , and hold the record for most FCS titles with eight . Since 2011 , the North Dakota State Bison have a record of 127-8 ( .941 ) which included a record 22-game playoff win streak , making them the most successful college football program in Division I FCS this decade . The Bison are 166-35 ( .826 ) since moving to Division I in 2004 . Since 1964 , the Bison have had only three losing seasons and an overall record of 515-137-4 ( .788 ) through that 55-year span , one of the best in all of college football . North Dakota State currently has more all-time program wins than any non-Ivy League program , over 700 . Of all teams established after 1894 , only Oklahoma has won a higher percentage of its games than NDSU . The team also has the record for the longest winning streak in D1 FCS , which stands at 37 consecutive games spanning from 2017 to present. [ when ? ] [ citation needed ] In the final AP Football Poll of the 2013-14 season ; after their third consecutive National Championship , North Dakota State finished with 17 votes which ranked them at # 29 in all of D-I football , the highest end-of-season ranking of any team in the history of FCS football .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Buck_Buchanan_Award_0', 'intro': "The Buck Buchanan Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding defensive player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) of college football, and was first given in 1995 after the Walter Payton Award was designated solely for offensive players. It was named in honor of the late National Football League (NFL) player Junious Buck Buchanan, who starred at Grambling State University. Buchanan was an All-American defensive lineman and the first overall pick in the 1963 American Football League (AFL) Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. Up until 2015, the Payton and Buchanan Awards were awarded by The Sports Network. Since STATS LLC acquired The Sports Network in February 2015, it has presented all of the major FCS awards. Through the 2011 season, the awards were presented the night before the NCAA Division I Football Championship, but the 2012 awards were presented on December 17, nearly three weeks before that season's championship game. Cal Poly (2004, 2005, 2006) and Montana (2007, 2015, 2019) are the only programs with three (3) winners. Appalachian State (1995-1996), Eastern Washington (2008, 2010), James Madison (2001, 2009), Montana State (2012-2013), and Western Illinois (1998, 2000), are the only schools to win the award twice (2). Dexter Coakley of Appalachian State is the only player to win the award twice (2)."} | null | null | What conference is the university attended by Jared Allen a founding school of ? | Big Sky |
04f2f576e3085ec3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit', 'title': 'Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit', 'header': ['Name', 'Year', 'Location', 'Style', 'Architect', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Academy of the Sacred Heart aka Grosse Pointe Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Grosse_Pointe_Farms,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Grosse Pointe Academy is an independent day school located at 171 Lake Shore Drive in Grosse Pointe Farms , Michigan . Originally known as the Academy of the Sacred Heart , the campus buildings were designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1977 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . The school serves preschool through middle school ( lower secondary school ) .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '171 Lake Shore Road , Grosse Pointe Farms 42°23′35″N 82°53′37″W / 42.39306°N 82.89361°W / 42.39306 ; -82.89361 ( Academy of the Sacred Heart )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grosse_Pointe_Farms,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Grosse Pointe Farms is a suburban town bordering Detroit located in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 9,479 at the 2010 census . It is bordered by Canada and Lake Saint Clair on the south and east , Grosse Pointe on the west , Detroit on the north , and Grosse Pointe Woods and Grosse Pointe Shores on the northeast . Lakeshore Drive begins in Grosse Pointe Farms , where , just east of Fisher Road , the eastbound driver or pedestrian on Jefferson Avenue descends to lake level , following the curvature of the lakefront to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': 'Tudor Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudor_revival', 'summary': 'Tudor Revival architecture ( also known as mock Tudor in the UK ) first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century . Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period . The style later became an influence elsewhere , especially the British colonies . For example , in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate . In Singapore , then a British colony , architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was thought Neo-Tudor design . Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favor of more domestic styles of Merrie England , which were cosier and quaint . It was associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'William Schickel , Magginnis and Walsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Church', 'summary': 'The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church is a church located at 13770 Gratiot Avenue in Detroit , Michigan . It is commonly known as the Assumption Grotto Church . The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1990 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13770 Gratiot Ave. , Detroit 42°25′40″N 82°58′52″W / 42.42778°N 82.98111°W / 42.42778 ; -82.98111 ( Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church ) ] ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Neo-Gothic ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman & Simons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop Gallagher Residence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Michael James Gallagher ( November 16 , 1866 in Auburn , Michigan - January 20 , 1937 ) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Detroit from 1918 to 1937 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmer_Woods_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Palmer Woods Historic District is a residential historic district bounded by Seven Mile Road , Woodward Avenue , and Strathcona Drive in Detroit , Michigan . There are approximately 295 homes in the 188-acre ( 0.76 km2 ) district , which is between the City of Highland Park in Wayne County and the City of Ferndale in Oakland County . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The Detroit Golf Club is nearby . As of 2015 many of the wealthiest professionals in the City of Detroit live in Palmer Woods . The district is 188-acre ( 0.76 km2 ) in size .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880 Wellesley , Detroit 42°26′3″N 83°7′4″W / 42.43417°N 83.11778°W / 42.43417 ; -83.11778 ( Bishop Gallagher Residence )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tudor Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGinnis and Walsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Palmer Woods Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and as a Michigan Historic Site . Sold in 1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer_Woods_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Palmer Woods Historic District is a residential historic district bounded by Seven Mile Road , Woodward Avenue , and Strathcona Drive in Detroit , Michigan . There are approximately 295 homes in the 188-acre ( 0.76 km2 ) district , which is between the City of Highland Park in Wayne County and the City of Ferndale in Oakland County . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The Detroit Golf Club is nearby . As of 2015 many of the wealthiest professionals in the City of Detroit live in Palmer Woods . The district is 188-acre ( 0.76 km2 ) in size .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Blessed_Sacrament', 'summary': "The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament is a decorated Gothic Revival style Roman Catholic cathedral church in the United States . It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit . The metropolitan archdiocese for the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit includes all dioceses in the state of Michigan ; in addition , in 2000 the archdiocese accepted pastoral responsibility for the Roman Catholic Church in the Cayman Islands , which consists of Saint Ignatius Parish on Grand Cayman ( the Archdiocese of Kingston maintains a mission sui iuris jurisdiction over the Cayman Islands ) . The cathedral is located at 9844 Woodward Avenue in Detroit , Michigan , adjacent to Detroit 's Boston-Edison Historic District . The cathedral was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9844 Woodward Ave. , Detroit 42°23′17″N 83°5′6″W / 42.38806°N 83.08500°W / 42.38806 ; -83.08500 ( Blessed Sacrement Roman Catholic Church Complex )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo-Gothic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry A. Walsh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': "Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower , aka St. Patrick 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_of_St._Theresa-the_Little_Flower', 'summary': 'The Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower is a church located at 58 Parsons Street in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . It is currently known as St. Patrick Church . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58 Parsons St. , Detroit 42°20′54″N 83°3′36″W / 42.34833°N 83.06000°W / 42.34833 ; -83.06000 ( Chapel of St. Theresa-the Little Flower , aka St. Patricks )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo-Romanesque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo-Romanesque', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': "Listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Formerly a chapel of St. Patrick 's Cathedral ; closed in 2015", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Most Holy Redeemer Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Most_Holy_Redeemer_Church_(Detroit)', 'summary': 'The Most Holy Redeemer Church is located at 1721 Junction Street in Southwest Detroit , Michigan , within the West Vernor-Junction Historic District . The church was once estimated as the largest Roman Catholic parish in North America . West Vernor-Junction Historic District is adjacent to Mexicantown and contains a growing Mexican community and resurgent neighborhood .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1721 Junction Ave. , Detroit 42°19′2″N 83°6′7″W / 42.31722°N 83.10194°W / 42.31722 ; -83.10194 ( Most Holy Redeemer Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals , Late Victorian , Romanesque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'Part of the West Vernor-Junction Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Vernor-Junction_Historic_District', 'summary': 'West Vernor-Junction Historic District is a commercial historic district located along West Vernor Highway between Lansing and Cavalry in Detroit , Michigan . The district includes 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) and 44 buildings . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Major Seminary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Major_Seminary', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Major Seminary is a Catholic seminary in Detroit , Michigan . It is associated with the Archdiocese of Detroit . Sacred Heart is a regional seminary : in 2016-2017 , 107 seminarians , representing eleven dioceses and two religious orders were enrolled in classes , along with 426 lay students ( full and part-time ) . Sacred Heart Major Seminary has been accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1960 . The School of Theology degree programs have been accredited by the Association of Theological Schools since 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2701 W. Chicago Blvd. , Detroit 42°22′27″N 86°6′41″W / 42.37417°N 86.11139°W / 42.37417 ; -86.11139 ( Sacred Heart Major Seminary )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classical Revival , Collegiate Gothic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church , Convent and Rectory is a Roman Catholic church complex located at 1000 Eliot Street in Detroit , Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1000 Elliot Street , Detroit 42°21′3″N 83°2′47″W / 42.35083°N 83.04639°W / 42.35083 ; -83.04639 ( Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italianate , Romanesque Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter J. Diederichs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Albertus_Roman_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church is in the Forest Park neighborhood of Detroit , Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4231 St. Aubin Street , Detroit 42°21′36″N 83°2′31″W / 42.36000°N 83.04194°W / 42.36000 ; -83.04194 ( St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Engelbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Engelbert', 'summary': "Henry Engelbert was an architect best known for buildings in the French Second Empire style , which emphasized elaborate mansard roofs with dormers . New York 's Grand Hotel on Broadway is the most noteworthy extant example of Engelbert 's work in the French Second Empire Style . Also , many of his commissions were Lutheran or Roman Catholic churches . Engelbert was born in Germany in 1826 . In 1852 , he established his practice in partnership with John Edson , and their office was at 85 Nassau Street in New York City . The latter years of his career were spent in Detroit , where he died in 1901 ."}]}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Aloysius Church and Chancery', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1234 Washington Boulevard , Detroit 42°19′58″N 83°3′3″W / 42.33278°N 83.05083°W / 42.33278 ; -83.05083 ( St. Aloysious Roman Catholic Church Complex )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Washington Boulevard Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site . Chancery sold in 2015 and offices relocated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Boulevard_Historic_District', 'summary': "Washington Boulevard Historic District is a multi-block area of downtown Detroit , Michigan . It consists of structures facing Washington Boulevard between State and Clifford Streets . In 1982 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It includes the Book-Cadillac Hotel , the Book Tower , the Industrial Building , and Detroit City Apartments among other architecturally significant buildings . Washington Boulevard is one of the city 's main boulevards and part of Augustus Woodward 's 1807-design for the city . Because Woodward 's plan was never completed , the boulevard contains a sharp curve south of Michigan Avenue where it was connected to an existing street . The street was broadened and ornamented in the early part of the 20th century . The development was inspired by the City Beautiful movement and financed by J. Burgess Book Jr. and designed by Louis Kamper . It was to resemble New York 's Fifth Avenue and European boulevards . A sculpture lined park between two one-way streets decorated a shopping district and upscale residential neighborhood Edward H. Bennett , a well known master planner , turned Washington Boulevard into a Beaux-Arts streetscape . In the late 1970s , Washington Boulevard was redesigned with an urban pedestrian mall that included new sculptures and an amphitheater . It has since been restored to its original plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Anthony Cathedral Abbey Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5247 Sheridan Street , Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Ste . Anne de Detroit Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ste._Anne_de_Detroit_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'Ste . Anne de Détroit ( Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit ) was founded July 26 , 1701 by French colonists in New France , and is the second-oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the United States . The current Gothic Revival cathedral-styled church , built in 1886 , is located at 1000 Ste . Anne Street in Detroit , Michigan , in the Richard-Hubbard neighborhood , near the Ambassador Bridge , and the Michigan Central Station . At one time it was the seat of a diocese that included French ( and later British ) territory in Ontario , Canada south of the Detroit River . Historically , the parish congregation has occupied eight different buildings . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . The main entry to the Church faces a grand tree-lined , brick paved plaza . Reflecting demographic changes in the city and region since the 1930s , the present parish is largely Latino in population .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1000 Ste . Anne Street , Detroit 42°19′14.83″N 83°4′16.16″W / 42.3207861°N 83.0711556°W / 42.3207861 ; -83.0711556 ( Ste . Anne de Detroit Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classical Revival , Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leon Coquard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Bonaventure Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Bonaventure_Monastery', 'summary': 'The St. Bonaventure Monastery is a complex of religious buildings , built for the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin , located at 1740 Mt . Elliott Avenue in Detroit , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1740 Mt . Elliott , Detroit 42°21′4″N 83°0′52″W / 42.35111°N 83.01444°W / 42.35111 ; -83.01444 ( St. Bonaventure Monastery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter J. Diederichs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Catherine_of_Siena_Roman_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'The St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church is a church located at 4151 Seminole Street in Detroit , Michigan . It is now the St. Augustine and St. Monica Roman Catholic Church . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4151 Seminole , Detroit 42°22′17″N 83°0′23″W / 42.37139°N 83.00639°W / 42.37139 ; -83.00639 ( St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church is a church located at the corner of Baldwin Avenue and St. Paul Avenue in Detroit , Michigan . The church address is 1515 Baldwin Street ; ancillary buildings are located at 1491 Baldwin Street ( Rectory ) and 1480 Townsend Street ( School Building ) . The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1515 Baldwin Street , Detroit 42°21′18″N 83°0′7″W / 42.35500°N 83.00194°W / 42.35500 ; -83.00194 ( St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals , Prairie School , Romanesque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_School', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}]}, {'value': 'Van Leyen & Schilling ; Peter Dederichs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Florian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Florian_Church_(Hamtramck,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'St. Florian Church is a Roman Catholic Church at 2626 Poland Street in Hamtramck , Michigan . The church was designed by Ralph Adams Cram of the firm Cram and Ferguson .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2626 Poland Street , Hamtramck 42°23′39″N 83°3′33″W / 42.39417°N 83.05917°W / 42.39417 ; -83.05917 ( St. Florian Roman Catholic Church Complex )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamtramck,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hamtramck ( /hæmˈtræmɪk/ ham-TRAM-ik ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 22,423 . Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park . Hamtramck is by far the most densely-populated municipality in the state of Michigan . Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish-American life and culture , Hamtramck has attracted new immigrants in the 21st century , especially from Yemen and Bangladesh . In 2015 , its city council became the first Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States , with four of the six council members being adherents of the Islamic faith .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival , Bungalow/Craftsman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Craftsman', 'summary': 'The American Craftsman style , or the American Arts and Crafts movement , is an American domestic architectural , interior design , landscape design , applied arts , and decorative arts style and lifestyle philosophy that began in the last years of the 19th century . As a comprehensive design and art movement , it remained popular into the 1930s . However , in decorative arts and architectural design , it has continued with numerous revivals and restoration projects through present times .'}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Adams Cram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram', 'summary': 'Ralph Adams Cram ( December 16 , 1863 - September 22 , 1942 ) was a prolific and influential American architect of collegiate and ecclesiastical buildings , often in the Gothic Revival style . Cram & Ferguson and Cram , Goodhue & Ferguson are partnerships in which he worked . Together with an architect and artist , he is honored on December 16 as a feast day in the Episcopal Church of the United States . Cram was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects .'}]}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Hugo in the Hills Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2215 Opdyke Road , Bloomfield Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan', 'summary': "Bloomfield Hills is a city located in Metro Detroit 's northern suburbs in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan , 20.2 miles ( 32.5 km ) northwest of downtown Detroit . The city is almost completely surrounded by Bloomfield Township . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 3,869 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artur Des Rossiers , Harley Ellington Pierce Yee & Associates', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Josaphat Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Josaphat_Roman_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'St. Josaphat Roman Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 715 East Canfield Street in Detroit , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985 . Since 2013 , it has been one of two churches that comprise Mother of Divine Mercy Parish .'}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': "715 E. Canfield Avenue , Detroit 42°21′21″N 83°3′10″W / 42.35583°N 83.05278°W / 42.35583 ; -83.05278 ( St. Josaphat 's Roman Catholic Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph G. Kastler , William E. N. Hunter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Detroit', 'summary': "St. Joseph Oratory , founded in 1855 , is a historic German Catholic church located at 1828 Jay Street in the Eastern Market-Lafayette Park neighborhood area just outside downtown Detroit , Michigan on the city 's central east side . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 , and deemed of national importance because of its stained glass . Three subsidiary buildings - the rectory , convent , and the Wermers House - were added to the listing in 1992 . A parish of the Archdiocese of Detroit , and presently an oratory dedicated to the celebration of the pre-Vatican II liturgy ( the Tridentine Mass ) under the care of the canons of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest ."}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1828 Jay Street , Detroit 42°20′43″N 83°2′8″W / 42.34528°N 83.03556°W / 42.34528 ; -83.03556 ( St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival ; German Hall Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hall_church', 'summary': 'A hall church is a church with nave and side aisles of approximately equal height , often united under a single immense roof . The term was first coined in the mid-19th century by the pioneering German art historian Wilhelm Lübke . In contrast to a traditional basilica of the Roman Catholic Church , which lets in light through a clerestory in the upper part of the nave , a hall church is lit through windowed side walls typically spanning the full height of the interior .'}]}, {'value': 'Francis G. Himpler ; Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's is an authentic German parish noted for its architecture and stained glass . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Michigan Historic Site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Mary Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Mary_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': "St. Mary Roman Catholic Church , formally the Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , is in the third oldest Roman Catholic parish in Detroit , Michigan . Designed by German-born Peter Dederichs and built for the formerly ethnic German parish of the 19th century , it is located at 646 Monroe Street in what is now considered the heart of the Greektown Historic District in downtown Detroit . It is often called Old St. Mary 's Church to avoid confusion with other St. Mary 's parishes : in the Redford neighborhood of Detroit , or in nearby Royal Oak , Monroe , or Wayne . The former church was built in 1841 . The school , built in 1868 , was the first of the new buildings of the current complex . The rectory ( 1876 ) ; new church ( 1884-1885 ) , and convent , completed in 1922 , comprised the remainder . The convent was demolished in the early 2000s and replaced with a community center designed to resemble the 1841 church building . St. Mary Parish has been staffed by the Spiritans or Holy Ghost Fathers since 1893 . It was previously administered by the Franciscan Fathers ( 1872-1893 ) and the Redemptorist Fathers ( 1847-1872 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': "646 Monroe Street , Detroit 42°20′9″N 83°2′26″W / 42.33583°N 83.04056°W / 42.33583 ; -83.04056 ( Old St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter J. Dederichs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Listed as a Michigan Historic Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office', 'summary': "The Michigan State Historic Preservation Office is one of 59 state historic preservation offices established according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 that plays a role in implementing federal historic preservation policy in the United States . The purposes of a SHPO include surveying and recognizing historic properties , reviewing nominations for properties to be included in the National Register of Historic Places , reviewing federal and state undertakings for their impact on historic resources , and supporting federal organizations , state and local governments , and private sector in historic preservation matters . The organization was formerly involved in the listing of state historic sites and operating the state 's historical marker program ; that function is now performed by the Michigan History Center and Eastern Michigan University ."}]}], 'section_title': 'History -- Architecture', 'section_text': 'See also : Architecture of metropolitan Detroit', 'uid': 'Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit_0', 'intro': "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit (Latin: Archidioecesis Detroitensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church covering (as of 2005[update]) the Michigan counties of Lapeer, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne. It is the metropolitan archdiocese for the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit, which includes all dioceses in the state of Michigan. In addition, in 2000 the archdiocese accepted pastoral responsibility for the Roman Catholic Church in the Cayman Islands, which consists of Saint Ignatius Parish on Grand Cayman (the Archdiocese of Kingston maintains a mission sui iuris jurisdiction over the Cayman Islands). Established as the Diocese of Detroit on March 8, 1833, it was elevated to archiepiscopal status on May 22, 1937. Ste. Anne's in Detroit is the second oldest continuously-operating Roman Catholic Parish in the United States dating from July 26, 1701; it now serves a large Hispanic congregation. The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament, located at 9844 Woodward Avenue, in Detroit has served as the mother church since 1938. Earlier cathedrals were: Ste. Anne de Detroit, 1833 to 1848; Sts. Peter and Paul Church, 1848 to 1877; 1877 to 1890, St. Aloysius (as pro-cathedral), 1890 to 1938, St. Patrick's Church at 124 Adelaide Street."} | null | null | The architect who is honored on December 16 built a church in a city that had a population of how many in 2010 ? | 22,423 |
04f35159d33b4eb1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Masonic buildings in the United States', 'header': ['', 'Building', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camden Masonic Temple of Philanthropic Lodge No . 164 F. & A.M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1863 Built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Masonic Ave 43°20′5.844″N 75°45′.966″W / 43.33495667°N 75.75026833°W / 43.33495667 ; -75.75026833 ( Masonic Temple - Philanthropic Lodge No . 164 F. & A.M . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camden , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Camden is a village in Oneida County , New York , USA . The population was 2,231 at the 2010 census . The Village of Camden is located inside the Town of Camden at the crossing of Routes NY-13 and NY-69 .'}]}, {'value': 'Italianate style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_style', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart Masonic Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_Masonic_Hall', 'summary': "The Hobart Masonic Hall is a historic building located in the village of Hobart in Delaware County , New York , United States . It was originally constructed in 1889 as a meeting hall for St. Andrew 's Lodge No . 289 . That lodge is a local Masonic Lodge that no longer exists ) . [ citation needed ] The building is a \u200b2 1⁄2-story wood frame building on a rubble stone foundation in the Stick-Eastlake style . The building is rectangular in shape with a small cross gable wing on the west elevation . At a later date the building housed a local history museum , operated by the Hobart Historical Society . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1889 built 2001 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Cornell Ave. 42°22′22″N 74°40′2″W / 42.37278°N 74.66722°W / 42.37278 ; -74.66722 ( Hobart Masonic Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart,_New_York', 'summary': 'Hobart is a village in Delaware County , New York , United States . The population was 441 at the 2010 census . The village is in the town of Stamford and is on New York Route 10 in the northeast part of the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1889 , in Stick/Eastlake style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stick/Eastlake', 'summary': 'The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style , transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century , and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s . It is named after its use of linear stickwork ( overlay board strips ) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DePew Lodge No . 823 , Free and Accepted Masons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePew_Lodge_No._823,_Free_and_Accepted_Masons', 'summary': 'Depew Lodge No . 823 , Free and Accepted Masons is a historic building located at Lancaster in Erie County , New York . It is a locally distinctive example of the Neo-Classical Revival style of architecture . Built between 1916 and 1919 as a meeting hall for the local Masons ( DePew Lodge No . 823 , which no longer exists ) . Today , it is used as a commercial office building . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . It is included in the Broadway Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '1916 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5497 Broadway 42°53′56″N 78°40′0″W / 42.89889°N 78.66667°W / 42.89889 ; -78.66667 ( DePew Lodge No . 823 , Free and Accepted Masons )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Lancaster is a village in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the village population was 10,352 . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The village of Lancaster is in the west part of the town of Lancaster and is east of Buffalo . The Lancaster Opera House is locally famous for its musicals and stage plays . The current mayor is William C. Schroeder .'}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lowville Masonic Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lowville_Masonic_Temple', 'summary': 'The Lowville Masonic Temple is a historic Colonial Revival building located in Lowville , New York . The building was constructed in 1928 as a meeting hall for the local Masonic lodge . In 2002 it was sold to the Lewis County Historical Society , and was used as a local history museum . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1928 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7552 S. State St. 43°47′09″N 75°29′29″W / 43.78597°N 75.49143°W / 43.78597 ; -75.49143 ( Lowville Masonic Temple )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lowville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lowville_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Lowville /ˈlaʊvɪl/ is a village in Lewis County , New York , United States . The village is nestled in the Black River Valley , between the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains and the Tug Hill Plateau , in an area often referred to as the North Country . It is located in the center of Lewis County , in the southeastern part of the similarly named town of Lowville . Lowville is the county seat of Lewis County . The name of both the village and town is derived from Nicholas Low , an early landowner of Dutch descent , who had emigrated with his wife and three small children from a rural village outside of Amsterdam in 1778 .'}]}, {'value': 'Built 1928 in Colonial Revival style . After 2002 it served as a local history museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Revival_style', 'summary': "The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mecca Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City_Center', 'summary': 'New York City Center ( previously known as the Mecca Temple , City Center of Music and Drama , and the New York City Center 55th Street Theater , ) is a 2,257-seat Moorish Revival theater located at 131 West 55th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues in Manhattan , New York City . It is one block south of Carnegie Hall . City Center is especially known as a performing home for several major dance companies as well as the Encores ! musical theater series and the Fall for Dance Festival . The facility houses the 2,257 seat main stage , two smaller theaters , four studios and a 12-story office tower .'}]}, {'value': '1922 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '131 N. 55th St. 40°45′50″N 73°58′48″W / 40.76389°N 73.98000°W / 40.76389 ; -73.98000 ( New York City Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': "Built as a Shriners ' mosque and originally contained Masonic lodge rooms . It is neo-Moorish in style , and its architect was a Mason . Later known as New York City Center , a theatre", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City_Center', 'summary': 'New York City Center ( previously known as the Mecca Temple , City Center of Music and Drama , and the New York City Center 55th Street Theater , ) is a 2,257-seat Moorish Revival theater located at 131 West 55th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues in Manhattan , New York City . It is one block south of Carnegie Hall . City Center is especially known as a performing home for several major dance companies as well as the Encores ! musical theater series and the Fall for Dance Festival . The facility houses the 2,257 seat main stage , two smaller theaters , four studios and a 12-story office tower .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masonic Temple - Newport Lodge No . 445 F. & A.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masonic_Temple_—_Newport_Lodge_No._445_F._&_A.M.', 'summary': 'The Masonic Temple - Newport Lodge No . 445 F. & A.M. is a historic building located in Newport in Herkimer County , New York . Built in 1903 as a meeting hall for a local Masonic Lodge , the building is a \u200b2 1⁄2-story , five-bay-wide by three-bay-deep wood frame building , with a rectangular main block and square shaped rear wing . It features a two tiered , semi-circular entry porch . The interior features Colonial Revival style detailing . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1903 built 2010 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7408 NY 28 43°10′51.42″N 75°0′37.84″W / 43.1809500°N 75.0105111°W / 43.1809500 ; -75.0105111 ( Masonic Temple - Newport Lodge No . 445 F. & A.M . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Newport is a village in Herkimer County , New York , United States . The population was 640 at the 2010 census . The village is in the eastern part of the town of Newport and is northeast of Utica .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonial Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Level Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Level_Club', 'summary': "The Level Club is a residential building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , New York City , located at 253 West 73rd Street . It was built as a men 's club by a group of Freemasons in 1927 ; it served this original function for just about three years . Afterwards , the building was used , in turn , as a hotel and a drug re-hab center . It has now been remodeled as a condominium ."}]}, {'value': '1925 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '253 W. 73rd St. 40°46′49″N 73°59′0″W / 40.78028°N 73.98333°W / 40.78028 ; -73.98333 ( The Level Club )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': "Designed to be 'the finest Masonic club in the world ' , the building served as a hostel for visiting Masons , and when it finally opened in 1927 , it included an enormous banquet room , an Olympic-sized pool , a gymnasium , a 1,500-seat theater and a roof garden", 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masonic Building and Hall ( Manhattan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masonic_Building_and_Hall_(Manhattan)', 'summary': "Masonic Hall in New York City is the headquarters of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York . The building was constructed to replace a previous Masonic Hall ( built in 1875 and designed by Napoleon LeBrun ) , that stood on the same site . The current building was designed by Harry P. Knowles , one of the architects of the New York City Center . It actually consists of two interconnected buildings , one ( constructed in 1913 ) on the corner of 23rd St and 6th Avenue , and the other ( constructed in 1907 ) facing 24th St . The 23rd St. building is primarily a commercial office building , with rents generating funds for the Lodge 's charitable activities and the upkeep of the 24th Street building . The 24th St. building consists primarily of lodge meeting rooms , including the 1200-seat Grand Lodge Room , all elaborately ornamented . The Hall 's interior was restored in 1986-96 by Felix Chavez , Fine Art Decorating ."}]}, {'value': 'hall : 1907 built building : 1913 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hall : 44 W. 24th St. 40°44′36″N 73°59′30″W / 40.743352°N 73.991799°W / 40.743352 ; -73.991799 ( Masonic Hall ) building : 71 W. 23rd St. 40°44′35″N 73°59′32″W / 40.743021°N 73.99229°W / 40.743021 ; -73.99229 ( Masonic Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': "The Masonic Building and Hall were designed by Harry P. Knowles , one of the architects of the New York City Center . The Masonic Building is a commercial enterprise , generating funds for the Lodge 's charitable activities . It replaced the Masonic Temple on the same site , built in 1875 and designed by Napoleon LeBrun . The Hall includes a 1200-seat auditorium - the Grand Lodge Room - and a dozen other Lodge Rooms , all elaborately ornamented . The Hall 's interior was restored in 1986-96 by Felix Chavez , Fine Art Decorating", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City_Center', 'summary': 'New York City Center ( previously known as the Mecca Temple , City Center of Music and Drama , and the New York City Center 55th Street Theater , ) is a 2,257-seat Moorish Revival theater located at 131 West 55th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues in Manhattan , New York City . It is one block south of Carnegie Hall . City Center is especially known as a performing home for several major dance companies as well as the Encores ! musical theater series and the Fall for Dance Festival . The facility houses the 2,257 seat main stage , two smaller theaters , four studios and a 12-story office tower .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Napoleon_LeBrun', 'summary': "Napoleon Eugene Charles Henry LeBrun ( January 2 , 1821 - July 9 , 1901 ) was an American architect known for several notable Philadelphia churches , in particular St. Augustine 's Church on Fourth Street and the Cathedral-Basilica of Sts . Peter and Paul on Logan Square . He also designed the Academy of Music at Broad and Locust Streets . LeBrun later moved to New York City , where he established the firm Napoleon LeBrun & Sons , which designed numerous notable buildings ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Lodge No . 32', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Lodge_No._32', 'summary': "Warren Lodge No . 32 is a historic Masonic lodge located in Shultzville New York . The Lodge was named for Revolutionary War hero Joseph Warren . Warren Lodge No . 32 , then located in Millerton was chartered June 10 , 1807 by DeWitt Clinton , Grand Master of Masons in New York . The lodge met in several locations , but in 1864 is settled in Schultzville , where Theodore Schultz had left it land and $ 2,000 to build a lodge hall . The lodge has the distinction of being the New York 's only Full Moon Lodge , setting its monthly meeting date as the Thursdays before every full moon , rather than on a set calendar day . In 2007 , the lodge celebrated its bicentennial ."}]}, {'value': '1865 built 2007 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1144 Centre Rd . 41°52′41″N 73°48′16″W / 41.87806°N 73.80444°W / 41.87806 ; -73.80444 ( Warren Masonic Lodge No . 32 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schultzville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schultzville,_New_York', 'summary': 'Clinton is a town in Dutchess County , New York , United States . The population was 4,312 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1865 in Italianate style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_style', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeWint House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeWint_House', 'summary': 'The DeWint House , in Tappan , New York , is one of the oldest surviving structures in Rockland County and is an outstanding example of Hudson Valley Dutch Colonial architecture . It was built using brick and indigenous stone in 1700 by Daniel DeClark , a Hollander , who emigrated to America in 1676 and bought the land from the native inhabitants in 1682 . The date of construction is marked by glazed bricks incorporated into the façade . In 1746 , West Indies planter and American patriot Johannes DeWint and his spouse Antje Dewint bought the house . His daughter , Anna Maria , and her husband , Major Fredericus Blauvelt , lived in the house . The DeWint House became a temporary headquarters of George Washington while he was Commander-in-Chief during the American Revolution . Washington was a guest in the south parlor twice in 1780 and twice in 1783 . The Washington Room in the DeWint House is a National Masonic Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': '1700 built 1966 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 Livingston Avenue 41°01′11″N 73°56′48″W / 41.01972°N 73.94667°W / 41.01972 ; -73.94667 ( DeWint House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tappan , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tappan,_New_York', 'summary': 'Tappan ( /tʌˈpæn/ , TUH-pan ) from the Lenape word tuphanne thought to mean cold water , is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Orangetown , Rockland County , New York , United States . It is located northwest of Alpine , New Jersey , north of Northvale , New Jersey and Rockleigh , New Jersey , northeast of Old Tappan , New Jersey , east/southeast of Nauraushaun and Pearl River , south of Orangeburg , southwest of Sparkill , and west of Palisades ; Tappan shares a border with each . The population was 6,613 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'A Dutch Colonial house used as headquarters by Washington , acquired by the New York Masonic Grand Lodge in 1932 , declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark', 'summary': "A National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) is a building , district , object , site , or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance . Only some 2,500 ( ~3% ) of over 90,000 places listed on the country 's National Register of Historic Places are recognized as National Historic Landmarks . A National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings , structures , sites or objects , and it may include non-contributing properties . Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watertown Masonic Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_Masonic_Temple', 'summary': 'Watertown Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic building located in Watertown in Jefferson County , New York . It was constructed in 1914 as a meeting hall for a local Masonic lodge . and is a three-story , Neoclassical style rectangular , masonry and steel structure . The front of the building features a large prostyle temple front with six columns in the Doric order supporting a triangular pediment . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 In 2003 , the Masonic Hall Association decided to sell the building , citing the cost of maintaining the structure , and declining membership for its decision . A plan to renovate the building as a performing arts center is included in a ten million dollar New York State Empire State Development Corporation revitalization grant .'}]}, {'value': '1914 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '240 Washington St. 43°58′23″N 75°54′42″W / 43.97306°N 75.91167°W / 43.97306 ; -75.91167 ( Watertown Masonic Temple )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watertown , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_New_York', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County . It is situated approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Thousand Islands , and along the Black River about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) east of its mouth at Lake Ontario . It lies 180 miles ( 290 km ) northwest of Albany , the state capital , and 328 miles ( 530 km ) northwest of New York City . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 27,023 , an increase of 1.2% since 2000 . The U.S. Army post Fort Drum is near the city . Named after the many falls on the Black River , the city developed early in the 19th century as an industrial and manufacturing center . From years of generating industrial wealth , by the early 20th century the city was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the nation . Geographically , Watertown is located in the central part of Jefferson County . It lies 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Syracuse and 31 miles ( 50 km ) south of the Ontario border . The city is served by Watertown International Airport . The city claims to be the origin of the five and dime store and the safety pin , and it is the home of Little Trees air fresheners . It manufactured the first portable steam engine .'}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1914 in Classical Revival style', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower Homestead and Masonic Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_Homestead_and_Masonic_Temple', 'summary': "Tower Homestead and Masonic Temple , also known as Harding Residence and Masonic Temple , is a historic home and Masonic Temple located at Waterville in Oneida County , New York . The house is an 85-by-50-foot ( 26 by 15 m ) residence and consists of three attached sections : a central Greek Revival style , two-story central section built in 1830 ; an older Federal-style wing built about 1800 ; and a west wing built in 1910 by Charlemagne Tower , Jr . The homestead also includes a small brick building built as a law office by Charlemagne Tower and later used as a schoolhouse , a barn , two horse barns , the old gardener 's house , a small bathhouse , two modern garages , and a modern nursing home ( 1973 ) . The Masonic Lodge building was built in 1896 by Reuben Tower II as an office . It was later purchased by a local Masonic Lodge and used as a meeting hall . It features a 103-foot-tall ( 31 m ) , three-stage tower . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'c.1800 , 1830 , 1910 built 1977 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210 Tower St. and Sanger St. 42°55′51″N 75°23′01″W / 42.93083°N 75.38361°W / 42.93083 ; -75.38361 ( Tower Homestead and Masonic Temple )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterville,_New_York', 'summary': 'Waterville ( called Ska-na-wis , long swamp by the Haudenosaunee ) is a village in Oneida County , New York , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 1,583 .'}]}, {'value': 'With a 3-stage tower , built in 1896', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'New York', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Masonic_buildings_in_the_United_States_31', 'intro': 'List of Masonic buildings in the United States identifies notable Masonic buildings in the United States. These have served as meeting halls by Masonic lodges, Grand Lodges or other Masonic bodies. Many of the buildings were built to house Masonic meetings and ritual activities in their upper floors, and to provide commercial space below. Many of the buildings listed have received landmark status, either by being listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or listed by various State or City preservation agencies. In 2019, more than 390 Masonic buildings are listed here.'} | null | null | Who built a law office in a town called `` long swamp '' by the Haudenosaunee ? | Charlemagne Tower |
04f6212c6a0ab833 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland', 'title': 'List of islands of Scotland', 'header': ['Island', 'Group', 'Area ( ha )', 'Population', 'Height ( m )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ailsa Craig ( Creag Ealasaid )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ailsa_Craig', 'summary': "Ailsa Craig ( /ˈeɪlsə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Creag Ealasaid ) is an island of 99 hectares ( 240 acres ) in the outer Firth of Clyde , 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) west of mainland Scotland , upon which blue hone granite has long been quarried to make curling stones . The now uninhabited island is formed from the volcanic plug of an extinct volcano . The island , colloquially known as Paddy 's milestone , was a haven for Catholics during the Scottish Reformation in the 16th century , but is today a bird sanctuary , providing a home for huge numbers of gannets and an increasing number of puffins ."}]}, {'value': 'Firth of Clyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde', 'summary': 'The Islands of the Firth of Clyde are the fifth largest of the major Scottish island groups after the Inner and Outer Hebrides , Orkney and Shetland . They are situated in the Firth of Clyde between Ayrshire and Argyll and Bute . There are about forty islands and skerries , of which only four are inhabited and only nine larger than 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) . [ Note 1 ] The largest and most populous are Arran and Bute , and Great Cumbrae and Holy Island are also served by dedicated ferry routes . Unlike the four larger Scottish archipelagos , none of the isles in this group are connected to one another or to the mainland by bridges . The geology and geomorphology of the area is complex and the islands and the surrounding sea lochs each have distinctive features . The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Drift create a mild , damp oceanic climate . The larger islands have been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times , were influenced by the emergence of the kingdom of Dál Riata from 500 AD and then absorbed into the emerging Kingdom of Alba under Kenneth MacAlpin . They experienced Viking incursions during the Early Middle Ages and then became part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . There is a diversity of wildlife , including three species of rare endemic tree .'}]}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '338', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arran ( Eilean Arainn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Arran', 'summary': "The Isle of Arran ( /ˈærən/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Eilean Arainn ) or simply Arran is an island off the coast of Scotland . It is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde and the seventh largest Scottish island , at 432 square kilometres ( 167 sq mi ) . Historically part of Buteshire , it is in the unitary council area of North Ayrshire . In the 2011 census it had a resident population of 4,629 . Though culturally and physically similar to the Hebrides , it is separated from them by the Kintyre peninsula . Often referred to as Scotland in Miniature , the island is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault and has been described as a geologist 's paradise . Arran has been continuously inhabited since the early Neolithic period . Numerous prehistoric remains have been found . From the 6th century onwards , Goidelic-speaking peoples from Ireland colonised it and it became a centre of religious activity . In the troubled Viking Age , Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown , until formally absorbed by the kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . The 19th-century clearances led to significant depopulation and the end of the Gaelic language and way of life . The economy and population have recovered in recent years , the main industry being tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Firth of Clyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde', 'summary': 'The Islands of the Firth of Clyde are the fifth largest of the major Scottish island groups after the Inner and Outer Hebrides , Orkney and Shetland . They are situated in the Firth of Clyde between Ayrshire and Argyll and Bute . There are about forty islands and skerries , of which only four are inhabited and only nine larger than 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) . [ Note 1 ] The largest and most populous are Arran and Bute , and Great Cumbrae and Holy Island are also served by dedicated ferry routes . Unlike the four larger Scottish archipelagos , none of the isles in this group are connected to one another or to the mainland by bridges . The geology and geomorphology of the area is complex and the islands and the surrounding sea lochs each have distinctive features . The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Drift create a mild , damp oceanic climate . The larger islands have been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times , were influenced by the emergence of the kingdom of Dál Riata from 500 AD and then absorbed into the emerging Kingdom of Alba under Kenneth MacAlpin . They experienced Viking incursions during the Early Middle Ages and then became part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . There is a diversity of wildlife , including three species of rare endemic tree .'}]}, {'value': '43,201', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,629', 'urls': []}, {'value': '874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auskerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auskerry', 'summary': 'Auskerry ( Old Norse : Austrsker , east skerry ) is a small island in eastern Orkney , Scotland . It lies in the North Sea south of Stronsay and has a lighthouse , completed in 1866 .'}]}, {'value': 'Orkney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orkney', 'summary': "Orkney /ˈɔːrkni/ ( Old Norse : Orkneyjar ) , also known as the Orkney Islands , [ Notes 1 ] is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain . Orkney is 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands , of which 20 are inhabited . The largest island , Mainland , is often referred to as the Mainland , and has an area of 523 square kilometres ( 202 sq mi ) , making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles . The largest settlement and administrative centre is Kirkwall . Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland , a constituency of the Scottish Parliament , a lieutenancy area , and a historic county . The local council is Orkney Islands Council , one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents . [ Notes 2 ] The islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years , originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts . Orkney was colonised and later annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse . The Scottish Parliament then absorbed the earldom to the Scottish Crown in 1472 , following the failed payment of a dowry for James III 's bride Margaret of Denmark . In addition to the Mainland , most of the remaining islands are in two groups , the North and South Isles , all of which have an underlying geological base of Old Red Sandstone . The climate is mild and the soils are extremely fertile , most of the land being farmed . Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy ."}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baleshare ( Am Baile Sear )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baleshare', 'summary': "Baleshare ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Sear ) is a flat tidal island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . Baleshare lies to the south-west of North Uist . Its economics and community were boosted by the building of a causeway in 1962 . The 350 m ( 380 yd ) causeway was built by William Tawse Ltd . The island is extremely flat by Hebridean standards , rising to only 12 metres ( 39 feet ) above sea level and known for its long sandy beach . It has a population of 49 living in two settlements : Samhla and Teananachar . The name means 'east farm ' or 'east town ' . The 'west town ' may have been on land that was said to exist to the west of Baleshare , washed away in the sixteenth century , over which it was possible to walk to the Monach Islands at low tide . The Monachs are some 15 kilometres ( 9.3 miles ) to the west . Another story suggests there was once a land bridge to Kirkibost , 100 metres ( 330 feet ) to the north . The basis for this seems to be a reference in the Exchequer Rolls for 1542 that the valued rental had been decreased due to encroachment by the sea at some unspecified ( presumably recent ) date . Two prehistoric settlements have been uncovered , which contain the remains of a circular stone house and pieces of pottery , bone and metal ."}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balta,_Shetland', 'summary': 'Balta ( Old Norse : Baltey ) is an uninhabited island in Shetland , Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Shetland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shetland', 'summary': "Shetland ( Scottish Gaelic : Sealtainn ) , also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland , is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated in the Northern Atlantic , between Great Britain , the Faroe Islands and Norway . The islands lie some 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the northeast of Orkney , 170 km ( 110 mi ) from the Scottish mainland and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Norway . They form part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east . The total area is 1,466 km2 ( 566 sq mi ) , and the population totalled 23,210 in 2011 . The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament . The local authority , Shetland Islands Council , is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . The islands ' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick , which has been the capital of Shetland since taking over from Scalloway in 1708 . The largest island , known as Mainland , has an area of 967 km2 ( 373 sq mi ) , making it the third-largest Scottish island and the fifth-largest of the British Isles . There are an additional 15 inhabited islands . The archipelago has an oceanic climate , a complex geology , a rugged coastline and many low , rolling hills . Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period . The early historic period was dominated by Scandinavian influences , especially from Norway ."}]}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barra ( Barraigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '5,875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,174', 'urls': []}, {'value': '383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barra Head ( Beàrnaraigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barra_Head', 'summary': 'Barra Head , also known as Berneray ( Scottish Gaelic : Beàrnaraigh ) , is the southernmost islands of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland . Within the Outer Hebrides , it forms part of the Barra Isles archipelago . Originally , Barra Head only referred to the southernmost headland of Berneray but is now a common name for the entire island . The highest point of the island is Sotan , a Marilyn . There are numerous prehistoric structures on the island and permanent occupation by 20-50 individuals occurred throughout the historic period , peaking in the 19th century . The economy of the residents was based on agriculture , fishing and fowling . The cliffs provide nesting sites for seabirds in such profusion that Berneray has been designated as a Special Protection Area . The Barra Head Lighthouse , built by Robert Stevenson , has operated since 1833 . From 1931 to 1980 Barra Head was inhabited only by the lighthouse keepers and their wives but the lighthouse is now automated and the island completely uninhabited . The rough seas that surround the island have been used to test prototype lifeboats .'}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benbecula ( Beinn nam Fadhla )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benbecula', 'summary': 'Benbecula ( /bɛnˈbɛkjʊlə/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Beinn nam Fadhla or Beinn na Faoghla ) is an island of the Outer Hebrides , in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Scotland . In the 2011 census it had a usually resident population of 1,283 , with a sizable percentage of Roman Catholics . It forms part of the area administered by Comhairle nan Eilean Siar or the Western Isles Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '8,203', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,303', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berneray , North Uist ( Beàrnaraigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berneray,_North_Uist', 'summary': 'Berneray ( Scottish Gaelic : Beàrnaraigh na Hearadh ) is an island and community in the Sound of Harris , Scotland . It is one of fifteen inhabited islands in the Outer Hebrides . It is famed for its rich and colourful history which has attracted much tourism . It lies within the South Lewis , Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area , one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development . With an area of 10.1 square kilometres ( 2496 acres ) , Berneray rises to a height of 305 feet ( 93 m ) at Beinn Shlèibhe ( Moor Hill ) and 278 feet ( 85 m ) at Borve Hill . There is strong evidence that points to Berneray being inhabited since the Bronze Age , and possibly before . The island is scattered with ancient sacred sites , stone circles , signs of Viking inhabitation and historical buildings , some several centuries old .'}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '138', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bigga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bigga,_Shetland', 'summary': 'Bigga is an uninhabited island in the Yell Sound between the Mainland and Yell in Shetland , Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Shetland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shetland', 'summary': "Shetland ( Scottish Gaelic : Sealtainn ) , also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland , is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated in the Northern Atlantic , between Great Britain , the Faroe Islands and Norway . The islands lie some 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the northeast of Orkney , 170 km ( 110 mi ) from the Scottish mainland and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Norway . They form part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east . The total area is 1,466 km2 ( 566 sq mi ) , and the population totalled 23,210 in 2011 . The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament . The local authority , Shetland Islands Council , is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . The islands ' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick , which has been the capital of Shetland since taking over from Scalloway in 1708 . The largest island , known as Mainland , has an area of 967 km2 ( 373 sq mi ) , making it the third-largest Scottish island and the fifth-largest of the British Isles . There are an additional 15 inhabited islands . The archipelago has an oceanic climate , a complex geology , a rugged coastline and many low , rolling hills . Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period . The early historic period was dominated by Scandinavian influences , especially from Norway ."}]}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boreray ( Boraraigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda', 'summary': 'Boreray ( Scottish Gaelic : Boraraigh ) is an uninhabited island in the St Kilda archipelago in the North Atlantic .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland', 'summary': "St Kilda ( Scottish Gaelic : Hiort ) is an isolated archipelago situated 40 miles ( 64 km ) west-northwest of North Uist in the North Atlantic Ocean . It contains the westernmost islands of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . [ note 1 ] The largest island is Hirta , whose sea cliffs are the highest in the United Kingdom . Three other islands ( Dùn , Soay and Boreray ) were also used for grazing and seabird hunting . The islands are administratively a part of the Comhairle nan Eilean Siar local authority area . The origin of the name St Kilda is a matter of conjecture . The islands ' human heritage includes numerous unique architectural features from the historic and prehistoric periods , although the earliest written records of island life date from the Late Middle Ages . The medieval village on Hirta was rebuilt in the 19th century , but illnesses brought by increased external contacts through tourism and the upheaval of the First World War contributed to the island 's evacuation in 1930 . The story of St Kilda has attracted artistic interpretations , including Michael Powell 's film The Edge of the World and an opera . Permanent habitation on the islands possibly extends back at least two millennia , the population probably never exceeding 180 ( and certainly no more than 100 after 1851 ) . The entire remaining population was evacuated from Hirta , the only inhabited island , in 1930 . The islands house a unique form of stone structure known as cleitean ."}]}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '384', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boreray ( Boighreigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boreray,_North_Uist', 'summary': 'Boreray ( Scottish Gaelic : Boraraigh ) is an island with a single croft , lying 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) north of North Uist in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Uists and Barra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uist', 'summary': 'North Uist and South Uist ( /ˈjuːɪst/ or /ˈuːɪst/ ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Uibhist [ ˈɯ.ɪʃtʲ ] ) are two islands and part of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . North Uist and South Uist are linked by causeways running via the Isle of Benbecula and Grimsay , and the entire group is also known as Uist . It is incorrect to call the group of islands The Uists . The Uists is a relatively new term made by incomers , but this is incorrect . From south to north , the inhabited islands in the island group are Èirisgeigh ( Eriskay ) , Uibhist a Deas ( South Uist ) , Grimsay ( South ) , Beinn nam Faoghla ( Benbecula ) , Eilean Fhlodaigh ( Flodaigh ) , Griomasaigh ( Grimsay ( North ) ) , Fraoch-eilean , Uibhist a Tuath ( North Uist ) , Am Baile Sear ( Baleshare ) and Beàrnaraigh ( Berneray ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barra', 'summary': 'Barra ( /ˈbærə/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Barraigh [ ˈparˠaj ] or Eilean Bharraigh [ ˈelan ˈvarˠaj ] ( listen ) ) is an island in the Outer Hebrides , Scotland , and the second southernmost inhabited island there , after the adjacent island of Vatersay to which it is connected by a short causeway . The island is named for Saint Finbarr of Cork . In 2011 , the population was 1,174 . Gaelic is widely spoken , and at the 2011 Census , there were 761 Gaelic speakers ( 62% of the population ) .'}]}, {'value': '204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bressay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bressay', 'summary': 'Bressay is a populated island in the Shetland archipelago of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Shetland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shetland', 'summary': "Shetland ( Scottish Gaelic : Sealtainn ) , also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland , is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated in the Northern Atlantic , between Great Britain , the Faroe Islands and Norway . The islands lie some 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the northeast of Orkney , 170 km ( 110 mi ) from the Scottish mainland and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Norway . They form part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east . The total area is 1,466 km2 ( 566 sq mi ) , and the population totalled 23,210 in 2011 . The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament . The local authority , Shetland Islands Council , is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . The islands ' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick , which has been the capital of Shetland since taking over from Scalloway in 1708 . The largest island , known as Mainland , has an area of 967 km2 ( 373 sq mi ) , making it the third-largest Scottish island and the fifth-largest of the British Isles . There are an additional 15 inhabited islands . The archipelago has an oceanic climate , a complex geology , a rugged coastline and many low , rolling hills . Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period . The early historic period was dominated by Scandinavian influences , especially from Norway ."}]}, {'value': '2,805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '368', 'urls': []}, {'value': '226', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brother Isle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brother_Isle', 'summary': 'Brother Isle ( Old Norse : breiðare øy meaning broad beach island ) is a small , uninhabited island in Shetland , Scotland . It lies between the islands of Yell and Shetland Mainland . It is 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) in size .'}]}, {'value': 'Shetland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shetland', 'summary': "Shetland ( Scottish Gaelic : Sealtainn ) , also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland , is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated in the Northern Atlantic , between Great Britain , the Faroe Islands and Norway . The islands lie some 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the northeast of Orkney , 170 km ( 110 mi ) from the Scottish mainland and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Norway . They form part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east . The total area is 1,466 km2 ( 566 sq mi ) , and the population totalled 23,210 in 2011 . The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament . The local authority , Shetland Islands Council , is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . The islands ' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick , which has been the capital of Shetland since taking over from Scalloway in 1708 . The largest island , known as Mainland , has an area of 967 km2 ( 373 sq mi ) , making it the third-largest Scottish island and the fifth-largest of the British Isles . There are an additional 15 inhabited islands . The archipelago has an oceanic climate , a complex geology , a rugged coastline and many low , rolling hills . Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period . The early historic period was dominated by Scandinavian influences , especially from Norway ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruray', 'summary': "Bruray is one of the three Out Skerries islands of Shetland , and contains Scotland 's most easterly settlement . It is separated from Housay by North Mouth and South Mouth ."}]}, {'value': 'Out Skerries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Out_Skerries', 'summary': "The Out Skerries are an archipelago of islets , some inhabited , in Shetland , Scotland , and are the easternmost group of Shetland 's islands . Locally , they are usually called Da Skerries or just Skerries . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burray', 'summary': 'Burray is one of the Orkney Islands in Scotland . It lies to the east of Scapa Flow and is one of a chain of islands linked by the Churchill Barriers .'}]}, {'value': 'Orkney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orkney', 'summary': "Orkney /ˈɔːrkni/ ( Old Norse : Orkneyjar ) , also known as the Orkney Islands , [ Notes 1 ] is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain . Orkney is 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands , of which 20 are inhabited . The largest island , Mainland , is often referred to as the Mainland , and has an area of 523 square kilometres ( 202 sq mi ) , making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles . The largest settlement and administrative centre is Kirkwall . Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland , a constituency of the Scottish Parliament , a lieutenancy area , and a historic county . The local council is Orkney Islands Council , one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents . [ Notes 2 ] The islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years , originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts . Orkney was colonised and later annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse . The Scottish Parliament then absorbed the earldom to the Scottish Crown in 1472 , following the failed payment of a dowry for James III 's bride Margaret of Denmark . In addition to the Mainland , most of the remaining islands are in two groups , the North and South Isles , all of which have an underlying geological base of Old Red Sandstone . The climate is mild and the soils are extremely fertile , most of the land being farmed . Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy ."}]}, {'value': '903', 'urls': []}, {'value': '409', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bute ( Bòid )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Bute', 'summary': "The Isle of Bute ( Scottish Gaelic : Eilean Bhòid or An t-Eilean Bòdach ) , known as Bute ( /bjuːt/ ) , is an island in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland , United Kingdom . It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault . Formerly a constituent island of the larger County of Bute , it is now part of the council area of Argyll and Bute . Bute 's resident population was 6,498 in 2011 , a decline of just over 10% from the figure of 7,228 recorded in 2001 against a background of Scottish island populations as a whole growing by 4% to 103,702 for the same period ."}]}, {'value': 'Firth of Clyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde', 'summary': 'The Islands of the Firth of Clyde are the fifth largest of the major Scottish island groups after the Inner and Outer Hebrides , Orkney and Shetland . They are situated in the Firth of Clyde between Ayrshire and Argyll and Bute . There are about forty islands and skerries , of which only four are inhabited and only nine larger than 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) . [ Note 1 ] The largest and most populous are Arran and Bute , and Great Cumbrae and Holy Island are also served by dedicated ferry routes . Unlike the four larger Scottish archipelagos , none of the isles in this group are connected to one another or to the mainland by bridges . The geology and geomorphology of the area is complex and the islands and the surrounding sea lochs each have distinctive features . The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Drift create a mild , damp oceanic climate . The larger islands have been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times , were influenced by the emergence of the kingdom of Dál Riata from 500 AD and then absorbed into the emerging Kingdom of Alba under Kenneth MacAlpin . They experienced Viking incursions during the Early Middle Ages and then became part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . There is a diversity of wildlife , including three species of rare endemic tree .'}]}, {'value': '12,217', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,498', 'urls': []}, {'value': '278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calf of Eday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calf_of_Eday', 'summary': 'The Calf of Eday ( Old Norse : Kalfr ) is an uninhabited island in Orkney , Scotland , lying north east of Eday . It is known for its wildlife and its prehistoric ruins .'}]}, {'value': 'Orkney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orkney', 'summary': "Orkney /ˈɔːrkni/ ( Old Norse : Orkneyjar ) , also known as the Orkney Islands , [ Notes 1 ] is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland , situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain . Orkney is 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands , of which 20 are inhabited . The largest island , Mainland , is often referred to as the Mainland , and has an area of 523 square kilometres ( 202 sq mi ) , making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles . The largest settlement and administrative centre is Kirkwall . Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland , a constituency of the Scottish Parliament , a lieutenancy area , and a historic county . The local council is Orkney Islands Council , one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents . [ Notes 2 ] The islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years , originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts . Orkney was colonised and later annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse . The Scottish Parliament then absorbed the earldom to the Scottish Crown in 1472 , following the failed payment of a dowry for James III 's bride Margaret of Denmark . In addition to the Mainland , most of the remaining islands are in two groups , the North and South Isles , all of which have an underlying geological base of Old Red Sandstone . The climate is mild and the soils are extremely fertile , most of the land being farmed . Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy ."}]}, {'value': '243', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calbha Mor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calbha_Mor', 'summary': 'Calbha Mor is a tidal islet in Eddrachillis Bay , Sutherland , Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Edrachillis Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edrachillis_Bay', 'summary': "Eddrachillis Bay ( Scottish Gaelic : Eadar Dà Chaolas- between two kyles , Kylesku and Laxford ) is a bay on the north-west coast of Sutherland , Scotland . It lies north of Assynt and is at the mouth of the Loch a ' Chàirn Bhàin , also known as the Loch Cairnbawn . It is neighboured by Eddrachillis , of which namesakes are shared . Very Rev Mackintosh MacKay ( 1793-1873 ) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1849 , was born here ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calve Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calve_Island', 'summary': 'Calve Island is an uninhabited island on the east coast of the Isle of Mull in Argyll and Bute on the west coast of Scotland . It provides some shelter for Tobermory Bay and is separated from Mull by a tidal channel . The island is 1.2 miles ( 1.9 kilometres ) in length , and 1⁄2 mile ( 800 metres ) wide at its widest point . Under water there is a popular diving site . The island is owned by the Cotton family who make use of it in the summer months .'}]}, {'value': 'Mull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Mull', 'summary': "The Isle of Mull ( Scottish Gaelic An t-Eilean Muileach , pronounced [ ən 'tjelan ˈmuləx ] ) or just Mull ( English and Scots : [ mʌl ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Muile , [ ˈmulə ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest island of the Inner Hebrides ( after Skye ) and lies off the west coast of Scotland in the council area of Argyll and Bute . With an area of 875.35 square kilometres ( 337.97 sq mi ) , Mull is the fourth-largest Scottish island and the fourth-largest island surrounding Great Britain ( excluding Ireland ) . In the 2011 census the usual resident population of Mull was 2,800 , which was a slight increase on the 2001 figure of 2,667 . In the summer the population is supplemented by many tourists . Much of the population lives in Tobermory , the only burgh on the island until 1973 and its capital . Tobermory is also home to Mull 's only single malt Scotch whisky distillery , Tobermory distillery ( formerly Ledaig ) ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Larger islands', 'section_text': "This is a list of Scottish islands that either have an area greater than 40 hectares ( approximately 100 acres ) and/or are inhabited . The main groups , from Haswell-Smith ( 2004 ) , in many cases provide a more useful guide to location than local authority areas . These groups are : Firth of Clyde , Islay , Firth of Lorn , Mull , Small Isles , Skye , Lewis and Harris , Uists and Barra , St Kilda , Orkney , Shetland and Firth of Forth . In a few cases where the island is part of either a recognisable smaller group or an archipelago , or is located away from the main groups , an archipelago , local authority or other descriptive name is used instead . `` F '' designates a freshwater island . Scotland 's islands include thirteen Munros ( mountains with a height over 3,000 feet or 914.4 metres ) , twelve of them found on Skye , and a total of 227 Marilyns ( hills with a relative height of at least 150 metres , regardless of absolute height ) . [ 39 ] Orkney aerial photomap The Shetland archipelago Bressay Lighthouse at Kirkabister Ness , Shetland The Old Man of Hoy , Orkney , a 137-metre ( 450 ft ) sea stack of red sandstone Tobermory harbour , Isle of Mull The cliffs of Creag na Bruaich , Raasay Dhu Heartach Lighthouse , During Construction by Sam Bough ( 1822-1878 ) Fingal 's Cave , Staffa Kisimul Castle , Barra Ailsa Craig from the South Ayrshire coast Iona Abbey Shiant Islands Muckle Flugga lighthouse , Shetland Two of the Paps of Jura . Photo by John Shaw . The Earl 's Palace , Birsay , Orkney The cliffs of Eshaness , North Mainland , Shetland The Bass Rock from Tantallon Castle MV Isle of Lewis in The Minch Sula Sgeir from the south west Stornoway harbour , Lewis Fair Isle cliffs Callanish Standing Stones , Lewis Machair at Balephuil Bay , Tiree The east coast of Mousa towards the Peerie Bard Clisham , Harris An Sgurr , Eigg The rock pinnacles of the Quiraing , Skye", 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Scotland_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of islands of Scotland, the mainland of which is part of the island of Great Britain. Also included are various other related tables and lists. The definition of an offshore island used in this list is land that is surrounded by seawater on a daily basis, but not necessarily at all stages of the tide, excluding human devices such as bridges and causeways. [Note 1]\nScotland has over 900 offshore islands, most of which are to be found in four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, sub-divided into the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. There are also clusters of islands in the Firth of Clyde, Firth of Forth, and Solway Firth, and numerous small islands within the many bodies of fresh water in Scotland including Loch Lomond and Loch Maree. The largest island is Lewis and Harris which extends to 2,179 square kilometres, and there are a further 200 islands which are greater than 40 hectares in area. Of the remainder, several such as Staffa and the Flannan Isles are well known despite their small size. Some 94 Scottish islands are permanently inhabited, of which 89 are offshore islands. Between 2001 and 2011 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. The geology and geomorphology of the islands is varied. Some, such as Skye and Mull are mountainous, while others like Tiree and Sanday are relatively low lying. Many have bedrock made from ancient Archaean Lewisian Gneiss which was formed 3 billion years ago; Shapinsay and other Orkney islands are formed from Old Red Sandstone, which is 400 million years old; and others such as Rùm from more recent Tertiary volcanoes.'} | null | null | What is the population of the largest island in the Firth of Clyde ? | 4,629 |
04f74ed68deb35e5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_associated_hip_hop_songs', 'title': 'List of films with associated hip hop songs', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Song', 'Artist'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'House Party 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_Party_2', 'summary': "House Party 2 is a 1991 American comedy film and the sequel to the 1990 film House Party released by New Line Cinema . The film returns most of the cast of the first film such as Kid ' n Play and Full Force , along with new cast members such as Queen Latifah and Iman , and more guest appearances by other famous entertainers , such as Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! and Ralph Tresvant . The film is directed by Doug McHenry and George Jackson . House Party 2 focuses less on the party aspect of the plot , and more on the characters ' personal lives ranging from dating to education and career ambitions . The titular festivities , this time around , is a college pajama party instead of a high school house party . The film is dedicated to the memory of Robin Harris , who played Pops in the first film ."}]}, {'value': "Ai n't Gon na Hurt Nobody", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_Party_2_(soundtrack)', 'summary': "House Party 2 is the soundtrack to the 1991 film , House Party 2 . It was released on October 15 , 1991 through MCA Records after Motown Records was sold to PolyGram . The soundtrack consisted of a blend of hip hop and contemporary R & B with audio from the film . The second soundtrack was an improvement over the first , making it to 55 on Billboard 200 and 23 on the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums , and featured the charting singles , Ai n't Gon na Hurt Nobody by Kid ' N Play , House Party ( I Do n't Know What You Come to Do ) by R & B group Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! , and Yo Baby Yo by Ralph Tresvant . House Party 2 is notable for having the final recording from rapper MC Trouble , who died from an epileptic seizure several months before the soundtrack 's release ."}]}, {'value': "Kid ' n Play", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kid_'n_Play", 'summary': "Kid ' n Play is an American hip-hop duo from New York City that was popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The duo was composed of Christopher Reid ( Kid ) ( born April 5 , 1964 ) and Christopher Martin ( Play ) ( born July 10 , 1962 ) working alongside their DJ , Mark DJ Wiz Eastmond . Besides their successful musical careers , they are also notable for branching out into acting ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nothing But Trouble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nothing_But_Trouble_(1991_film)', 'summary': "Nothing but Trouble is a 1991 American horror comedy film directed by Dan Aykroyd in his directorial debut , and written by Aykroyd based on a story by Peter Aykroyd . Chevy Chase and Demi Moore star as yuppies who are taken to court for speeding in the bizarre , financially bankrupt small town of Valkenvania . Dan Aykroyd co-stars as the town 's 106-year-old judge , Alvin Valkenheiser , who holds a personal grudge against financiers , and John Candy has a supporting role as Valkenheiser 's grandson , chief of police Dennis Valkenheiser . The film 's tone was compared by critics to films such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , Psycho , the Texas Chainsaw Massacre series and The Rocky Horror Picture Show , as well as The Munsters . The film 's humor was described as being derived from sketch comedy and gross-out humor . Production commenced in 1990 under the title Git , which was changed in production to Valkenvania . Subsequently , prior to the film 's release , Warner Bros. changed the title to Nothing but Trouble ; director Dan Aykroyd , in a press statement released in December 1990 , said that he preferred the Valkenvania title . The film was noted for its strongly negative reception , with criticism directed at its humor , screenplay , tone , and direction . Aykroyd would go on to receive a Worst Supporting Actor Razzie at the 12th Golden Raspberry Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Same Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_(soundtrack)', 'summary': "Nothing but Trouble is a 1991 American horror comedy film directed by Dan Aykroyd in his directorial debut , and written by Aykroyd based on a story by Peter Aykroyd . Chevy Chase and Demi Moore star as yuppies who are taken to court for speeding in the bizarre , financially bankrupt small town of Valkenvania . Dan Aykroyd co-stars as the town 's 106-year-old judge , Alvin Valkenheiser , who holds a personal grudge against financiers , and John Candy has a supporting role as Valkenheiser 's grandson , chief of police Dennis Valkenheiser . The film 's tone was compared by critics to films such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , Psycho , the Texas Chainsaw Massacre series and The Rocky Horror Picture Show , as well as The Munsters . The film 's humor was described as being derived from sketch comedy and gross-out humor . Production commenced in 1990 under the title Git , which was changed in production to Valkenvania . Subsequently , prior to the film 's release , Warner Bros. changed the title to Nothing but Trouble ; director Dan Aykroyd , in a press statement released in December 1990 , said that he preferred the Valkenvania title . The film was noted for its strongly negative reception , with criticism directed at its humor , screenplay , tone , and direction . Aykroyd would go on to receive a Worst Supporting Actor Razzie at the 12th Golden Raspberry Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Digital Underground ft. 2Pac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_Underground', 'summary': "Digital Underground was an American alternative hip hop group from Oakland , California . Their personnel changed and rotated with each album and tour . Digital Underground 's leader and mainstay was Greg Shock G Jacobs ( also known as Humpty Hump ) ; Shock G formed the group in 1987 with Jimi Chopmaster J Dright of Berkeley , California , and Tampa hip-hop radio deejay Kenneth Kenny-K Waters . Heavily influenced by the various funk bands of the 1970s , Digital Underground sampled such music frequently , which became a defining element of West Coast rap . As Rackadelic , Jacobs designed album covers and cartoon-laced liner notes , in homage to Parliament-Funkadelic album designs . Digital Underground is also notable for launching the career of member Tupac Shakur , as well as spinning off side projects and solo acts including Raw Fusion , Saafir , and singer Mystic . Following the release of their Doowutchyalike single and video in the summer of 1989 , the band gained popularity with their song The Humpty Dance in 1990 . Digital Underground toured nearly every year until 2008 ; this consisted of live shows in Europe , Japan , Canada , Australia , and the U.S . While the group 's origins lay mostly in Oakland and Berkeley , California , various characters and voices from around the U.S and U.K. appeared on the band 's albums . Shock G and Money-B were the only individuals to appear on every album . Other recurring key contributors were David DJ Fuze Elliot , and deejay/producer Jeremy J-Beats Jackson , who both assisted Jacobs in developing the sound . The group appeared in and recorded songs for the 1991 Dan Aykroyd film Nothing but Trouble ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2Pac', 'summary': "Tupac Amaru Shakur ( /ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR ; born Lesane Parish Crooks , June 16 , 1971 - September 13 , 1996 ) , popularly known by his stage name 2Pac , was an American rapper and actor . He is considered by many as one of the most significant rappers of all time . Much of Shakur 's work has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities , and he is considered a symbol of resistance and activism against inequality . Shakur was born in the Manhattan borough of New York City but relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988 . He later moved to Los Angeles in 1993 to further pursue his music career . By the time he released his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991 , he had become a central figure in West Coast hip hop , introducing social issues in the genre at a time when gangsta rap was dominant in the mainstream . Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow-up albums Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z . ( 1993 ) and the critically acclaimed Me Against the World ( 1995 ) , which has been considered as his magnum opus . In later 1995 , after being convicted of molestation and becoming a victim of a robbery and shooting , Shakur became heavily involved in the growing East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry . His double-disc album All Eyez on Me ( 1996 ) became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . On September 7 , 1996 , Shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas ; he died six days later and the gunman was never captured . The Notorious B.I.G. , Shakur 's friend turned rival , was at first considered a suspect , but was also murdered in another drive-by shooting several months later ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Above the Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Above_the_Rim', 'summary': 'Above the Rim is a 1994 American sports film co-written and directed by Jeff Pollack in his directorial debut . The screenplay was written by Barry Michael Cooper , adapted from a story by Benny Medina . The film stars Duane Martin , Tupac Shakur , Leon Robinson , Marlon Wayans and Wood Harris . The film tells about a promising New York City high school basketball star and his relationships with a drug dealer and a former basketball star , now employed as a security guard at the high school . He was the promising young star there years ago . The movie was shot mostly in Harlem , with various scenes filmed at the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics in East Harlem . Some of the basketball scenes were filmed at Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Regulate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regulate_(song)', 'summary': "Regulate is a song performed by hip hop artists Warren G and Nate Dogg . It was released in the spring of 1994 as the first single on the soundtrack to the film Above the Rim and later Warren G. 's album Regulate.G Funk Era . It became an MTV staple and the song reached No . 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No . 8 on the R & B/Hip-Hop chart . It is considered the breakout single for both artists . [ citation needed ] The track makes heavy use of a four-bar sample of the rhythm of Michael McDonald 's song I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) . It also samples Sign of the Times by Bob James and Let Me Ride by Dr. Dre . One mix of the song is referred to as I Keep Forgettin ' to Regulate , which often borrows heavily from the original track 's chorus . The song also starts with a read introduction referencing dialogue from the film Young Guns . The music video featured scenes from Above the Rim , including an appearance by Tupac Shakur . It was number 98 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and number 108 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s ."}]}, {'value': 'Warren G ft. Nate Dogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_G', 'summary': "Warren Griffin III ( born November 10 , 1970 ) , known by his stage name Warren G , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer and DJ , known as one of the pioneers of West Coast hip hop . Griffin 's career began in the early 1990s as part of the California hip-hop trio 213 alongside Nate Dogg and Snoop Dogg , but he is best known for his work as a solo artist , most notably for his hit single Regulate featuring Nate Dogg , as well as his first two studio albums , Take a Look Over Your Shoulder and Regulate.G Funk Era , which are certified gold and triple platinum respectively by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nate_Dogg', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Dwayne Hale ( August 19 , 1969 - March 15 , 2011 ) , known professionally as Nate Dogg , was an American rapper , singer , songwriter , and actor . Hale began his career as a member of the Long Beach , California rap trio 213 , alongside his longtime friend Warren G and cousin Snoop Dogg . He eventually pursued a solo career , and released three solo albums , G-Funk Classics , Vol . 1 & 2 in 1998 , Music & Me in 2001 , and Nate Dogg as a bootlegged album in 2003 and on CD in 2014 . He was known for his deep , low-pitched singing voice , which he got from SM and for performing hooks , frequently collaborating with other artists such as Dr. Dre , Eminem , Warren G , Tupac Shakur , Westside Connection , Snoop Dogg , 50 Cent , Ludacris , Xzibit , and Shade Sheist on many hit releases . Nate Dogg is regarded as one of the pioneers of G-funk and West Coast hip hop . Hale died in 2011 due to complications from multiple strokes .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Fighter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter_(1994_film)', 'summary': "Street Fighter is a 1994 Japanese-American action film written and directed by Steven E. de Souza , based on the Street Fighter video game series , produced by Capcom . It stars Jean-Claude Van Damme and Raúl Juliá , along with supporting performances by Byron Mann , Damian Chapa , Kylie Minogue , Ming-Na Wen and Wes Studi . Loosely following the plot of Street Fighter II : The World Warrior , the film focuses on the efforts of Colonel Guile ( Van Damme ) to bring down General M. Bison ( Juliá ) , the military dictator and drug kingpin of Shadaloo City who aspires to conquer the world with an army of genetic supersoldiers , while enlisting the aid of street fighters Ryu ( Mann ) and Ken ( Chapa ) to infiltrate Bison 's empire and help destroy it from within . The film was a commercial success , with a worldwide box office gross approximately three times its production costs , and its home video releases and television broadcasts were also profitable , with the film earning Capcom a return of ¥15.5 billion ( $ 165 million ) from the box office and home media , but the film itself was not well-received by critics or fans of the games for its campy tones , use of characters and unfaithfulness to the source material . Raúl Juliá 's performance as M. Bison , however , was widely praised and garnered him a posthumous nomination for Best Supporting Actor at the Saturn Awards , while the film was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . The film was also Julia 's final theatrical performance , as he died of a stroke two months before the film 's release ; the film is dedicated to his memory . An intended reboot , Street Fighter : The Legend of Chun-Li , was released in 2009 to critical and commercial failure , while a much more positively-received British television series focusing on Ryu and Ken , Street Fighter : Assassin 's Fist , was released in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Something Kinda Funky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter_(soundtrack)', 'summary': 'Street Fighter is the soundtrack to Steven E. de Souza 1994 action film Street Fighter . It was released on December 6 , 1994 by Priority Records and consists primarily of hip hop music , featuring several notable artists from the genre , such as Ice Cube , MC Hammer , Nas , etc . The soundtrack found some success on the Billboard charts , peaking at # 135 on the Billboard 200 and # 34 on the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums , and featured one charting single Something Kinda Funky by Rally Ral , which made it to # 39 on the Hot Rap Singles . Straight to My Feet was the only single to see a release in the United Kingdom , where it charted # 57 , despite the soundtrack being only available in that country via a purchase of the VHS tape at branches of Tesco for a limited period . The album sold over 500,000 units in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Rally Ral', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friday_(1995_film)', 'summary': 'Friday is a 1995 American stoner comedy film directed by F. Gary Gray ( in his directorial debut ) and written by Ice Cube and DJ Pooh . It stars Cube and Chris Tucker as Craig Jones and Smokey , unemployed best friends who must pay a local drug dealer on the night of Friday . The film is the first installment in the Friday franchise and co-stars Nia Long , Tiny Zeus Lister Jr. , Regina King , Anna Maria Horsford , Bernie Mac , and John Witherspoon . While developing the film , Ice Cube and DJ Pooh expressed discontent regarding the portrayal of the hood in film , which they came to see as too violent and menacing . As a result , they wished to emphasize the positive aspects of life in the hood , and drew on a number of personal experiences when crafting the characters and plot points . Preparations for the film began after the pair were able to secure funding from New Line Cinema , who granted finance in exchange for a seasoned comedian in one of the lead roles . During casting , Ice Cube and DJ Pooh quickly settled on Tucker . Friday was theatrically released in the United States on April 26 , 1995 . It received positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the comedic sequences , writing , and acting performances . The film was also a commercial success , grossing $ 28.2 million worldwide . It has subsequently obtained a large cult following , inspiring an Internet meme and several pop-cultural references . The film launched a media franchise that includes the sequels Next Friday ( 2000 ) and Friday After Next ( 2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Keep Their Heads Ringin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Keep_Their_Heads_Ringin'", 'summary': "Keep Their Heads Ringin ' is a song by American rapper Dr. Dre featuring vocalist Nanci Fletcher . It was the only single released from the soundtrack of the movie Friday ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Dre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office Space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_Space', 'summary': "Office Space is a 1999 American comedy film written and directed by Mike Judge . It satirizes the everyday work life of a typical mid-to-late-1990s software company , focusing on a handful of individuals fed up with their jobs . It stars Ron Livingston , Jennifer Aniston , Gary Cole , Stephen Root , David Herman , Ajay Naidu , and Diedrich Bader . Office Space was shot in Dallas and Austin , Texas . It is based on Judge 's Milton cartoon series and was his first foray into live-action filmmaking and his second full-length motion picture release , following Beavis and Butt-Head Do America . His 2009 film Extract is also set in an office and was meant to be a companion piece to Office Space . The film 's sympathetic depiction of ordinary information technology workers garnered a cult following within that field , but it also addresses themes familiar to white-collar employees and the workforce in general . It was a box office disappointment , making $ 12.2 million against a $ 10 million production budget . But after repeated airings on Comedy Central , it sold well on home video , and has become a cult film . Several aspects of the film have become Internet memes . A scene where the three main characters systematically destroy a dysfunctional printer after being laid off has been widely parodied , by Family Guy , Ted Cruz 's presidential campaign , and many amateurs . Swingline introduced a red stapler to its product line after the Milton character used one painted that color in the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Shove This Jay-Oh-Bee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_Space', 'summary': "Office Space is a 1999 American comedy film written and directed by Mike Judge . It satirizes the everyday work life of a typical mid-to-late-1990s software company , focusing on a handful of individuals fed up with their jobs . It stars Ron Livingston , Jennifer Aniston , Gary Cole , Stephen Root , David Herman , Ajay Naidu , and Diedrich Bader . Office Space was shot in Dallas and Austin , Texas . It is based on Judge 's Milton cartoon series and was his first foray into live-action filmmaking and his second full-length motion picture release , following Beavis and Butt-Head Do America . His 2009 film Extract is also set in an office and was meant to be a companion piece to Office Space . The film 's sympathetic depiction of ordinary information technology workers garnered a cult following within that field , but it also addresses themes familiar to white-collar employees and the workforce in general . It was a box office disappointment , making $ 12.2 million against a $ 10 million production budget . But after repeated airings on Comedy Central , it sold well on home video , and has become a cult film . Several aspects of the film have become Internet memes . A scene where the three main characters systematically destroy a dysfunctional printer after being laid off has been widely parodied , by Family Guy , Ted Cruz 's presidential campaign , and many amateurs . Swingline introduced a red stapler to its product line after the Milton character used one painted that color in the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Canibus and Biz Markie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canibus', 'summary': 'Germaine Williams ( born December 9 , 1974 ) , better known by his stage name Canibus , is a Jamaican-born American rapper and actor . He initially gained fame in the 1990s for his ability to freestyle , and eventually released his debut album Can-I-Bus in 1998 . Since releasing his debut album , Canibus has gone on to release 13 solo studio albums in total , as well as multiple collaboration albums and EPs with other rappers as a member of The Hrsmn , Sharpshooterz , Cloak N Dagga , The Undergods and one-half of T.H.E.M . About.com placed him at number 32 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time ( 1987-2007 ) , while in 2012 The Source placed him number 44 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biz_Markie', 'summary': "Marcel Theo Hall ( born April 8 , 1964 ) , better known by his stage name Biz Markie , is an American rapper , beatboxer , DJ , actor , comedian , television personality and spokesperson . He is best known for his 1989 single Just a Friend , which became a Top 40 hit in several countries . In 2008 , Just a Friend made # 100 on VH1 's list of the 100 greatest hip hop songs of all time . Markie has been called the Clown Prince of Hip Hop ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wash_(2001_film)', 'summary': 'The Wash is a 2001 American comedy film written , produced and directed by DJ Pooh and starring Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg and DJ Pooh , with appearances by Eminem , Ludacris , Kurupt , Daz Dillinger , Xzibit and Pauly Shore . It was released on November 16 , 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bad Intentions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bad_Intentions_(song)', 'summary': "Bad Intentions is a single by American rapper Dr. Dre , featuring vocals from fellow rapper Knoc-turn'al , recorded for and taken from the soundtrack to the film The Wash . The song was produced by Mahogany Music and co-produced by Dre himself . It contains a sample from Hollywood Hot by Eleventh Hour . The single was released on 7 January , 2002 . The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number four , staying in the charts for sixteen weeks . The music video for Bad Intentions depicts Dr. Dre and Knoc-turn'al filming a fictional music video at a burlesque house named Bad Intentions . Rapper Jay-Z also used the beat as a diss towards fellow rapper Nas during their feud . The video features a cameo appearance from comedian Tommy Davidson"}]}, {'value': "Dr. Dre ft. Knoc-turn'al", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Knoc-turn'al", 'summary': "Royal Harbor ( born May 12 , 1975 ) , known by stage name Knoc-turn'al , is a songwriter and rapper ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 Mile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8_Mile_(film)', 'summary': '8 Mile is a 2002 American hip-hop drama film written by Scott Silver , directed by Curtis Hanson , and starring Eminem , Mekhi Phifer , Brittany Murphy , Michael Shannon , Anthony Mackie , and Kim Basinger . The film follows white rapper B-Rabbit ( Eminem ) and his attempt to launch a career in a genre dominated by African-Americans . The title is derived from 8 Mile Road , the highway between the predominantly black city of Detroit and the largely white suburban communities to the north . 8 Mile was a critical and commercial success . Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , which has become one of his signature tracks .'}]}, {'value': 'Lose Yourself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lose_Yourself', 'summary': "Lose Yourself is a song by American rapper Eminem from the soundtrack to the 2002 motion picture 8 Mile . The song was written by Eminem and produced by Eminem along with longtime collaborator Jeff Bass , one half of the production duo Bass Brothers , and Luis Resto . It was released on October 28 , 2002 , as the lead single from the soundtrack . The song 's lyrics explicitly sum up the background of Eminem 's character in 8 Mile , B-Rabbit , with the first verse summing up much of the plot of the movie . The song incorporates several aggressive themes , largely dealing with the struggles dealt with by B-Rabbit , and how he eventually overcomes his many problems and obstacles to gain the respect of other rappers . Lose Yourself was a commercial success , becoming Eminem 's first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single and remaining there for twelve consecutive weeks . It reached atop of the charts in nineteen other countries . Lose Yourself received acclaim from music critics , with many critics praising the song 's inspiring , aggressive themes and describing it as Eminem 's best work to date . Eminem 's rapping ability , the lyrics and the production were also praised . In many retrospective reviews and lists , critics have cited the song among Eminem 's finest , as well as one of the best hip hop songs of all time . The music video for the song , directed by Eminem , manager Paul Rosenberg and Phillip G. Atwell , was released on October 7 , 2002 . The video is a mixture of multiple scenarios , including scenes from and reminiscent of the movie 8 Mile , and Eminem rapping next to the 8 Mile Rd ."}]}, {'value': 'Eminem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Like Mike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Like_Mike', 'summary': "Like Mike is a 2002 American basketball themed comedy film directed by John Schultz and written by Michael Elliot and Jordan Moffet . Starring Lil ' Bow Wow , Morris Chestnut , Jonathan Lipnicki , Robert Forster , Crispin Glover and Eugene Levy , the film follows an orphan who gets basketball talents after finding a pair of Michael Jordan 's shoes . It was produced by NBA Productions , and features cameo appearances by NBA players . The film was released on July 3 , 2002 , by 20th Century Fox ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_(song)', 'summary': 'Basketball is a song that was written by William Waring , Robert Ford , Kurtis Blow , J . B. Moore , Jimmy Bralower , and Full Force and recorded by Kurtis Blow released in 1984 from his album Ego Trip . The video game NBA 2K12 used the song during the introduction .'}]}, {'value': "Lil ' Bow Wow ft. Fundisha , Jermaine Dupri , and Fabolous", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lil'_Bow_Wow", 'summary': "Shad Gregory Moss ( born March 9 , 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Bow Wow ( formerly Lil ' Bow Wow ) , is an American rapper , actor , television presenter , and broadcaster . As Lil ' Bow Wow , he released his first album , Beware of Dog , in 2000 at age 13 , which was followed by Doggy Bag in 2001 . In 2003 , Bow Wow released his third album Unleashed , which was the first album released after dropping the Lil ' from his stage name . As of September 27 , 2015 , Bow Wow has signed a management deal to Bad Boy Records . Bow Wow made his first movie appearance in All About the Benjamins , in 2002 as a cameo . In the same year , Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in Like Mike . He later began to undertake lead roles in movies , such as Johnson Family Vacation in 2004 and Roll Bounce in 2005 . He also played a supporting role in the film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift in 2006 . Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series Entourage , and starred as Brody Nelson in CSI : Cyber until the show 's cancellation in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri', 'summary': 'Jermaine Dupri Mauldin ( born September 23 , 1972 ) is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer and record executive . He was born in Asheville , North Carolina and was raised in Atlanta . He has worked with and produced for Kris Kross , Mariah Carey , Usher , Jay-Z , Nelly , Monica , Migos , Da Brat , Xscape , Janet Jackson , TLC , Aretha Franklin , Ludacris , Alicia Keys , Jagged Edge and Bow Wow .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabolous', 'summary': "John David Jackson ( born November 18 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Fabolous , is an American rapper from Brooklyn , New York City . Jackson 's career began when he was a senior in high school and ended up rapping live on American record producer and music executive DJ Clue 's radio show , then on Hot 97 . Jackson was subsequently signed by DJ Clue to his label Desert Storm , and later secured a distribution deal with Elektra Records . Fabolous ' first release , Ghetto Fabolous ( 2001 ) , spawned the hit singles Ca n't Deny It and Young ' n ( Holla Back ) , which led Jackson to prominence . His second release was 2003 's Street Dreams , which was supported by two Top 10 singles Ca n't Let You Go and Into You . Including the aforementioned songs , Jackson has released a string of hit singles , such as Trade It All , Pt . 2 , Breathe , Make Me Better , Baby Do n't Go , Throw It in the Bag and You Be Killin ' Em . He is also known for appearing on several R & B singles , including Superwoman Pt . II by Lil ' Mo , Dip It Low by Christina Milian , Shawty Is a 10 by The-Dream , Addiction by Ryan Leslie , I Ca n't Hear the Music by Brutha , She Got Her Own by Jamie Foxx , Say Aah by Trey Songz , and much more . In 2004 , Jackson signed to Atlantic Records , after leaving Elektra , where he released Real Talk , his first and only album under Atlantic . In 2006 , Jackson was let out of his contract with Atlantic and officially signed with Def Jam Recordings . Also in 2006 , Jackson founded his own record label , Street Family Records ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Like Mike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Like_Mike', 'summary': "Like Mike is a 2002 American basketball themed comedy film directed by John Schultz and written by Michael Elliot and Jordan Moffet . Starring Lil ' Bow Wow , Morris Chestnut , Jonathan Lipnicki , Robert Forster , Crispin Glover and Eugene Levy , the film follows an orphan who gets basketball talents after finding a pair of Michael Jordan 's shoes . It was produced by NBA Productions , and features cameo appearances by NBA players . The film was released on July 3 , 2002 , by 20th Century Fox ."}]}, {'value': 'Take Ya Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Like_Mike_(soundtrack)', 'summary': "Like Mike : Music From the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the 2002 film , Like Mike . It was released on July 2 , 2002 through So So Def Recordings and consisted of hip hop and contemporary R & B with production from the likes of Jermaine Dupri , The Neptunes and even Alicia Keys . The soundtrack spawned two singles , the first being Basketball , a cover of Kurtis Blow 's 1984 song , performed by Lil ' Bow Wow featuring Jermaine Dupri , Fabolous & Fundisha . The other is Take Ya Home by Lil ' Bow Wow , taken from his second album Doggy Bag , which serves as the theme song for the film . It also features music from Nas featuring Amerie , TQ featuring Jagged Edge , Mario , R.O.C . and more . The soundtrack is the final album with Lil ' Bow Wow to feature the Lil ' moniker in his name and is also Lil ' Bow Wow 's final album under So So Def ."}]}, {'value': "Lil ' Bow Wow", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lil'_Bow_Wow", 'summary': "Shad Gregory Moss ( born March 9 , 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Bow Wow ( formerly Lil ' Bow Wow ) , is an American rapper , actor , television presenter , and broadcaster . As Lil ' Bow Wow , he released his first album , Beware of Dog , in 2000 at age 13 , which was followed by Doggy Bag in 2001 . In 2003 , Bow Wow released his third album Unleashed , which was the first album released after dropping the Lil ' from his stage name . As of September 27 , 2015 , Bow Wow has signed a management deal to Bad Boy Records . Bow Wow made his first movie appearance in All About the Benjamins , in 2002 as a cameo . In the same year , Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in Like Mike . He later began to undertake lead roles in movies , such as Johnson Family Vacation in 2004 and Roll Bounce in 2005 . He also played a supporting role in the film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift in 2006 . Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series Entourage , and starred as Brody Nelson in CSI : Cyber until the show 's cancellation in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Fast 2 Furious', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2_Fast_2_Furious', 'summary': "2 Fast 2 Furious is a 2003 action adventure film directed by John Singleton and written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas . A standalone sequel to The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , it is the second installment in The Fast Saga franchise and stars Paul Walker , Tyrese Gibson , Eva Mendes , Cole Hauser , Chris Ludacris Bridges , and James Remar . 2 Fast 2 Furious follows Brian O'Conner ( Walker ) and Roman Pearce ( Gibson ) who team up to go undercover for the U.S. Customs Service to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of their criminal records . Plans for a The Fast and the Furious sequel were developed immediately following the box office success of the first entry . Early treatments for a sequel initially featured the returns of both Vin Diesel and Walker , however , the former declined , instead opting to star in The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) . As a result of this , Universal Studios delayed the start of filming to allow for script rewrites , which subsequently allowed for the franchise 's long-running characters of Roman Pearce and Tej Parker to be introduced . In August 2002 , John Singleton , who critically praised the first film , was announced to direct the second in place of Rob Cohen , who left the franchise after directing the previous installment . Principal photography began in Miami in October 2002 , with the majority of filming being done on location in Miami and South Florida . 2 Fast 2 Furious was released in the United States on June 6 , 2003 . The film was a commercial success , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , quickly becoming the highest-grossing film in the franchise and the 16th highest-grossing film of 2003 . It received generally mixed reviews at the time of release , with praise being aimed at the film 's action sequences , but was also nominated for two awards at the 24th Golden Raspberry Awards . In later years , however , the film was reassessed by some critics who noted it as an underrated entry in the franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Act a Fool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Act_a_Fool_(Ludacris_song)', 'summary': 'Act a Fool is a single by Ludacris from the soundtrack for the 2003 film 2 Fast 2 Furious and his fourth album Chicken-n-Beer ( UK version ) . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Ludacris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludacris', 'summary': "Christopher Brian Bridges ( born September 11 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Ludacris ( /ˈluːdəkrɪs/ ) , is an American rapper and actor . Ludacris is the founder of the Disturbing tha Peace record label . Ludacris has won Screen Actors Guild , Critic 's Choice , MTV , and 3 Grammy Awards . Along with fellow Atlanta-based rappers Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast , Ludacris was one of the first and most influential Dirty South rappers to achieve mainstream success during the early 2000s . In 2014 , Ludacris was featured in Forbes list titled Hip-Hop Cash Kings , as he earned $ 8 million . Born in Champaign , Illinois , Ludacris moved to Atlanta at age nine , where he began rapping . After a brief stint as a DJ , he released his first album Incognegro in 1999 , followed by Back for the First Time also in 2000 , which contained the singles Southern Hospitality and What 's Your Fantasy . In 2001 , he released Word of Mouf , followed by Chicken-n-Beer in 2003 and The Red Light District in 2004 . He took a more serious approach with his next two albums , Release Therapy ( 2006 ) , and Theater of the Mind ( 2008 ) . His next record , Battle of the Sexes , was released in 2010 and featured the tone of his previous albums . Ludaversal was released on March 31 , 2015 . As an actor , he has appeared in films including Crash ( 2004 ) , Gamer ( 2009 ) , and New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) and is best known for playing Tej Parker in The Fast and the Furious film series ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Soundtrack', 'section_text': "These songs are on the film 's soundtrack but are n't about the narrative of the film and are n't theme songs or titular . The song must have been published on a record chart to make this list .", 'uid': 'List_of_films_with_associated_hip_hop_songs_1', 'intro': "This is a list of films that have hip hop songs associated with them. In order to be included, the song must have been recorded expressly for the film or the film's soundtrack."} | null | null | What was the worldwide gross of the film whose song artist was born with the name of Christopher Brian Bridges ? | Over $ 236 million |
04f7a477039dffc6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Diva_Search', 'title': 'WWE Diva Search', 'header': ['Name', 'Age', 'Hometown', 'Eliminated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Eve Torres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eve_Torres', 'summary': "Eve Torres Gracie ( born Eve Marie Torres on August 21 , 1984 ) is an American actress , dancer , model , martial arts instructor , and former professional wrestler . She is best known for her time with WWE , where she is a former three-time WWE Divas Champion . Torres began her career as a model and dancer . She danced for The Southern California Summer Pro League and went on to become a member of the National Basketball Association 's Los Angeles Clippers Spirit Dance Team for the 2006-2007 season . She also appeared on several television shows , including Show Me The Money , Sunset Tan , and Deal or No Deal . In 2007 , she won the 2007 Diva Search , earning a contract with WWE . Torres first appeared on WWE programming as a backstage interviewer in 2008 and became a full-time wrestler in 2009 . She won the WWE Divas Championship in April 2010 . She held the championship on a further two occasions , becoming the first person to win it three times . Following her retirement from professional wrestling in 2013 , Torres focused on her role as an instructor for the Gracie Women Empowered self-defense program at the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy in Torrance , California , and continued to act , with roles in Skiptrace and Supergirl ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooke Gilbertsen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Runner-Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lena Yada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lena_Yada', 'summary': 'Lena Yada-Draiman ( born November 12 , 1978 ) is an American model , actress and professional tandem surfer who is known for her time in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) as a backstage interviewer , valet , and professional wrestler .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '3rd Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taryn Terrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taryn_Terrell', 'summary': "Taryn Nicole Dryden ( née Terrell ; born December 28 , 1985 ) is an American ring announcer , referee , model , actress , stunt woman and retired professional wrestler . She is best known for her time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , under her real name , and for her time in WWE , where she performed under the ring name Tiffany . She is a former TNA Knockouts Champion , where her 279-day reign stood as the longest reign in the title 's history until 2019 . During her time in WWE , she trained at WWE 's then-developmental territory , Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) , and served as the final general manager of the now-defunct ECW brand ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': '4th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Hatch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '5th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Kim', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catawba , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catawba,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Catawba is a town in Catawba County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 603 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area . As with the county , the name recalls the Catawba people , the indigenous people who once inhabited the area .'}]}, {'value': '6th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyndy Frieson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver , British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': '7th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naomi Kirk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Yorkshire , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Yorkshire,_England', 'summary': 'West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is an inland and , in relative terms , upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in the moors of the Pennines . West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 and has a population of 2.2 million . West Yorkshire consists of five metropolitan boroughs ( City of Bradford , Calderdale , Kirklees , City of Leeds and City of Wakefield ) and is bordered by the counties of Derbyshire to the south , Greater Manchester to the south-west , Lancashire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north and east , and South Yorkshire to the south and south-east . Remnants of strong coal , wool and iron ore industries remain in the county , having attracted people over the centuries , and this can be seen in the buildings and architecture . Major railways and two major motorways traverse the county , which also contains Leeds Bradford International Airport . West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 , so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities . However , the metropolitan county , which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres ( 783 sq mi ) , continues to exist in law , and as a geographic frame of reference . Since 1 April 2014 West Yorkshire has been a combined authority area , with the local authorities pooling together some functions over transport and regeneration as the West Yorkshire Combined Authority . West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area , which is the biggest and most built-up urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire .'}]}, {'value': '8th Place', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2007 -- Contestants', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'WWE_Diva_Search_5', 'intro': 'WWE Diva Search (formerly WWE Raw Diva Search) was a talent competition held by WWE. The first winner was Jaime Koeppe, but she did not receive a contract like subsequent winners of the contest. Other winners included Christy Hemme, Ashley Massaro, Layla El, and Eve Torres. In addition to the winners of the yearly contest, WWE has hired several contestants as Divas, the name that WWE gave at the time to the female performers. As of 2019, Maryse Ouellet and Maria Kanellis are the last remaining female talents to come from the contest, with the two acting largely as valets for their respective husbands. There were many failed attempts at bringing back the competition over the years following the cancellation of the 2008 season, and was at one point going to return in 2019 under the new name Superstar Search. But those plans were scrapped.'} | null | null | What sport did the person who was third in the Diva Search from L.A. participate in in a professional capacity ? | tandem surfer |
04f9dd18d4458db9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia', 'title': 'Provinces of Zambia', 'header': ['Province', 'Capital', 'Area ( km² )', 'Population ( 2018 )', 'Density ( people/km² )', 'Districts'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': "Central Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces . The provincial capital is Kabwe , which is the home of the Mulungushi Rock of Authority . Central Province has an area of 94,394 km ( 58,654 mi ) . It borders eight other provinces and has twelve districts . The total area of forest in the province is 9,095,566 ha ( 22,475,630 acres ) , and it has a national park and three game management areas . As of 2010 , Central Province had a population of 1,307,111 , comprising 10.05% of the total Zambian population . The literacy rate stood at 70.90% against a national average of 70.2% . Bemba was the most spoken language with 31.80% speaking it , and Lala was the majority clan in the province , comprising 20.3% of population . Central Province contains 20.64% of the total area of cultivated land in Zambia and contributes 23.85% of the total agricultural production in the country , with wheat being the major crop . The Ikubi Lya Loongo festival during July and Ichibwela Mushi festival during September are the major festivals celebrated in the province . Kafue National Park , the country 's largest , is shared with Southern and North-Western Provinces , and other natural areas include Blue Lagoon National Park , Kasanka National Park , the Bangweulu Wetlands , South Luangwa National Park , the Lunsemfwa and Lukusashi river valleys and Lukanga Swamp ."}]}, {'value': 'Kabwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabwe', 'summary': 'Kabwe is the capital of the Zambian Central Province with a population estimated at 202,914 at the 2010 census . Named Broken Hill until 1966 , it was founded when lead and zinc deposits were discovered in 1902 . Kabwe also has a claim to being the birthplace of Zambian politics as it was an important political centre during the colonial period . It is an important transportation and mining centre .'}]}, {'value': '110,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,743,999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copperbelt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copperbelt_Province', 'summary': "Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt , and farming and bush areas to the south . It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period , but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973 . The province adjoins Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , which is similarly mineral-rich . The main cities of the Copperbelt are Kitwe , Ndola , Mufulira , Luanshya , Chingola and Chililabombwe . Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi , but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill , now recovering . It is informally referred to at times as 'Copala ' or 'Kopala ' , invoking the vernacular-like term of the mineral copper that is mined in the province ."}]}, {'value': 'Ndola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ndola', 'summary': "Ndola is the third largest city in Zambia and third in terms of size and population , with a population of 475,194 ( 2010 census provisional ) , after the capital , Lusaka , and Kitwe , and the second largest in terms of infrastructure development . It is the industrial and commercial center of the Copperbelt , Zambia 's copper-mining region , and capital of Copperbelt Province . It lies just 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) from the border with DR Congo . It is also home to Zambia 's first modern stadium , the Levy Mwanawasa Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '31,328', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,642,132', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': "Eastern Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces . The province lies between the Luangwa River and borders with Malawi to the east and Mozambique to the south , from Isoka in the northeast to the north of Luangwa in the south . The provincial capital is Chipata . Eastern province has an area of 51,476 km2 ( 19,875 sq mi ) , locally shares border with three other provinces of the country and is divided into eleven districts . As per the 2010 Zambian census , Eastern Province had a population of 1,592,661 , accounting to 12.16% of the total Zambian population . The sex ratio was 1,030 for every 1,000 males . As of 2010 , Chewa was the largest community in the region with 39.7 per cent of the total population and Chewa was the most widely spoken language with 34.6 per cent speaking it . On the tourism front , the province has four national parks , while the Nc'wala festival celebrated in Chipata District by the Ngoni tribe during February is the most prominent festival in the province . Agriculture is the major occupation in the province which accounts for 20.41 per cent of the total area cultivated in Zambia . The province accounted for 19.61 per cent of the total agricultural production in the country with sunflower being the major crop . Chipata Airport and Mfuwe Airport are the two airports in the province ."}]}, {'value': 'Chipata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chipata', 'summary': 'The city of Chipata is the administrative centre of the Eastern Province of Zambia and Chipata District . It was declared the 5th city of the country , after Lusaka , Ndola , Kitwe and Livingstone , by President Edgar Lungu on 24 February 2017 . The city has undergone rapid economic and infrastructure growth in the years , leading up to city status .'}]}, {'value': '51,476', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,961,269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luapula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luapula_Province', 'summary': "Luapula Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces located in the northern part of the country . Luapula Province is named after the Luapula River and its capital is Mansa . As per the 2010 Zambian census , the Province had a population of 991,927 , which accounted for 7.57 per cent of the total Zambian population . The province has international border along Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DR Congo ) and domestically extends along the northern and eastern banks of the Luapula river from Lake Bangweulu to Lake Mweru . The province is inhabited by Bemba , who are also the major tribe in the country . Bemba is also the most spoken language in the province . The major economic activity is agriculture and fishing , with sweet potato being the major crop . Mutomboko ceremony is the most important festival celebrated . Lumangwe Falls , Mumbuluma Falls , Mumbotuta Waterfalls , Kundabwika Waterfalls and Chilongo Waterfalls are the major water falls . The chief artery of the province is the Samfya-Mansa-Mwansabombwe-Nchelenge highway known informally as the Zambia Way . The province is bordered along the Luapula River , through Lake Mweru and to its north by DR Congo . Around 80.5 per cent of the population of Luapula is accounted as poor in 2010 census , making it the poorest of all provinces in Zambia ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansa,_Zambia', 'summary': 'Mansa is the capital of the Luapula Province of Zambia , and headquarters of Mansa District . It takes its name from the local Chief Mansa and the small Mansa River which flows west to the Luapula River . During British rule the city was named Fort Rosebery .'}]}, {'value': '50,567', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,215,294', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lusaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lusaka_Province', 'summary': "Lusaka Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia . Its capital is Lusaka , which is also the national capital . It is the smallest province in Zambia , with an area of 21,896 km2 . Lusaka is also Zambia 's most populated and most densely populated province , with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km2 as of 2010 . It is the most urban province , with the most doctors and fewest malaria-related incidents . The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique , and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park . The Lower Zambezi National Park , part of the Lunsemfwa River valley , the lower Luangwa Valley in the north-east and the Kafue Flats in the south-west are the major national parks and game areas in Lusaka Province . In Lusaka , the Nkhombalyanga festival is celebrated in Chongwe District by the Soli tribe during July , the Dantho festival is celebrated in Luangwa District by the Chikunda tribe during September , and the Chakwela Makumbi festival celebrated in Chongwe District by Soli tribe during September . There are eight districts in the province . As of 2004 , the literacy rate was 83% , the unemployment rate was 31% and the general unemployment rate for youth was 52% as of 2008 . Kenneth Kaunda International Airport ( in Chongwe District ) and Lusaka City Airport ( in Lusaka ) are the two airports in the province ."}]}, {'value': 'Lusaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lusaka', 'summary': "Lusaka ( /luːˈsɑːkə/ loo-SAH-kə ) is the capital and largest city of Zambia . It is one of the fastest developing cities in southern Africa . Lusaka is in the southern part of the central plateau at an elevation of about 1,279 metres ( 4,196 ft ) . As of 2010 [ update ] , the city 's population was about 1.7 million , while the urban population is 2.4 million . Lusaka is the centre of both commerce and government in Zambia and connects to the country 's four main highways heading north , south , east and west . English is the official language of the city administration , while Nyanja and Bemba are the commonly spoken street languages ."}]}, {'value': '23,490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,186,336', 'urls': []}, {'value': '135.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muchinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muchinga_Province', 'summary': 'Muchinga Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia . It is located in the northeast of the country and borders with Tanzania in the north , Malawi in the east , Eastern Province in the south , Central Province in the southwest , Luapula Province in the west , and Northern Province in the northwest . The administrative center of the province is Chinsali . The name of the province originates from the Muchinga Escarpment , on which it predominantly sits .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinsali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinsali', 'summary': "Chinsali is a town in Chinsali District of Zambia , and is the provincial headquarters of Muchinga Province . It lies 15 km west of the Great North Road and about 180 kilometres ( 112 miles ) north-north-east of Mpika . It lies 28 kilometres ( 17 miles ) south-east of the Chambeshi River but only 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) from the edge of the river 's floodplain . The district is home to Chief Chibesakunda of the Bisa people ."}]}, {'value': '87,806', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,011,655', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North-Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': 'North-Western Province is one of ten Provinces of Zambia . It covers an area of 125,826 km2 ( 48,582 sq mi ) , has a population of 727,044 and a population density was 5.80 per square kilometre as of 2010 . It is the most sparsely populated province in the country . The provincial capital is Solwezi . The literacy rate stood at 63 per cent against a national average of 70.2 per cent . The rural population constituted 77.45% , while the urban population was 22.55% . North-Western Province is bordered along Angola in the west , the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DR Congo ) in the north , Copperbelt Province in the southeast , Central in the south , and Western Province in the west . Agriculture was the major profession and Sorghum was the major crop in the province with 1,038 metric tonnes , constituting 8.98% of the national output . The unemployment rate was 14 per cent and the general unemployment rate for youth stood at 31 per cent as of 2008 . Zambezi Airport and Solwezi Airport are the only two airports in the province . Busanga Swamps and plains in Kafue National Park , West Lunga National Park and Zambezi grasslands in the far west of the state are the major national parks in the Province . The Likumbi lya Mize festival , a UNESCO world heritage ceremony celebrated in Zambezi District by Luvale tribe , popularly known as vakaChinyama during August .'}]}, {'value': 'Solwezi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solwezi', 'summary': 'Solwezi is a town in Zambia and the provincial capital of the mineral rich Northwestern province . Solwezi has approximately 7.5 million inhabitants at an elevation of 1235 m above sea level . Kaonde is the largest tribe represented in Solwezi , in addition to large numbers of Lunda and Luvale speaking people .'}]}, {'value': '125,826', 'urls': []}, {'value': '902,631', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': "Northern Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces . It covers approximately one sixth of Zambia in land area . The provincial capital is Kasama . The province is made up of 12 districts , namely Kasama District ( the provincial capital ) , Chilubi District , Kaputa District , Luwingu District , Mbala District , Mporokoso District , Mpulungu District , Mungwi District , Nsama District , Lupososhi District , Lunte District and Senga Hill District . Currently , only Kasama and Mbala have attained municipal council status , while the rest are still district councils . It is widely considered to be the heartland of the Bemba , one of the largest tribes in Zambia . Since this article was published the new Muchinga Province has taken the Eastern districts of Northern Province and Chama district to form Zambia 's tenth province . Notable landmarks in Northern Province include Lake Tanganyika , Lake Bangweulu , and the corresponding wetlands , Lake Mweru-wa-Ntipa , and a number of waterfalls including Lumangwe Falls , Kabwelume Falls , Chishimba and Kalambo Falls . Efforts are being made by the Zambian government , along with a number of non-governmental organizations , to increase the visibility of the many natural and historical treasures in the Northern Province . Tourism has proven an effective way to bring economic growth in other parts of Zambia , i.e . Livingstone and Victoria Falls . However , a lack of infrastructure along the vast distances between major points of interest makes visiting this part of the country difficult ."}]}, {'value': 'Kasama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasama,_Zambia', 'summary': 'Kasama is a city in the Northern Province of Zambia . It serves as the provincial capital and the headquarters of Kasama District .'}]}, {'value': '77,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,430,543', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': "Southern Province is one of Zambia 's ten provinces , and home to Zambia 's premier tourist attraction , Mosi-oa-Tunya ( Victoria Falls ) , shared with Zimbabwe . The centre of the province , the Southern Plateau , has the largest area of commercial farmland of any Zambian province , and produces most of the maize crop . The Zambezi River is the province 's southern border , and Lake Kariba , formed by the Kariba Dam , lies along the province 's south-eastern edge . The eastern border is the Kariba Gorge and Zambezi , and the north-east border is the Kafue River and its gorge , dividing it from Lusaka Province . The Kafue Flats lie mostly within the province 's northern border with Central Province . In the north west lies part of the famous Kafue National Park , the largest in Zambia , and the lake formed by the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam . The south-western border with Western Province runs through the teak forests around Mulobezi which once supported a commercial timber industry and for which the Mulobezi Railway was built . The provincial capital is Choma . Until 2011 the provincial capital was Livingstone City . The Batonga are the largest ethnic group in the Province . A rail line and the Lusaka-Livingstone road forms the principal transport axis of the province , running through its centre and its farming towns : Kalomo , Choma , Pemba , Monze , and Mazabuka . In addition to maize , other commercially important activities include sugar cane plantations at the edge of the Kafue Flats , and cattle ranching ."}]}, {'value': 'Choma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choma,_Zambia', 'summary': 'Choma is a market town and capital of the Southern Province of Zambia , lying on the main road and railway from Lusaka to Livingstone . Choma is also the headquarters of a district of the same name . Most of the district lies at 1400 metres above sea level . Choma Town is home to a small museum dedicated to the cultural heritage of the Tonga people of southern Zambia . The population of Choma District is said to be about 247,860 while the population Choma Town , which serves as the commercial hub for the central region of the province , is estimated at 46,000 . The Nkanga River Conservation Area lies nearby .'}]}, {'value': '68,410', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,852,361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia', 'summary': 'Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era .'}]}, {'value': 'Mongu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongu', 'summary': 'Mongu is the capital of Western Province in Zambia and was the capital of the formerly-named province and historic state of Barotseland . Its population is 179,585 ( 2010 census ) , and it is also the headquarters of Mongu District .'}]}, {'value': '126,386', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,041,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zambia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lusaka', 'urls': []}, {'value': '752,612', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,092,666', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of provinces', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Provinces_of_Zambia_0', 'intro': 'Zambia is divided into 10 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is headed by a minister appointed by the President and there are ministries of central government for each province. The administrative head of the province is the Permanent Secretary, appointed by the President. There are Deputy Permanent Secretary, heads of government departments and civil servants at the provincial level. Provinces are further divided into districts and all the district headquarters are the same as the district names. There are nine councils in the province, each of which is headed by an elected representative, called councilor. Each councilor holds office for five years. Each council is responsible for raising and collecting local taxes and the budgets of the council are audited and submitted every year after the annual budget. Zambia has predominantly rural provinces and hence there are only three municipal councils. The government stipulates 63 different functions for the councils with the majority of them being infrastructure management and local administration. Western Province was the largest in terms of area, having 126,386 square kilometres (48,798 sq mi), while Lusaka was the smallest with 21,896 square kilometres (8,454 sq mi). In terms of population, Lusaka was the most populated and most densely populated with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per square kilometre.'} | null | null | What is the population of the capital that was founded when lead and zinc deposits were discovered in 1902 ? | 1,743,999 |
04fae99511c9d179 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Chi_members', 'title': 'List of Sigma Chi members', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'George Ade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Ade', 'summary': "George Ade ( February 9 , 1866 - May 16 , 1944 ) was an American writer , syndicated newspaper columnist , and playwright who gained national notoriety at the turn of the twentieth century with his Stories of the Streets and of the Town , a column that used street language and slang to describe daily life in Chicago , and a column of his fables in slang , which were humorous stories that featured vernacular speech and the liberal use of capitalization in his characters ' dialog . Ade 's fables in slang gained him wealth and fame as an American humorist , as well as earning him the nickname of the Aesop of Indiana . Ade 's notable early books include Artie ( 1896 ) ; Pink Marsh ( 1897 ) ; Fables in Slang ( 1900 ) , the first in a series of books ; and In Babel ( 1903 ) , a collection of his short stories . Ade 's first play produced for the Broadway stage was The Sultan of Sulu , written in 1901 . The Sho-Gun and his best-known plays , The County Chairman and The College Widow , were simultaneously appearing on Broadway in 1904 . Ade also wrote scripts and had some of his fables and plays adapted into motion pictures . The Purdue University graduate from rural Newton County , Indiana , began his career in journalism as a newspaper reporter in Lafayette , Indiana , before moving to Chicago , Illinois , to work for the Chicago Daily News . In addition to writing , Ade enjoyed traveling , golf , and entertaining at Hazelden , his estate home near Brook , Indiana . Ade was also a member of Purdue University 's board of trustees from 1909 to 1916 , a longtime member of the Purdue Alumni Association , a supporter of Sigma Chi ( his college fraternity ) , and a former president of the Mark Twain Association of America . In addition , he donated funds for construction of Purdue 's Memorial Gymnasium , its Memorial Union Building , and with David Edward Ross , contributed land and funding for construction of Purdue 's Ross-Ade Stadium , named in their honor in 1924 ."}]}, {'value': 'Purdue University , 1887', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'American writer , newspaper columnist ( Fables in Slang ) , humorist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columnist', 'summary': 'A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series , creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions . Columns appear in newspapers , magazines and other publications , including blogs . They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view . In some instances , a column has been written by a composite or a team , appearing under a pseudonym , or ( in effect ) a brand name . Some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Humorist', 'summary': 'A humorist ( American and British English ) or humourist ( alternative British spelling ) is an intellectual who uses humor in writing or public speaking . Humorists are distinct from comedians , who are show business entertainers whose business is to make an audience laugh , though some persons have occupied both roles in the course of their careers .'}]}, {'value': 'Hervey Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hervey_Allen', 'summary': 'William Hervey Allen , Jr. ( December 8 , 1889 - December 28 , 1949 ) was an American author .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , 1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh', 'summary': "The University of Pittsburgh ( Pitt ) is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Pitt was founded as the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787 on the edge of the American frontier . It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819 . After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area , the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city ; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908 . Pitt was a private institution until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus , home to the university 's central administration and 28,391 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students . The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania : Bradford , Greensburg , Johnstown , and Titusville . The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District , most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece , the Cathedral of Learning . The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center ( UPMC ) , as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , Schenley Park , and Carnegie Mellon University . The university has an annual operating budget of approximately $ 2 billion . This includes nearly $ 940 million in research and development expenditures as of 2017 , the 16th-highest in the nation . A member of the Association of American Universities , Pitt is the third-largest recipient of federally sponsored health research funding among U.S. universities in 2018 and it is a major recipient of research funding from the National Institutes of Health ."}]}, {'value': 'Author of Anthony Adverse , and co-editor of Rivers of America Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Adverse', 'summary': 'Anthony Adverse is a 1936 American epic historical drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Fredric March and Olivia de Havilland . Based on the first part of the novel Anthony Adverse by Hervey Allen , with a screenplay by Sheridan Gibney , the film is about an orphan whose debt to the man who raised him threatens to separate him forever from the woman he loves . The film received four Academy Awards . Among the four Academy Awards that Anthony Adverse won , Gale Sondergaard was awarded the inaugural Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as Faith Paleologus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rivers_of_America_Series', 'summary': 'The Rivers of America Series is a landmark series of books on American rivers , for the most part written by literary figures rather than historians . The series spanned three publishers and thirty-seven years .'}]}, {'value': 'H. Jackson Brown , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H._Jackson_Brown', 'summary': "Harriett Jackson Brown Jr. is an American author best known for his inspirational book , Life 's Little Instruction Book , which was a New York Times bestseller ( 1991-1994 ) . Its sequel Life 's Little Instruction Book : Volume 2 also made it to the same best seller list in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Emory , 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emory_University', 'summary': 'Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta , Georgia . The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford , Georgia , by the Methodist Episcopal Church and was named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory . In 1915 , Emory College moved to its present location in Druid Hills and was rechartered as Emory University . Its relocation was funded by Asa Griggs Candler , a businessman and philanthropist who wanted a major university in the city . Emory maintained a presence in Oxford ; its institution developed as Oxford College , a residential liberal arts college for the first two years of the Emory baccalaureate degree . The university is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia and among the fifty oldest private universities in the United States . Emory University has nine academic divisions : Emory College of Arts and Sciences , Oxford College , Goizueta Business School , Laney Graduate School , School of Law , School of Medicine , Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing , Rollins School of Public Health , and the Candler School of Theology . Emory University , the Georgia Institute of Technology , and Peking University in Beijing , China jointly administer the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering . The university operates the Confucius Institute in Atlanta in partnership with Nanjing University . Emory has a growing faculty research partnership with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ) . Emory University students come from all 50 states , the District of Columbia , five territories of the United States , and over 100 foreign countries . Emory Healthcare is the largest healthcare system in the state of Georgia and comprises seven major hospitals , including the internationally renowned Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown .'}]}, {'value': ". New York Times Best Seller list ( Life 's Little Instruction Book )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list', 'summary': 'The New York Times Best Seller list is widely considered the preeminent list of best-selling books in the United States . Published weekly in The New York Times Book Review , the best-seller list has been published in the Times since October 12 , 1931 . In recent years it has evolved into multiple lists in different categories , broken down by fiction and non-fiction , hardcover , paperback , and electronic , and different genres . The list is based on a proprietary method that use sales figures , other data and internal guidelines that are unpublished - how the Times compiles the list is a trade secret . In 1983 ( as part of a legal argument ) the Times stated that the list is not mathematically objective but rather editorial content . In 2017 , a Times representative said that the goal is that the lists reflect authentic best sellers . The list has been the source of controversy over the years .'}]}, {'value': 'W. Bruce Cameron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._Bruce_Cameron', 'summary': "William Bruce Cameron ( born February 2 , 1960 ) is an American author , columnist , and humorist . Cameron is most famous for his novel A Dog 's Purpose , which spent 19 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list . The book is the basis for the movie version starring Dennis Quaid , Britt Robertson , Peggy Lipton , K.J . Apa , Juliet Rylance , Luke Kirby , John Ortiz , and Pooch Hall , and released in theaters on January 27 , 2017 . A Dog 's Purpose is followed by a sequel called A Dog 's Journey , which Cameron , along with Cathryn Michon , adapted into a film of the same name due to be released in May 2019 . His books have been translated into over 60 languages ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster College , 1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_College_(Missouri)', 'summary': 'Westminster College is a private , residential , undergraduate college with a curriculum based on the liberal arts . Located in Fulton , Missouri , the College was established in 1851 as Fulton College . The National Churchill Museum ( formerly known as the Winston Churchill Memorial and Library ) is a national historic site located on campus .'}]}, {'value': 'Author , 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8_Simple_Rules', 'summary': "8 Simple Rules ( originally 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter for the first season ) is an American television sitcom , originally starring John Ritter and Katey Sagal as middle-class parents Paul and Cate Hennessy raising their three children . Kaley Cuoco , Amy Davidson , and Martin Spanjers co-starred as their teenage kids ; Bridget , Kerry , and Rory Hennessy . The series ran on ABC from September 17 , 2002 to April 15 , 2005 . The first season focused on Paul being left in charge of the children after Cate takes a full-time job as a nurse , with comedic emphasis on his often strict rules concerning his daughters and dating . The series ' name and premise were derived from the book 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter by W. Bruce Cameron . While 8 Simple Rules was renewed for a second season and production had begun , Ritter 's sudden death in September 2003 left the series in an uncertain position . After a hiatus , the series returned and continued without Ritter , with the producers having decided that his character Paul would also die . James Garner and David Spade later joined the main cast as , respectively , Cate 's father Jim Egan and her nephew C.J . Barnes . After three seasons , ABC cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005 due to low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Caniff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Caniff', 'summary': 'Milton Arthur Paul Milt Caniff ( /kəˈnɪf/ ; February 28 , 1907 - April 3 , 1988 ) was an American cartoonist famous for the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State University , 1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartoonist , Terry and the Pirates , Steve Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Terry and the Pirates was an action-adventure comic strip created by cartoonist Milton Caniff , which originally ran from October 22 , 1934 to February 25 , 1973 . Captain Joseph Patterson , editor for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate , had admired Caniff 's work on the children 's adventure strip Dickie Dare and hired him to create the new adventure strip , providing Caniff with the title and locale . The Dragon Lady leads the evil pirates ; conflict with the pirates was diminished in priority when World War II started . The strip was read by 31 million newspaper subscribers between 1934 and 1946 . In 1946 , Caniff won the first Cartoonist of the Year Award from the National Cartoonists Society for his work on Terry and the Pirates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Canyon', 'summary': "Steve Canyon was an American adventure comic strip by writer-artist Milton Caniff . Launched shortly after Caniff retired from his previous strip , Terry and the Pirates , Steve Canyon ran from January 13 , 1947 , until June 4 , 1988 , shortly after Caniff 's death . Caniff won the Reuben Award for the strip in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Clarke_(novelist)', 'summary': "Will Clarke ( born August 13 , 1970 ) is an American novelist who is the author of Lord Vishnu 's Love Handles : A Spy Novel ( sort of ) , The Worthy : A Ghost 's Story , and The Neon Palm of Madame Melançon . A native of Shreveport , Louisiana , Clarke originally self-published his first two books via the Internet and independent books stores like Book Soup in Los Angeles , BookPeople in Austin , and Elliott Bay Book Company in Seattle . Clarke 's books eventually became underground hits in the early part of the 2000s . He later republished the books in hardback with Simon & Schuster and sold the movie rights to Hollywood . Both books have been selected as The New York Times Editors ' Choice while Clarke was named the Hot Pop Prophet by Rolling Stone magazine in 2006 . He is also the author of 'the controversial essay , How to Kill A Boy That Nobody Likes which was published in the Free Press Anthology , When I Was a Loser : True Stories of ( Barely ) Surviving High School . Will Clarke holds an MFA in Creative Writing from University of British Columbia and is known for using the supernatural ( a psychic dot-com millionaire and the ghost of a dead frat boy ) to trick the cynical eye into seeing the madness of the mundane ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana State University , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_University', 'summary': "Louisiana State University ( officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College , commonly referred to as LSU ) is a public research university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville , Louisiana , under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy . The current LSU main campus was dedicated in 1926 , consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the style of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , and the main campus historic district occupies a 650-acre ( 2.6 km² ) plateau on the banks of the Mississippi River . LSU is the flagship school of the state of Louisiana , as well the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System , and is the most comprehensive university in Louisiana . In 2017 , the university enrolled over 25,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges . Several of LSU 's graduate schools , such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center , have received national recognition in their respective fields of study . Designated as a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant institution , LSU is also noted for its extensive research facilities , operating some 800 sponsored research projects funded by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . LSU is one of eight universities in the United States with dental , law , veterinary , medical , and Master of Business Administration programs . The LSU School of Veterinary Medicine is one of only 30 veterinary schools in the country and the only one in Louisiana . LSU 's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports ( 9 men 's , 12 women 's ) , and is a member of the NCAA ( National Collegiate Athletic Association ) and the SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) . The university is represented by its mascot , Mike the Tiger ."}]}, {'value': "Author of The Worthy , Lord Vishnu 's Love Handles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd A. Fonseca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Fonseca', 'summary': 'Todd A Fonseca ( born 1966 ) is a contemporary American author of Juvenile Fiction . Mr. Fonseca resides in Andover , Minnesota . He is currently an employee of Medtronic .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquette University , 1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquette_University', 'summary': "Marquette University ( /mɑːrˈkɛt/ ) is a private Jesuit research university in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Established by the Society of Jesus as Marquette College on August 28 , 1881 , it was founded by John Martin Henni , the first Bishop of Milwaukee . The university was named after 17th-century missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette , SJ , with the intention to provide an affordable Catholic education to the area 's emerging German immigrant population . Initially an all-male institution , Marquette became the first coeducational Catholic university in the world in 1909 when it began admitting its first female students . Marquette is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and currently has a student body of about 12,000 . Marquette is one of the largest Jesuit universities in the United States , and the largest private university in Wisconsin . Marquette is organized into 11 schools and colleges at its main Milwaukee campus , offering programs in the liberal arts , business , communications , education , engineering , law and various health sciences disciplines . The university also administers classes in suburbs around the Milwaukee area and in Washington , DC . While most students are pursuing undergraduate degrees , the university has over 68 doctoral and master 's degree programs , a law school , a dental school ( only one in the state ) , and 22 graduate certificate programs . The university 's varsity athletic teams , known as the Golden Eagles , are members of the Big East Conference and compete in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Author of The Time Cavern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen F. Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_F._Hayes', 'summary': 'Stephen Forester Hayes is an American journalist and author . In October 2019 Hayes founded the online opinion and news publication The Dispatch . Previously , he was a senior writer for National Journal and Editor-in-chief of The Weekly Standard . He was a staunch proponent of the Iraq War and an influential figure in promoting the false claim that the Saddam Hussein regime and Al Qaeda had an operational relationship .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official Biographer for Vice President Dick Cheney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Cheney', 'summary': "Richard Bruce Cheney ( /ˈtʃeɪni/ ; born January 30 , 1941 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He has been cited as the most powerful vice president in American history . He is also one of the most unpopular politicians in the history of the US , holding an approval rating of just 13% at the time of leaving office . Born in Lincoln , Nebraska , Cheney grew up there and later in Casper , Wyoming . He attended Yale and then the University of Wyoming , at the latter of which he earned a BA and an MA in Political Science . He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger , eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations . He served as White House chief of staff from 1975 to 1977 . In 1978 , Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . He represented Wyoming 's at-large congressional district from 1979 to 1989 , briefly serving as House minority whip in 1989 . Cheney was selected to be the secretary of defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush , holding the position for the majority of Bush 's term from 1989 to 1993 . During his time in the Department of Defense , Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm , among other actions . Out of office during the Clinton administration , Cheney was the Chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Oldman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Oldman', 'summary': "Mark Stanford Oldman ( January 5 , 1969 ) is an American entrepreneur , wine expert , and author of several books on wine . He has been described as one of the wine world 's great populizers and one of the wine world 's great showmen . He regularly appears at food and wine festivals as well as corporations and institutions , and teaches a course on entrepreneurship for Stanford University ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford University , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wine expert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Peters_(cartoonist)', 'summary': "Michael Bartley Peters ( born October 9 , 1943 ) , better known as Mike Peters , is an American cartoonist , who draws editorial cartoons and the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . He was born in St. Louis , Missouri , where his mother , Charlotte Peters , was a local television personality with one of the earliest TV talk shows , interviewing film stars and politicians as early as 1949 . Accompanying his mother to the studio , he would meet such celebrities as Bob Hope and Martin and Lewis . The show influenced Peters ' own life :"}]}, {'value': 'Washington University in St. Louis , 1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis', 'summary': 'Washington University in St. Louis ( WashU , or WUSTL ) is a private research university in Greater St. Louis with its main campus mostly in unincorporated St. Louis County , Missouri and Clayton , Missouri , its West Campus in Clayton , its North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri , and its Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri . Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries . As of 2017 , 24 Nobel laureates in economics , physiology and medicine , chemistry , and physics have been affiliated with Washington University , nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university . Washington University is made up of seven graduate and undergraduate schools that encompass a broad range of academic fields . To prevent confusion over its location , the Board of Trustees added the phrase in St. Louis in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'American cartoonist , ( Mother Goose & Grimm ) ; Pulitzer Prize -winning editorial cartoonist , Dayton Daily News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoonist', 'summary': 'A cartoonist ( also comic strip creator , comic book artist , graphic novel artist , or comic book illustrator ) is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons ( individual images ) or comics ( sequential images ) . Cartoonists include the artists who handle all aspects of the work and those who contribute only part of the production . Cartoonists may work in many formats , such as booklets , comic strips , comic books , editorial cartoons , graphic novels , manuals , gag cartoons , illustrations , storyboards , posters , shirts , books , advertisements , greeting cards , magazines , newspapers , and video game packaging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mother_Goose_&_Grimm', 'summary': "Mother Goose and Grimm ( a.k.a . Mother Goose & Grimm ) is an internationally syndicated comic strip by cartoonist Mike Peters of the Dayton Daily News . It was first syndicated in 1984 , and is distributed by King Features Syndicate to 500 newspapers . Peters received the National Cartoonists Society 's 1991 Reuben Award for the strip as well as a nomination for its Newspaper Comic Strip Award for 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News', 'summary': 'The Dayton Daily News ( DDN ) is a daily newspaper published in Dayton , Ohio , United States . It is a product of Cox Media Group Ohio ( CMG Ohio ) , an integrated broadcasting , publishing , direct marketing and digital media company owned by parent company Cox Enterprises , which is headquartered in Atlanta , Georgia . It is the flagship publication of Cox Media Group Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Booth Tarkington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booth_Tarkington', 'summary': "Newton Booth Tarkington ( July 29 , 1869 - May 19 , 1946 ) was an American novelist and dramatist best known for his novels The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams . He is one of only three novelists to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction more than once , along with William Faulkner and John Updike . Although he is little read now , in the 1910s and 1920s he was considered America 's greatest living author . Several of his stories were adapted to film . He served one term in the Indiana House of Representatives , was critical of the advent of automobiles , and set many of his stories in the Midwest . He eventually removed to Kennebunkport , Maine , where he continued his life work even as he faced a loss of vision ."}]}, {'value': 'Purdue University , 1893', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'Pulitzer Prize -winning novelist , The Magnificent Ambersons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons', 'summary': "The Magnificent Ambersons is a 1918 novel written by Booth Tarkington which won the 1919 Pulitzer Prize for fiction . It was the second novel in his Growth trilogy , which included The Turmoil ( 1915 ) and The Midlander ( 1923 , retitled National Avenue in 1927 ) . In 1925 the novel was first adapted for film under the title Pampered Youth . In 1942 Orson Welles wrote and directed an acclaimed film adaptation of the book . Welles 's original screenplay was the basis of a 2002 TV movie produced by the A & E Network ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sigma_Chi_members_17', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable alumni of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Many notable Sigma Chi Brothers are awarded the Significant Sig Award by headquarters, indicated by as superscriptS.'} | null | null | Among the deceased members , who attended the school that graduated 25 American astronauts ? | George Ade |
04faf377e75fb512 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of best-selling albums in the United States', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Label', 'Shipments ( Sales )', 'Certification'], 'data': [{'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hootie & the Blowfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hootie_&_the_Blowfish', 'summary': "Hootie & the Blowfish is an American rock band that was formed in Columbia , South Carolina in 1986 . The band 's lineup for most of its existence has been the quartet of Darius Rucker , Mark Bryan , Dean Felber , and Jim Sonefeld . The band went on hiatus in 2008 until they announced plans for a full reunion tour in 2019 and released their first new studio album in fourteen years , Imperfect Circle . As of 2019 [ update ] , the band had charted sixteen singles on various Billboard singles charts and recorded six studio albums . Their debut album , Cracked Rear View ( 1994 ) , is the 19th-best-selling album of all time in the United States , and was certified platinum 21 times . They have sold over 21 million copies of their albums in the United States . The group was also popular in Canada , having three number-one singles in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Cracked Rear View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cracked_Rear_View', 'summary': 'Cracked Rear View is the debut studio album by Hootie & the Blowfish , released on July 5 , 1994 by Atlantic Records . Released to positive critical reviews , it became extremely popular and is currently one of the best-selling albums of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '( 14,580,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon & Garfunkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_&_Garfunkel', 'summary': "Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk-rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel . One of the best-selling music groups of the 1960s , their biggest hits - including The Sound of Silence ( 1965 ) , Mrs. Robinson ( 1968 ) , The Boxer ( 1969 ) , and Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1970 ) - reached number one on singles charts worldwide . Simon and Garfunkel met in elementary school in Queens , New York , in 1953 , where they learned to harmonize together and began writing material . By 1957 , under the name Tom & Jerry , the teenagers had their first minor success with Hey Schoolgirl , a song imitating their idols the Everly Brothers . In 1963 , aware of a growing public interest in folk music , they regrouped and were signed to Columbia Records as Simon & Garfunkel . Their debut , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , sold poorly , and they once again disbanded ; Simon returned to a solo career , this time in England . In June 1965 , a new version of The Sound of Silence overdubbed with electric guitar and drums became a major U.S. AM radio hit , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The duo reunited to release a second studio album , Sounds of Silence , and tour colleges nationwide . On their third release , Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme ( 1966 ) , the duo assumed more creative control . Their music was featured in the 1967 film The Graduate , giving them further exposure . Their next album Bookends ( 1968 ) topped the Billboard 200 chart and included the number-one single Mrs. Robinson from the film . The duo 's often rocky relationship led to artistic disagreements and their breakup in 1970 ."}]}, {'value': "Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel's_Greatest_Hits", 'summary': "Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album from Simon & Garfunkel , released on June 14 , 1972 , two years after the duo had split . The album is currently available on CD under Legacy 's Playlist banner ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Records', 'summary': "Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . It was founded in 1887 , evolving from the American Graphophone Company , the successor to the Volta Graphophone Company . Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business , and the second major company to produce records . From 1961 to 1990 , Columbia recordings were released outside North America under the name CBS Records to avoid confusion with EMI 's Columbia Graphophone Company . Columbia is one of Sony Music 's four flagship record labels , alongside former longtime rival RCA Records , as well as Arista Records and Epic Records . Artists who have recorded for Columbia include AC/DC , Adele , Aerosmith , Louis Armstrong , Gene Autry , Count Basie , Nora Bayes , Bix Beiderbecke , Tony Bennett , Leonard Bernstein , Beyoncé , Blue Öyster Cult , Dave Brubeck , The Byrds , Mariah Carey , Pablo Casals , Johnny Cash , The Clash , The Cleveland Orchestra , Rosemary Clooney , Leonard Cohen , Ornette Coleman , Elvis Costello , Miles Davis , Neil Diamond , Celine Dion , Bob Dylan , Earth , Wind & Fire , Duke Ellington , 50 Cent , Flatt and Scruggs , Erroll Garner , Benny Goodman , Glenn Gould , Adelaide Hall , Herbie Hancock , Lauryn Hill , Billie Holiday , Vladimir Horowitz , Billy Joel , Blind Willie Johnson , Robert Johnson , Al Jolson , Janis Joplin , Andre Kostelanetz , Yo-Yo Ma , Johnny Mathis , John Mayer , George Michael , Mitch Miller , Charles Mingus , Thelonious Monk , Billy Murray , Willie Nelson , The New York Philharmonic , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Pink Floyd , Santana , Frank Sinatra , Simon and Garfunkel , Bessie Smith , John Philip Sousa , Bruce Springsteen , Igor Stravinsky , Barbra Streisand , System of a Down , James Taylor , Bonnie Tyler , Ethel Waters , Weather Report , Paul Whiteman , Andy Williams , Bert Williams , Pharrell Williams , Bob Wills , and Bill Withers ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meat Loaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meat_Loaf', 'summary': "Meat Loaf ( Michael Lee Aday , born Marvin Lee Aday , September 27 , 1947 ) is an American singer and actor . He is noted for his powerful , wide-ranging voice and for his theatrical live shows . Meat Loaf 's Bat Out of Hell trilogy of albums - Bat Out of Hell , Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell , and Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose - has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide . More than 40 years after its release , Bat Out of Hell still sells an estimated 200,000 copies annually and stayed on the charts for over nine years , making it one of the best selling albums in history . After the commercial success of Bat Out of Hell and Bat Out of Hell II : Back Into Hell , and earning a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for the song I 'd Do Anything for Love , Meat Loaf nevertheless experienced some difficulty establishing a steady career within the United States . This did not stop him from becoming one of the best-selling music artists of all time , with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records . The key to this success was his retention of iconic status and popularity in Europe , especially the United Kingdom , where he received the 1994 Brit Award for best-selling album and single , appeared in the 1997 film Spice World , and ranks 23rd for the number of weeks spent on the UK charts , as of 2006 . [ update ] He ranks 96th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . Sometimes credited as Meat Loaf Aday , he has also appeared in over 50 movies and television shows , sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona . His most notable film roles include Eddie in The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) , and Robert Bob Paulson in Fight Club ( 1999 ) . His early stage work included dual roles in the original cast of The Rocky Horror Show , and he was also in the musical Hair , both on- and off-Broadway ."}]}, {'value': 'Bat Out of Hell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bat_Out_of_Hell', 'summary': "Bat Out of Hell is the debut studio album by American rock singer Meat Loaf , as well as his first collaboration with composer Jim Steinman and producer Todd Rundgren . The album was released on October 21 , 1977 on Cleveland International/Epic Records . Its musical style is influenced by Steinman 's appreciation of Richard Wagner , Phil Spector , Bruce Springsteen and The Who . Bat Out of Hell has spawned two Meat Loaf sequel albums : Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell and Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose . Bat Out of Hell is one of the best-selling albums of all time , having sold over 43 million copies worldwide . It is certified 14x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of June 2019 , it has spent 522 weeks in the UK Albums Chart , the second longest chart run by a studio album . Regarded as one of the most influential rock albums of all time , Bat Out of Hell 's songs have remained classic rock staples . Rolling Stone ranked it at number 343 on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . A musical based on Bat Out of Hell , staged by Jay Scheib , opened at the Manchester Opera House on February 17 , 2017 , before transferring to the London Coliseum and Toronto , Canada 's Ed Mirvish Theatre in late 2017 . Since April 2 , 2018 , it has been running at the Dominion Theatre , London , with plans to run the show in parallel in Germany and in a tour of the United States in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Epic Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epic_Records', 'summary': "Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 , but later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of genres , including pop , R & B , rock , and hip hop . Epic Records has released music by artists including Bobby Vinton , Glenn Miller , Tammy Wynette , George Michael , The Yardbirds , Donovan , Shakin Stevens , Europe , Cheap Trick , Meat Loaf , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Ted Nugent , Shakira , Sly & the Family Stone , The Hollies , Celine Dion , ABBA , Culture Club , Boston , The Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam , Rage Against the Machine , and Michael Jackson . Along with Arista , Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's four flagship record labels . Artists who have signed to Epic Records include Mudvayne , Fuel , French Montana , Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Future , Fifth Harmony , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Hudson , Keyshia Cole , Franz Ferdinand , Revis , Outkast , Bella Thorne , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Cheyenne Kimball , Busta Rhymes , Verbow , Rick Ross , 21 Savage , Bernard Butler , Travis Scott , DJ Khaled , Silverchair , Ultraspank , Meghan Trainor , Camila Cabello , Wrabel , Swizz Beatz , Pearl Jam and Louis Tomlinson ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Miller Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band', 'summary': "The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco , California . The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals . The group is best known for a string of ( mainly ) mid- to late-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock radio , as well as several earlier psychedelic rock albums . Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band . Shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the bands contract with Capitol Records in 1967 , the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band . In February 1968 , the band recorded its debut album , Children of the Future . It went on to produce the albums Sailor , Brave New World , Your Saving Grace , Number 5 , Rock Love , Fly Like an Eagle , Book of Dreams , and more . The band 's Greatest Hits 1974-78 , released in 1978 , sold over 13 million copies . In 2016 , Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits 1974-78', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_1974–78', 'summary': 'Greatest Hits 1974-78 is a compilation album by the Steve Miller Band released in November 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Backstreet Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backstreet_Boys', 'summary': "Backstreet Boys ( often abbreviated as BSB ) is an American vocal group , formed in Orlando , Florida in 1993 . The group consists of AJ McLean , Howie Dorough , Nick Carter , Kevin Richardson , and Brian Littrell . The group rose to fame with their debut international album , Backstreet Boys ( 1996 ) . In the following year , they released their second international album Backstreet 's Back ( 1997 ) along with their self-titled U.S. debut album , which continued the group 's success worldwide . They rose to superstardom with their third studio album Millennium ( 1999 ) and its follow-up album , Black & Blue ( 2000 ) . After a two-year hiatus , they regrouped and released a comeback album Never Gone ( 2005 ) . After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006 , Richardson left the group to pursue other interests . The group then released two albums as a quartet : Unbreakable ( 2007 ) and This Is Us ( 2009 ) . In 2012 , the group announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently . In the following year , they celebrated their 20th anniversary and released their first independent album , In a World Like This ( 2013 ) . The Backstreet Boys are one of the few boy bands to have continued success long after their peak . Their 2019 album DNA debuted at number one , more than two decades after the group formed ."}]}, {'value': 'Millennium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)', 'summary': 'Millennium is the third studio album ( second in the US ) by American vocal pop group , the Backstreet Boys , released on May 18 , 1999 by Jive Records . It was a highly anticipated follow-up to both their US debut album , and their second internationally released album . It was their first album to be released in both the US and internationally in the same form , at the same time . In the United States , it holds the record for most shipments in one year , with 11 million in 1999 . It was nominated for five Grammy Awards and spawned four Top 40 singles , including the single I Want It That Way . Three of the singles , I Want It That Way , Larger than Life and Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely , became some of their most successful and remembered hits of all time , with I Want It That Way becoming their biggest hit to date . Millennium has since become one of the best-selling albums of all time , selling over 24 million copies worldwide . The band promoted the album by the Into the Millennium Tour , which became one of the fastest-grossing tours of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 13,890,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soundtrack / Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston', 'summary': "Whitney Elizabeth Houston ( August 9 , 1963 - February 11 , 2012 ) was an American singer and actress . She was cited as the most awarded female artist of all time by Guinness World Records and remains one of the best-selling music artists of all time with 200 million records sold worldwide . Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums , all of which have been certified diamond , multi-platinum , platinum , or gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her crossover appeal on the popular music charts - as well as her prominence on MTV , starting with her video for How Will I Know - influenced several female African-American artists . Houston began singing in church as a child and became a background vocalist while in high school . With the guidance of Arista Records chairman Clive Davis , she signed to the label at the age of 19 . Her first two studio albums , Whitney Houston ( 1985 ) and Whitney ( 1987 ) , both reached number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and to-date are the biggest-selling first two albums released of any artist in history . To this day , she is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Saving All My Love for You in 1985 to Where Do Broken Hearts Go in 1988 . Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) . She recorded six songs for the film 's soundtrack , including I Will Always Love You , which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history . The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year ; it remains the best-selling soundtrack album in history . Houston made other high-profile film appearances and contributed/produced their accompanying soundtracks , including Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bodyguard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bodyguard:_Original_Soundtrack_Album', 'summary': "The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album is a soundtrack album from the film of the same name , released on November 17 , 1992 , by Arista Records . The album 's first side ( in its original LP and cassette formats ) features songs recorded by American singer Whitney Houston , who starred in the film , while side two features the work of various artists . Houston and Clive Davis were co-executive producers of the record , which is the best selling female album of all-time . The Bodyguard is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time selling 45 million copies worldwide . The soundtrack was the first album verified by the Nielsen SoundScan computerized sales monitoring system to have sold more than a million units within a one-week period , the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The soundtrack later went on to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified 18× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on November 2017 . It is the 15th best-selling album in the United States . In honor of the 25th anniversary of the soundtrack 's release , Legacy Recordings and the Whitney Houston Estate released I Wish You Love : More from The Bodyguard , which included a collection of never-before-released live recordings from Houston 's historic The Bodyguard Tour ( 1993-1995 ) , alternate versions of the audio recordings from The Bodyguard film , and an alternate version of a remix of Im Every Woman ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '( 13,450,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santana_(band)', 'summary': 'Santana is an American rock band formed in San Francisco in 1966 by Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter Carlos Santana . The band has undergone multiple recording and performing line-ups in its history , with Santana the only consistent member . Santana had early success with their appearance at Woodstock in 1969 and their first three albums , Santana ( 1969 ) , Abraxas ( 1970 ) , and Santana III ( 1971 ) . Other important core members during this period include Gregg Rolie , Mike Carabello , Michael Shrieve , David Brown , and José Chepito Areas , forming the classic line-up . Following its initial success Santana experimented with elements of jazz fusion on Caravanserai ( 1972 ) , Welcome ( 1973 ) , and Borboletta ( 1974 ) . Santana reached a new peak of commercial and critical success with Supernatural ( 1999 ) and its singles Smooth , featuring singer Rob Thomas , and Maria Maria . The album reached No . 1 in eleven countries and sold 12 million copies in the US . In 2014 , the classic line-up reunited for Santana IV ( 2016 ) and the group continue to perform and record . Santana is one of the best-selling groups of all time with 43.5 million certified albums sold the US , and an estimated 100 million sold worldwide . Its discography include 25 studio albums , 14 of which reached the US top 10 . In 1998 , the line-up of Santana , Rolie , Carabello , Shrieve , Brown , and Areas was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Supernatural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)', 'summary': "Supernatural is the eighteenth studio album by Latin rock band Santana , released on June 15 , 1999 on Arista Records . After the group found themselves without a label in the mid-1990s , founding member and guitarist Carlos Santana began talks with Arista president Clive Davis , which led to a new record deal . Davis had originally signed the group to Columbia Records in 1969 when he was president of that label . The pair collaborated with A & R man Pete Ganbarg on the production of Supernatural as Santana wanted to focus his musical direction towards pop and radio friendly material and proceeded to do so by collaborating with various contemporary guest artists , including Eric Clapton , Rob Thomas , Eagle-Eye Cherry , Lauryn Hill , Dave Matthews , Maná , KC Porter and Cee-Lo Green . Supernatural became a significant commercial success worldwide , generating renewed interest on Santana 's music . It reached No . 1 in eleven countries , including the US for 12 non-consecutive weeks where it is certified 15× Platinum . The first of six singles from the album , Smooth featuring Matchbox Twenty singer Rob Thomas , was a number one success worldwide and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 12 weeks . The next , Maria Maria , featuring The Product G & B , was number one in the US for 10 weeks . Supernatural has sold an estimated 30 million copies worldwide . In 2000 , the album was the subject of nine Grammy Awards including Album of the Year , making Santana the first Hispanic to do so , and Best Rock Album , tying the record held by Michael Jackson for the most number of awards in a single night . Davis won Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '( 13,110,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince and the Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_and_the_Revolution', 'summary': "The Revolution is an American rock band formed in Minneapolis , Minnesota and assembled in 1979 by Prince . Although widely associated with rock music , the band 's sound incorporated rhythm and blues , pop , funk , and psychedelia elements . Before their official break-up , the Revolution had released two studio albums , two soundtracks , and two videos . The band is known for its many members , varied in race and gender . The Revolution rose to international fame in the mid-1980s with Purple Rain ( 1984 ) , which reached number one on the Billboard 200 and became certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The band also achieved its second number-one Billboard 200 album with Around the World in a Day in 1985 . They achieved six top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , including three number-ones : Let 's Go Crazy , When Doves Cry and Raspberry Beret . The band officially disbanded in 1986 after the Hit n Run - Parade Tour , which supported Parade , the soundtrack for Under the Cherry Moon . Following Prince 's death in 2016 , the band announced reunion shows . The Revolution won three Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Purple Rain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)', 'summary': "Purple Rain is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Prince , released on June 25 , 1984 by Warner Bros. Records . It is the first to feature the billing of his band the Revolution , and is the soundtrack to the 1984 film of the same name . Purple Rain was musically denser than Prince 's previous albums , emphasizing full band performances , and multiple layers of guitars , keyboards , electronic synthesizer effects , drum machines , and other instruments . As with many massive crossover albums , Purple Rain 's consolidation of myriad styles , from pop rock to R & B to dance , is generally acknowledged to account in part for its enormous popularity . As a soundtrack record , much of the album had a grandiose , synthesized , and psychedelic sheen to the production and performances . The music on Purple Rain is generally regarded as the most pop-oriented of Prince 's career , though a number of elements point towards the more experimental records Prince would release after Purple Rain . Take Me with U was written for Apollonia 6 ( 1984 ) , but later enlisted for Purple Rain . The risqué lyrics of Darling Nikki contributed to the use of Parental Advisory stickers and imprints on album covers that were the record label 's answer to complaints from Tipper Gore and the Parents Music Resource Center Purple Rain became Prince 's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 . When Doves Cry and Let 's Go Crazy reached number one the Billboard Hot 100 , while Purple Rain peaked at number two and I Would Die 4 U peaked at number eight . Prince was the third artist after Elvis Presley and the Beatles to have the number-one album , single and film in the US all at the same time . The album spent 24 consecutive weeks atop on the Billboard 200 , from August 4 , 1984 to January 18 , 1985 , and was present on the chart for a total of 122 weeks . In May 1996 , it was certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and its total sales stand at 25 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros.', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( also simply known as Warner Bros. and initialized as WB ) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Burbank , California , and a division of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . Founded in 1923 , it has operations in areas such as film , television , and video games and is one of the Big Five major American film studios , as well as a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . The company 's portfolio encompasses the film studios Warner Bros. Pictures , New Line Cinema , Castle Rock Entertainment and DC Films ; the television production and syndication company Warner Bros. Television ; the animation studios Warner Bros . Animation and Warner Animation Group ; the publisher DC Comics ; the video game development and publishing arm Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment ; the pay television channels Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Turner Classic Movies ; and a 50% interest in The CW television network , which is co-owned with ViacomCBS . Aside from content operations , Warner Bros. also has several theme parks that are managed and operated by third party companies ."}]}, {'value': '13,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston', 'summary': "Whitney Elizabeth Houston ( August 9 , 1963 - February 11 , 2012 ) was an American singer and actress . She was cited as the most awarded female artist of all time by Guinness World Records and remains one of the best-selling music artists of all time with 200 million records sold worldwide . Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums , all of which have been certified diamond , multi-platinum , platinum , or gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her crossover appeal on the popular music charts - as well as her prominence on MTV , starting with her video for How Will I Know - influenced several female African-American artists . Houston began singing in church as a child and became a background vocalist while in high school . With the guidance of Arista Records chairman Clive Davis , she signed to the label at the age of 19 . Her first two studio albums , Whitney Houston ( 1985 ) and Whitney ( 1987 ) , both reached number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and to-date are the biggest-selling first two albums released of any artist in history . To this day , she is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Saving All My Love for You in 1985 to Where Do Broken Hearts Go in 1988 . Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) . She recorded six songs for the film 's soundtrack , including I Will Always Love You , which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history . The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year ; it remains the best-selling soundtrack album in history . Houston made other high-profile film appearances and contributed/produced their accompanying soundtracks , including Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston_(album)', 'summary': "Whitney Houston is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Whitney Houston . It was released on February 14 , 1985 , by Arista Records . The album initially had a slow commercial response , but began getting more popular in the summer of 1985 . It eventually topped the Billboard 200 for 14 weeks in 1986 , generating three number-one singles - Saving All My Love for You , How Will I Know and Greatest Love of All ( a cover of The Greatest Love of All , originally recorded in 1977 by George Benson ) - on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , which made it both the first debut album and the first album by a solo female artist to produce three number-one singles . The album topped the albums charts in many countries , including Canada , Australia , Norway and Sweden , peaking at number 2 in the United Kingdom , Germany , and Switzerland . The album was certified diamond for shipments of 10 million units or more on March 16 , 1999 , and later 13× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 29 , 1999 . With sales of over 22 million copies , Whitney Houston is one of the best selling albums worldwide as well as the best selling debut album of all-time . In 1986 , at the 28th Grammy Awards , Whitney Houston received four nominations ; including Album of the Year and won one , Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female for Saving All My Love for You . For the 29th Grammy Awards of 1987 , the album earned one nomination for Record of the Year for Greatest Love of All . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 254 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In its 2012 edition , the album was ranked at number 257 . In honor of its 25th anniversary , the album was reissued as Whitney Houston - The Deluxe Anniversary Edition on January 26 , 2010 , an expanded edition with five bonus tracks including the a cappella version of How Will I Know and the original 12-inch remixes , a booklet tracking the history of the original album , along with a DVD of live performances and interviews by Whitney Houston and Clive Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '13,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eminem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}]}, {'value': 'The Marshall Mathers LP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP', 'summary': "The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem , released on May 23 , 2000 by Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . It was recorded over a two-month period in several studios in the Detroit area , and during this time , Eminem felt significant pressure to improve upon the success of his previous record . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the album features more introspective lyricism including his response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics . Musically , the album incorporates hardcore hip hop and horrorcore . The Marshall Mathers LP debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 1.78 million copies in its first week alone which made it one of the fastest-selling studio albums in the United States . It also reached number one in eleven other countries . The Marshall Mathers LP 's first single The Real Slim Shady became Eminem 's biggest hit up to that point and peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song and its video both poke fun at pop culture figures at the time such as NSYNC , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera and Will Smith . The album also features Stan , which has been regarded as one of Eminem 's signature songs . Like The Slim Shady LP , The Marshall Mathers LP was surrounded by significant controversy upon its release . Criticism centered around lyrics that were considered violent , homophobic , and misogynistic ."}]}, {'value': 'Aftermath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aftermath_Records', 'summary': "Aftermath Entertainment is an American record label founded by hip hop producer and rapper Dr. Dre . It operates as a subsidiary of , and is distributed through , Universal Music Group 's Interscope Records . Current acts include Dr. Dre himself , Eminem , Kendrick Lamar , Anderson Paak and Justus with former acts including 50 Cent , Busta Rhymes , The Game , Raekwon , Eve , Rakim , Jon Connor and many others . The label 's acts over the years have earned RIAA certifications of platinum or higher on 20 of its 28 released albums ."}]}, {'value': '( 12,940,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10× Platinum ( as of 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1_(The_Beatles_album)', 'summary': "1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles , originally released on 13 November 2000 . The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970 . Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band 's break-up , it was their first compilation available on only one CD . 1 was a commercial success and topped the charts worldwide . It has sold over 31 million copies . In addition , 1 is the fourth best-selling album in the US since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking US album sales in January 1991 and the best-selling album of the 2000s decade in the US , as well as the best-selling album of the decade worldwide . 1 was remastered and reissued in September 2011 , and was remixed and reissued again in several different deluxe editions in November 2015 , the most comprehensive of which is a three-disc set entitled 1+ , which includes video discs of the band 's promotional films . As of June 2015 , 1 is the sixth best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK , having sold over 3.1 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Apple /EMI/ Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Records', 'summary': 'Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles , both as a group and individually , plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice , the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists . Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973 , then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs . Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '( 12,800,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11× Platinum ( as of 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSYNC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSYNC', 'summary': "NSYNC ( /ɛnˈsɪŋk/ , /ɪn-/ ; also stylized as *NSYNC or ' N Sync ) was an American boy band formed in Orlando , Florida , in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich . NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake , JC Chasez , Chris Kirkpatrick , Joey Fatone , and Lance Bass . After heavily publicized legal battles with their former manager Lou Pearlman and former record label Bertelsmann Music Group , the group 's second album , No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) , sold over one million copies in one day and 2.42 million copies in one week , which was a record for over fifteen years . Among the group 's singles , I Want You Back , Bye Bye Bye , This I Promise You , Girlfriend , Pop and It 's Gon na Be Me reached the top 10 in several international charts , with the last being a US Billboard Hot 100 number one . In addition to a host of Grammy Award nominations , NSYNC has performed at the World Series , the Super Bowl and the Olympic Games , and sang or recorded with Elton John , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , Janet Jackson , Britney Spears , Phil Collins , Celine Dion , Aerosmith , Nelly , Left Eye , Mary J. Blige , country music supergroup Alabama , and Gloria Estefan . NSYNC last recorded new material in 2002 . The band completed five nationwide concert tours and has sold between 50 and 70 million records , becoming the fifth-best-selling boy band in history . Rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time . Justin Timberlake went on to become one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with more than 56 million records sold throughout his solo career ."}]}, {'value': 'No Strings Attached', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Strings_Attached_(NSYNC_album)', 'summary': "No Strings Attached is the second studio album by American boy band NSYNC , released on March 21 , 2000 , by Jive Records . Looking to distinguish their music from that of their labelmates , the band chose to incorporate pop and R & B styles . Prior to the release of the album , NSYNC separated from their management Trans Continental and their label RCA Records ; its title is a play on the idea of independence from corporate control . Contributions to the album 's production came from a wide range of producers , including group members Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez and collaborators Kristian Lundin , Jake Schulze , Rami , Teddy Riley , Kevin She'kspere Briggs , Richard Marx , Veit Renn , Babyface , and Guy Roche . After several delays due to legal battles , No Strings Attached was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics . The album debuted atop the U.S . Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 2.4 million copies , setting the record for one-week sales in the country ; a record that lasted 15 years , until Adele surpassed the first-week sales record in 2015 with her third studio album 25 . Four singles were released from the album . Its lead single Bye Bye Bye is credited with creating the hype for the album 's eventual landmark success . It was the best selling album of 2000 . The band promoted the album by the No Strings Attached Tour , being one of the highest-grossing tours of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 12,680,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11× Platinum ( as of 2001 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britney Spears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Britney_Spears', 'summary': "Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she appeared in stage productions and television series , before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first two studio albums , .Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! . I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , were global successes and made her the best-selling teenage artist of all-time . Referred to as the Princess of Pop , Spears is regarded as a pop icon and is credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Spears adopted more mature and provocative themes for her next two studio albums , Britney ( 2001 ) and In the Zone ( 2003 ) , and made her feature film debut in a starring role in Crossroads ( 2002 ) . Following a series of heavily publicized personal struggles and erratic public behavior , Spears 's career was interrupted , before the release of her fifth studio album Blackout ( 2007 ) , which is often critically referred to as her best work . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations led Spears to be placed on a still ongoing conservatorship . She returned to the top of record charts with her sixth and seventh studio albums , Circus ( 2008 ) and Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , respectively . In 2012 , Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of the year , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 . During the promotion of her eighth and ninth studio albums , Britney Jean ( 2013 ) and Glory ( 2016 ) , Spears embarked on a four-year concert residency , Britney : Piece of Me , at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas , which became one of the highest-grossing residencies of all-time . In 2019 , Spears announced an indefinite career hiatus and was later admitted involuntarily into a mental health facility by her conservator , leading to a court-led investigation into malpractice conducted by Spears 's team ."}]}, {'value': '... Baby One More Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/...Baby_One_More_Time_(album)', 'summary': ".Baby One More Time is the debut studio album by American singer Britney Spears . It was released on January 12 , 1999 through Jive Records . In June 1997 , while Spears negotiated with her manager at the time , Lou Pearlman , to join female pop group Innosense , her mother , Lynne Spears , asked a family friend and entertainment lawyer , Larry Rudolph , for his opinion . Rudolph took interest and decided to pitch her to record labels . Rudolph submitted a tape of Britney Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song , along with a demo tape of an unused song from Toni Braxton . Jive Records was interested and appointed the singer to work with producer Eric Foster White . After hearing the recorded material , Jive signed Spears to a multi-album deal . Spears traveled to Sweden to work with producers Max Martin , Denniz Pop , and Rami Yacoub , among others . Martin presented a track titled Hit Me Baby ( One More Time ) to Spears and her management , which had been rejected by the girl group TLC . Spears later claimed that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit record . Her debut album was completed in June 1998 , and the song was released as .Baby One More Time as Spears ' debut single in October . The single became a global success , reaching number one in every country it charted in , became the best-selling song of 1999 in the UK , and has since become one of the best-selling singles of all-time , selling over 10 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 12,200,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)', 'summary': "The Beatles , also known as the White Album , is the ninth studio album and only double album by the English rock band the Beatles , released on 22 November 1968 . Its plain white sleeve has no graphics or text other than the band 's name embossed , [ a ] which was intended as a direct contrast to the vivid cover artwork of the band 's previous LP Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . The Beatles is recognised for its fragmentary style and diverse range of genres , including folk , British blues , ska , music hall and the avant-garde . It has since been viewed by some critics as a postmodern work , as well as among the greatest albums of all time . Most of the songs on the album were written during March and April 1968 at a Transcendental Meditation course in Rishikesh , India . There , the only western instrument available to the band was the acoustic guitar ; some of these songs remained acoustic on The Beatles and were recorded solo , or only by part of the group . The production aesthetic ensured that the album 's sound was scaled-down and less reliant on studio innovation , relative to all their releases since 1966 's Revolver . The Beatles also broke with the band 's recent tradition of incorporating several musical styles in one song by keeping each piece of music consistently faithful to a select genre . At the end of May 1968 , the Beatles returned to EMI Studios in London to commence recording sessions that lasted through to mid-October . During these sessions , arguments broke out among the foursome over creative differences and John Lennon 's new partner , Yoko Ono , whose constant presence subverted the Beatles ' policy regarding wives and girlfriends in the studio . After a series of problems , including producer George Martin taking a sudden leave of absence and engineer Geoff Emerick suddenly quitting , Ringo Starr left the band briefly in August ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24× Platinum ( 2-disc album )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Road', 'summary': "Abbey Road is the eleventh studio album by English rock band the Beatles , released on 26 September 1969 by Apple Records . Named after the location of EMI Studios in London , the cover features the group walking across the street 's zebra crossing , an image that became one of the most famous and imitated in popular music . The album 's initially mixed reviews were contrasted by its immediate commercial success , topping record charts in the UK and US . Lead single Something / Come Together was released in October and topped US charts . The album incorporates genres such as blues , rock and pop , and makes prominent use of Moog synthesizer , sounds filtered through a Leslie speaker , and tom-tom drums . It is their only album recorded exclusively through a solid-state transistor mixing desk , which afforded a clearer and brighter sound compared to the group 's previous records . Side two contains a medley of song fragments edited together to form a single piece . The sessions also produced a non-album single , The Ballad of John and Yoko backed with Old Brown Shoe . Producer George Martin returned on the condition that the Beatles adhere to the discipline of their earlier records . They found the album 's recording more enjoyable than the preceding Get Back sessions , but personal issues still permeated the band . Production lasted from February to August 1969 , with closing track The End marking the final occasion that all four members recorded together . John Lennon privately left the group days before the album 's release ; Paul McCartney publicly declared the band 's break-up the following April ."}]}, {'value': 'Apple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Records', 'summary': 'Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles , both as a group and individually , plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice , the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists . Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973 , then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs . Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Led Zeppelin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Led_Zeppelin', 'summary': "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 . The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant , guitarist Jimmy Page , bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones , and drummer John Bonham . With their heavy , guitar-driven sound , they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal , although their style drew from a variety of influences , including blues and folk music . After changing their name from the New Yardbirds , Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom . Although the group were initially unpopular with critics , they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums released over ten years , from Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) to In Through the Out Door ( 1979 ) . Their untitled fourth studio album , commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) , and featuring the song Stairway to Heaven , is among the most popular and influential works in rock music , and helped to secure the group 's popularity . Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin 's music , particularly early in their career , while Plant generally supplied the lyrics . Jones 's keyboard-based compositions later became central to the group 's catalogue , which featured increasing experimentation . The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess and debauchery . Although they remained commercially and critically successful , their output and touring schedule were limited during the late 1970s , and the group disbanded following Bonham 's death from alcohol-related asphyxia in 1980 . In the decades that followed , the former members sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off Led Zeppelin reunions . The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London , with Bonham 's son Jason Bonham on drums ."}]}, {'value': 'Led Zeppelin II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_II', 'summary': "Led Zeppelin II is the second album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin , released on 22 October 1969 in the United States and on 31 October 1969 in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Records . Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in both the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969 . The album 's production was credited to the band 's lead guitarist and songwriter Jimmy Page , and it was also Led Zeppelin 's first album on which Eddie Kramer served as engineer . The album exhibited the band 's evolving musical style of blues-derived material and their guitar riff-based sound . It has been described as the band 's heaviest album . Six of the nine songs were written by the band , while the other three were reinterpretations of Chicago blues songs by Willie Dixon and Howlin ' Wolf . One single , Whole Lotta Love , was released outside of the UK ( the band would release no UK singles during their career ) , and peaked as a top-ten single in over a dozen markets around the world . Led Zeppelin II was a commercial success , and was the band 's first album to reach number one on charts in the UK and the US . The album 's cover designer David Juniper was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in 1970 . On 15 November 1999 , the album was certified 12× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales passing 12 million copies . Since its release , various writers and music critics have regularly cited Led Zeppelin II as one of the greatest and most influential albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Rogers', 'summary': "Kenneth Ray Rogers ( born August 21 , 1938 ) is an American retired singer , songwriter , actor , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame . In the late 1950s , he started his recording career with jazz-singer Bobby Doyle , and joined the folk ensemble The New Christy Minstrels in 1961 , playing double bass and bass guitar as well as singing . In 1967 , he and several members of The New Christy Minstrels left to found the group The First Edition , with whom he scored his first major hit , Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) , a psychedelic rock song which peaked at number five on the Billboard charts . As Rogers took an increased leadership role in The First Edition , and following the success of 1969 's Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town , the band gradually changed styles to a more country feel . The band broke up in 1975-1976 , and Kenny Rogers embarked on a long and successful solo career , which included several successful collaborations , including duets with singers Dolly Parton and Sheena Easton , and a songwriting partnership with Lionel Richie . His signature song is 1978 's The Gambler , a cross-over hit that won him a Grammy award in 1980 and was selected in 2018 for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress . He would develop the Gambler persona into a character for a successful series of television films starting with 1980 's Emmy-nominated Kenny Rogers as The Gambler . Though he has been most successful with country audiences , Rogers has charted more than 120 hit singles across various music genres , topped the country and pop album charts for more than 200 individual weeks in the United States alone , and has sold over 100 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . On September 25 , 2015 , Rogers announced on NBC 's Today Show that he was retiring from show business after a final tour to spend more time with his wife and twin sons . Two of his albums , The Gambler and Kenny , are featured in the About.com poll of The 200 Most Influential Country Albums Ever . He was voted the Favorite Singer of All Time in a 1986 joint poll by readers of both USA Today and People ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(1980_Kenny_Rogers_album)', 'summary': "Greatest Hits ( sometimes referred to as Kenny Rogers ' Greatest Hits ) is the second compilation album by country music superstar Kenny Rogers . It was released in September 1980 and issued by Liberty Records . The album marks Rogers ' first release after United Artists Group merged with Liberty . The album has achieved diamond certification ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Records', 'summary': 'Liberty Records was an American record label started by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Al Bennett as president and Theodore Keep as chief engineer . It was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Collins', 'summary': "Philip David Charles Collins LVO ( born 30 January 1951 ) is an English drummer , singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , and actor . He was the drummer and then the singer of the rock band Genesis , and is also a solo artist . Between 1982 and 1989 , Collins scored three UK and seven US number-one singles in his solo career . When his work with Genesis , his work with other artists , as well as his solo career is totalled , he had more US Top 40 singles than any other artist during the 1980s . His most successful singles from the period include In the Air Tonight , Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) , One More Night , Sussudio , Two Hearts and Another Day in Paradise . Born and raised in west London , Collins played drums from the age of five and completed drama school training , which secured him various roles as a child actor . He then pursued a music career , joining Genesis in 1970 as their drummer and becoming lead singer in 1975 following the departure of Peter Gabriel . Collins began a solo career in the 1980s , initially inspired by his marital breakdown and love of soul music , releasing a series of successful albums , including Face Value ( 1981 ) , No Jacket Required ( 1985 ) , and .But Seriously ( 1989 ) . Collins became one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond . He also became known for a distinctive gated reverb drum sound on many of his recordings . In 1996 , Collins left Genesis to focus on solo work ; this included writing songs for Disneys Tarzan ( 1999 ) for which he received an Oscar for Best Original Song for You 'll Be in My Heart . He rejoined Genesis for their Turn It On Again Tour in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'No Jacket Required', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Jacket_Required', 'summary': "No Jacket Required is the third solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins . It was originally released on 18 February 1985 on Virgin ( UK and Ireland ) , Atlantic ( US and Canada ) , and WEA ( rest of the world ) . It features guest backing vocalists , including Helen Terry , Peter Gabriel and Sting . Some of the songs , like Do n't Lose My Number and Sussudio , were based around improvisation . Other songs , like Long Long Way to Go , had a political message . One More Night , Sussudio , Do n't Lose My Number and Take Me Home were released as singles , with corresponding music videos . All four singles were top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , with Sussudio and One More Night reaching number one . The three singles that were released in the UK all reached the top 20 on the UK charts . Many of the songs , including Take Me Home and Long Long Way to Go , have been featured in episodes of Miami Vice and Cold Case , and The Man with the Horn was re-written and re-recorded for the episode Phil the Shill . We Said Hello Goodbye was remixed for the film Playing for Keeps . Upon its release , the album was received favourably by the majority of music critics and won three Grammy Awards including for Album of the Year in 1986 . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that Collins was quietly revolutionising and expanding the role of the drums in pop record making ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Jovi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Jovi', 'summary': "Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in 1983 in Sayreville , New Jersey . It consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi , keyboardist David Bryan , drummer Tico Torres , guitarist Phil X , and bassist Hugh McDonald . Previous bassist Alec John Such was dismissed in 1994 , and longtime guitarist and co-songwriter Richie Sambora left in 2013 . In 1984 and 1985 , Bon Jovi released their first two albums and their debut single Runaway managed to crack the Top 40 . In 1986 , the band achieved widespread success and global recognition with their third album , Slippery When Wet , which sold over 20 million copies and included three Top 10 singles , two of which reached No . 1 ( You Give Love a Bad Name and Livin ' on a Prayer ) Their fourth album , New Jersey ( 1988 ) , was also very successful , selling over 10 million copies and featuring five Top 10 singles ( a record for a hard rock album ) , two of which reached No . 1 ( Bad Medicine and I 'll Be There for You ) . After the band toured and recorded extensively during the late 1980s , culminating in the 1988-90 New Jersey Tour , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora released successful solo albums in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . In 1992 , the band returned with the double-platinum Keep the Faith . This was followed by their biggest-selling and longest-charting single Always ( 1994 ) and the album These Days ( 1995 ) , which proved to be a bigger hit in Europe than in the United States , producing four Top Ten singles in the United Kingdom . Following a second hiatus , their 2000 album Crush , particularly the lead single , It 's My Life , successfully introduced the band to a younger audience . The band followed up with Bounce in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Slippery When Wet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slippery_When_Wet', 'summary': "Slippery When Wet is the third studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi . It was released on August 18 , 1986 by Mercury Records in North America and Vertigo Records internationally . It was produced by Bruce Fairbairn , with recording sessions between January and July 1986 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Slippery When Wet was an instant commercial success . Its songs are considered Bon Jovi 's best known , including You Give Love a Bad Name , Livin ' on a Prayer , and Wanted Dead or Alive . The album spent eight weeks at No . 1 on the U.S . Billboard 200 chart and was named by Billboard as the top-selling album of 1987 . Slippery When Wet is Bon Jovi 's best-selling album to date , with an RIAA certification of 12× Platinum , making it one of the top 100 best-selling albums in the United States . The album was featured in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercury Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercury_Records', 'summary': 'Mercury Records was an American record label owned by Universal Music Group . In the US , it operated through Island Records ; in the UK , it was distributed by Virgin EMI Records . Since the separation of Island Records , Motown , Mercury Records , and Def Jam Recordings combining the Island Def Jam Music Group , Mercury Records has been placed under Island Records , although its back catalogue is still owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Def Leppard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Def_Leppard', 'summary': "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement . Since 1992 , the band has consisted of Joe Elliott ( lead vocals ) , Rick Savage ( bass , backing vocals ) , Rick Allen ( drums , backing vocals ) , Phil Collen ( guitars , backing vocals ) , and Vivian Campbell ( guitars , backing vocals ) , which has been the band 's longest running line-up . The band 's strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s . Their 1981 album , High ' n ' Dry , was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange , who helped them begin to define their style , and the album 's main track Bringin ' On the Heartbreak became one of the first rock videos played on MTV in 1982 . The band 's next studio album , Pyromania , was released in January 1983 , with Photograph and Rock of Ages as the lead singles . In the U.S. , Pyromania was certified diamond ( 10× platinum ) , making Def Leppard among the most popular music groups at the time . In 2003 , the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Def Leppard 's fourth album Hysteria , released in 1987 , topped the UK and U.S. album charts . As of 2009 , it has reached beyond the success of Pyromania , having been certified 12× platinum for sales of over 12 million in the U.S. and has gone on to sell over 25 million copies worldwide . The album spawned seven hit singles , including the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number one Love Bites , alongside Pour Some Sugar on Me , Hysteria , Armageddon It , Animal , Rocket , and Women . Their next studio album , Adrenalize ( the first following the death of guitarist Steve Clark ) , reached number one in UK and U.S. charts in 1992 , and contained several hits , including Let 's Get Rocked and Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad ."}]}, {'value': 'Hysteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)', 'summary': "Hysteria is the fourth studio album by English hard rock band Def Leppard , released on 3 August 1987 through Mercury Records and reissued on 1 January 2000 . It is Def Leppard 's best-selling album to date , selling over 25 million copies worldwide , including 12 million in the US , and spawning seven hit singles . The album charted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart . Hysteria was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange . The title of the album was thought up by drummer Rick Allen , referring to his 1984 auto accident and the ensuing worldwide media coverage surrounding it . It is also the last album to feature guitarist Steve Clark before his death , although songs co-written by him would appear on the band 's next album , Adrenalize . The album is the follow-up to the band 's 1983 breakthrough Pyromania . Hysteria 's creation took over three years and was plagued by delays , including the aftermath of drummer Rick Allens accident that cost him his left arm on 31 December 1984 . Subsequent to the album 's release , Def Leppard published a book entitled Animal Instinct : The Def Leppard Story , written by Rolling Stone magazine senior editor David Fricke , on the three-year recording process of Hysteria and the tough times the band endured through the mid-1980s . Lasting 62 and a half minutes , the album is the band 's longest to date ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercury Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercury_Records', 'summary': 'Mercury Records was an American record label owned by Universal Music Group . In the US , it operated through Island Records ; in the UK , it was distributed by Virgin EMI Records . Since the separation of Island Records , Motown , Mercury Records , and Def Jam Recordings combining the Island Def Jam Music Group , Mercury Records has been placed under Island Records , although its back catalogue is still owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '10–14 million copies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States_2', 'intro': "This is a list of the best-selling albums in the United States based on RIAA certification and Nielsen SoundScan sales tracking. The criteria are that the album must have been published (including self-publishing by the artist), and the album must have achieved at least a diamond certification from the RIAA. The albums released prior to March 1991 should be included with their certified units only, as their Nielsen SoundScan sales are not complete. Since February 2016, album certifications include on-demand audio and video streams and a track sale equivalent units. Groupings are based on different benchmarks; the highest being for at least 20 million units, and the lowest being for multi-disc albums certified at least 10 times platinum and single-disc albums that have been certified at least 10 times platinum but with sales figures lower than 10,000,000. Albums are listed in order of units certified, or sales figures when available, by greatest to least. As a result of the RIAA's methodology of counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification, most double albums on the list - such as Pink Floyd's The Wall and Outkast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below - have been certified with a number double the number of copies sold. Such albums have the shipments of copies, not discs, indicated. Conversely, the certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold. The albums in this list are ordered first by number of units, then by platinum awards received, and finally by artist name and album title. Albums with two references for their estimated actual sales include sales through BMG Music Club. Albums with three references for their estimated actual sales include sales through BMG Music Club and Columbia House."} | null | null | For the album with Epic Records as the label , who was the producer ? | Todd Rundgren |
04fba7997bf4b770 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_8)', 'title': 'Strictly Come Dancing (series 8)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Celebrity', 'Highest score', 'Celebrity', 'Lowest score'], 'data': [{'value': 'American Smooth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Smooth', 'summary': 'This is a list of dance terms that are not names of dances or types of dances . See List of dances and List of dance style categories for those . This glossary lists terms used in various types of ballroom partner dances , leaving out terms of highly evolved or specialized dance forms , such as ballet , tap dancing , and square dancing , which have their own elaborate terminology . See also :'}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_Tango', 'summary': "Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and Montevideo . It typically has a 24 or 44 rhythmic time signature , and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC . Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness , and laments for lost love . The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small button accordion called the bandoneon . It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally , adding modern elements without replacing the older ones . Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro , Juan D'Arienzo , Carlos Di Sarli , Osvaldo Pugliese , and Ástor Piazzolla ."}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tina O'Brien", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tina_O'Brien", 'summary': "Tina Michelle O'Brien ( born 7 August 1983 ) is an English actress . She is best known for her role as Sarah Platt in the ITV soap Coronation Street from 1999 to 2007 and 2015 onwards , and her role as Bex Fisher in the BBC school drama Waterloo Road from 2010 to 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cha Cha Cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Daniels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Daniels', 'summary': "Newton Edward Daniels ( 6 April 1938 - 17 March 2016 ) , known professionally as Paul Daniels , was an English magician and television presenter . He achieved international fame through his television series The Paul Daniels Magic Show , which ran on the BBC from 1979 to 1994 . He was known for his catchphrase , You 'll like this . not a lot , but you 'll like it ! and for his marriage to his assistant , Debbie McGee . He was awarded the Magician of the Year Award by the Academy of Magical Arts in 1982 , the first magician from outside the United States to receive it . He also won the Golden Rose of Montreux in 1985 . He was a Member of the Inner Magic Circle with Gold Star . [ citation needed ] He has been described as The Godfather of Magic and has been repeatedly credited with inspiring many top professional magicians to start in the profession . Daniels was noted for being outspoken on matters including politics , current affairs , magic , entertainment , and fellow celebrities . He also appeared in reality television shows . He was described by Lord Michael Grade , former controller of both the BBC and ITV , when talking of Paul on BBC News in 2016 , as ' a genius ' , ' a brilliant showman ' and a 'pillar of Saturday Night for the BBC in their golden era of ratings ' ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston_(dance)', 'summary': "The Charleston is a dance named for the harbor city of Charleston , South Carolina . The rhythm was popularized in mainstream dance music in the United States by a 1923 tune called The Charleston by composer/pianist James P. Johnson which originated in the Broadway show Runnin ' Wild and became one of the most popular hits of the decade . Runnin ' Wild ran from 29 October 1923 through 28 June 1924 . The peak year for the Charleston as a dance by the public was mid-1926 to 1927"}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Shilton Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Shilton', 'summary': 'Peter Leslie Shilton OBE ( born 18 September 1949 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He currently holds the record for playing more games for the England mens national football team than anyone else , earning 125 caps , and holds the all-time record for the most competitive appearances in world football - 1,390 . The IFFHS ranked Shilton among the top ten goalkeepers of the 20th century in 2000 . His 30-year career included spells at 11 clubs and he had the distinction of playing over 100 league games for five clubs . During his time at Nottingham Forest , Shilton won many honours , including the First Division championship , two European Cups , a UEFA Super Cup , and the Football League Cup . He also represented England at UEFA Euro 1980 , the 1982 FIFA World Cup , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 and the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Shilton did not make his World Cup finals debut until the age of 32 , but he played in 17 finals matches and shares the record of 10 clean sheets in World Cup finals matches with French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson Gavin Henson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Henson', 'summary': 'Gavin Lloyd Henson ( born 1 February 1982 ) is a Welsh rugby union player who currently plays for Dragons in the Pro14 . He attracted much media attention as part of a Wales national team which achieved Grand Slams in the Six Nations Championship in 2005 and 2008 . He has also played for the British and Irish Lions , touring in 2005 to New Zealand but has never appeared at a World Cup . Henson has played in a variety of positions including fly-half , fullback and inside centre . After an extended spell out of the national side , including missing the 2007 Rugby World Cup , he was recalled by caretaker coach Nigel Davies , being included in the squad to play against South Africa . Since September 2010 , Henson has participated in several reality television series : 71 Degrees North , Strictly Come Dancing , The Bachelor and Celebrity Hunted ( 2019 ) . Henson has two children from his relationship with singer Charlotte Church .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Maslen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Maslen', 'summary': "Scott Alexander Maslen ( born 25 June 1971 ) is an English actor and model , best known for his portrayal as DS Phil Hunter in ITV 's The Bill and Jack Branning on the BBC 's flagship soap EastEnders . He also took part in the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing and the 2015 series of Celebrity MasterChef . He portrayed Claude Speed in the live-action trailer for Grand Theft Auto 2 in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gavin Henson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Henson', 'summary': 'Gavin Lloyd Henson ( born 1 February 1982 ) is a Welsh rugby union player who currently plays for Dragons in the Pro14 . He attracted much media attention as part of a Wales national team which achieved Grand Slams in the Six Nations Championship in 2005 and 2008 . He has also played for the British and Irish Lions , touring in 2005 to New Zealand but has never appeared at a World Cup . Henson has played in a variety of positions including fly-half , fullback and inside centre . After an extended spell out of the national side , including missing the 2007 Rugby World Cup , he was recalled by caretaker coach Nigel Davies , being included in the squad to play against South Africa . Since September 2010 , Henson has participated in several reality television series : 71 Degrees North , Strictly Come Dancing , The Bachelor and Celebrity Hunted ( 2019 ) . Henson has two children from his relationship with singer Charlotte Church .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Baker_(television_presenter)', 'summary': "Matthew James Baker ( born 23 December 1977 ) is a British television presenter . Matt Baker co-presented the children 's television show Blue Peter from 1999 until 2006 , BBC One 's Countryfile since 2009 and The One Show since 2011 , with Alex Jones ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Showdance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Baker_(television_presenter)', 'summary': "Matthew James Baker ( born 23 December 1977 ) is a British television presenter . Matt Baker co-presented the children 's television show Blue Peter from 1999 until 2006 , BBC One 's Countryfile since 2009 and The One Show since 2011 , with Alex Jones ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swing-a-thon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swing_(dance)', 'summary': "Swing dance is a group of dances that developed with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s-1940s , with the origins of each dance predating the popular swing era . During the swing era , there were hundreds of styles of swing dancing , but those that have survived beyond that era include : Lindy Hop , Balboa , Collegiate Shag , and Charleston . Today , the most well-known of these dances is the Lindy Hop , which originated in Harlem in the early 1930s . While the majority of swing dances began in African American communities as vernacular African American dances , some influenced swing-era dances , like Balboa , developed outside of these communities . Swing dance was not commonly used to identify a group of dances until the latter half of the 20th century . Historically , the term Swing referred to the style of jazz music , which inspired the evolution of the dance . Jitterbug is any form of swing dance , though it is often used as a synonym for the six-count derivative of Lindy Hop called East Coast Swing . It was also common to use the word to identify a kind of dancer ( i.e. , a swing dancer ) . A jitterbug might prefer to dance Lindy Hop , Shag , or any of the other swing dances . The term was famously associated with swing era band leader Cab Calloway because , as he put it , [ The dancers ] look like a bunch of jitterbugs out there on the floor due to their fast , often bouncy movements . The term swing dancing is often extended to include other dances that do not have certain characteristics of traditional swing dances : West Coast Swing , Carolina Shag , East Coast Swing , Hand Dancing , Jive , Rock and Roll , Modern Jive , and other dances developed during the 1940s and later . A strong tradition of social and competitive boogie woogie and Rock ' n ' Roll in Europe add these dances to their local swing dance cultures ."}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gavin Henson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Henson', 'summary': 'Gavin Lloyd Henson ( born 1 February 1982 ) is a Welsh rugby union player who currently plays for Dragons in the Pro14 . He attracted much media attention as part of a Wales national team which achieved Grand Slams in the Six Nations Championship in 2005 and 2008 . He has also played for the British and Irish Lions , touring in 2005 to New Zealand but has never appeared at a World Cup . Henson has played in a variety of positions including fly-half , fullback and inside centre . After an extended spell out of the national side , including missing the 2007 Rugby World Cup , he was recalled by caretaker coach Nigel Davies , being included in the squad to play against South Africa . Since September 2010 , Henson has participated in several reality television series : 71 Degrees North , Strictly Come Dancing , The Bachelor and Celebrity Hunted ( 2019 ) . Henson has two children from his relationship with singer Charlotte Church .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon Matt Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_Baker_(television_presenter)', 'summary': "Matthew James Baker ( born 23 December 1977 ) is a British television presenter . Matt Baker co-presented the children 's television show Blue Peter from 1999 until 2006 , BBC One 's Countryfile since 2009 and The One Show since 2011 , with Alex Jones ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Pamela Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson', 'summary': "Pamela Helen Stephenson , Lady Connolly ( born 4 December 1949 ) , is a New Zealand-born psychologist , writer , and performer who is now a resident in both the United Kingdom and the United States . She is best known for her work as an actress and comedian during the 1980s , particularly in Not the Nine O'Clock News . She has written several books , which include a biography of her husband Sir Billy Connolly , and presented a psychology-based interview show called Shrink Rap on British and Australian television ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felicity Kendal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felicity_Kendal', 'summary': 'Felicity Ann Kendal CBE ( born 25 September 1946 ) is an English actress , working in television and theatre . She has appeared in numerous stage and screen roles over a more than 50-year career , but the role that brought attention to her career was that of Barbara Good in the 1975 television series The Good Life .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Tointon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Tointon', 'summary': 'Kara Louise Tointon ( born 5 August 1983 ) is an English actress , best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera EastEnders , as the 2010 winner of BBC television series Strictly Come Dancing and as Maria in the ITV live production of The Sound of Music Live in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Widdecombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Widdecombe', 'summary': 'Ann Noreen Widdecombe ( born 4 October 1947 ) is a British politician , author and television personality . She served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South West England for the Brexit Party from 2019 to 2020 . She previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maidstone from 1987 to 1997 and for Maidstone and The Weald from 1997 to 2010 . Born in Bath , Somerset , Widdecombe read Latin at the University of Birmingham and later studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She is a convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism and was a member of the Conservative Christian Fellowship . Widdecombe was a Privy Councillor . She served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1995 to 1997 and Shadow Home Secretary from 1999 to 2001 . Ideologically , Widdecombe identifies herself as a social conservative . As a member of the House of Commons , she was known for opposing the legality of abortion , her opposition to various issues of LGBT rights such as an equal age of consent and the repeal of Section 28 , her support for the re-introduction of the death penalty and her opposition to fox hunting . She retired from politics at the 2010 general election . Since 2002 , she has also made numerous television and radio appearances , including as a television presenter . A prominent Eurosceptic , in 2016 she supported the Vote Leave campaign to withdraw the United Kingdom from the European Union .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", 'uid': 'Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_8)_2', 'intro': "Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eighth series on BBC One with a red carpet launch show on 11 September 2010, and the competitive live shows began on 1 October. The series concluded on 18 December when Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won the competition. According to BARB data, this series was the consistently highest rated of the show to date, peaking at 14.28 million viewers. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Alesha Dixon returned as judges. Five professional dancers from the last series didn't return for this series, Matthew Cutler, Brian Fortuna, Ian Waite and married Darren Bennett and Lilia Kopylova. Three male professionals joined this years series, Artem Chigvintsev, Robin Windsor and Jared Murillo. For series 8 the set has been totally revamped to try to attract more viewers to the programme, the backstage room where scores were given has been replaced by a tower above the dancefloor so the couples can watch as their teammates perform (much like the so-called 'celebriquarium' on the American version of the programme). In week 8 of the competition the live show was transmitted from the Blackpool Tower Ballroom. Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One. For the results show, Daly is joined by Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two presenter Claudia Winkleman. The celebrities did not know their professional partners until they were introduced to each other at the launch show. At the age of 61, Pamela Stephenson became the oldest contestant to ever make it to the finale."} | null | null | What role is the celebrity to score 26 most famous for ? | Barbara Good |
04fc91bae49a99ee | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxana Kostina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxana_Kostina', 'summary': 'Oksana Alexandrovna Kostina ( Russian : Оксана Александровна Костина ; 15 April 1972 - 11 February 1993 ) was a Soviet and Russian individual rhythmic gymnast . She was the 1992 World All-around champion and 1992 European All-around bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Petrova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Petrova_(rhythmic_gymnast)', 'summary': 'Maria Petrova ( Bulgarian : Мария Петрова ) ( born November 13 , 1975 in Plovdiv , Bulgaria ) is a Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast . She is a three-time ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) World All-around champion and a three-time ( 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) European All-around champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '9.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Popova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Popova', 'summary': 'Diana Popova ( born December 10 , 1976 in Sofia , Bulgaria ) is an Individual Rhythmic Gymnast .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '9.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmen Acedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Acedo', 'summary': 'Carmen Acedo Jorge ( born February 10 , 1975 in Lérida , Spain ) is a retired individual rhythmic gymnast from Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '9.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Deleanu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Deleanu', 'summary': 'Irina Deleanu ( born November 12 , 1975 ) is a former individual rhythmic gymnast from Romania .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '9.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Serebrianskaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Serebrianskaya', 'summary': 'Kateryna Serebrianska [ a ] ( born 25 October 1977 in Simferopol ) is a Ukrainian former individual rhythmic gymnast . She is the 1996 Olympics gold medalist , the 1995 World All-around champion , a two time ( 1995,1996 ) European All-around champion and three time Grand Prix Final All-around champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '9.525', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktoriya Yani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '9.475', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Sansaridou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Sansaridou', 'summary': 'Maria Sansaridou ( Greek : Μαρία Σανσαρίδου , born March 31 , 1977 , Thessaloniki ) is a retired Greek rhythmic gymnast . She competed for Greece in the rhythmic gymnastics all-around competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . She was 10th in the qualification round and advanced to the final , placing 11th overall .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '9.425', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual -- Final Clubs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships_4', 'intro': 'The XVI World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Brussels, Belgium, on November 20-22, 1992.'} | null | null | What Eastern European country was the 1992 European All-around bronze medalist from ? | Russia |
04fcb627f512686e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2002 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Totten', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Virginia', 'summary': "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Moreno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Moreno', 'summary': 'Alejandro Enrique Moreno Riera ( born July 8 , 1979 ) is a retired Venezuelan footballer who is currently a television commentator for ESPN FC , ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America . Moreno won three MLS Cups during his professional career .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNC-Greensboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNC-Greensboro', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Greensboro ( UNCG or UNC Greensboro ) is a public research university in Greensboro , North Carolina . It is part of the University of North Carolina system . UNCG , like all members of the UNC system , is a stand-alone university and awards its own degrees . UNCG is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award baccalaureate , masters , specialist and doctoral degrees . The university offers more than 100 undergraduate , 61 master 's and 26 doctoral programs . The university 's academic schools and programs include the College of Arts & Sciences , the Joseph M. Bryan School of Business & Economics , the School of Education , the School of Health and Human Sciences , the Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering ( one of the first such schools in the nation ) , the School of Visual and Performing Arts , the School of Nursing , Continual Learning , Graduate School , Warren Ashby Residential College and Lloyd International Honors College . The university is also home to the nationally renowned Weatherspoon Art Museum , which features one of the largest and most impressive collections of modern American art in the country . The university holds two classifications from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , as a research university with high research activity and for community engagement in curriculum , outreach and partnerships ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryn Ritchie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryn_Ritchie', 'summary': 'Bryn Michael Ritchie ( born November 28 , 1979 ) is a former American soccer player who played professionally for two seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Alvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Alvarez_(soccer)', 'summary': "Daniel Alvarez is a retired American soccer midfielder . Alvarez graduated from Pine Forest High School . He attended Furman University , where he was a 1999 First-Team All-American . He graduated with a bachelor 's degree in health and exercise science . He was inducted into the Furman Paladins Hall of Fame in 2005 . In January 2000 , the MetroStars selected Alvarez in the fourth round ( thirty-seventh overall ) of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft . The MetroStars sent him on loan to the Atlanta Silverbacks for three games at the start of the USL A-League season . On April 19 , 2000 , the MetroStars traded Alvarez to the Tampa Bay Mutiny in exchange for Daniel Hernández . Alvarez chose to pursue a contract in Germany . After unsuccessful trials with Borussia Dortmund , FC Cloppenburg , and FC Nuremberg , he returned to the United States and signed with the Charleston Battery of the USL A-League . In the spring of 2001 , Alvarez was training with the Mutiny when he tore his left anterior cruciate ligament . He returned home to Fayetteville to recuperate ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furman University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furman_University', 'summary': 'Furman University is a private liberal arts university in Greenville , South Carolina . Founded in 1826 and named for the clergyman Richard Furman , [ A 3 ] Furman University is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina . It became a secular university in 1992 , while keeping Christo et Doctrinae ( For Christ and Learning ) as its motto . It enrolls approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students , representing 46 states and 53 foreign countries , on its 750-acre ( 304 ha ) campus .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Forko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Forko', 'summary': 'Sam Forko ( born 2 September 1978 ) is a Liberian football defender formerly with the MetroStars ( now New York Red Bulls ) . Forko was drafted in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft with the 30th pick out of the University of Connecticut . He played in 9 games with the MetroStars , starting 3 before being released . He is the brother of fellow Connecticut alumnus and Liberian international footballer Willis Forko .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Connecticut', 'summary': "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Fahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Methodist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University', 'summary': 'Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) is a private research university in University Park , Texas , with satellite campuses in Plano , Texas and Taos , New Mexico . SMU was founded in April 17 , 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church , South - now part of the United Methodist Church - in partnership with Dallas civic leaders . However , it is nonsectarian in its teaching and enrolls students of all religious affiliations . As of fall 2018 , the university had 11,824 students , including 6,710 undergraduates and 5,114 postgraduates , from all 50 states and 85 countries . Its instructional faculty is 1,151 , with 754 being full time . The student-faculty ratio is 11:1 . The university grants degrees from eight schools ; Edwin L. Cox School of Business , Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences , Dedman School of Law , Bobby B. Lyle School of Engineering , Algur H. Meadows School of the Arts , Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies , Perkins School of Theology , Annette Caldwell Simmons School of Education and Human Development ; as well as a Master of Interactive Technology ( MIT ) in Digital Game Development from SMU Guildhall .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': "O'Neil Peart", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Island Rough Riders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Island_Rough_Riders', 'summary': "The Long Island Rough Riders is an American soccer team based in South Huntington , New York , United States . Founded in 1994 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team plays its home games at Hofstra University Soccer Stadium . The team 's colors are white and blue . The team has a sister organization , the Long Island Rough Riders , who play in United Women 's Soccer ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Roner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Roner', 'summary': 'Chris Roner ( born March 4 , 1980 ) , who goes by his middle name Thor , is a former American soccer player . He played for the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer . His brother , Erik Roner was a professional skier and base jumper who starred in the Nitro Circus series on MTV .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Moses', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'John Barry Nusum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Barry_Nusum', 'summary': 'John Barry Nusum ( born March 18 , 1981 in Mineola , New York ) is an American-born Bermudian retired football player .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furman University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furman_University', 'summary': 'Furman University is a private liberal arts university in Greenville , South Carolina . Founded in 1826 and named for the clergyman Richard Furman , [ A 3 ] Furman University is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina . It became a secular university in 1992 , while keeping Christo et Doctrinae ( For Christ and Learning ) as its motto . It enrolls approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students , representing 46 states and 53 foreign countries , on its 750-acre ( 304 ha ) campus .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Dipsy Selolwane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dipsy_Selolwane', 'summary': 'Diphetogo Dipsy Selolwane ( born January 27 , 1978 in Gaborone ) is a former Botswana football ( soccer ) midfielder who played for South African Premier Soccer League club University of Pretoria . He has played as a striker in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_University', 'summary': "Saint Louis University ( SLU ) is a private Roman Catholic research university with campuses in St. Louis , Missouri , United States , and Madrid , Spain . Founded in 1818 by Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg , it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest Jesuit university in the United States . It is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools . SLU 's athletic teams compete in NCAA 's Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . It has an enrollment of 12,546 students with an additional 7,101 students enrolled in its 1818 advanced college credit program . The 2019-20 student body includes 8,072 undergraduate students and 4,474 graduate students that represents all 50 states and more than 82 foreign countries . Its average class size for undergraduates is 26 and the student-faculty ratio is 9:1 . For more than 50 years , the university has maintained a campus in Madrid , Spain . The Madrid campus was the first freestanding campus operated by an American university in Europe and the first American institution to be recognized by Spain 's higher education authority as an official foreign university . The campus has 850 students , a faculty of 110 , an average class size of 17 and a student-faculty ratio of 12:1 ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Brunt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Missouri State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Missouri_State_University', 'summary': "Missouri State University ( MSU or MO State ) is a public university in Springfield , Missouri . Founded in 1905 as the Fourth District Normal School , it is the state 's second largest university campus by enrollment , with an official system enrollment of 26,001 in the fall semester of 2019 . The Springfield campus is one of two degree-granting institutions operated by the school , the other being a two-year campus in West Plains , Missouri . An associate degree in arts and a bachelor 's degree in business is offered at Liaoning Normal University in China . In addition to its main campus , MSU maintains a fruit research station in Mountain Grove , Missouri and the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies program in Fairfax , Virginia ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Cory Gibbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cory_Gibbs', 'summary': 'Cory Gibbs ( born January 14 , 1980 ) is an American former soccer player . He played professionally for clubs in Germany , the Netherlands and England . He also played 19 international matches for the U.S. national soccer team , including at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_University', 'summary': "Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence , Rhode Island . Founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , it is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . At its foundation , Brown was the first college in the U.S. to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation . Its engineering program was established in 1847 . It was one of the early doctoral-granting U.S. institutions in the late 19th century , adding masters and doctoral studies in 1887 . In 1969 , Brown adopted a New Curriculum sometimes referred to as the Brown Curriculum after a period of student lobbying . The New Curriculum eliminated mandatory general education distribution requirements , made students the architects of their own syllabus and allowed them to take any course for a grade of satisfactory or unrecorded no-credit . In 1971 , Brown 's coordinate women 's institution , Pembroke College , was fully merged into the university ; Pembroke Campus now includes dormitories and classrooms used by all of Brown . Undergraduate admissions is highly selective , with an acceptance rate of 6.6 percent for the class of 2023 . The university comprises the College , the Graduate School , Alpert Medical School , the School of Engineering , the School of Public Health and the School of Professional Studies ( which includes the IE Brown Executive MBA program ) . Brown 's international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs , and the university is academically affiliated with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Rhode Island School of Design . The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program , offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design , is a five-year course that awards degrees from both institutions ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Sakuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Sakuda', 'summary': 'Kevin Sakuda ( born June 18 , 1980 in Fremont , California ) is an American soccer player who last played for Austin Aztex in the USSF Division 2 Professional League .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duke University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Round three', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_MLS_SuperDraft_2', 'intro': 'The 2002 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 10, 2002 in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. One month earlier, MLS had contracted two clubs: Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion. In conjunction with the contraction, the league conducted both an Allocation Draft and a Dispersal Draft in which the top 2002 SuperDraft picks of Tampa Bay and Miami, as well as players from those clubs, were made available to remaining MLS clubs.'} | null | null | What player had affiliation with the university that is home to the nationally renowned Weatherspoon Art Museum ? | Alejandro Moreno |
04fd7172a4612894 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nationwide_Tour', 'title': '2005 Nationwide Tour', 'header': ['Week', 'Tournament', 'State/Country', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jan 27-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BellSouth Panama Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BellSouth_Panama_Championship', 'summary': 'The Panama Championship is a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour . It is played annually at Panama Golf Club in Panama City , Panama . It is one of several tournaments on the Web.com Tour held outside the United States . The 2020 purse was $ 625,000 , with $ 112,500 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': 'Vance Veazey ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vance_Veazey', 'summary': 'Vance Veazey ( born June 25 , 1965 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour and the Web.com Tour . Veazey was born in Memphis , Tennessee . He graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1989 with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree . He turned pro in 1990 . Veazey has played on the Nationwide Tour ( 1995 , 1999-2002 , 2004-05 and 2007-09 ) and PGA Tour ( 1998 , 2003 and 2006 ) . While he has four wins on the Nationwide Tour , he has only one top-10 finish on the PGA Tour . He has also played on the NGA Hooters Tour where he has four wins . In 2009 , Veazey finished 23rd on the Nationwide Tour money list to earn his 2010 PGA Tour card .'}]}, {'value': 'Feb 17-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jacob 's Creek Open Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jacob's_Creek_Open_Championship", 'summary': "The South Australian Open was a golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia . The tournament ran from 1960 to 2007 , and had several different sponsors . It became the Jacob 's Creek Open Championship from 2002 to 2007 , sponsored by the Jacob 's Creek wine brand , and was co-sanctioned during that period by the United States-based Nationwide Tour . It was played annually in Adelaide , South Australia . In 2007 , the last time the tournament was held , it was one of three tournaments on the Nationwide Tour held outside the United States . After Jacob 's Creek withdrew their support following the 2007 edition , the search for a new sponsor proved fruitless and the tournament was cancelled ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Bowditch ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Bowditch', 'summary': "Steven Bowditch ( born 8 June 1983 ) is an Australian professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour of Australasia . Bowditch was born in Newcastle , New South Wales . He had a distinguished amateur career , which includes medalist honours at the 2001 Australian Amateur . Bowditch plays on the PGA Tour of Australasia and previously played on its developmental Von Nida Tour . He also plays in the United States , where he has alternated between the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour for varied success . He won the 2005 Jacob 's Creek Open Championship , co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia and the Nationwide Tour , on the way to finishing fourth on the Nationwide Tour 's money list . This earned Bowditch a PGA Tour card for the first time in 2006 . He played in 22 events , but only made two cuts in his debut season and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2007 . Bowditch won for the second time on the Nationwide Tour in 2010 , at the Soboba Golf Classic . He finished the year 17th on the money list and earned his 2011 PGA Tour card . His second full season on the PGA Tour was a greater success , where he played in 28 events and made 15 cuts , including six top-25 finishes . On 30 March 2014 , Bowditch won his maiden title on the PGA Tour , at the Valero Texas Open ."}]}, {'value': 'Feb 24-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ING New Zealand PGA Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ING_New_Zealand_PGA_Championship', 'summary': "The New Zealand PGA Championship is a golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia . It is currently known for sponsorship reasons as the SEC NZ PGA Championship . It has been played since 1920 , with some gap periods . It was originally a match play event and switched to stroke play in 1965 . Major championship winners who have claimed the New Zealand PGA title include Sir Bob Charles , Peter Thomson , Kel Nagle , and Tony Jacklin . The event is also notable for producing Jumbo Ozaki 's lone international win . Sponsorship problems caused the tournament to be terminated after the 1987 event . In 2002 , a PGA Tour of Australasia and U.S.-based Nationwide Tour co-sanctioned event , called the Holden Clearwater Classic was started at the Clearwater Resort in Christchurch , New Zealand . It was played again in 2003 and in 2004 the event resumed the name New Zealand PGA Championship . Co-sanctioning with the Nationwide Tour ended after 2009 . The 2018 purse was NZ $ 125,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': "Peter O'Malley ( 2 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Peter_O'Malley_(golfer)", 'summary': "Peter O'Malley ( born 23 June 1965 ) is an Australian professional golfer . O'Malley was born in Bathurst , New South Wales . He is married to Jill O'Malley and has two children Tom and Jess . O'Malley won the Australian Junior Championship and the New Zealand Amateur Championship in 1986 , and turned professional the following year . He has won several times on the PGA Tour of Australasia , but spent most of the year playing on the European Tour . He was runner-up to Mark James in his first European Tour event , the 1989 Dubai Desert Classic , and has since won three titles on the European Tour . Perhaps the most famous of these three victories was his Scottish Open win which he played the last five holes in seven under par to snatch victory . He made the top-100 on the European Tour Order of Merit every year from 1989 through to 2007 , with a best ranking of tenth in 1995 . His greatest strength is his accuracy , and he topped the European Tour 's driving accuracy rankings in 2001 and 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mar 24-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chitimacha Louisiana Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chitimacha_Louisiana_Open', 'summary': 'The Chitimacha Louisiana Open is a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour . It is played annually at Le Triomphe Golf and Country Club in Broussard , Louisiana . The 2017 purse was $ 550,000 , with $ 99,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Hietala ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Hietala', 'summary': 'Ryan Hietala ( born November 8 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the Nationwide Tour . Hietala was born in Bellingham , Washington . He played college golf at the University of Texas-El Paso , graduating in 1998 with a degree in criminal justice . He turned professional in 1997 . Hietala has played on several mini-tours and third-tier tours : Tight Lies Tour ( 1997-2001 ) , Canadian Tour ( 1998 ) , and Golden Bear Tour ( 2002 ) . He played on the Nationwide Tour in 1999 , 2003-05 , 2007-09 . He played on the PGA Tour in 2006 after finishing T18 in the 2005 qualifying school . He made only seven cuts in 23 starts with his best finish at the FedEx St. Jude Classic - T38 . Hietala has two wins on the Nationwide Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Apr 21-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Open', 'summary': 'The Virginia Beach Open was a regular golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It was played annually at The TPC of Virginia Beach in Virginia Beach , Virginia , United States . The 2006 purse was $ 450,000 , with $ 81,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Troy Matteson ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Matteson', 'summary': 'Troy Jason Matteson ( born November 8 , 1979 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Apr 29 - May 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMW Charity Pro-Am at The Cliffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMW_Charity_Pro-Am_at_The_Cliffs', 'summary': "The BMW Charity Pro-Am is a golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is currently played at Thornblade Club ( host course ) in Greer , South Carolina and The Cliffs in Travelers Rest , South Carolina . From 1992 to 2000 , the event was played at Verdae Greens Golf Club in Greenville . When the event changed to a pro-am format in 2001 , it moved to The Cliffs in Travelers Rest , South Carolina , using the Valley and Keowee Vineyards courses . The Walnut Cove course was added in 2005 . In 2008 , the tournament shifted to three different courses : Thornblade Club , Carolina Country Club in Spartanburg , South Carolina and Bright 's Creek Golf Club in Mill Spring , North Carolina . In 2012 , the Greenville Country Club ( Chanticleer course ) replaced Bright 's Creek . The 2017 purse was $ 700,000 , with $ 126,000 going to champion Stephan Jäger . Since 2002 , the tournament has been sponsored by German car manufacturer BMW , which has an assembly plant in Spartanburg County ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'Shane Bertsch ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Bertsch', 'summary': 'Shane Thomas Bertsch ( born March 30 , 1970 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour . Bertsch was born in Denver , Colorado . He turned professional in 1994 . Bertsch has won twice on the Nationwide Tour , once in 2000 and once in 2005 . His best PGA Tour finish was a tie for fifth at the 1996 Greater Vancouver Open . Bertsch was once a top-tier tennis player , but gave up the game for good after losing to future world number-one Andre Agassi in 1994 . Bertsch barely missed retaining full tour privileges for 2009 , finished 126th on the money list . He secured a tour card for 2010 by finishing 15th in qualifying school .'}]}, {'value': 'May 5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rex Hospital Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rex_Hospital_Open', 'summary': 'The Rex Hospital Open is a regular golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is played annually at the TPC Wakefield Plantation in Raleigh , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Axley ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Axley', 'summary': 'Eric Allen Axley ( born April 22 , 1974 ) is an American professional golfer . Axley was born in Athens , Tennessee . He turned professional in 1997 . He is one of the few natural left-handers to win on the Web.com Tour and PGA Tour . In 2006 , Axley won the Valero Texas Open , claiming his first PGA Tour win . After a poor 2009 season , Axley lost his PGA Tour playing rights . Axley divided his time among the NGA Hooters Tour , eGolf Professional Tour , Web.com Tour , and PGA Tour . In 2014 , Axley tried to play his way back to the PGA Tour through Monday qualifying and past champion status . Axley made seven cuts in ten events and finished 184th in the FedEx Cup standings , good enough for a trip to the Web.com Tour Finals . Axley finished 50th , the last position to earn a PGA Tour card and his first in five years , by just $ 31.66 . After barely gaining a PGA Tour card , he barely missed getting it back for the 2015-16 season , just $ 101 behind Rob Oppenheim .'}]}, {'value': 'May 12-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rheem Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rheem_Classic', 'summary': 'The Fort Smith Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It is held each year at Hardscrabble Country Club in Fort Smith , Arkansas . It was the only annual PGA Tour event in the U.S. state of Arkansas . The 2010 purse was a record $ 525,000 , with $ 94,500 going to the winner . The tournament was founded in 1998 . Mark Hensby won the inaugural tournament at 20-under par , which is still the record low score . In 2005 , Chris Couch tied the course record with a final round 60 . As of October 7 , 2010 , the Fort Smith Classic board notified the PGA Tour that they would not be renewing their contract for 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Couch ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Couch_(golfer)', 'summary': "Christian Stratton Couch ( born May 1 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour . Couch was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he played for coach Buddy Alexander 's Florida Gators men 's golf team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) competition from 1992 to 1995 . As a sophomore , he was a member of the Gators ' 1993 NCAA championship team that also included future PGA Tour golfer Brian Gay . During his time as a Gator golfer , the team also won Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championships in 1992 , 1993 and 1994 . Couch was recognized as the SEC Freshman of the Year in 1992 , a second-team All-SEC selection in 1993 and 1994 , and a first-team All-SEC selection in 1995 . In 1993 and 1995 , he received All-American honors . Couch turned professional in 1995 . It took him a long time to get established and his first couple of spells on the PGA Tour ended when he failed to win enough money to retain his tour card . He won five times on the Nationwide Tour between 2001 and 2005 , and in 2006 he made a breakthrough by winning the PGA Tour 's Zurich Classic of New Orleans . He won with a 55-foot chip-in ( using a cross-handed grip ) after a poor shot out of a difficult lie in a bunker . A poor 2007 season saw Couch finish 167th on the money list and he did not play in 2008 due to a shoulder injury ."}]}, {'value': 'May 19-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henrico County Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrico_County_Open', 'summary': 'The Henrico County Open was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1993 to 2008 . It was played at The Dominion Club in Richmond , Virginia , United States . The 2008 purse was $ 500,000 , with $ 90,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Collins ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Collins', 'summary': "Chad Steven Collins ( born September 20 , 1978 ) is an American professional golfer . Collins was born in Indianapolis , Indiana . He graduated from Methodist College in 2001 with a degree in Business Administration . While at Methodist , he won the NCAA Division III Championship as an individual three times ( 1998 , 1999 , and 2001 ) and as part of the team twice ( 1998 and 1999 ) . He was a four-time first-team All-American ( Div III ) and four-time first-team All-USA South Athletic Conference . He won the USA South Athletic Conference championship in 1999 and was the co-champion in 2001 . Collins turned professional after graduation . He played on the NGA Hooters Tour from 2002 to 2004 , earning the Rookie of the Year in 2002 . He won once in 2002 and once in 2003 . Both wins came in the 'First City Championship , ' in Savannah , Georgia . Collins played on the Nationwide Tour from 2005 to 2007 , winning the 2005 Henrico County Open . He finished 23rd on the money in 2007 to earn his PGA Tour card for 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jun 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chattanooga Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chattanooga_Classic_(Nationwide_Tour)', 'summary': "The Children 's Hospital Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It was played annually at the Black Creek Club in Chattanooga , Tennessee and produced by Friends of the Festival Event Management from 2007 to 2011 . From 2003 to 2010 the event was called the Chattanooga Classic . The 2011 purse was $ 500,000 , with $ 90,000 going to the winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Schultz ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Schultz_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Jason Schultz ( born March 29 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer . Schultz was born in Tampa , Florida . He played college golf at the University of Missouri . Schultz played on the Nationwide Tour in 1999 , 2001 , 2003-05 , and 2008-11 . His best finish was a win at the 2005 Chattanooga Classic . He played on the Canadian Tour in 2002 . He played on the PGA Tour in 2006 and 2007 , where his best finish was T-24 at the 2006 B.C . Open .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 9-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LaSalle Bank Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LaSalle_Bank_Open', 'summary': 'The Bank of America Open was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2002 to 2008 . It was played at The Glen Club in Glenview , Illinois , United States . It was known as the LaSalle Bank Open from 2002 to 2007 . The 2008 purse was $ 750,000 , with $ 135,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Couch ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Couch_(golfer)', 'summary': "Christian Stratton Couch ( born May 1 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour . Couch was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he played for coach Buddy Alexander 's Florida Gators men 's golf team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) competition from 1992 to 1995 . As a sophomore , he was a member of the Gators ' 1993 NCAA championship team that also included future PGA Tour golfer Brian Gay . During his time as a Gator golfer , the team also won Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championships in 1992 , 1993 and 1994 . Couch was recognized as the SEC Freshman of the Year in 1992 , a second-team All-SEC selection in 1993 and 1994 , and a first-team All-SEC selection in 1995 . In 1993 and 1995 , he received All-American honors . Couch turned professional in 1995 . It took him a long time to get established and his first couple of spells on the PGA Tour ended when he failed to win enough money to retain his tour card . He won five times on the Nationwide Tour between 2001 and 2005 , and in 2006 he made a breakthrough by winning the PGA Tour 's Zurich Classic of New Orleans . He won with a 55-foot chip-in ( using a cross-handed grip ) after a poor shot out of a difficult lie in a bunker . A poor 2007 season saw Couch finish 167th on the money list and he did not play in 2008 due to a shoulder injury ."}]}, {'value': 'Jun 16-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville_Open', 'summary': 'The News Sentinel Open presented by Pilot is a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour . It is played annually at the Fox Den Country Club in Knoxville , Tennessee , U.S . It is one of four original Tour events still played . The Knoxville News Sentinel was named the title sponsor of the tournament on June 2 , 2010 . The official name of the 2011 tournament was changed to the News Sentinel Open presented by Pilot in May 2011 . The 2017 purse was $ 550,000 , with $ 99,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim Felton ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Felton', 'summary': 'Kim Felton ( born 27 March 1975 ) is an Australian professional golfer . As an amateur , Felton won the Australian Amateur in 1997 and was the low individual in the 1998 Eisenhower Trophy . Felton turned professional in 1999 and played mainly on the PGA Tour of Australasia and its developmental Tour , the Von Nida Tour . He won six events on the Von Nida Tour as well as three other Australian events . Felton also played on the Nationwide Tour from 2005 to 2008 where he won the 2005 Knoxville Open . In 2010 , he won the Midea China Classic on the OneAsia Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 23-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast Pennsylvania Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Pennsylvania_Classic', 'summary': 'The Northeast Pennsylvania Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2000 to 2009 . It was played at the Elmhurst Country Club in Moscow , Pennsylvania from 2008 to 2009 . From 2000 to 2007 , it was played at the Glenmaura National Golf Club in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The 2009 purse was $ 525,000 with $ 94,500 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Kraft ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Kraft', 'summary': 'Greg Kraft ( born April 4 , 1964 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the Nationwide Tour and the PGA Tour . Kraft was born in Detroit , Michigan . He graduated from the University of Tampa in 1986 and turned professional later that year . He played on the Nationwide Tour in 1990 , 1991 , and 2005 ; and on the PGA Tour from 1992 to 2004 , and 2006 to 2010 . He has one win on each tour . In 2003 , he received media attention when he sued the PGA Tour alleging they failed to properly warn golfers of the possibility of contracting Coccidiomycosis ( valley fever ) . The lawsuit was eventually dismissed . In 2008 , Kraft won the inaugural Puerto Rico Open in his 379th PGA Tour start . His last PGA Tour event was the 2011 Puerto Rico Open . Upon turning 50 , Kraft joined the Champions Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 30 - Jul 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lake Erie Charity Classic at Peek ' n Peak Resort", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lake_Erie_Charity_Classic_at_Peek_'n_Peak_Resort", 'summary': "The Peek ' n Peak Classic was a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour , then known as the Nationwide Tour . It was played from 2002 to 2007 on the Upper Course of Peek ' n Peak Resort in Findley Lake , New York , United States . The 2007 purse was $ 600,000 , with $ 108,000 going to the winner . After nine years , the Web.com Tour returned to the resort for the LECOM Health Challenge ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Esteban Toledo ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esteban_Toledo', 'summary': "Esteban Toledo ( born 10 September 1962 ) is a Mexican professional golfer , who was a member of the PGA Tour in 1994 and 1998-2004 and has also spent many years playing on the second tier Nationwide Tour ( now known as Korn Ferry Tour ) . At present , he competes on the PGA Tour Champions . Toledo was born in Mexicali , Mexico . Before taking up professional golf , Toledo was a boxer . His sole victory on the Nationwide Tour came at the 2005 Lake Erie Charity Classic at Peek ' n Peak Resort . He also won the 2000 Mexican Open . He represented Mexico in the World Cup in 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 . In May 2013 , Toledo became the first Mexican to win on the Champions Tour , winning the Insperity Championship in a playoff . Toledo has since won an additional three times on the Champions Tour at the 2013 Montreal Championship , 2015 Nature Valley First Tee Open at Pebble Beach and 2016 Allianz Championship . Toledo 's life and career is the subject of the book Tin Cup Dreams by Michael D'Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Jul 7-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Mining Association Pete Dye Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Mining_Association_Pete_Dye_Classic', 'summary': 'The Nationwide Tour Players Cup was a regular golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2004 to 2009 . It was played annually at the Pete Dye Golf Club in Bridgeport , West Virginia , United States . The tournament was founded in 2004 as the Pete Dye West Virginia Classic . The 2009 purse was $ 600,000 , with $ 108,000 going to the winner . Also in 2008 and 2009 , the field consisted of the top 144 players on the Nationwide Tour money list .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Gore ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Gore', 'summary': 'Jason William Gore ( born May 17 , 1974 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 14-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholarship America Showdown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scholarship_America_Showdown', 'summary': 'The Showdown at Somerby was a regular golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It was played at Troy Burne Golf Club in Hudson , Wisconsin in 2004 and 2005 and moved to the Somerby Golf Club in Byron , Minnesota for 2006 and 2007 . It was cancelled after four years because of a lack of corporate sponsorship . The title sponsor from 2004 to 2006 was Scholarship America , which is a nonprofit , 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charity that is the largest provider of scholarships for postsecondary education in the country . The presenting sponsor for the 2007 tournament was Think Mutual Bank . The 2007 purse was $ 500,000 , with $ 90,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Gore ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Gore', 'summary': 'Jason William Gore ( born May 17 , 1974 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 21-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian PGA Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_PGA_Championship', 'summary': "The PGA Championship of Canada is a golf tournament organized by the PGA of Canada , an organization founded in 1911 at the Royal Ottawa Golf Club . It was first played in 1912 as the Canadian PGA Championship . It was a Nationwide Tour event from 2001 to 2005 . Prior to that it was an event on the Canadian Tour . Stan Leonard holds the record with eight victories . In 2011 , the PGA Championship of Canada was reintroduced as a match play championship for the top 64 competitors on the PGA of Canada Player Rankings . The P.D . Ross Trophy was given to the winner in 1912 , and is still used as the Championship 's award today ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Mills ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Mills', 'summary': 'Jon Mills ( born March 6 , 1978 ) is a Canadian professional golfer . Mills was born in Oshawa , Ontario , and spent most of his childhood in Belleville , Ontario . He developed his competitive game on the St. Lawrence Junior Tour in southeastern Ontario , and won the Ontario Junior Championship in 1996 . He earned a golf scholarship to Kent State University , graduated in 2000 , won the Ontario Amateur Championship in 2001 , and turned professional later that year . His father David Mills serves as Executive Director for the Golf Association of Ontario . Mills was a member of the Web.com Tour ( formerly known as the Nationwide Tour ) . Mills was a member of the PGA Tour in 2008 , but did not finish high enough on the money list to retain his card for 2009 . He was also a member of the PGA Tour in 2006 , and the Nationwide Tour in 2002 , 2004 , 2005 and 2007 . He also played on the Canadian Tour in 2002 and 2003 . He won his first professional event on the Canadian Tour in 2003 , and it helped him win the Order of Merit for the 2003 season . Mills earned his first PGA Tour card by finishing 5th on the 2005 Nationwide Tour money list . As a rookie on tour in 2006 , he only made 6 of 27 cuts , and had to go back to the Nationwide Tour for 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 28-31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preferred Health Systems Wichita Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preferred_Health_Systems_Wichita_Open', 'summary': 'The Wichita Open is a golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . Formerly known as the Air Capital Classic , it is played annually at the Crestview Country Club in Wichita , Kansas , U.S . It is one of four original Tour events still played .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Daley ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Daley_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Joe Daley ( born October 30 , 1960 ) is an American professional golfer formerly of the PGA Tour and Nationwide Tour . He now plays on the PGA Tour Champions . On 1 July 2012 , Daley won the Senior Players Championship for his first major victory on the Champions Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cox Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cox_Classic', 'summary': "The Cox Classic presented by Lexus of Omaha was a professional golf tournament in the central United States on the Web.com Tour . It was played annually for eighteen years at Champions Run in Omaha , Nebraska . It debuted as the Nike Omaha Classic in 1996 , with a purse of $ 200,000 and a winner 's share of $ 36,000 , won by Rocky Walcher on August 11 . For its 18th and final edition in 2013 , the purse had quadrupled to $ 800,000 and Bronson La'Cassie took the winner 's share of $ 144,000 after three playoff holes . The Web.com Tour returned to Omaha in 2017 with the Pinnacle Bank Championship , held at public Indian Creek Golf Course in July ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Gore ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Gore', 'summary': 'Jason William Gore ( born May 17 , 1974 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 11-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Price Cutter Charity Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Price_Cutter_Charity_Championship', 'summary': 'The Price Cutter Charity Championship presented by Dr Pepper is a regular golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is played at the Highland Springs Country Club in Springfield , Missouri , United States . It is one of four original Tour events still played . The 2017 purse was $ 675,000 , with $ 121,500 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Tambellini ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Tambellini', 'summary': 'Roger Tambellini ( born March 11 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour . Tambellini was born in San Luis Obispo , California . He played at the University of Southern California and turned professional in 1998 . Tambellini has won three times on the Nationwide Tour . His first win came at the 2003 Albertsons Boise Open , his second came at the 2005 Price Cutter Charity Championship and the third came at the 2009 Ford Wayne Gretzky Classic . He has also won once on the NGA Hooters Tour in 1999 . Tambellini played on the PGA Tour in 2004 and 2006 . He got his tour card for 2004 through Q-School but was not able to retain it after making only 12 of 28 cuts . He finished in 12th on the 2005 Nationwide Tour money list which earned him his PGA Tour card for 2006 . Tambellini struggled in 2006 on tour , making only 7 of 25 cuts . In 2009 , he finished 7th on the Nationwide Tour money list to earn his 2010 PGA Tour card .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Schedule', 'section_text': "The number in parentheses after winners ' names show the player 's total number of wins on the Nationwide Tour including that event . No one accumulates many wins on the Nationwide Tour because success at this level soon leads to promotion to the PGA Tour .", 'uid': '2005_Nationwide_Tour_0', 'intro': 'The 2005 Nationwide Tour season ran from January 27 to October 30. The season consisted of 31 official money golf tournaments, five of which were played outside the United States. The top 21 players on the year-end money list earned their PGA Tour card for 2006.'} | null | null | What river borders the southwest of the state which held the 2005 BMW Charity Pro-Am at The Cliffs ? | Savannah River |
04fd993946174ce3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermountain_Healthcare', 'title': 'Intermountain Healthcare', 'header': ['Facility Name', 'City', 'State', 'Licensed Beds', 'Staffed Beds'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alta View Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alta_View_Hospital', 'summary': "Alta View Hospital is located in Sandy , Utah , United States , and is an Intermountain Healthcare member hospital . Hospital services include a 24-suite women 's center that features single-room birthing and facilitates over 1,800 births per year , a 46-bed medical/surgical unit , a 4-bed intensive care unit . Surgical services include a 7-suite surgical center for inpatient , outpatient and endoscopic procedures . Alta View Hospital has a 24-room emergency department ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy,_Utah', 'summary': 'Sandy is a city in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , located in Salt Lake County , Utah , United States . The population of Sandy was 87,461 at the 2010 census , making it the sixth-largest city in Utah . The population is currently estimated to be about 96,145 according to the July 1 , 2017 United States Census estimates . Sandy is home to the Shops at South Town shopping mall ; the Jordan Commons entertainment , office and dining complex ; and the Mountain America Exposition Center . It is also the location of the soccer-specific Rio Tinto Stadium , which hosts Real Salt Lake and Utah Royals FC home games , and opened on October 8 , 2008 . The city is currently developing a walkable and transit-oriented city center called The Cairns . A formal master plan was adopted in January 2017 to accommodate regional growth and outlines developments and related guidelines through the next 25 years , while dividing the city center into distinct villages . The plan emphasizes sustainable living , walkability , human-scaled architecture , environmentally-friendly design , and nature-inspired design while managing population growth and its related challenges .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Fork Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Fork_Hospital', 'summary': "American Fork Hospital is a hospital located in American Fork , Utah , United States , is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations , and is a service of Intermountain Healthcare , a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West . Hospital services include a 27-suite women 's center that features single-room birthing and a 17-bed emergency department ."}]}, {'value': 'American Fork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Fork,_Utah', 'summary': 'American Fork is a city in north-central Utah County , Utah , United States , at the foot of Mount Timpanogos in the Wasatch Range , north of Utah Lake . It is part of the Provo-Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 32,519 in 2018 , representing a nearly 20% growth since the 2000 census . The city has grown rapidly since the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bear River Valley Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tremonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tremonton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Tremonton is a city in Box Elder County , Utah , United States . The population was 7,647 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cassia Regional Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burley,_Idaho', 'summary': "Burley ( /ˈbʊrliː/ ) is a city in Cassia and Minidoka counties in the southern Idaho , United States . The population was 10,345 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Cassia County . Burley is the principal city of the Burley , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Cassia and Minidoka counties . Burley is the third-largest city in Idaho 's Magic Valley region after Twin Falls and Jerome . Along with nearby Rupert it forms the bulk of the Mini-Cassia area of southern Idaho ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar City Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah', 'summary': 'Cedar City is the largest city in Iron County , Utah , United States . It is located 250 miles ( 400 km ) south of Salt Lake City , and 170 miles ( 270 km ) north of Las Vegas on Interstate 15 . It is the home of Southern Utah University , the Utah Shakespeare Festival , the Utah Summer Games , the Neil Simon Theatre Festival , and other events . As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 28,857 , up from 20,257 in 2000 . As of 2018 the estimated population was 33,055 .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Community Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta,_Utah', 'summary': 'known for its weiners'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dixie Regional Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dixie_Regional_Medical_Center', 'summary': 'Dixie Regional Medical Center ( DRMC ) is a 284-bed hospital located on two campuses in St. George , Utah , United States . DRMC is the major medical referral center for northwestern Arizona , southeastern Nevada and southern Utah . DRMC is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and is a service of Intermountain Healthcare , a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West . It is also a Level II Trauma Center .'}]}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_Utah', 'summary': 'St. George is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Utah , United States . Located in the southwestern part of the state on the Arizona border , near the tri-state junction of Utah , Arizona and Nevada , it is the principal city of the St. George Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies in the northeasternmost part of the Mojave Desert , adjacent to the Pine Valley Mountains near the convergence of three distinct geological areas : the Mojave Desert , Colorado Plateau , and Great Basin . The city is 118 miles ( 190 km ) northeast of Las Vegas and 300 miles ( 480 km ) south-southwest of Salt Lake City on Interstate 15 . The St. George area is well known for its natural environment and proximity to several state and national parks . As of the 2018 U.S Census estimates , the city had a population of 87,178 , and the St. George metropolitan area had an estimated population of 171,700 . St. George is the seventh-largest city in Utah and most populous city in the state outside of the Wasatch Front .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fillmore Community Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fillmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fillmore,_Utah', 'summary': 'Fillmore is a city in Millard County , Utah , United States . The population was 2,435 at the 2010 United States Census . It is the county seat of Millard County . It is named for the thirteenth US President Millard Fillmore , who was in office when Millard County was created by the Utah Territorial legislature . Fillmore was the capital of the Utah Territory from 1851 to 1856 , although the territorial legislature met in Fillmore only one term ( 1855 ) . The original Utah Territorial Statehouse building still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garfield Memorial Hospital & Clinics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garfield_Memorial_Hospital', 'summary': 'Garfield Memorial Hospital is a small hospital with 41 beds and two trauma rooms , located at 200 North 400 East in Panguitch , Utah , United States . In 2008 , the Department of Health and Human Services HCAHPS survey named Garfield the highest-rated hospital in the United States in terms of patient satisfaction . Although owned by Garfield County , it is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system ( a nonprofit health care system serving the Intermountain West ) and is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations .'}]}, {'value': 'Panguitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panguitch,_Utah', 'summary': 'Panguitch ( /ˈpæŋɡwɪtʃ/ PANG-gwitch ) is a city in and the county seat of Garfield County , Utah , United States . The population was 1,520 at the 2010 census , and was estimated in 2018 to be 1,691 . The name Panguitch comes from a Southern Paiute word meaning Big Fish , likely named after the plentiful nearby lakes hosting rainbow trout year-round .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heber Valley Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heber,_Utah', 'summary': 'Heber City is a city in northwestern Wasatch County , Utah , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intermountain Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intermountain_Medical_Center', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intermountain Layton Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Layton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Layton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Layton is a city in Davis County , Utah , United States . It is part of the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 67,311 , rising to an estimated 77,303 by 2018 . Layton is the most populous city in Davis County and the ninth most populous in Utah . Layton has direct access to Salt Lake City , Ogden , Salt Lake City International Airport , Antelope Island , and the FrontRunner commuter rail . Layton City is a leader in economic development for the region , with immediate adjacency to Hill Air Force Base , a large hospitality district ( 1,000+ hotel beds ) and conference center , the Layton Hills Mall , multiple nationally recognized retail and food chains , the East Gate Business Park , and the Weber State University-Davis campus . In 2014 , Layton contributed $ 1.34 billion worth of retail sales activity , the second largest market north of Salt Lake City and seventh largest in Utah .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LDS Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LDS_Hospital', 'summary': 'LDS Hospital ( formerly Deseret Hospital ) is a general urban hospital and surgical center in Salt Lake City , Utah . The hospital was originally owned by the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints but is now owned and operated by Intermountain Healthcare . LDS Hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission . The hospital has 262 inpatient beds .'}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan Regional Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_Regional_Hospital', 'summary': "Logan Regional Hospital is a 146-bed general hospital located in Logan , Utah . It is owned by Intermountain Healthcare . The hospital serves Cache Valley , including Cache County , Utah and Franklin County , Idaho , and western Wyoming . Logan Regional 's mission is Helping People Live the Healthiest Lives Possible . The hospital services include a Level III Trauma Center , Cancer Center , Women and Newborn Center , digital imaging services , and heart catheterization services . Logan Regional was named one of the United States ' 100 top hospitals in 2018 , marking the sixth consecutive year it has received this honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan,_Utah', 'summary': 'Logan is a city in Cache County , Utah , United States . The 2010 census recorded the population was 48,174 , with an estimated population of 51,619 in 2018 . By 2050 the population of Logan is expected to double . Logan is the county seat of Cache County and the principal city of the Logan metropolitan area , which includes Cache County and Franklin County , Idaho . The Logan metropolitan area contained 125,442 people as of the 2010 census . and was declared by Morgan Quitno in 2005 and 2007 to be the safest in the United States in those years . Logan also is the location of the main campus of Utah State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKay-Dee Hospital Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKay-Dee_Hospital_Center', 'summary': 'McKay-Dee Hospital is a not-for-profit community focused health system operated by Intermountain Healthcare . It is located in Ogden , Utah , United States . With 310 licensed beds , it is the 3rd largest hospital in the Intermountain system , and the 4th largest Hospital in Utah . Although not directly affiliated with the university , it is located just southwest of the main campus of Weber State University . McKay-Dee Hospital offers nationally ranked programs including the Heart and Vascular Institute and Newborn ICU . Other programs include the Huntsman-Intermountain Cancer Center , McKay-Dee Spine Institute , Emergency and Trauma Services and the new Stewart Rehab Center . McKay-Dee Hospital serves northern Utah and portions of southeast Idaho and western Wyoming .'}]}, {'value': 'Ogden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_Utah', 'summary': "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orem Community Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orem_Community_Hospital', 'summary': 'Orem Community Hospital is located Orem , Utah , United States and is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system . Orem Community Hospital ( OCH ) specializes in outpatient services including obstetrics and same day surgery . Its relationship with Utah Valley Hospital means OCH has the backup and support of a larger hospital , while at the same time maintaining the personalized care expected from a community hospital . Orem Community features 24 LDRP rooms , where mothers labor , deliver , recover and spend their postpartum stay all in the same room . This is a unique birthing option in Utah County . In 2008 1,426 babies were delivered at the hospital . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Orem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orem,_Utah', 'summary': 'Orem is a city in Utah County , Utah , United States , in the northern part of the state . It is adjacent to Provo , Lindon , and Vineyard and is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Salt Lake City . Orem is one of the principal cities of the Provo-Orem , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Utah and Juab counties . The population was 84,324 at the 2000 census , while the 2010 population was 88,328 making it the fifth-largest city in Utah . Utah Valley University is located in Orem . The Orem Owlz of the minor league baseball Pioneer League play their home games at the college . Orem uses the slogan Family City USA . In 2010 Forbes rated it the 5th best place to raise a family . Also , Time magazine rated the Provo-Orem area as the best place to live for spiritual well-being , due to a high population of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park City Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_City,_Utah', 'summary': "Park City is a city in Summit County , Utah , United States . It is considered to be part of the Wasatch Back . The city is 32 miles ( 51 km ) southeast of downtown Salt Lake City and 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Salt Lake City 's east edge of Sugar House along Interstate 80 . The population was 7,558 at the 2010 census . On average , the tourist population greatly exceeds the number of permanent residents . After a population decline following the shutdown of the area 's mining industry , the city rebounded during the 1980s and 1990s through an expansion of its tourism business . The city currently brings in a yearly average of $ 529.8 million to the Utah Economy as a tourist hot spot , $ 80 million of which is attributed to the Sundance Film Festival . The city has two major ski resorts : Deer Valley Resort and Park City Mountain Resort . Both ski resorts were the major locations for ski and snowboarding events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Although they receive less snow and have a shorter ski season than do their counterparts in Salt Lake County , such as Snowbird resort , they are much easier to access . In 2015 , Park City Ski Resort and Canyons resorts merged creating the largest ski area in the U.S . In all , the resort boasts 17 slopes , 14 bowls , 300 trails and 22 miles of lifts ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Primary Children 's Hospital", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Primary_Children's_Hospital", 'summary': "Intermountain Primary Children 's Hospital ( formerly Primary Children 's Medical Center ) , is a 289-bed children 's hospital in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . It is owned by Intermountain Healthcare and operates in affiliation with the University of Utah School of Medicine . The hospital serves the states of Utah , Nevada , Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming , yielding an enormous geographic catchment area of approximately 400,000 square miles ."}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_Lake_City', 'summary': "Salt Lake City ( often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah , as well as the seat of Salt Lake County , the most populous county in Utah . With an estimated population of 200,591 in 2018 , the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , which has a population of 1,222,540 ( 2018 estimate ) . Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area , a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a 120-mile ( 190 km ) segment of the Wasatch Front , comprising a population of 2,606,548 ( as of 2018 estimates ) . It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin . The world headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is located in Salt Lake City . The city was founded in 1847 by followers of the church , led by Brigham Young , who were seeking to escape persecution that they had experienced while living farther east . The Mormon pioneers , as they would come to be known , entered an arid valley and immediately began building , planning , and extending an extensive irrigation network which could feed the population and foster future growth . Salt Lake City 's street grid system is based on a standard compass grid plan , with the Salt Lake Temple at the origin . Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake , the city was named Great Salt Lake City . In 1868 , the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature dropped the word Great from the city 's name . Immigration of international members of the church , mining booms , and the construction of the first transcontinental railroad initially brought economic growth , and the city was nicknamed the Crossroads of the West . It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway , the first transcontinental highway , in 1913 ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '289', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverton Hospital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverton,_Utah', 'summary': 'Riverton is a city in Salt Lake County , Utah , United States . It is part of the Salt Lake City , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 38,753 at the 2010 census , but has since grown to 44,419 . Riverton is located in the rapidly growing southwestern corner of the Salt Lake Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanpete Valley Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanpete_Valley_Hospital', 'summary': 'The Sanpete Valley Hospital is a critical access hospital located in Mount Pleasant , Utah , United States . A full medical staff of general surgeons , radiologists and ten family practice physicians work at the hospital . Sanpete Valley Hospital is one of two hospitals located in Central Utah and is in Sanpete County . It is part of the Intermountain Healthcare system .'}]}, {'value': 'Mt . Pleasant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Utah', 'summary': 'Mount Pleasant is a city in Sanpete County , Utah , in the United States . Mt . Pleasant is known for its 19th-century main street buildings , for being home to Wasatch Academy , and for being the largest city in the northern half of the county . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 3,260 .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hospitals', 'section_text': 'Intermountain Healthcare operates 23 hospitals in Utah and Idaho , [ 14 ] with 2,745 licensed beds , as listed in the table below :', 'uid': 'Intermountain_Healthcare_0', 'intro': 'Intermountain Healthcare is a not-for-profit healthcare system and is the largest healthcare provider in the Intermountain West of the United States. Intermountain Healthcare provides hospital and other medical services in Utah and Idaho and also offers integrated managed care under the insurance brand SelectHealth. Intermountain Healthcare is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has some 37,000 employees.'} | null | null | Who accredits the hospital whose city is at the foot of Mount Timpanogos ? | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations |
04fe9aa3a7109c06 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Masters_of_Formula_3', 'title': '2010 Masters of Formula 3', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Team', 'Q1', 'Q2'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Sims', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Sims_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Alexander Sims ( born 15 March 1988 , in London ) is a British professional racing driver , currently competing in the ABB FIA Formula E Championship for BMW i Andretti Motorsport . Sims was the winner of the 2008 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award for promising young British drivers . He wears an Ayrton Senna inspired helmet with yellow and a blue and a green stripe .'}]}, {'value': 'ART Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'ART Grand Prix is a French motor racing team that competes in formula single-seaters in Europe . In 2012 , it competed in the GP2 Series and GP3 Series as Lotus GP to reflect sponsorship from British sports and racing car manufacturer Lotus . The team competed as Lotus ART in 2011. Notable ART drivers include Sebastian Vettel , Lewis Hamilton , Nico Rosberg , Valtteri Bottas , Nico Hülkenberg , Romain Grosjean , Esteban Ocon , Charles Leclerc , George Russell , Alexander Albon , Stoffel Vandoorne , Lucas di Grassi , Nyck de Vries , Kamui Kobayashi , Simon Pagenaud , James Calado , Jamie Green , Bruno Spengler , Olivier Pla , Adrian Sutil , Paul di Resta , Jules Bianchi , Esteban Gutiérrez , Anthoine Hubert , Felix Rosenqvist and Jack Harvey .'}]}, {'value': '1:31.724', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:30.956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valtteri Bottas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas', 'summary': 'Valtteri Viktor Bottas ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈʋɑltːeɾi ˈbotːɑs ] ; born 28 August 1989 ) is a Finnish racing driver currently competing in Formula One with Mercedes , having previously driven for Williams from 2013 to 2016 . Since joining Mercedes , Bottas has won seven races , three in 2017 and four in 2019 . He will continue driving for Mercedes in the upcoming 2020 season , partnering Lewis Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': 'ART Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'ART Grand Prix is a French motor racing team that competes in formula single-seaters in Europe . In 2012 , it competed in the GP2 Series and GP3 Series as Lotus GP to reflect sponsorship from British sports and racing car manufacturer Lotus . The team competed as Lotus ART in 2011. Notable ART drivers include Sebastian Vettel , Lewis Hamilton , Nico Rosberg , Valtteri Bottas , Nico Hülkenberg , Romain Grosjean , Esteban Ocon , Charles Leclerc , George Russell , Alexander Albon , Stoffel Vandoorne , Lucas di Grassi , Nyck de Vries , Kamui Kobayashi , Simon Pagenaud , James Calado , Jamie Green , Bruno Spengler , Olivier Pla , Adrian Sutil , Paul di Resta , Jules Bianchi , Esteban Gutiérrez , Anthoine Hubert , Felix Rosenqvist and Jack Harvey .'}]}, {'value': '1:31.728', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Wittmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Wittmann', 'summary': "Marco Wittmann ( born 24 November 1989 ) is a German professional racing driver , and BMW Motorsport works driver . He currently resides in Markt Erlbach . Wittmann has competed in such series as Formula Three Euroseries and Formula BMW ADAC/Europe . BMW signed Wittmann as the marque 's 7th DTM driver , in an expansion to four teams with eight drivers and cars for the 2013 DTM season . He is the 2014 and 2016 DTM champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Signature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signature_Team', 'summary': 'Signature is a French auto racing team that competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship . The team won the FIA European Formula Three Cup in 1999 with Benoît Tréluyer . It won the French Formula Three Championship in 2000 with Jonathan Cochet as driver , who also won the European Cup and Masters of Formula 3 that year , and won the Korea Super Prix for the team in 2001 . In 2002 , Renaud Derlot won the European F3 Cup for the team . In 2003 , Signature won the team championship in the first Formula Renault V6 Eurocup , with Tristan Gommendy and Kosuke Matsuura as drivers . They moved from the defunct French F3 series to its replacement , the Formula 3 Euro Series , and Nicolas Lapierre and Fabio Carbone completed a 1-2 finish for the team at the prestigious Macau Grand Prix . Edoardo Mortara and Jean-Karl Vernay repeated this feat in 2009 . The team began competing in the Le Mans Series in 2009 in the LMP1 category . The 2010 season was an outstanding one for Signature in the F3 Euroseries with Edoardo Mortara and Marco Wittmann finishing first and second in the series , winning eight races between them , and also taking the team championship . Signatech provided the chassis for the Formula Future Fiat , a junior formula racing series in Brazil held in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1:31.841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.463', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Merhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Merhi', 'summary': 'Roberto Merhi Muntan ( born 22 March 1991 ) is a Spanish racing driver who drove in Formula One for the Manor Marussia F1 Team during the 2015 season . Merhi has also raced in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series for Pons Racing , and won the Formula 3 Euro Series championship , while driving for Prema Powerteam . In 2018 , he drove for MP Motorsport and Campos Vexatec Racing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Mücke Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mücke_Motorsport', 'summary': 'Mücke Motorsport is an auto racing team based in Germany . Also known as ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg .'}]}, {'value': '1:31.991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.641', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Muñoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Muñoz_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Carlos Andrés Muñoz ( born 2 January 1992 ) is a professional racing driver from Colombia . He currently drives for Schmidt Peterson Motorsports part-time in the IndyCar Series . He has twice finished second in the Indianapolis 500 , during his rookie year in 2013 and in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mücke Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mücke_Motorsport', 'summary': 'Mücke Motorsport is an auto racing team based in Germany . Also known as ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.127', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigel Melker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Melker', 'summary': 'Nigel Melker ( born 25 January 1991 ) is a Dutch racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Mücke Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mücke_Motorsport', 'summary': 'Mücke Motorsport is an auto racing team based in Germany . Also known as ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.687', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edoardo Mortara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara', 'summary': 'Edoardo Mortara ( born 12 January 1987 ) is a professional Swiss-Italian racing driver . Born in Geneva , Switzerland , he holds dual nationality from Switzerland and Italy . He is a former Formula Three Euroseries champion and he almost claimed the DTM title with Audi in 2016 . He is a street circuit specialist and renowned as Mr Macau . Currently , he is racing in the Formula E championship for the Venturi Team . He is renowned as Mr Macau as he has won 10 times in Macau from 2008 to 2017 in F3 and GT races . These wins include 2008 F3 Qualification Race , 2009 F3 Main Race , 2010 F3 Qualification Race and Main Race , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Macau GT Races , 2013 Audi R8 LMS Race and 2017 Macau GT World Cup Qualification Race and Main Race . This is a record for any driver or rider in Macau up to date . In 2017-2018 , he drove for the Venturi Formula E team . In the first weekend of his Formula E races in Hong Kong , his performances stood out as a rookie as he finished 7th after charging from the field in the first race . And in the second race , he led most of the race until a spin which costed him the victory . However , he still finished in 2nd place and claimed the best-ever result for the Venturi team in FE season 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Signature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signature_Team', 'summary': 'Signature is a French auto racing team that competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship . The team won the FIA European Formula Three Cup in 1999 with Benoît Tréluyer . It won the French Formula Three Championship in 2000 with Jonathan Cochet as driver , who also won the European Cup and Masters of Formula 3 that year , and won the Korea Super Prix for the team in 2001 . In 2002 , Renaud Derlot won the European F3 Cup for the team . In 2003 , Signature won the team championship in the first Formula Renault V6 Eurocup , with Tristan Gommendy and Kosuke Matsuura as drivers . They moved from the defunct French F3 series to its replacement , the Formula 3 Euro Series , and Nicolas Lapierre and Fabio Carbone completed a 1-2 finish for the team at the prestigious Macau Grand Prix . Edoardo Mortara and Jean-Karl Vernay repeated this feat in 2009 . The team began competing in the Le Mans Series in 2009 in the LMP1 category . The 2010 season was an outstanding one for Signature in the F3 Euroseries with Edoardo Mortara and Marco Wittmann finishing first and second in the series , winning eight races between them , and also taking the team championship . Signatech provided the chassis for the Formula Future Fiat , a junior formula racing series in Brazil held in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1:31.812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.713', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Éric Vergne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Éric_Vergne', 'summary': 'Jean-Éric Vergne ( born 25 April 1990 ) , also known as JEV , is a French racing driver who competes in the FIA Formula E Championship with the TECHEETAH Formula E team . He became the 2018 ABB Formula E World Champion , after clinching fifth in the New York ePrix in 2018 , and he became the first Formula E driver to win two consecutive championships after his repeat success in the 2018-19 season . He competed in Formula One for Scuderia Toro Rosso from 2012 to 2014 , and was a Ferrari test and development driver from 2015 to 2016 . He won the British Formula 3 Championship in 2010 and then finished runner up to teammate Robert Wickens in the 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport', 'summary': "Carlin , formerly Carlin Motorsport , is a motor racing team based in the United Kingdom . It currently competes in three professional championships : the NTT IndyCar Series , European Le Mans Series and Asian Le Mans Series as well as five junior championships : FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship , F4 British Championship , BRDC British Formula 3 , and Euroformula Open Championship . Originally found in 1996 by Trevor Carlin and Martin Stone , Carlin has competed in Porsche Supercup , Nissan World Series , Formula BMW UK , World Series by Renault , F3 Euro Series , British F3 , FIA European F3 Championship , FIA Formula E , GP3 Series , GP2 Series and Indy Lights all with race winning success . In 2009 , Carlin Motorsport was reborn as Carlin , part of the Capsicum Motorsport Group headed up by Grahame Chilton and Rupert Swallow . Carlin has provided a well-trodden staircase to F1 . Over 200 drivers have passed through the doors of the team , many on their way to the highest echelons of the sport , including F1 drivers Sebastian Vettel , Nico Rosberg , Robert Kubica , Takuma Sato , Anthony Davidson , Jaime Alguersuari , Daniel Ricciardo , Max Chilton , Jean-Éric Vergne , Kevin Magnussen , Felipe Nasr , Narain Karthikeyan , Rio Haryanto and Lando Norris . Other notable Carlin drivers are Josef Newgarden , Patricio O'Ward , Jamie Green , Oliver Jarvis , Oliver Turvey , Álvaro Parente , Charlie Kimball , Robert Wickens and Ed Jones ."}]}, {'value': '1:31.992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.765', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Buller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Buller_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'William Buller ( born 17 September 1992 ) is a British racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Hitech Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hitech_Racing', 'summary': 'Hitech Grand Prix ( formerly known as Hitech Racing ) is a British motor racing team . It was founded in 2002 by Dennis Rushen and David Hayle . The team started racing in the British Formula 3 Championship in 2003 . The team also competed in the South American Formula Three Series , namely the Formula 3 Sudamericana . Currently the team competes in FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship and the F3 Asian Championship . W Series and 2019 FIA Motorsport Games Formula 4 Cup currently operated by Hitech GP .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.747', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Pla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pla', 'summary': 'Jim Pla ( born 6 October 1992 in Béziers ) is a French racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'ART Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ART_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'ART Grand Prix is a French motor racing team that competes in formula single-seaters in Europe . In 2012 , it competed in the GP2 Series and GP3 Series as Lotus GP to reflect sponsorship from British sports and racing car manufacturer Lotus . The team competed as Lotus ART in 2011. Notable ART drivers include Sebastian Vettel , Lewis Hamilton , Nico Rosberg , Valtteri Bottas , Nico Hülkenberg , Romain Grosjean , Esteban Ocon , Charles Leclerc , George Russell , Alexander Albon , Stoffel Vandoorne , Lucas di Grassi , Nyck de Vries , Kamui Kobayashi , Simon Pagenaud , James Calado , Jamie Green , Bruno Spengler , Olivier Pla , Adrian Sutil , Paul di Resta , Jules Bianchi , Esteban Gutiérrez , Anthoine Hubert , Felix Rosenqvist and Jack Harvey .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.544', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'António Félix da Costa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/António_Félix_da_Costa', 'summary': "António Maria de Mello Breyner Félix da Costa ( born 31 August 1991 ) is a Portuguese professional racing driver , and DS Techeetah driver . He is perhaps best known for winning the Macau Grand Prix invitational Formula Three race in 2012 and 2016 , as well as the Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup in 2009 . He is the younger half-brother of Duarte Félix da Costa , also a racing driver , who primarily competes in sportscar racing . After progressing through various levels of the junior formulae motorsport ladder , Félix da Costa 's breakthrough year came during the 2012 season . Having started the season driving for the Carlin team in the GP3 Series , Félix da Costa was selected to join the Red Bull Junior Team , replacing Formula Renault 3.5 Series driver Lewis Williamson , who had failed to score a point in the first three meetings of the season . Félix da Costa assumed Williamson 's drive with the Arden Caterham team , where he ultimately won four of the final five races to be held in the campaign en route to fourth position in the final championship standings , just 23 points behind eventual champion Robin Frijns . Félix da Costa moved to the Arden Caterham team full-time for the 2013 season . Both Félix da Costa and Frijns received tests with the Red Bull Racing Formula One team for the Young Drivers ' test in Abu Dhabi - Félix da Costa 's second such appearance at the tests , after driving for Force India in 2010 - with Félix da Costa setting the pace on the second day . He completed the season with the first Portuguese victory in the Macau Grand Prix in 58 years , leading every racing lap of the meeting en route to victory ."}]}, {'value': 'Motopark Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motopark_Academy', 'summary': 'Motopark Academy ( raced under Lotus moniker from 2012 to 2014 ) is an auto racing team based in Oschersleben , Germany , next to the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben race track . In 2013 , the team competed in the GP2 Series under the name Russian Time .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Juncadella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Juncadella', 'summary': 'Daniel Juncadella Pérez-Sala ( born 7 May 1991 ) is a Spanish racing driver who currently competes in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters . He is son of de Xavier Juncadella and nephew of Josep Maria Juncadella , Alex Soler-Roig and Luis Pérez-Sala , also racecar drivers .'}]}, {'value': 'Prema Powerteam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prema_Powerteam', 'summary': "Prema Powerteam ( competing as Prema Racing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship and the FIA Formula 3 Championship ) is a motorsport team from Italy . It mainly operates in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship ( FIA Formula 3 Championship since 2019 ) as well as various junior championships . The team was founded in 1984 . Also this team was a part of Toyota Driver Programme . Currently the team has strong ties with Mercedes and Ferrari , running many of the current Ferrari Driver Academy drivers . Its most recent success is winning the GP2 Drivers ' title with Pierre Gasly in 2016 and Formula 2 Championship Drivers ' Championship with Charles Leclerc including its Teams ' championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1:36.221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazeman Jaafar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazeman_Jaafar', 'summary': 'Jazeman Firhan Jaafar ( born 13 November 1992 ) is a Malaysian racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport', 'summary': "Carlin , formerly Carlin Motorsport , is a motor racing team based in the United Kingdom . It currently competes in three professional championships : the NTT IndyCar Series , European Le Mans Series and Asian Le Mans Series as well as five junior championships : FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship , F4 British Championship , BRDC British Formula 3 , and Euroformula Open Championship . Originally found in 1996 by Trevor Carlin and Martin Stone , Carlin has competed in Porsche Supercup , Nissan World Series , Formula BMW UK , World Series by Renault , F3 Euro Series , British F3 , FIA European F3 Championship , FIA Formula E , GP3 Series , GP2 Series and Indy Lights all with race winning success . In 2009 , Carlin Motorsport was reborn as Carlin , part of the Capsicum Motorsport Group headed up by Grahame Chilton and Rupert Swallow . Carlin has provided a well-trodden staircase to F1 . Over 200 drivers have passed through the doors of the team , many on their way to the highest echelons of the sport , including F1 drivers Sebastian Vettel , Nico Rosberg , Robert Kubica , Takuma Sato , Anthony Davidson , Jaime Alguersuari , Daniel Ricciardo , Max Chilton , Jean-Éric Vergne , Kevin Magnussen , Felipe Nasr , Narain Karthikeyan , Rio Haryanto and Lando Norris . Other notable Carlin drivers are Josef Newgarden , Patricio O'Ward , Jamie Green , Oliver Jarvis , Oliver Turvey , Álvaro Parente , Charlie Kimball , Robert Wickens and Ed Jones ."}]}, {'value': '1:32.724', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.070', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurens Vanthoor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurens_Vanthoor', 'summary': 'Laurens Vanthoor ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈlʌurəns fɑnˈtoːr ] ; born 8 May 1991 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver currently racing for Porsche Motorsport as a factory driver in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship . He currently resides in Waiblingen outside of Stuttgart .'}]}, {'value': 'Signature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signature_Team', 'summary': 'Signature is a French auto racing team that competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship . The team won the FIA European Formula Three Cup in 1999 with Benoît Tréluyer . It won the French Formula Three Championship in 2000 with Jonathan Cochet as driver , who also won the European Cup and Masters of Formula 3 that year , and won the Korea Super Prix for the team in 2001 . In 2002 , Renaud Derlot won the European F3 Cup for the team . In 2003 , Signature won the team championship in the first Formula Renault V6 Eurocup , with Tristan Gommendy and Kosuke Matsuura as drivers . They moved from the defunct French F3 series to its replacement , the Formula 3 Euro Series , and Nicolas Lapierre and Fabio Carbone completed a 1-2 finish for the team at the prestigious Macau Grand Prix . Edoardo Mortara and Jean-Karl Vernay repeated this feat in 2009 . The team began competing in the Le Mans Series in 2009 in the LMP1 category . The 2010 season was an outstanding one for Signature in the F3 Euroseries with Edoardo Mortara and Marco Wittmann finishing first and second in the series , winning eight races between them , and also taking the team championship . Signatech provided the chassis for the Formula Future Fiat , a junior formula racing series in Brazil held in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.077', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'no time', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stef Dusseldorp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stef_Dusseldorp', 'summary': 'Stef Dusseldorp ( born 27 September 1989 in Winterswijk , Gelderland ) is a Dutch racing driver . He started a career in formula cars in 2007 , having competed in series such as Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup ( 5th in 2008 ) and the German Formula Three Championship ( 2nd in 2009 , 4th in 2010 ) . Dusseldorp switched to the FIA GT1 World Championship for 2011 , where he finished 7th driving an Aston Martin DBR9 for Hexis Racing together with Clivio Piccione , collecting a win and four podiums . In 2012 , he and Frédéric Makowiecki collected five wins and resulted vice-champion , now driving a McLaren MP4-12C . The driver switched to the Blancpain Endurance Series for 2013 , continuing as a Hexis driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Signature', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signature_Team', 'summary': 'Signature is a French auto racing team that competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship . The team won the FIA European Formula Three Cup in 1999 with Benoît Tréluyer . It won the French Formula Three Championship in 2000 with Jonathan Cochet as driver , who also won the European Cup and Masters of Formula 3 that year , and won the Korea Super Prix for the team in 2001 . In 2002 , Renaud Derlot won the European F3 Cup for the team . In 2003 , Signature won the team championship in the first Formula Renault V6 Eurocup , with Tristan Gommendy and Kosuke Matsuura as drivers . They moved from the defunct French F3 series to its replacement , the Formula 3 Euro Series , and Nicolas Lapierre and Fabio Carbone completed a 1-2 finish for the team at the prestigious Macau Grand Prix . Edoardo Mortara and Jean-Karl Vernay repeated this feat in 2009 . The team began competing in the Le Mans Series in 2009 in the LMP1 category . The 2010 season was an outstanding one for Signature in the F3 Euroseries with Edoardo Mortara and Marco Wittmann finishing first and second in the series , winning eight races between them , and also taking the team championship . Signatech provided the chassis for the Formula Future Fiat , a junior formula racing series in Brazil held in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.868', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.086', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rupert Svendsen-Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rupert_Svendsen-Cook', 'summary': 'Rupert Jack Svendsen-Cook ( born 17 September 1990 in Ipswich ) is a British racing driver with Norwegian family history .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport', 'summary': "Carlin , formerly Carlin Motorsport , is a motor racing team based in the United Kingdom . It currently competes in three professional championships : the NTT IndyCar Series , European Le Mans Series and Asian Le Mans Series as well as five junior championships : FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship , F4 British Championship , BRDC British Formula 3 , and Euroformula Open Championship . Originally found in 1996 by Trevor Carlin and Martin Stone , Carlin has competed in Porsche Supercup , Nissan World Series , Formula BMW UK , World Series by Renault , F3 Euro Series , British F3 , FIA European F3 Championship , FIA Formula E , GP3 Series , GP2 Series and Indy Lights all with race winning success . In 2009 , Carlin Motorsport was reborn as Carlin , part of the Capsicum Motorsport Group headed up by Grahame Chilton and Rupert Swallow . Carlin has provided a well-trodden staircase to F1 . Over 200 drivers have passed through the doors of the team , many on their way to the highest echelons of the sport , including F1 drivers Sebastian Vettel , Nico Rosberg , Robert Kubica , Takuma Sato , Anthony Davidson , Jaime Alguersuari , Daniel Ricciardo , Max Chilton , Jean-Éric Vergne , Kevin Magnussen , Felipe Nasr , Narain Karthikeyan , Rio Haryanto and Lando Norris . Other notable Carlin drivers are Josef Newgarden , Patricio O'Ward , Jamie Green , Oliver Jarvis , Oliver Turvey , Álvaro Parente , Charlie Kimball , Robert Wickens and Ed Jones ."}]}, {'value': '1:33.008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Dias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Dias', 'summary': 'Gabriel Dias ( born July 11 , 1990 ) is a Brazilian racing driver . In 2010 , he competed in the British Formula 3 Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Hitech Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hitech_Racing', 'summary': 'Hitech Grand Prix ( formerly known as Hitech Racing ) is a British motor racing team . It was founded in 2002 by Dennis Rushen and David Hayle . The team started racing in the British Formula 3 Championship in 2003 . The team also competed in the South American Formula Three Series , namely the Formula 3 Sudamericana . Currently the team competes in FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship and the F3 Asian Championship . W Series and 2019 FIA Motorsport Games Formula 4 Cup currently operated by Hitech GP .'}]}, {'value': '1:32.803', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolas Marroc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Marroc', 'summary': 'Nicolas Marroc ( born 5 December 1986 in La-Roche-sur-Yon ) is a French racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Prema Powerteam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prema_Powerteam', 'summary': "Prema Powerteam ( competing as Prema Racing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship and the FIA Formula 3 Championship ) is a motorsport team from Italy . It mainly operates in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship ( FIA Formula 3 Championship since 2019 ) as well as various junior championships . The team was founded in 1984 . Also this team was a part of Toyota Driver Programme . Currently the team has strong ties with Mercedes and Ferrari , running many of the current Ferrari Driver Academy drivers . Its most recent success is winning the GP2 Drivers ' title with Pierre Gasly in 2016 and Formula 2 Championship Drivers ' Championship with Charles Leclerc including its Teams ' championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1:33.008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucas Foresti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Foresti', 'summary': 'Lucas Foresti ( born 12 May 1992 ) is a Brazilian racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport', 'summary': "Carlin , formerly Carlin Motorsport , is a motor racing team based in the United Kingdom . It currently competes in three professional championships : the NTT IndyCar Series , European Le Mans Series and Asian Le Mans Series as well as five junior championships : FIA Formula 2 Championship , FIA Formula 3 Championship , F4 British Championship , BRDC British Formula 3 , and Euroformula Open Championship . Originally found in 1996 by Trevor Carlin and Martin Stone , Carlin has competed in Porsche Supercup , Nissan World Series , Formula BMW UK , World Series by Renault , F3 Euro Series , British F3 , FIA European F3 Championship , FIA Formula E , GP3 Series , GP2 Series and Indy Lights all with race winning success . In 2009 , Carlin Motorsport was reborn as Carlin , part of the Capsicum Motorsport Group headed up by Grahame Chilton and Rupert Swallow . Carlin has provided a well-trodden staircase to F1 . Over 200 drivers have passed through the doors of the team , many on their way to the highest echelons of the sport , including F1 drivers Sebastian Vettel , Nico Rosberg , Robert Kubica , Takuma Sato , Anthony Davidson , Jaime Alguersuari , Daniel Ricciardo , Max Chilton , Jean-Éric Vergne , Kevin Magnussen , Felipe Nasr , Narain Karthikeyan , Rio Haryanto and Lando Norris . Other notable Carlin drivers are Josef Newgarden , Patricio O'Ward , Jamie Green , Oliver Jarvis , Oliver Turvey , Álvaro Parente , Charlie Kimball , Robert Wickens and Ed Jones ."}]}, {'value': '1:33.046', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.529', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matias Laine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matias_Laine', 'summary': 'Matias Laine ( born 25 April 1990 in Joensuu ) is a Finnish racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Motopark Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motopark_Academy', 'summary': 'Motopark Academy ( raced under Lotus moniker from 2012 to 2014 ) is an auto racing team based in Oschersleben , Germany , next to the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben race track . In 2013 , the team competed in the GP2 Series under the name Russian Time .'}]}, {'value': '1:33.170', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:32.569', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Masters_of_Formula_3_0', 'intro': "The 2010 Masters of Formula 3 was the twentieth Masters of Formula 3 race, and was held at Circuit Park Zandvoort in the Netherlands on 6 June 2010. The race was won by Valtteri Bottas, for ART Grand Prix, becoming the first person to win the event twice, having won the race the year before. The podium was completed by other Formula 3 Euro Series drivers, with Bottas' team-mate Alexander Sims finishing second having started from pole position, while Signature's Marco Wittmann was third."} | null | null | What is the number of the driver that wears an Ayrton Senna inspired helmet ? | 2 |
04ff881df568c029 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Austria at the 1964 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egon Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egon_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Egon Zimmermann ( 8 February 1939 - 23 August 2019 ) , often referred to as Egon Zimmermann II , was a World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria . Zimmermann won the Olympic downhill at Patscherkofel in 1964 and won several medals on the professional tour in the late-1960s and early 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pepi Stiegler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pepi_Stiegler', 'summary': "Josef Pepi Stiegler ( born 20 April 1937 in Lienz , Austria ) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . He was a member of the Austrian national ski team during the late 1950s and early 1960s and was one of the world 's premier racers . His two children are on the U.S . Ski Team : daughter Resi ( b . 1985 ) is on the World Cup team and son Seppi ( b . 1988 ) is on the Nor-Am circuit . At the 1960 Winter Olympics of Squaw Valley , Stiegler won a silver medal in the giant slalom and took fifth place in the slalom . At the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck , he took the bronze medal in giant slalom at Axamer Lizum and then won the gold in slalom , edging out American medalists Billy Kidd and Jimmie Heuga . - He became Austrian sportsman of the Year 1964 . Pepi Stiegler later made appearances at many ski events in the United States and wrote articles for ski magazines . In 1965 , he became the first ski school director at Jackson Hole , Wyoming , where he served for 29 years , followed by eight years as ambassador of skiing . He stepped down in 2002 after 37 years with the resort ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christl Haas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christl_Haas', 'summary': 'Christl Haas ( 19 September 1943 - 8 July 2001 ) was an Austrian Alpine skier . She competed at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics and won a gold and a bronze medal , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josef Feistmantl Manfred Stengl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josef_Feistmantl', 'summary': 'Josef Feistmantl ( 23 February 1939 - 10 March 2019 ) was an Austrian luger who competed from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manfred_Stengl', 'summary': "Manfred Stengl ( April 1 , 1946 - June 6 , 1992 ) was an Austrian luger . Stengl was born in Salzburg . He worked as a road-building engineer . He won the gold medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . Stengl also won the silver medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1962 FIL European Luge Championships in Weissenbach , Austria . In the 1970s , Stengl turned his attention to bobsleigh , winning a bronze in the four-man event at the 1975 FIBT World Championships in Cervinia , Italy . Stengl was also active in motorcycle racing , participating in many events from the late 1960s until his death . [ citation needed ] He died in a motorcycle accident during the 1992 Isle of Man TT while competing in the Senior TT category ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck . The competition took place between January 30 and February 4 , 1964 . This was the first appearance of Luge in the Winter Olympics . It was originally scheduled to be added in 1960 , but as there was no venue built for it in Squaw Valley , the sport 's debut came in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl Schranz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Schranz', 'summary': 'Karl Schranz ( born 18 November 1938 ) is a former champion alpine ski racer from Austria , one of the best of the 1960s and early 1970s . Born and raised in St. Anton , Tyrol , Schranz had a lengthy ski career , from 1957 to 1972 . He won twenty major downhills , many major giant slalom races and several major slaloms . Late in his career he was the successor to Jean-Claude Killy as the World Cup overall champion ; Schranz won the title at age 30 in the third World Cup season of 1969 , and repeated in 1970 . He was also the downhill champion for those two seasons and was the giant slalom season champion in 1969 . Schranz won both the classic downhills four times each : the Hahnenkamm at Kitzbühel , Austria , ( 1966,1969 , 1972,1972 ) , and the Lauberhorn at Wengen , Switzerland , ( 1959 , 1963 , 1966 , 1969 ) . He also excelled at the legendary Arlberg-Kandahar events , winning nine times , from 1957 ( Chamonix ) to 1970 ( Garmisch-Partenkirchen ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edith Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edith_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Edith Zimmermann ( born 1 November 1941 ) is an Austrian former alpine skier who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . She was born in Lech am Arlberg . In 1964 she won the silver medal in the downhill event . In the slalom competition she finished fifth and in the giant slalom contest she finished sixth . She is the sister of Heidi Zimmermann ( born May 1 , 1946 ) , double medalist at the FIS Alpine Skiing World Championships 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erwin Thaler Adolf Koxeder Josef Nairz Reinhold Durnthaler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erwin_Thaler', 'summary': 'Erwin Thaler ( born May 21 , 1930 in Innsbruck - November 29 , 2001 ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the 1960s . He won two silver medals in the four-man event at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . Thaler also won two medals at the FIBT World Championships with gold in the two-man event in 1967 and a bronze in the four-man event in 1963 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adolf_Koxeder', 'summary': 'Adolf Koxeder ( born 9 October 1934 ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the 1960s . He won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . Koxeder also won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1963 FIBT World Championships in Igls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Josef_Nairz', 'summary': 'Josef Nairz ( born 5 November 1942 ) is an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the 1960s . He won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . Nairz also won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1963 FIBT World Championships in Igls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reinhold_Durnthaler', 'summary': 'Reinhold Durnthaler ( Sometimes spelled as Reinhold Dumthaler ) ( 29 November 1942 - 23 October 2017 ) was an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the 1960s . He won two silver medals in the four-man event at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . Durnthaler also won two medals at the FIBT World Championships with gold in the two-man event in 1967 and a bronze in the four-man event in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Bobsleigh 1964 Winter Olympics events took place between 31 January and 7 February 1964 at Bob und Rodelbahn Igls , Innsbruck , Austria . This marked the return of Bobsleigh to the Winter Olympics as no bob events took place at the 1960 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Four-man', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regine Heitzer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regine_Heitzer', 'summary': "Regine Heitzer ( born 16 February 1944 ) is a retired Austrian figure skater . She competed at the 1960 and 1964 Winter Olympics and won a silver medal in the singles event in 1964 . Between 1960 and 1965 she also won 11 medals at European and world championships . In 1967 she turned professional and skated for Vienna Ice Revue and Holiday on Ice . She retired in 1971 due to a knee injury and rarely danced since then - in 1979 she skated with Emmerich Danzer to promote the World Championships in Vienna . In the 1970s she turned to her father 's business , wholesale upholstery fabrics , investing her earnings from her professional career . She eventually took over the company and converted it to a furniture store before retiring in 2010 . In 1996 she was awarded a Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria ."}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Figure skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympiahalle in Innsbruck , Austria . There were three events contested : men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and pair skating ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinhold Senn Helmut Thaler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinhold_Senn', 'summary': "Reinhold Senn ( born in Imst on December 6 , 1936 ) was an Austrian luger who competed during the 1960s . Senn won the silver medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . At the 1961 FIL World Luge Championships in Girenbad , Switzerland , Senn won bronze medals in the men 's singles and men 's doubles event . He won a silver medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1967 FIL European Luge Championships in Königssee , West Germany ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Thaler', 'summary': "Helmut Thaler ( born 22 January 1940 ) was an Austrian luger who competed from the late 1950s to the late 1960s . He won the silver medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . He was born in Imst . Thaler also won two medals in the men 's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver in 1960 and a bronze in 1961 . He won a silver medal in the men 's doubles event at the 1967 FIL European Luge Championships in Königssee , West Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck . The competition took place between January 30 and February 4 , 1964 . This was the first appearance of Luge in the Winter Olympics . It was originally scheduled to be added in 1960 , but as there was no venue built for it in Squaw Valley , the sport 's debut came in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pepi Stiegler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pepi_Stiegler', 'summary': "Josef Pepi Stiegler ( born 20 April 1937 in Lienz , Austria ) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . He was a member of the Austrian national ski team during the late 1950s and early 1960s and was one of the world 's premier racers . His two children are on the U.S . Ski Team : daughter Resi ( b . 1985 ) is on the World Cup team and son Seppi ( b . 1988 ) is on the Nor-Am circuit . At the 1960 Winter Olympics of Squaw Valley , Stiegler won a silver medal in the giant slalom and took fifth place in the slalom . At the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck , he took the bronze medal in giant slalom at Axamer Lizum and then won the gold in slalom , edging out American medalists Billy Kidd and Jimmie Heuga . - He became Austrian sportsman of the Year 1964 . Pepi Stiegler later made appearances at many ski events in the United States and wrote articles for ski magazines . In 1965 , he became the first ski school director at Jackson Hole , Wyoming , where he served for 29 years , followed by eight years as ambassador of skiing . He stepped down in 2002 after 37 years with the resort ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Traudl Hecher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Traudl_Hecher', 'summary': 'Waltraud J. Traudl Hecher-Görgl ( born 28 September 1943 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic medalist from Austria . Born in Schwaz , Tyrol , she won Olympic bronze medals in the downhill in 1960 at Squaw Valley and in 1964 at Innsbruck . Her medal in 1960 at age 16 made her the youngest alpine skiing medalist ever , an honor she retains over fifty years later . She raced through the 1967 season , the first year of World Cup competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events , held near Innsbruck , Austria , from January 30 to February 8 , 1964 . The men 's downhill was held on Patscherkofel ( above Igls ) , the other five events at Axamer Lizum . This was the first Olympics in which the finishing times were recorded in hundredths of a second , rather than tenths . It was the third and final Winter Olympics in which East and West Germany competed as the United Team of Germany . Mild weather led to a lack of snow , which was trucked in and packed down by the Austrian army . During a training run for the men 's downhill at Patscherkofel on January 25 , Ross Milne of Australia lost control and left the course ; he hit a tree and later died of a head injury . The Winter Olympics returned to Innsbruck just 12 years later in 1976 , after Denver returned its winning bid in November 1972 ( Innsbruck was awarded the 1976 games in February 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leni Thurner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leni_Thurner', 'summary': "Helene Leni Thurner ( born August 12 , 1938 ) is an Austrian luger who competed during the 1960s . She won the bronze medal in the women 's singles event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . She was born in Zams . Thurner also won three medals in the women 's singles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver ( 1963 ) and two bronzes ( 1961 , 1967 ) . She also won a silver medal in the women 's singles at the 1962 FIL European Luge Championships in Weissenbach , Austria ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck . The competition took place between January 30 and February 4 , 1964 . This was the first appearance of Luge in the Winter Olympics . It was originally scheduled to be added in 1960 , but as there was no venue built for it in Squaw Valley , the sport 's debut came in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Austria_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Austria was the host nation of the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.'} | null | null | The athlete who retired in 1971 because of a knee injury won silver in what sport ? | Figure skating |
05004ae11417f1ac | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_films', 'title': 'List of African films', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Director', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Boy Kumasenu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boy_Kumasenu', 'summary': 'The Boy Kumasenu is a 1952 feature film made in Ghana by a British film crew . It was produced and directed by Sean Graham from a script by Graham and John Wyllie . The score was by Elisabeth Lutyens .'}]}, {'value': 'Sean Graham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Brewed in the African Pot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Brewed_in_the_African_Pot', 'summary': 'Love Brewed in the African Pot is a 1980 Ghanaian film directed by Kwaw Ansah . It was reportedly the first privately financed Ghanaian feature film .'}]}, {'value': 'Kwaw Ansah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwaw_Ansah', 'summary': 'Kwaw Paintsil Ansah ( born 1941 ) is an award-winning Ghanaian film-maker , whose work as writer , director or producer includes Love Brewed in the African Pot in 1980 and Heritage Africa in 1989 . His first feature , Love Brewed in the African Pot , earned an immediate popular and critical acclaim throughout English-speaking Africa . Despite all the awards and the success , it would be nearly 10 years before Ansah could complete his next major film project , the ambitious Heritage Africa ( 1989 ) . Yet again , the film was widely acclaimed and awarded . Since then , Ansah has produced other films , including Harvest at 17 ( 1994 ) , Crossroads of People , Crossroads of Trade ( 1994 ) and The Golden Stool , the Soul of the Asantes ( 2000 ) . Ansah is a crusader for African filmmaking and dramatic art , working ceaselessly for improved funding and distribution of African films within Africa . He has been chairman of FEPACI and a leader in the direction of FESPACO . In 1998 , Ansah was awarded the Acrag Prize , the Living Legend Award for Contribution to the Arts of Ghana .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zinabu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zinabu', 'summary': 'Zinabu is a 1987 Ghanaian film directed by William Akuffo and Richard Quartey .'}]}, {'value': 'William Akuffo and Richard Quartey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sankofa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sankofa_(1993_film)', 'summary': "Sankofa is a 1993 Burkinese drama film directed by Haile Gerima centered on the Atlantic slave trade . The storyline features Oyafunmike Ogunlano , Kofi Ghanaba , Mutabaruka , Alexandra Duah , and Afemo Omilami . The word Sankofa derives its meaning from the Ghanaian Akan language which means to go back , look for , and gain wisdom , power and hope , according to Dr. Anna Julia Cooper . The word Sankofa stresses the importance of one not drifting too far away from one 's past in order to progress in the future . In the film , Sankofa is depicted by a bird and the chants and drumming of a Divine Drummer . Gerima 's film showed the importance of not having people of African descent drift far away from their African roots . Gerima used the journey of the character Mona to show how the African perception of identity included recognizing one 's roots and returning to ones source ( Gerima ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Haile Gerima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haile_Gerima', 'summary': 'Haile Gerima ( born March 4 , 1946 ) is an Ethiopian filmmaker who lives and works in the United States . He is a leading member of the L.A . Rebellion film movement , also known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers . His films have received wide international acclaim . Since 1975 , Haile has been an influential film professor at Howard University in Washington , D.C . He is best known for Sankofa ( 1993 ) , which won numerous international awards .'}]}, {'value': 'drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Emmanuel 's Gift", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Emmanuel's_Gift", 'summary': 'Filmmakers Lisa Lax and Nancy Stern capture Emmanuel Yeboahs heart , spirit , and determination through the 2005 documentary Emmanuels Gift , based on the true story of Emmanuels life solely dedicated to making change . Narrated by Oprah Winfrey , the documentary follows Emmanuel on his journey to change the political and societal norms wrapped around disabled people in his home country of Ghana . Being that he was born with a deformed right leg , Emmanuel witnessed firsthand his whole life how disabled people were treated and viewed in the eyes of society . Children born with disabilities in Ghana are often abandoned or , in more extreme cases , killed . If they do survive , they often become poor beggars on the street . He , on the other hand , grew up in a small home with his mother and family . His father abandoned his mother when he found out that his son had a deformed leg . Emmanuel shined shoes every day for $ 2 , refusing to let the prejudices against disabled people get to his head . One day he put in a grant request to the Challenged Athletes Foundation based in California all the way over in the United States . His request was not one for money , but rather for a bike that he would later receive to travel nearly 380 miles across the entire country of Ghana on to show those that did not support equal rights that disabled people can accomplish above and beyond what society tells them they can . Word spread fast about Emmanuels long journey on the bike given to him by the foundation . The Challenged Athletes Foundation , who gave Emmanuel the bicycle , reached out and asked him to come to America to do their triathlon .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary_film', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Run Baby Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_Baby_Run_(2006_film)', 'summary': 'Run Baby Run is a Ghanaian action film directed by Emmanuel Apea and starring John Apea . The film received 8 nominations and won 4 awards at the African Movie Academy Awards in 2008 , including the awards for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Screenplay .'}]}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Apea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'action', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_film', 'summary': 'Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include violence , extended fighting , physical feats , and frantic chases . Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds , which include life-threatening situations , a villain , or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero ( though a small number of films in this genre have ended in the victory for the villain instead ) . Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past . However , reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed , as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic , highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism . While action has long been a recurring component in films , the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects . Common action scenes in films are generally , but not limited to , explosions , car chases , fistfights , and shootouts . This genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure genres , and they may also contain elements of drama and spy fiction .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Goat 's Tail", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Goat's_Tail", 'summary': "A Goat 's Tail is a 2006 British-Ghanaian film and is the directorial debut feature of Julius Amedume who also wrote the script . The plot follows a Ghanaian taxi driver who travels to London and encounters an underworld of drug culture . The film won the Best Feature award at the 2007 Los Angeles Pan African Film Festival . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Julius Amedume', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Tyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Tyra', 'summary': 'Princess Tyra is a 2007 Ghanaian Nigerian drama film directed by Frank Rajah Arase , and starring Jackie Aygemang , Van Vicker & Yvonne Nelson . The film received 12 nominations and won 2 awards at the 2008 Africa Movie Academy Awards , including the awards for Best Costume & Best Makeup .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Rajah Arase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Rajah_Arase', 'summary': 'Frank Rajah Arase ( born Frank Rajah Efosa Arase ) is a Nigerian film director . Arase is a native of Edo State , Nigeria . He was nominated for Best Director at the 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Sting in a Tale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Sting_in_a_Tale', 'summary': 'A Sting in a Tale is a 2009 Ghanaian thriller film written and directed by Shirley Frimpong-Manso and produced by Ken Attoh . The film won five awards at the Ghana Movie Awards in 2010 , including the awards for Best Director , Best Writing - Adapted or Original Screen Play , Best Cinematography and Best Original Song .'}]}, {'value': 'Shirley Frimpong-Manso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Frimpong-Manso', 'summary': 'Shirley Frimpong-Manso ( born 16 March 1977 ) is a Ghanaian film director , writer , and producer . She is the founder and CEO of Sparrow Productions , a film , television and advertising production company . She won Best Director at the 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards . Frimpong-Manso is also a principal of Sparrow Station , a video streaming service for African entertainment from Sparrow and other African film producers . In 2013 , she was ranked the 48th most influential person in Ghana according to E.tv Ghana . Frimpong-Manso is described as one who seeks to raise the standard of film production in Ghana and Africa by telling progressive African stories as seen through the eyes of Africans . Changing the way Ghana was portrayed also motivated her career choice . Her films are also known for their fierce female leads , as they portray African women with agency who can be breadwinners and lead complex lives . In December 2019 , her movie Potato Potahto started streaming on Netflix .'}]}, {'value': 'thriller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thriller_(genre)', 'summary': 'Thriller is a genre of fiction , having numerous , often overlapping subgenres . Thrillers are characterized and defined by the moods they elicit , giving viewers heightened feelings of suspense , excitement , surprise , anticipation and anxiety . Successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock . Thrillers generally keep the audience on the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax . The cover-up of important information is a common element . Literary devices such as red herrings , plot twists , and cliffhangers are used extensively . A thriller is usually a villain-driven plot , whereby they present obstacles that the protagonist must overcome .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coz Ov Moni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coz_Ov_Moni', 'summary': 'Coz Ov Moni - The First Pidgen Musical Film in the World is a 2010 musical film produced by the FOKN BOIS and directed by independent Ghanaian filmmaker King Luu . The film is a musical entirely spoken in Ghanaian Pidgin English , but subtitles are shown .'}]}, {'value': 'King Luu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'musical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musical_film', 'summary': "Musical film is a film genre with many songs in the movies . The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film 's characters , but in some cases , they serve merely as breaks in the storyline , often as elaborate production numbers . The musical film was a natural development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology . Typically , the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater . Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater ; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if a live audience were watching . In a sense , the viewer becomes the diegetic audience , as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinking Sands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sinking_Sands', 'summary': 'Sinking Sands is a 2010 Ghanaian drama film written , produced and directed by Leila Djansi , and starring Jimmy Jean-Louis , Ama Abebrese and Yemi Blaq . The film received nine ( 9 ) nominations and won 3 awards at the 2011 Africa Movie Academy Awards , including the awards for Best Screenplay & Best Makeup .'}]}, {'value': 'Leila Djansi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leila_Djansi', 'summary': 'Leila Afua Djansi ( born 1981 ) is an American and Ghanaian filmmaker who started her film career in the Ghana film industry .'}]}, {'value': 'drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An African Election', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_African_Election', 'summary': "An African Election is a 2011 documentary film about the contentious 2008 general elections in Ghana , directed by Jarreth and Kevin Merz . The film features interviews with the two major presidential candidates , Nana Akufo-Addo and John Atta Mills , as well as Ghana 's former president Jerry Rawlings ."}]}, {'value': 'Jarreth and Kevin Merz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary_film', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ties That Bind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ties_That_Bind_(film)', 'summary': 'Ties that Bind is a 2011 drama film directed by Leila Djansi and starring Kimberly Elise , Omotola Jalade Ekeinde and Ama K. Abebrese . It was filmed in Ghana . It was nominated in 21 categories at the 2011 Ghana Movie Awards , and won 9 awards . It received 7 nominations at the 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards and eventually won the award for the category Achievement in Screenplay .'}]}, {'value': 'Leila Djansi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leila_Djansi', 'summary': 'Leila Afua Djansi ( born 1981 ) is an American and Ghanaian filmmaker who started her film career in the Ghana film industry .'}]}, {'value': 'drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contract', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contract_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Contract is a 2012 Ghanaian film produced by Yvonne Okoro and directed by Shirley Frimpong-Manso , starring Hlomla Dandala , Joseph Benjamin and Yvonne Okoro . It received six nominations at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards including : Best Director , Achievement In Screenplay , Best Actor In A Leading Role and Best Actress In A Leading Role .'}]}, {'value': 'Shirley Frimpong-Manso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Frimpong-Manso', 'summary': 'Shirley Frimpong-Manso ( born 16 March 1977 ) is a Ghanaian film director , writer , and producer . She is the founder and CEO of Sparrow Productions , a film , television and advertising production company . She won Best Director at the 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards . Frimpong-Manso is also a principal of Sparrow Station , a video streaming service for African entertainment from Sparrow and other African film producers . In 2013 , she was ranked the 48th most influential person in Ghana according to E.tv Ghana . Frimpong-Manso is described as one who seeks to raise the standard of film production in Ghana and Africa by telling progressive African stories as seen through the eyes of Africans . Changing the way Ghana was portrayed also motivated her career choice . Her films are also known for their fierce female leads , as they portray African women with agency who can be breadwinners and lead complex lives . In December 2019 , her movie Potato Potahto started streaming on Netflix .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coz Ov Moni 2 ( FOKN Revenge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coz_Ov_Moni_2_(FOKN_Revenge)', 'summary': "Coz Ov Moni 2 ( FOKN Revenge ) - The World 's 2nd 1st Pidgin Musical is a 2013 musical film produced by the FOKN BOIS and directed by independent Ghanaian filmmaker King Luu . The film is a musical entirely spoken in Ghanaian Pidgin English , but subtitles are shown ."}]}, {'value': 'King Luu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'musical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musical_film', 'summary': "Musical film is a film genre with many songs in the movies . The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film 's characters , but in some cases , they serve merely as breaks in the storyline , often as elaborate production numbers . The musical film was a natural development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology . Typically , the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater . Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater ; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if a live audience were watching . In a sense , the viewer becomes the diegetic audience , as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heaven', 'summary': 'Heaven , or the heavens , is a common religious , cosmological , or transcendent place where beings such as gods , angels , spirits , saints , or venerated ancestors are said to originate , be enthroned , or live . According to the beliefs of some religions , heavenly beings can descend to Earth or incarnate , and earthly beings can ascend to Heaven in the afterlife , or in exceptional cases enter Heaven alive . Heaven is often described as a higher place , the holiest place , a Paradise , in contrast to hell or the Underworld or the low places , and universally or conditionally accessible by earthly beings according to various standards of divinity , goodness , piety , faith , or other virtues or right beliefs or simply the will of God . Some believe in the possibility of a heaven on Earth in a world to come . Another belief is in an axis mundi or world tree which connects the heavens , the terrestrial world , and the underworld . In Indian religions , heaven is considered as Svarga loka , and the soul is again subjected to rebirth in different living forms according to its karma . This cycle can be broken after a soul achieves Moksha or Nirvana . Any place of existence , either of humans , souls or deities , outside the tangible world ( Heaven , Hell , or other ) is referred to as otherworld .'}]}, {'value': 'Abu Idi - Haus of Euphorium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'thriller', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ghana', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_African_films_6', 'intro': 'The following is a list of African films. It is arranged alphabetically by country of origin.'} | null | null | How many categories was the 2011 African film directed by Leila Djansi nominated in the 2011 Ghana Movie Awards ? | 21 |
050055e38a1fd7b5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_structures_(Okinawa)', 'title': 'List of Cultural Properties of Japan - structures (Okinawa)', 'header': ['Property', 'Date', 'Municipality', 'Comments', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sunjagā 潮平ガー Sunjagā', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taishō period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taishō_period', 'summary': 'Taishō era ( 大正 , Taishō ) is a period in the history of Japan dating from 30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926 , coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō . The new emperor was a sickly man , which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen ( or genrō ) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . Thus , the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the Taishō democracy in Japan ; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa period .'}]}, {'value': 'Itoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itoman,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Itoman ( 糸満市 , Itoman-shi , Okinawan : イチマン Ichiman or イチュマン Ichuman ) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The city occupies the southern tip of Okinawa Island . As of April 2013 , the city has an estimated population of 59,605 and a population density of 1,335.53 persons per km² . The total area is 46.63 km² .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 44 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minamidaitōjima West Port Former Boiler Hut 南大東島西港旧ボイラー小屋 Minamidaitōjima Nishikō kyū-boirā koya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamidaitōjima', 'summary': 'Minamidaitōjima ( 南大東島 ) , also spelt as Minami Daitō or Minami-Daitō , is the largest island in the Daitō Islands group southeast of Okinawa , Japan . It is administered as part of the village of Minamidaitō , Okinawa . Shimajiri District , Okinawa and has a population of 2,107 . The island is entirely cultivated for agriculture , although it lacks freshwater sources . The island has no beaches or harbor , and cargo must be loaded/offloaded by crane ; however the island has an airport Minami Daito Airport ( airport code KTD ) .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minamidaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamidaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Minamidaitō ( 南大東村 , Minamidaitō-son ) is a village located entirely on Minamidaitōjima in Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . Minamidaitōjima is located approximately 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) east of Okinawa Island . Minamidaitō covers 30.7 square kilometres ( 11.9 sq mi ) . As of June 2013 , the city had a population of 1,418 and a population density of 46.4 people per km² .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 45 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinjō Masuharu Family Residence 金城増治家住宅 Kinjō Masuharu-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Itoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itoman,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Itoman ( 糸満市 , Itoman-shi , Okinawan : イチマン Ichiman or イチュマン Ichuman ) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The city occupies the southern tip of Okinawa Island . As of April 2013 , the city has an estimated population of 59,605 and a population density of 1,335.53 persons per km² . The total area is 46.63 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'four registrations : main residence , pigpen , well , and stone wall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamiyama Family Residence 神山家住宅 Kamiyama-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909-38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taketomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Taketomi ( 竹富町 , Taketomi-chō , Yaeyama : Teedun , Okinawan : Dakidun ) is a town located in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town includes all of the islands in the Yaeyama Islands excluding Ishigaki , Yonaguni , and the Senkaku Islands . This includes the islands of Iriomote , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hateruma , and Hatoma . Although Ishigaki is not part of the town of Taketomi , the town hall is located there . As of October 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,050 and the density of 12 persons per km2 ( 31/sq mi ) . The total area is 334.02 km2 ( 128.97 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'four registrations : well and stone wall ( 1909 ) , main residence ( 1912 ) , and water tank ( 1938 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Tōyō Sugar Kitadaitō Branch 旧 東洋製糖 北大東出張所 kyū-Tōyō Seitō Kitadaitō shutchōjo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 54 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Pier 西桟橋 nishi sanbashi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taketomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Taketomi ( 竹富町 , Taketomi-chō , Yaeyama : Teedun , Okinawan : Dakidun ) is a town located in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town includes all of the islands in the Yaeyama Islands excluding Ishigaki , Yonaguni , and the Senkaku Islands . This includes the islands of Iriomote , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hateruma , and Hatoma . Although Ishigaki is not part of the town of Taketomi , the town hall is located there . As of October 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,050 and the density of 12 persons per km2 ( 31/sq mi ) . The total area is 334.02 km2 ( 128.97 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'length of 105 metres ( 344 ft ) and width of 4.4 metres ( 14 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 55 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iko Pier 伊古桟橋 Iko sanbashi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taketomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Taketomi ( 竹富町 , Taketomi-chō , Yaeyama : Teedun , Okinawan : Dakidun ) is a town located in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town includes all of the islands in the Yaeyama Islands excluding Ishigaki , Yonaguni , and the Senkaku Islands . This includes the islands of Iriomote , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hateruma , and Hatoma . Although Ishigaki is not part of the town of Taketomi , the town hall is located there . As of October 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,050 and the density of 12 persons per km2 ( 31/sq mi ) . The total area is 334.02 km2 ( 128.97 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'length of 354 metres ( 1,161 ft ) and width of 4.5 metres ( 15 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 56 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagomi Tower なごみの塔 Nagomi no tō', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taketomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Taketomi ( 竹富町 , Taketomi-chō , Yaeyama : Teedun , Okinawan : Dakidun ) is a town located in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town includes all of the islands in the Yaeyama Islands excluding Ishigaki , Yonaguni , and the Senkaku Islands . This includes the islands of Iriomote , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hateruma , and Hatoma . Although Ishigaki is not part of the town of Taketomi , the town hall is located there . As of October 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,050 and the density of 12 persons per km2 ( 31/sq mi ) . The total area is 334.02 km2 ( 128.97 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'height of 4.5 metres ( 15 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 57 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Kunigami Agricultural College Entrance 旧国頭農学校 玄関 kyū-Kunigami nōgakkō genkan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nago,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Nago ( 名護市 , Nago-shi , Okinawan : ナグ Nagu , Kunigami : ナグー Naguu ) is a city located in the northern part of Okinawa Island , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of December 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 61,659 and a population density of 288 persons per km2 . Its total area is 210.30 km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'relocated in 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 58 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōmori Family Residence 大盛家住宅 Ōmori-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taketomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taketomi,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Taketomi ( 竹富町 , Taketomi-chō , Yaeyama : Teedun , Okinawan : Dakidun ) is a town located in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town includes all of the islands in the Yaeyama Islands excluding Ishigaki , Yonaguni , and the Senkaku Islands . This includes the islands of Iriomote , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hateruma , and Hatoma . Although Ishigaki is not part of the town of Taketomi , the town hall is located there . As of October 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,050 and the density of 12 persons per km2 ( 31/sq mi ) . The total area is 334.02 km2 ( 128.97 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'four registrations : main residence , well , stone wall , and screen wall or hinpun ( ヒンプン ) ; on Kohama Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kohama_Island', 'summary': 'Kohama Island ( 小浜島 , Kohama-jima ) ( Yaeyama : Kumoo , Okinawan : Kubama ) is an island in the Yaeyama Islands group at the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands chain , and part of Taketomi , Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The island has an area of 7.84 km2 ( 3.03 sq mi ) , with a surrounding area of 16.6 km2 ( 6.4 sq mi ) . The island is located about 25 minutes by ferry from Ishigaki Island , which is the transportation and business center of the Yaeyama Islands . The 2001 NHK drama series Churasan was set on the island . Shinobu Miyara , former member of Da Pump , is from Kohama-jima .'}]}, {'value': '[ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Tōyō Sugar Rock Phosphate Storage Facility 旧東洋製糖 燐鉱石貯蔵庫 kyū-Tōyō Seitō rinkōseki chozōko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phosphorite', 'summary': "Phosphorite , phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate minerals . The phosphate content of phosphorite ( or grade of phosphate rock ) varies greatly , from 4% to 20% phosphorus pentoxide ( P2O5 ) . Marketed phosphate rock is enriched ( beneficiated ) to at least 28% , often more than 30% P2O5 . This occurs through washing , screening , de-liming , magnetic separation or flotation . By comparison , the average phosphorus content of sedimentary rocks is less than 0.2% . The phosphate is present as fluorapatite Ca5 ( PO4 ) 3F typically in cryptocrystalline masses ( grain sizes < 1 μm ) referred to as collophane-sedimentary apatite deposits of uncertain origin . It is also present as hydroxyapatite Ca5 ( PO4 ) 3OH or Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6 ( OH ) 2 , which is often dissolved from vertebrate bones and teeth , whereas fluorapatite can originate from hydrothermal veins . Other sources also include chemically dissolved phosphate minerals from igneous and metamorphic rocks . Phosphorite deposits often occur in extensive layers , which cumulatively cover tens of thousands of square kilometres of the Earth 's crust . Limestones and mudstones are common phosphate-bearing rocks . Phosphate rich sedimentary rocks can occur in dark brown to black beds , ranging from centimeter-sized laminae to beds that are several meters thick . Although these thick beds can exist , they are rarely only composed of phosphatic sedimentary rocks ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 63 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Tōyō Sugar Rock Phosphate Cargo Pier 旧東洋製糖 燐鉱石積荷桟橋 kyū-Tōyō Seitō rinkōseki tsumini sanbashi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phosphorite', 'summary': "Phosphorite , phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate minerals . The phosphate content of phosphorite ( or grade of phosphate rock ) varies greatly , from 4% to 20% phosphorus pentoxide ( P2O5 ) . Marketed phosphate rock is enriched ( beneficiated ) to at least 28% , often more than 30% P2O5 . This occurs through washing , screening , de-liming , magnetic separation or flotation . By comparison , the average phosphorus content of sedimentary rocks is less than 0.2% . The phosphate is present as fluorapatite Ca5 ( PO4 ) 3F typically in cryptocrystalline masses ( grain sizes < 1 μm ) referred to as collophane-sedimentary apatite deposits of uncertain origin . It is also present as hydroxyapatite Ca5 ( PO4 ) 3OH or Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6 ( OH ) 2 , which is often dissolved from vertebrate bones and teeth , whereas fluorapatite can originate from hydrothermal veins . Other sources also include chemically dissolved phosphate minerals from igneous and metamorphic rocks . Phosphorite deposits often occur in extensive layers , which cumulatively cover tens of thousands of square kilometres of the Earth 's crust . Limestones and mudstones are common phosphate-bearing rocks . Phosphate rich sedimentary rocks can occur in dark brown to black beds , ranging from centimeter-sized laminae to beds that are several meters thick . Although these thick beds can exist , they are rarely only composed of phosphatic sedimentary rocks ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 64 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irifukuhama Family Residence 入福浜家住宅主屋 Irifukuhama-ke jūtaku shuoku', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taishō period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taishō_period', 'summary': 'Taishō era ( 大正 , Taishō ) is a period in the history of Japan dating from 30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926 , coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō . The new emperor was a sickly man , which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen ( or genrō ) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . Thus , the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the Taishō democracy in Japan ; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa period .'}]}, {'value': 'Yonaguni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonaguni,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Yonaguni ( 与那国町 , Yonaguni-chō , Yonaguni : Dunan , Yaeyama : Yunoon , Okinawan : Yunaguni ) is a town located entirely on Yonaguni Island in Yaeyama District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It is the westernmost municipality in Japan , and is known for billfish fishing and as a diving spot . In 1987 , divers discovered the Yonaguni Monument , a rock formation that some believe may be man-made . It is also home to two Ryūkyūan writing systems , pictographic kaida-di ( also used on Ishigaki and Taketomi islands where it is called kaida-ji ) and the symbols used to indicate family names , dāhan ( also used on Ishigaki Island where they are called yāban ) .'}]}, {'value': 'main residence ; renovated in 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 65 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryūkyū Mura 琉球村 Ryūkyū mura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'end of Edo to Meiji period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Meiji_period', 'summary': 'The Meiji era ( 明治 , Meiji , Japanese pronunciation : [ meꜜː ( d ) ʑi ] ) is an era of Japanese history which extended from October 23 , 1868 to July 30 , 1912 . This era represents the first half of the Empire of Japan , during which period the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonisation by European powers to the new paradigm of a modern , industrialised nation state and emergent great power , influenced by Western scientific , technological , philosophical , political , legal , and aesthetic ideas . As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically-different ideas , the changes to Japan were profound , and affected its social structure , internal politics , economy , military , and foreign relations . The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji and was succeeded upon the accession of Emperor Taishō by the Taishō era .'}]}, {'value': 'Onna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onna,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Onna ( 恩納村 , Onna-son , Okinawan : Unna ) is a village located in Kunigami District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of 2013 , the village had an estimated population of 10,443 and a population density of 210 persons per km² . The total area is 50.77 square kilometres ( 19.60 sq mi ) . Unlike other areas of Japan , Onna has been in an sustained period of population growth in the post-war period . In 1965 the population of the village was 8,471 , and by 2003 had grown to over 10,000 residents . Onna is the site of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology , a research institute turned graduate university .'}]}, {'value': 'seven registrations : Former Ōshiro Family Residence ( 旧大城家住宅 ) main residence ( end of the Edo period ) , Former Higa Family Residence ( 旧比嘉家住宅 ) main residence ( 1877 ) , Former Shimabukuro Family Residence ( 旧島袋家住宅 ) main residence and raised storehouse ( 1887 ) , Former Tamanaha Family Residence ( 旧玉那覇家住宅 ) main residence ( 1891 ) , Former Hirata Family Residence ( 旧平田家住宅 ) pigpen ( 1897 ) , and Former Nishishigaki Family Residence ( 旧西石垣家住宅 ) main residence ( end of Meiji period ) ; all relocated in 1981/2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aragaki Family Residence 新垣家住宅 Aragaki-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1896/1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'six registrations : screen wall , pigpen , stone wall , and east and south ponds ( 1896 ) and main residence ( 1956 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iritakenishi Family Residence 入嵩西家住宅 Iritakenishi-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'late Meiji period to 1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meiji_period', 'summary': 'The Meiji era ( 明治 , Meiji , Japanese pronunciation : [ meꜜː ( d ) ʑi ] ) is an era of Japanese history which extended from October 23 , 1868 to July 30 , 1912 . This era represents the first half of the Empire of Japan , during which period the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonisation by European powers to the new paradigm of a modern , industrialised nation state and emergent great power , influenced by Western scientific , technological , philosophical , political , legal , and aesthetic ideas . As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically-different ideas , the changes to Japan were profound , and affected its social structure , internal politics , economy , military , and foreign relations . The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji and was succeeded upon the accession of Emperor Taishō by the Taishō era .'}]}, {'value': 'Ishigaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Ishigaki ( 石垣市 , Ishigaki-shi , Yaeyama : Isïgaksï , Ishanagzï ) is a city in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It includes Ishigaki island and the disputed Senkaku Islands territory . The city is the political , cultural , and economic center of the Yaeyama Islands . New Ishigaki Airport serves the city . As of December 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 48,816 and a population density of 213 persons per km2 . The total area is 229.00 km2 . It is also the location of the past-disputed Senkaku Islands ( see below in the Geography section ) .'}]}, {'value': 'four registrations : well ( late Meiji period ) , main building ( 1911 renovated in 1955 ) , screen wall ( 1914 ) , and stone wall ( 1948 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōno Drainage Tunnel 大野越排水溝 Ōno goshihai suikō', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyakojima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyakojima,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Miyakojima ( 宮古島市 , Miyakojima-shi , Miyako : Myaaku , Okinawan : Naaku ) is a city jurisdiction located on several islands in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The modern city of Miyakojima was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the old city of Hirara , the towns of Gusukube , Irabu and Shimoji , and the village of Ueno ( all from Miyako District ) . As a result of the merger , Miyako District only has one remaining village . As of December 2012 the city has an estimated population of 54,908 and a population density of 268.45 per km2 . The total area is 204.54 km2 . The city had 24,728 households . The mayor of Miyakojima is Toshihiko Shimoji ( born 1945 ) , who took office in the second mayoral election of the city in 2009 . The islands administered by the city of Miyakojima include :'}]}, {'value': 'length of 640 metres ( 2,100 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 83 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Tōyō Sugar Shimosaka Bathhouse 旧東洋製糖 下阪浴場 kyū-Tōyō Seitō Shimosaka yokujō', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'late Taishō period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taishō_period', 'summary': 'Taishō era ( 大正 , Taishō ) is a period in the history of Japan dating from 30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926 , coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō . The new emperor was a sickly man , which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen ( or genrō ) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . Thus , the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the Taishō democracy in Japan ; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa period .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': 'two registrations : bathhouse and water tank', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 84 ] [ 85 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Tōyō Sugar Employee Bathhouse 旧東洋製糖 社員浴場 kyū-Tōyō Seitō shain yokujō', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'early Shōwa period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shōwa_period', 'summary': "The Shōwa era ( 昭和 , Shōwa ) refers to the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito ) from December 25 , 1926 until his death on January 7 , 1989 . It was preceded by the Taishō period . The pre-1945 and post-war Shōwa periods are almost completely different states : the pre-1945 Shōwa era ( 1926-1945 ) concerns the Empire of Japan , while post-1945 Shōwa era ( 1945-1989 ) is the State of Japan . During the pre-1945 period , Japan moved into political totalitarianism , ultranationalism and fascism culminating in Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 . This was part of a global period of social upheavals and conflicts such as the Great Depression and World War II . Defeat in the Second World War brought about radical change in Japan . For the first and only time in its history , Japan was occupied by foreign powers ; this occupation lasted seven years . Allied occupation brought forth sweeping democratic reforms . It led to the formal end of the emperor 's status as a demigod and the transformation of Japan from a form of mixed constitutional and absolute monarchy to a Constitutional monarchy with a liberal democracy . In 1952 , with the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan became a sovereign nation again . The post-war Shōwa period is characterized by the Japanese economic miracle . The Shōwa era was longer than the reign of any previous Japanese emperor ."}]}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': 'two registrations : bathhouse and water storage tank', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 86 ] [ 87 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sueyoshi Family Residence 末吉家住宅 Sueyoshi-ke jūtaku', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'late Taishō period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taishō_period', 'summary': 'Taishō era ( 大正 , Taishō ) is a period in the history of Japan dating from 30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926 , coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō . The new emperor was a sickly man , which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen ( or genrō ) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . Thus , the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the Taishō democracy in Japan ; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa period .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitadaitō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitadaitō,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Kitadaitō ( 北大東村 , Kitadaitō-son ) is a village consisting of the islands of Kitadaitōjima and Okidaitōjima of Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . As of October 2016 , the village has an estimated population of 615 and a density of 47 persons per km² . The total area is 13.10 km² . All of the inhabitants live on Kitadaitōjima .'}]}, {'value': 'two registrations : main residence and stone wall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 88 ] [ 89 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Registered Cultural Properties', 'section_text': 'As of 1 September 2017 , eighty-two properties at thirty-four sites have been registered ( as opposed to designated ) at a national level . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 11 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_(Okinawa:_structures)_3', 'intro': 'This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of structures (建造物, kenzōbutsu) for the Prefecture of Okinawa.'} | null | null | Which property is located in the Municipality that is located approximately 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) east of Okinawa Island ? | Minamidaitōjima |
05007781f878d090 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HockeyAllsvenskan', 'title': 'HockeyAllsvenskan', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Arena', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'AIK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AIK_IF', 'summary': "Allmänna Idrottsklubben Ishockeyförening ( abbreviated AIK Hockey , or simply AIK ) , is the ice hockey department of sports club Allmänna Idrottsklubben based in Stockholm , Sweden . Since 2014 AIK 's men 's team compete in HockeyAllsvenskan , the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden , following a four-year spell in the top flight , the SHL . The women 's team competes in Riksserien , the highest division of women 's ice hockey . AIK 's home games are mainly played at Hovet , which seats 8,050 spectators , though some high-profile games may be played at the Ericsson Globe which has a larger capacity of 13,850 . In the team 's 98-year history , AIK has played 66 seasons in Sweden 's top division , 27 of which in the SHL . They have won the Le Mat Trophy as Swedish champions in ice hockey seven times ( in 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1946 , 1947 , 1982 , and 1984 ) and have been runners-up an additional six times ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1940 , 1968 , 1978 , and 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Hovet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hovet', 'summary': "Hovet ( formerly known as Johanneshovs Isstadion ) is an arena located in the Johanneshov district of Stockholm ( Stockholm Globe City ) which is mainly used for ice hockey , concerts and corporate events . It was opened in 1955 as an outdoor arena , however a roof was added in 1962 , and the arena interior has also been a subject to major renovation in 2002 . The arena 's main tenants are ice hockey clubs AIK and Djurgårdens IF . The official capacity is 8,094 spectators for ice hockey events and 8,300 during concerts ."}]}, {'value': '8,094', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almtuna IS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almtuna_IS', 'summary': 'Almtuna IS is a Swedish ice hockey club based in Uppsala and is currently playing in HockeyAllsvenskan , the second highest league of ice hockey in Sweden . The team maintained its place in the Allsvenskan despite suffering relegation in the 2018-19 season following the exit of IK Pantern due to economic troubles prior to the 2019-20 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Uppsala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppsala', 'summary': "Uppsala ( /ˈʊpsɑːlə , ˈʌp-/ , also US : /-sələ , ˈuːpsɑːlə , ʊpˈsɑːlə/ or all ending in /-sɑːlɑː/ , Swedish : [ ˈɵ̂pːˌsɑːla ] ( listen ) ; archaically spelled Upsala ) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden , after Stockholm , Gothenburg , and Malmö . It had 168,096 inhabitants in 2017 . Located 71 km ( 44 mi ) north of the capital Stockholm it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality . Since 1164 , Uppsala has been the ecclesiastical centre of Sweden , being the seat of the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden . Uppsala is home to Scandinavia 's largest cathedral - Uppsala Cathedral . Founded in 1477 , Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia . Among many achievements , the Celsius scale for temperature was invented there ."}]}, {'value': 'Gränby Ishall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gränby_Ishall', 'summary': "Gränby Ishall , formerly named Gränby Ishallar , Gränbyhallen , Metallåtervinning Arena ( unofficial English translation : Metal recycling Arena ) , or Zellout Arena , is an indoor arena located in Uppsala , Sweden , and built in 1974 . It consists of three arenas : A-hallen , B-hallen and C-hallen . A-hallen is the biggest part of the arena and has a capacity of 2,800 spectators and is where Almtuna IS and Uppsala HC play their home games . B-hallen has a capacity of 350 spectators , and C-hallen has a capacity of 250 . The arena opened in 1974 and was renovated following Almtuna IS 's promotion to the second-tier league Allsvenskan ( now named HockeyAllsvenskan ) , prior to the 2001-02 season . The current spectator record was set on March 27 , 2010 , when 2,916 spectators visited the arena to see Almtuna IS meet Södertälje SK in the Kvalserien qualification for the top-tier league Elitserien ( now named the SHL ) . On November 25 , 2013 , Metallåtervinning AB acquired the naming rights for the arena until the end of the 2015-16 season and renamed it Metallåtervinning Arena ."}]}, {'value': '2,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IF Björklöven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IF_Björklöven', 'summary': 'IF Björklöven ( often simply referred to as Björklöven or Löven ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey club in Umeå , Västerbotten , in northern Sweden . The club is currently playing in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan as of the 2014-15 season , but has played 15 seasons in the top Swedish league Elitserien ( 1976-77 , 1978-79 to 1988-89 , 1993-94 , 1998-99 and 2000-01 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Umeå', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umeå', 'summary': 'Umeå ( UK : /ˈuːməɔː/ OO-mə-aw , US : /ˈuːmeɪoʊ/ OO-may-oh , Swedish : [ ˈʉ̌ːmɛɔ ] ( listen ) , locally [ ˈʉ̌ːmɛ ] ( listen ) ; South Westrobothnian : [ ²ʉːm ] note ; Finnish : Uumaja ; Ume Sami : Ubmeje ; Southern Sami : Upmeje ; Northern Sami : Ubmi ) is a city in northeast Sweden . It is the seat of Umeå Municipality and the capital of Västerbotten County . Situated on the Ume River , Umeå is the largest locality in Norrland and the thirteenth largest in Sweden , with 84,761 inhabitants in 2016 . The municipality had 123,382 inhabitants as of 2017 . When Umeå University was established in 1965 , growth sped up , and the amount of housing has doubled in the last 30 years . [ citation needed ] As of 2011 [ update ] , 700 to 800 new apartments are constructed each year . Umeå is a university town and centre of education , technical and medical research in northern Sweden , with two universities and over enrolled 39,000 students . [ citation needed ] Umeå was the European Capital of Culture during 2014 , along with Riga in Latvia .'}]}, {'value': 'A3 Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A3_Arena', 'summary': 'A3 Arena is an indoor arena in Umeå , Sweden . It is the home arena of the IF Björklöven and Tegs SK ice hockey teams . Its current capacity is 5,400 spectators . The arena was first opened on 17 December 1963 as Umeå ishall and rebuilt as Umeå Arena in 2001 , which was the name until 2005 . On 1 October 2008 , the name was reverted to Umeå Arena after a new sponsor deal . On 17 September 2013 , the arena was renamed T3 Center after the Swedish telecommunication company T3 bought the naming rights for at least the following five seasons ( through the 2017-18 season ) .'}]}, {'value': '5,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BIK Karlskoga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BIK_Karlskoga', 'summary': "BIK Karlskoga is a Swedish ice hockey club from Karlskoga , Sweden . They are currently playing in the second highest league in Sweden , the HockeyAllsvenskan . In 1963 , the club IFK Bofors was merged with Karlskoga IF and formed KB 63 ( formally IF Karlskoga/Bofors ) . Between 1978 and 2011 the club was known as Bofors IK , which was then changed to its current name . Karlskoga has been a stable fixture in Sweden 's second tier leagues , playing in HockeyAllsvenskan and its predecessors since 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Karlskoga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karlskoga', 'summary': 'Karlskoga ( Swedish pronunciation : [ kaɭˈskûːɡa ] ) is a locality and the seat of Karlskoga Municipality in Örebro County , Sweden with 27,562 inhabitants in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nobelhallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobelhallen', 'summary': 'Nobelhallen is an indoor arena in Karlskoga , Örebro County , Sweden . Its current capacity is 5,600 and it was built in 1971 . It is the home arena of the ice hockey team BIK Karlskoga .'}]}, {'value': '6,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karlskrona HK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karlskrona_HK', 'summary': 'Karlskrona HK is an ice hockey club located in Karlskrona , Sweden , established in 2001 . They played in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan between the 2012-13 and 2014-15 seasons . Their home arena is NKT Arena Karlskrona which has a capacity of 5,050 spectators .'}]}, {'value': 'Karlskrona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karlskrona', 'summary': "Karlskrona ( UK : /ˈkɑːrlskroʊnə/ , US : /kɑːrlzˈkruːnə/ , Swedish : [ kaɭsˈkrûːna ] ( listen ) or [ karlsˈkrûːna ] ) is a locality and the seat of Karlskrona Municipality , Blekinge County , Sweden with 66,675 inhabitants in 2018 . It is also the capital of Blekinge County . Karlskrona is known as Sweden 's only baroque city and is host to Sweden 's only remaining naval base and the headquarters of the Swedish Coast Guard ."}]}, {'value': 'NKT Arena Karlskrona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NKT_Arena_Karlskrona', 'summary': 'NKT Arena Karlskrona is a multi-purpose sporting arena providing both indoors and outdoors amenities , and is located in Karlskrona , Sweden . The arena was opened on October 28 , 2005 . It is the home arena of the ice hockey team Karlskrona HK . The construction was divided into six venues for ice hockey , curling , badminton , tennis , gymnastics , swimming , and handball . During ice hockey events , the arena seats 5,050 spectators . The arena hosted the 3rd semi-final of Melodifestivalen 2006 and the 4th semi-final of Melodifestivalen 2008 . The arena has various restaurants .'}]}, {'value': '5,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristianstads IK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristianstads_IK', 'summary': 'Kristianstads IK , or simply Kristianstad ( pronounced [ krɪˈɧǎnːsta , -ɑːd ] ) is a Swedish ice hockey club based in Kristianstad . It plays in Hockeyallsvenskan , the second tier , having been promoted to that level for the first time in history in 2019 . The team is nicknamed the Wild Kings . In 2018-19 it had an average attendance of 1017 , the fifth highest of the 47 teams in Hockeyettan , and the second highest for a sports team based in Kristianstad , after IFK Kristianstad .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristianstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristianstad', 'summary': 'Kristianstad ( UK : /ˈkrɪstʃənstɑːd/ , Swedish : [ krɪˈɧǎnːsta , -ɑːd ] ; older spelling Christianstad ) is a city and the seat of Kristianstad Municipality , Skåne County , Sweden with 40,145 inhabitants in 2016 . During the last 15 years , it has gone from a garrison town to a developed commercial city , today attracting visitors in the summertime mainly from Germany , Denmark and The Netherlands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Kristianstads ishall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modo Hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modo_Hockey', 'summary': "Modo Hockey ( or MODO with uppercase letters ) is a professional ice hockey club in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden . The team plays in Sweden 's second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan . The club was founded in March 1921 and has won two SHL championships ; in 1979 and 2007 . The team 's home arena is the Fjällräven Center ( previously known as Swedbank Arena ) since 2006 . Before then , the team played at Kempehallen , beginning in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'Örnsköldsvik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örnsköldsvik', 'summary': 'Örnsköldsvik ( Swedish pronunciation : [ œɳɧœldsˈviːk ] ) is a locality and the seat of Örnsköldsvik Municipality in Västernorrland County , Sweden , with 32,953 inhabitants in 2017 . Its natural harbour and archipelago is in the Gulf of Bothnia and the northern boundaries of the High Coast area . It is well known as an exporter of pulp and paper products and heavy machinery goods . It has a strong environmental record and is the testbed for ethanol-powered cars .'}]}, {'value': 'Fjällräven Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fjällräven_Center', 'summary': 'Fjällräven Center ( formerly Swedbank Arena ) is an indoor sporting arena located in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden . The capacity of the arena is 7,350 for ice hockey games and 9,800 for concerts , and the arena was opened on 26 August 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '7,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mora IK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mora_IK', 'summary': 'Mora IK ( or Mora Ishockeyklubb ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey club from Mora in northern Dalarna . After failing the 2019 SHL qualifiers , Mora has been relegated for play in the second-tier league , HockeyAllsvenskan . Mora has previously played 25 seasons in the top tier , including four seasons in Elitserien ( as the SHL was called at the time ) . The team has reached the finals of the Swedish Championships only once , in 1950 , a match which they lost 7-2 to Djurgårdens IF . Mora has played in the top two tiers of Swedish hockey since the 1944-45 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Mora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mora,_Sweden', 'summary': 'Mora is a locality and the seat of Mora Municipality in Dalarna County , Sweden , with 10,896 inhabitants in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jalas Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalas_Arena', 'summary': "Jalas Arena , formerly named Smidjegrav Arena and FM Mattsson Arena , is an indoor sporting arena located in Mora , Sweden . The capacity of the arena is 4,500 and it was built in 1967 . It is the home arena of the Mora IK ice hockey team . It was one of two sites for the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , along with Ejendals Arena in Leksand . The venue was renamed Smidjegrav Arena on 26 June 2015 following the expiration of FM Mattsson 's naming rights deal ."}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södertälje SK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södertälje_SK', 'summary': "Södertälje Sportklubb , also known as Södertälje SK and often referred to as SSK , is a Swedish professional ice hockey club playing in HockeyAllsvenskan , the second highest level of pro hockey in Sweden . Södertälje were charter members of Elitserien when the league was founded in 1975 and have since played 24 seasons in the league ( 1975-1978 , 1980-1981 , 1983-1992 , 1996-1998 , 2001-2006 , 2007-2011 ) . Södertälje SK 's fan club is known as Supporterklubben"}]}, {'value': 'Södertälje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södertälje', 'summary': "Södertälje ( /ˌsɜːrdərˈtɛljə , ˌsʌd-/ SU ( R ) D-ər-TEL-yə ; Swedish : [ sœdɛˈʈɛ̂lːjɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the seat of Södertälje Municipality , Stockholm County , Sweden . As of 2016 , it has a population of 71,774 inhabitants . The industrial city , about 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) southwest of Stockholm , is the home to truck maker Scania AB and one of the manufacturing arms of pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca . Its research and development facility was closed in 2012 . Its former facility was sold to a consortium of PEAB and Acturum , the acquisition department of the Wallenberg Foundation . More than 40 percent of Södertälje 's inhabitants have foreign backgrounds , and this proportion increases by 1.5 percent per year . Assyrians/Syriacs are the largest groups of immigrants in Södertälje ."}]}, {'value': 'Axa Sports Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axa_Sports_Center', 'summary': 'Axa Sports Center or Södertälje Event Arena is an indoor sporting arena located in Södertälje , Sweden that was built opened on 2 October 1970 as Scaniarinken , with an ice hockey game where Södertälje SK defeated Djurgårdens IF , 5-2 The capacity of the arena is 6,200 but before the renovation and name change in 2005 it could host much larger numbers , with the record being 11,372 people . It is the home arena of the Södertälje SK ice hockey team and the Axa/Marlboro curling team . In February 2016 the arena was re-named back to Scaniarinken as the 10-year title deal with Axa expired .'}]}, {'value': '6,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timrå IK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timrå_IK', 'summary': 'Timrå IK is a Swedish ice hockey team from Timrå . After failing the 2019 SHL qualifiers , Timrå has been relegated for play in the second-tier league , HockeyAllsvenskan , in the 2019-20 season . Previous seasons in the top Swedish division include 1956-57 to 1975-76 , 1977-78 , 1981-82 , and 2000-01 to 2012-13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Timrå', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timrå', 'summary': "Timrå ( pronunciation ) is a locality and the seat of Timrå Municipality in Västernorrland County , Sweden with 10,443 inhabitants in 2010 . It is located about 13 km north of Sundsvall ( a town with a metropolitan area of some 100,000 inhabitants ) , and could arguably be considered a satellite to that town . The two closest cities ( Sundsvall and Härnösand ) share one airport , Midlanda , that is geographically located in Timrå . Indalsälven , one of Sweden 's largest rivers with a length of 430 km , meets the Gulf of Botnia in Timrå . In Sweden , Timrå is mainly known for its ice hockey club Timrå IK , which , as of season 2018/19 plays in the Swedish top division SHL . In 1995 , Swedish artist Bengt Lindström constructed the Y , a 30 meter high sculpture located in Timrå . Local legend says that Sörberge , on the north side of the town , is haunted by a tall man wearing a very large coat called 'Stor Bubbas ' ."}]}, {'value': 'NHK Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NHK_Arena', 'summary': 'NHK Arena , formerly E.ON Arena , Sydkraft Arena and Timrå Isstadion , is an indoor sporting arena located in Timrå , Sweden . It is the home arena of the Timrå IK ice hockey team . The current capacity is 6,000 .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tingsryds AIF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tingsryds_AIF', 'summary': "Tingsryds AIF ( sometimes abbreviated TAIF ) is an ice hockey club based in Tingsryd , Sweden . The club is playing in HockeyAllsvenskan , the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden ( as of the 2015-16 season [ update ] ) . The club was founded in 1923 and played seven seasons in Division I when it was Sweden 's highest-level hockey league . Tingsryd plays their home matches at Nelson Garden Arena ( formerly known as Dackehallen ) , which has a capacity of 3,400 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Tingsryd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tingsryd', 'summary': 'Tingsryd ( pronunciation ) is a locality and the seat of Tingsryd Municipality , Kronoberg County , Sweden with 3,037 inhabitants in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Garden Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Garden_Arena', 'summary': 'Nelson Garden Arena ( formerly named Dackehallen ) is an indoor arena in Tingsryd , Sweden . It was completed in 1969 and has a capacity of 3,400 spectators . Its current name was inaugurated in September 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC Vita Hästen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_Vita_Hästen', 'summary': "HC Vita Hästen is a Swedish hockey club , based in Norrköping , which was founded following the bankruptcy of a previous club called IK Vita Hästen . The team plays in HockeyAllsvenskan , the second tier of the Swedish ice hockey system , as of the 2014-15 season . The current team was founded as Norrköping Hockey immediately following the bankruptcy of the previous club . Norrköping Hockey soon merged with Skärblacka IF to form NSH-96 , which soon thereafter took the name Hästen Hockey . Years later , in 2007 , the club retook the name Vita Hästen , but were required by the league to use HC Vita Hästen rather than IK Vita Hästen to avoid confusion with the first incarnation of Vita Hästen . The name Vita Hästen literally translates to [ The ] White Horse . The previous club , IK Vita Hästen , was a merger in 1967 of the ice hockey sections of rivaling teams IFK Norrköping and IK Sleipner . The merged club was formally called IF IFK/IKS but mostly referred to simply as Norrköping in the league tables in newspapers and such . However , since IFK Norrköping played in white jerseys and Sleipner was the name of a horse ( Norse god Odin 's horse ) , the team soon got the nickname vita hästen , i e the white horse . By 1973 , this name was so commonly used that it was chosen as the actual club name . Current NHL player Jonathan Ericsson played for HC Vita Hasten ."}]}, {'value': 'Norrköping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norrköping', 'summary': "Norrköping ( /ˈnɔːrtʃɜːpɪŋ/ ; Swedish : [ ˈnɔ̂rːˌɕøːpɪŋ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality , Östergötland County , about 160 km southwest of the national capital Stockholm . The city has a population of 95,618 inhabitants in 2016 , out of a municipal total of 130,050 , making it Sweden 's tenth largest city and eighth largest municipality . The city is situated by the mouth of the river Motala ström , at Bråviken , an inlet of the Baltic Sea . Water power from the Motala ström and the good harbour were factors that facilitated the rapid growth of this once industrial city , known for its textile industry . It has several nicknames such as : Sweden 's Manchester , Peking and Surbullestan ( Surbulle [ sour bun ] was a local nickname for the textile workers , and stan is short for Staden , which means The City or The Town in Swedish ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Himmelstalundshallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himmelstalundshallen', 'summary': 'Himmelstalundshallen is an indoor arena in Norrköping , Sweden . It is home arena for the ice hockey team HC Vita Hästen . It opened in 1977 and holds 4,280 people . The arena hosted the preliminary games of group B at the 2003 EuroBasket .'}]}, {'value': '4,280', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västerviks IK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västerviks_IK', 'summary': 'Västerviks IK is a Swedish ice hockey club , based in Västervik . The club , founded in 1971 , had spent decades yo-yoing between the third and fourth tiers of Swedish ice hockey , Division 1 and Division 2 , before securing promotion on March 31 , 2016 , to HockeyAllsvenskan ( second tier ) for the 2016-17 season . The club almost reached the Swedish Elite League Kvalserien during the 1996-1997 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Västervik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västervik', 'summary': 'Västervik is a city and the seat of Västervik Municipality , Kalmar County , Sweden , with 21,140 inhabitants in 2010 . Västervik is one of three coastal towns with a notable population size in the province of Småland .'}]}, {'value': 'Plivit Trade-hallen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västerås IK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västerås_IK', 'summary': 'Västerås IK ( Västerås IK Hockey Klubb ) is an ice hockey club from Västerås , Sweden . The team is currently playing in the second-tier league in Sweden , Hockeyallsvenskan . Västerås IK played 12 seasons in the top Swedish league Elitserien ( 1988-89 to 1999-00 ) before the club went bankrupt and merged with the junior club ( Västerås IK Ungdom ) , which changed name to VIK Västerås HK in 2005 . In 2018 , after playing a year in tier three , Hockeyettan , the club changed it name back to the old name Västerås IK .'}]}, {'value': 'Västerås', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västerås', 'summary': 'Västerås ( /ˌvɛstərˈoʊs/ VEST-ər-OHSS , US also /-ˈɔːs/ -\u2060AWSS , Swedish : [ ʋɛstɛrˈoːs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in central Sweden on the shore of Lake Mälaren in the province of Västmanland , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Stockholm . The city had a population of 119,372 in 2016 , out of the municipal total of 150,000 ( 2017 ) . Västerås is the seat of Västerås Municipality , the capital of Västmanland County and an episcopal see .'}]}, {'value': 'ABB Arena Nord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABB_Arena', 'summary': 'ABB Arena is the common name for the two biggest indoor arenas in Västerås , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': '4,902', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2019–20 participating teams', 'section_text': 'This section is transcluded from 2019–20 HockeyAllsvenskan season . ( edit | history ) AIKAlmtunaKarlskogaKarlskronaKristianstadBjörklövenModoMoraSödertäljeTimråTingsrydVita HästenVästervikVästerås HockeyAllsvenskan team map', 'uid': 'HockeyAllsvenskan_0', 'intro': 'HockeyAllsvenskan (previously Allsvenskan and SuperAllsvenskan) is a professional ice hockey league, and the second-highest league in the Swedish ice hockey system (after the SHL). Since the 2009-10 season, the league consists of fourteen teams.'} | null | null | What was the former status of the city containing an arena that can seat 2,300 ? | garrison town |
0501b4e0e7e0abe2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships', 'title': 'World Short Track Speed Skating Championships', 'header': ['Season', 'Location', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_World_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1976 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships were the first ever championships and took place between April 9 and 11 , 1976 in Champaign , Illinois . The World Championships are organised by the ISU which also run world cups and championships in speed skating and figure skating .'}]}, {'value': 'Champaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois', 'summary': "Champaign ( English : /ˌʃæmˈpeɪn/ ) is a city in Champaign County , Illinois , United States . The city is 135 miles ( 217 km ) south of Chicago , 124 miles ( 200 km ) west of Indianapolis , Indiana , and 178 mi ( 286 km ) northeast of St. Louis , Missouri . The United States Census Bureau estimates the city was home to 87,432 people as of July 1 , 2017 . Champaign is the tenth-most populous city in Illinois , and the state 's fourth-most populous city outside the Chicago metropolitan area . It is included in the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area . Champaign is notable for sharing the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with its sister city of Urbana . Champaign is also home to Parkland College which serves about 18,000 students during the academic year . Due to the university and a number of well known technology startup companies , it is often referred to as the hub , or a significant landmark , of the Silicon Prairie . Champaign houses offices for the Fortune 500 companies Abbott , Archer Daniels Midland ( ADM ) , Caterpillar , John Deere , Dow Chemical Company , IBM , and State Farm ."}]}, {'value': 'Celeste Chlapaty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathy Vogt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Vogt', 'summary': 'Kathy Vogt ( born 7 March 1959 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics and the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Peggy Hartrich', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenoble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenoble', 'summary': "Grenoble ( /ɡrəˈnoʊbəl/ grə-NOH-bəl , French : [ ɡʁənɔbl ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Grenoblo ) is a city in southeastern France , at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère . Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère and is an important European scientific centre . The city advertises itself as the Capital of the Alps , due to its size and its proximity to the mountains . Grenoble 's history goes back over 2,000 years , to a time when it was a small Gallic village . It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century . Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries . This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries , continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries , and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968 . The city has grown to be one of Europe 's most important research , technology , and innovation centers , with each fifth inhabitant working directly in these domains . The population of the city ( commune ) of Grenoble was 158,180 at the 2016 census , while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area ( French : aire urbaine de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise ) was 687,985 . The residents of the city are called Grenoblois . The many suburb communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include three with populations exceeding 20,000 : Saint-Martin-d'Hères , Échirolles , and Fontaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Brenda Webster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brenda_Webster_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Brenda Webster ( born 21 July 1961 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Kathy Vogt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Vogt', 'summary': 'Kathy Vogt ( born 7 March 1959 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics and the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Valie Reimann', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solihull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solihull', 'summary': 'Solihull ( /ˈsɒlihʌl/ , /ˈsoʊl-/ or /ˌsoʊliˈhʌl/ ) is a large town and administrative centre in England with a population of 123,187 in the 2011 Census . Historically in Warwickshire , it is the largest town in , and administrative centre of , the larger Metropolitan Borough of Solihull , which itself has a population of 214,909 . Solihull is situated 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) southeast of Birmingham , 18 miles ( 29 km ) northwest of Warwick and 110 miles ( 180 km ) northwest of London . Solihull is the most affluent town of the West Midlands , and one of the most affluent areas in the UK outside London . In November 2013 , the uSwitch Quality of Life Index named Solihull the best place to live in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Docter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Docter', 'summary': 'Sarah Beth Docter ( born May 10 , 1964 ) is a retired American speed skater . She won several U.S. national championships in the 1970s , and in 1978 she won U.S. national titles in both short track and long track . That year she went on to the world short-track championships , in which she won the 1500 m and 3000 m events and the overall competition . In 1980 , she competed in all speed skating events at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , with the best achievement of tenth place in the 3000 m. In addition to skating career , she is also a cyclist , and once took part in the World Cycling Championships . After retirement she moved to Florida , where she lives with her family . She got married and changed her last name to Williams . Her sister Mary is also an Olympic speed skater , and her daughter is professional cyclist Lily Williams . Personal bests :'}]}, {'value': 'Miyoshi Kato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyoshi_Kato', 'summary': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 加藤 美善 , Katō Miyoshi , born 31 July 1962 ) is a Japanese speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Patty Lyman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Québec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Cathy Turnbull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyoshi Kato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyoshi_Kato', 'summary': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 加藤 美善 , Katō Miyoshi , born 31 July 1962 ) is a Japanese speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': 'Miyoshi Kato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyoshi_Kato', 'summary': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 加藤 美善 , Katō Miyoshi , born 31 July 1962 ) is a Japanese speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Mika Kato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathy Turnbull', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meudon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meudon', 'summary': 'Meudon ( French pronunciation : [ mødɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris , France . It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine . It is located 9.1 km ( 5.7 mi ) from the center of Paris .'}]}, {'value': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyoshi_Kato', 'summary': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 加藤 美善 , Katō Miyoshi , born 31 July 1962 ) is a Japanese speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Mika Kato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louise Begin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moncton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncton', 'summary': "Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔŋktœn ] ) is one of three major urban centres in the Canadian province of New Brunswick , along with Saint John and the capital city of Fredericton . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley , Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes . The city proper has a population of 71,889 ( 2016 ) and a land area of 142 km2 ( 55 sq mi ) . Greater Moncton has a population of 144,810 ( 2016 ) , making it the largest city and census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in New Brunswick , and the second-largest city and CMA in the Maritime Provinces . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties . Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733 , Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement , Moncton was not incorporated until 1855 . The city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier . A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s , allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855 . However , the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s , causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 . Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community 's economy rebounded , mainly due to a growing railway industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryse Perreault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryse_Perreault', 'summary': 'Maryse Perreault ( born 4 June 1964 ) is a former Canadian short track speed skater who competed on the Canadian speed skating team from 1981 to 1990 . During her career , Perreault competed at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships from 1982 to 1989 . At the World Championships , she won over twenty combined medals in individual races and the 3000 metres relay . In the overall World Championships classification , Perreault was the 1982 ladies champion and had a top three placing in 1983 , 1986 and 1989 . Outside of the World Championships , Perreault won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 3000 metres relay when short track speed skating was a demonstration sport . Perreault was named to the Speed Skating Canada Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Begin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Mika Kato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyoshi Kato Maryse Perreault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyoshi_Kato', 'summary': 'Miyoshi Kato ( 加藤 美善 , Katō Miyoshi , born 31 July 1962 ) is a Japanese speed skater . She competed in three events at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maryse_Perreault', 'summary': 'Maryse Perreault ( born 4 June 1964 ) is a former Canadian short track speed skater who competed on the Canadian speed skating team from 1981 to 1990 . During her career , Perreault competed at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships from 1982 to 1989 . At the World Championships , she won over twenty combined medals in individual races and the 3000 metres relay . In the overall World Championships classification , Perreault was the 1982 ladies champion and had a top three placing in 1983 , 1986 and 1989 . Outside of the World Championships , Perreault won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 3000 metres relay when short track speed skating was a demonstration sport . Perreault was named to the Speed Skating Canada Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peterborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peterborough', 'summary': 'Peterborough ( /ˈpiːtərbərə , -ˌbʌrə/ ( listen ) ) is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire , England , with a population of 202,110 in 2017 . Historically part of Northamptonshire , it is 76 miles ( 122 km ) north of London , on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the north-east . The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh . The city is also 70 miles ( 110 km ) east of Birmingham , 38 miles ( 61 km ) east of Leicester , 81 miles ( 130 km ) south of Kingston upon Hull and 65 miles ( 105 km ) west of Norwich . The local topography is flat , and in some places the land lies below sea level , for example in parts of the Fens to the east of Peterborough . Human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age , as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre , also with evidence of Roman occupation . The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery , Medeshamstede , which later became Peterborough Cathedral . The population grew rapidly after the railways arrived in the 19th century , and Peterborough became an industrial centre , particularly known for its brick manufacture . After the Second World War , growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s . Housing and population are expanding and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is under way . Industrial employment has fallen since then , a significant proportion of new jobs being in financial services and distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariko Kinoshita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonnie Blair Nathalie Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Blair', 'summary': 'Bonnie Kathleen Blair ( born March 18 , 1964 ) is an American retired speed skater . She is one of the top skaters of her era , and one of the most decorated athletes in Olympic history . Blair competed for the United States in four Olympics , winning five gold medals and one bronze medal . Blair made her Olympic debut in Sarajevo in 1984 where she finished eighth in the 500 meters . At the time , Blair trained in both short-track and long-track speed skating . She won the 1986 short-track world championship . Blair returned to the Olympics in 1988 competing in long-track at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . There she won her first Olympic gold medal in the 500 meters and a bronze medal in the 1,000 meter . Blair won two gold medals in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and her final two Olympic gold medals at the 1994 Lillehammer games . Blair continued competing through 1995 when the World Championships were held in Milwaukee , finally retiring in March 1995 . After retiring from speed skating , Blair became a motivational speaker . She has been inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame , the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame , and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': 'Eiko Shishii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonnie Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Blair', 'summary': 'Bonnie Kathleen Blair ( born March 18 , 1964 ) is an American retired speed skater . She is one of the top skaters of her era , and one of the most decorated athletes in Olympic history . Blair competed for the United States in four Olympics , winning five gold medals and one bronze medal . Blair made her Olympic debut in Sarajevo in 1984 where she finished eighth in the 500 meters . At the time , Blair trained in both short-track and long-track speed skating . She won the 1986 short-track world championship . Blair returned to the Olympics in 1988 competing in long-track at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . There she won her first Olympic gold medal in the 500 meters and a bronze medal in the 1,000 meter . Blair won two gold medals in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and her final two Olympic gold medals at the 1994 Lillehammer games . Blair continued competing through 1995 when the World Championships were held in Milwaukee , finally retiring in March 1995 . After retiring from speed skating , Blair became a motivational speaker . She has been inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame , the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame , and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chamonix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamonix', 'summary': 'Chamonix-Mont-Blanc , [ a ] more commonly known as Chamonix [ b ] [ c ] , is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France . It was the site of the first Winter Olympics in 1924 . Situated to the north of Mont Blanc , between the peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges and the notable Aiguille du Midi , Chamonix is one of the oldest ski resorts in France . The Chamonix commune is popular with skiers and mountain enthusiasts , and via the cable car lift to the Aiguille du Midi it is possible to access the off-piste ( backcountry ) ski run of the Vallée Blanche .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonnie Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Blair', 'summary': 'Bonnie Kathleen Blair ( born March 18 , 1964 ) is an American retired speed skater . She is one of the top skaters of her era , and one of the most decorated athletes in Olympic history . Blair competed for the United States in four Olympics , winning five gold medals and one bronze medal . Blair made her Olympic debut in Sarajevo in 1984 where she finished eighth in the 500 meters . At the time , Blair trained in both short-track and long-track speed skating . She won the 1986 short-track world championship . Blair returned to the Olympics in 1988 competing in long-track at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . There she won her first Olympic gold medal in the 500 meters and a bronze medal in the 1,000 meter . Blair won two gold medals in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and her final two Olympic gold medals at the 1994 Lillehammer games . Blair continued competing through 1995 when the World Championships were held in Milwaukee , finally retiring in March 1995 . After retiring from speed skating , Blair became a motivational speaker . She has been inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame , the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame , and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert Maryse Perreault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maryse_Perreault', 'summary': 'Maryse Perreault ( born 4 June 1964 ) is a former Canadian short track speed skater who competed on the Canadian speed skating team from 1981 to 1990 . During her career , Perreault competed at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships from 1982 to 1989 . At the World Championships , she won over twenty combined medals in individual races and the 3000 metres relay . In the overall World Championships classification , Perreault was the 1982 ladies champion and had a top three placing in 1983 , 1986 and 1989 . Outside of the World Championships , Perreault won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 3000 metres relay when short track speed skating was a demonstration sport . Perreault was named to the Speed Skating Canada Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'none awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montréal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Eiko Shishii ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Mariko Kinoshita', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Yumiko Yamada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eiko Shishii', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solihull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solihull', 'summary': 'Solihull ( /ˈsɒlihʌl/ , /ˈsoʊl-/ or /ˌsoʊliˈhʌl/ ) is a large town and administrative centre in England with a population of 123,187 in the 2011 Census . Historically in Warwickshire , it is the largest town in , and administrative centre of , the larger Metropolitan Borough of Solihull , which itself has a population of 214,909 . Solihull is situated 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) southeast of Birmingham , 18 miles ( 29 km ) northwest of Warwick and 110 miles ( 180 km ) northwest of London . Solihull is the most affluent town of the West Midlands , and one of the most affluent areas in the UK outside London . In November 2013 , the uSwitch Quality of Life Index named Solihull the best place to live in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryse Perreault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryse_Perreault', 'summary': 'Maryse Perreault ( born 4 June 1964 ) is a former Canadian short track speed skater who competed on the Canadian speed skating team from 1981 to 1990 . During her career , Perreault competed at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships from 1982 to 1989 . At the World Championships , she won over twenty combined medals in individual races and the 3000 metres relay . In the overall World Championships classification , Perreault was the 1982 ladies champion and had a top three placing in 1983 , 1986 and 1989 . Outside of the World Championships , Perreault won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the 3000 metres relay when short track speed skating was a demonstration sport . Perreault was named to the Speed Skating Canada Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guo Hongru', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Joelle van Koestveld', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eden Donatelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Donatelli', 'summary': "Eden Donatelli ( born July 19 , 1970 ) is a Canadian short track speed skating coach and former athlete . Donatelli is an Olympic medalist and ten-time championship medalist in the sport . Born in Mission , British Columbia , Donatelli became the youngest ever athlete to make the Canadian Senior National Team at only 15 years of age . During her career , Donatelli medaled in ten different World Championships from 1986 to 1992 . In the 1988 Winter Olympics , while short track speed skating was still a demonstration sport , she won Silver in the women 's 500m event . After retiring from skating , Donatelli married English speed skater and coach Julian Green , and has three children . Together with her husband and father , Eden coaches the Ridge Meadows Racers in Maple Ridge , British Columbia ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylvie Daigle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvie_Daigle', 'summary': 'Sylvie Daigle ( born December 1 , 1962 ) is a Canadian speed skater . She is a member of the Canadian short track relay team that won gold at the 1992 Winter Olympics and silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics . She is also a five-time Overall World Champion ( for 1979 , 1983 , 1988-1990 ) . She was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Zhang Yanmei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Yanmei', 'summary': 'Zhang Yanmei ( Chinese : 张艳梅 , born December 26 , 1972 ) is a female Chinese short track speed skater . She competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim So-hee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_So-hee_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Kim So-Hee ( Hangul : 김소희 , Hanja : 金昭希 ) ( born September 16 , 1976 in Daegu ) is a retired female South Korean short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics . She won one Gold medal and one Bronze medal from the Olympics . She is the 1992 Overall World Champion for Short-track speed skating , and is the first Woman from South Korea to have become one . In 1992 she finished ninth in the 500 m competition . Two years later she was a member of the Korean relay team which won the gold medal in the 3000 m relay event . In the 1000 m discipline she won the bronze medal and in the 500 m competition she finished fifth . Kim retired soon after 1997 Winter Universiade , where she won Gold medal for 1000m Short-track speed skating .'}]}, {'value': 'Yan Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Yan_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Li Yan ( Chinese : 李琰 ; pinyin : Lǐ Yǎn ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ lì jɛ̀n ] ; born September 8 , 1968 ) is a Chinese Short track speed skating coach and also a retired skater . She competed in the 1988 and 1992 Winter Olympics for China . She has coached for Slovakia , for a short time the Club USSV in Vienna and the United States . After the 2006 Winter Olympic Games , she came back to China and became the head coach of Chinese national short track speed skating team . In 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games , her team won 6 gold , 3 silver and 1 bronze medals in total . In May 16 , 2014 , a press release provided by the Chinese Skating Association announced that Li would remain as the head coach of the Chinese short track team until the Pyeongchang Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Nobuku Yamada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Chun Lee-kyung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chun_Lee-kyung', 'summary': "Chun Lee-kyung ( Hangul : 전이경 , Hanja : 全利卿 ; born January 6 , 1976 in Okcheon , Chungcheongbuk-do ) is a retired South Korean short track speed skater . She is a four-time Olympic Champion and three-time Overall World Champion for 1995-1997 . She was a dominant force in International Short Track Speed Skating during the mid-1990s . Chun took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France , at the age of 15 , but failed to win much attention . In 1994 , however , Chun won two gold medals at the Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games . She won the women 's 1000 m final , defeating the reigning World Champion Nathalie Lambert and former World Champion Kim So-hee , and was part of the team that won the 3000 m relay in a world record time along with Kim . Between 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics , Chun won the Overall World Championship three times in a row , in 1995 , 1996 and 1997 ( becoming the second person to have won three consecutive Overall World Championships ) . She shared the 1997 title though with Yang Yang ( A ) , her most significant career rival . She also won the Overall World Cup title for 1997-1998 season . In 1998 , at the Nagano Winter Olympics , Chun successfully defended both of her Olympic titles , by defeating China 's Yang Yang ( A ) and Yang Yang ( S ) in the 1000 m final after trailing for most of the race . Yang Yang ( A ) crossed the line together with Chun in what was ruled and reviewed as a photo finish , but was then disqualified for cross tracking Chun at the very end as Chun tried to pass on the inside ( although the photo finish seemed to show Chun having defeated her for the gold regardless ) . She led the relay team to another Olympic victory with world record time , completing the first double-double in Olympic short track history ."}]}, {'value': 'Zhang Yanmei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Yanmei', 'summary': 'Zhang Yanmei ( Chinese : 张艳梅 , born December 26 , 1972 ) is a female Chinese short track speed skater . She competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guildford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guildford', 'summary': 'Guildford ( /ˈɡɪlfərd/ ( listen ) ) is a large town in Surrey , England , 27 miles ( 43 km ) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road midway between the capital and Portsmouth . The town has a population of about 80,000 and is the seat of the wider Borough of Guildford which had an estimated 146,100 inhabitants in 2015 . Guildford has Saxon roots and historians attribute its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey was forded by the Harrow Way . [ n 1 ] By AD 978 it was home to an early English Royal Mint . The building of the Wey Navigation and the Basingstoke Canal in the 17th and 18th centuries , respectively , connected Guildford to a network of waterways that aided its prosperity . In the 20th century , the University of Surrey and Guildford Cathedral , an Anglican cathedral , were added . Due to recent development running north from Guildford , and linking to the Woking area , Guildford now officially forms the southwestern tip of the Greater London Built-up Area , as defined by the Office for National Statistics .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathalie Lambert ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathalie_Lambert', 'summary': "Nathalie Lambert , OC ( born December 1 , 1963 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian Olympic medalist in short-track speed skating . She won one Gold medal and two Silver medals at the Winter Olympics , and was Canada 's flag bearer at the 1992 Albertville Olympics closing ceremony . She is also a three-time Overall World Champion for 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Lambert won the 11 international competitions in which she participated , between 1992 and 1994 . She won the all-around world championship three times : in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . In 1991 she dethroned her legendary teammate , the 5 time overall World Champion- Sylvie Daigle , who she had been chasing for years , and often finished 2nd to . Despite it not typically being her best event she was one of the gold medal favorites for the 500 metre gold at the 1992 Olympics and then became the favorite after fellow leading contenders- her teammate Sylvie Daigle and Zhang Yanmei of China both were eliminated in the heats . Unfortunately she had a fall in the semis when she got caught up with Yan Li of China , and as a result did not make the final . She rebounded from the disappointment to lead the Canadian team to gold in the relay . In 1994 she went in as the favorite in both the 500 and 1000 metres but again fell in the semis of the 500 , and was just nipped for the 1000 metre gold in the last lap by Chun Lee Kyung of Korea ( the winner of the next 3 world overall titles , and a 4 time Olympic Gold medalist ) , settling for silver . She added another silver in the relay , after the Chinese team which finished 2nd was disqualified . After retiring , she made a comeback to the sport in 1997 , and performed respectably at the 1997 World Short Track Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim So-hee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_So-hee_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Kim So-Hee ( Hangul : 김소희 , Hanja : 金昭希 ) ( born September 16 , 1976 in Daegu ) is a retired female South Korean short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and in the 1994 Winter Olympics . She won one Gold medal and one Bronze medal from the Olympics . She is the 1992 Overall World Champion for Short-track speed skating , and is the first Woman from South Korea to have become one . In 1992 she finished ninth in the 500 m competition . Two years later she was a member of the Korean relay team which won the gold medal in the 3000 m relay event . In the 1000 m discipline she won the bronze medal and in the 500 m competition she finished fifth . Kim retired soon after 1997 Winter Universiade , where she won Gold medal for 1000m Short-track speed skating .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Ryang-hee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_World_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships', 'summary': "The 1995 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships were held from 17 to 19 March 1995 at the Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall in Gjøvik , Norway . They were the twentieth World Short Track Speed Skating Championships and the first to be held in Norway . It consisted of ten events , five for men and five for women , including one relay each . The overall winner of the men 's races was South Korea 's Chae Ji-hoon , who won three of the men 's four individual events , with the last gold going to Canada 's Marc Gagnon . In the women 's ' events , South Korea 's Chun Lee-kyung won ahead of China 's Wang Chunlu , with both winning two individual races . The men 's relay was won by Canada , while the women 's ' relay was won by China . The overall medal table was topped by South Korea with five first places and twelve medals overall . Originally the event was planned to take place at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre in Hamar , the same venue which hosted short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics . However , because Storhamar was at scheduled time playing play-offs in the Norwegian Ice Hockey Championship , it was in December 1994 decided to move the tournament to Gjøvik . The events were held in Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall , the world 's largest room within a mountain . It was opened in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics , where it had hosted 16 ice hockey matches . The hall is located within walking distance of the city center of Gjøvik , and has a capacity for 5,500 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Gjøvik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gjøvik', 'summary': 'The town is named after the old Gjøvik farm ( Old Norse : Djúpvík ) , consisting of the elements djúpr deep and vík inlet .'}]}, {'value': 'Chun Lee-kyung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chun_Lee-kyung', 'summary': "Chun Lee-kyung ( Hangul : 전이경 , Hanja : 全利卿 ; born January 6 , 1976 in Okcheon , Chungcheongbuk-do ) is a retired South Korean short track speed skater . She is a four-time Olympic Champion and three-time Overall World Champion for 1995-1997 . She was a dominant force in International Short Track Speed Skating during the mid-1990s . Chun took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France , at the age of 15 , but failed to win much attention . In 1994 , however , Chun won two gold medals at the Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games . She won the women 's 1000 m final , defeating the reigning World Champion Nathalie Lambert and former World Champion Kim So-hee , and was part of the team that won the 3000 m relay in a world record time along with Kim . Between 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics , Chun won the Overall World Championship three times in a row , in 1995 , 1996 and 1997 ( becoming the second person to have won three consecutive Overall World Championships ) . She shared the 1997 title though with Yang Yang ( A ) , her most significant career rival . She also won the Overall World Cup title for 1997-1998 season . In 1998 , at the Nagano Winter Olympics , Chun successfully defended both of her Olympic titles , by defeating China 's Yang Yang ( A ) and Yang Yang ( S ) in the 1000 m final after trailing for most of the race . Yang Yang ( A ) crossed the line together with Chun in what was ruled and reviewed as a photo finish , but was then disqualified for cross tracking Chun at the very end as Chun tried to pass on the inside ( although the photo finish seemed to show Chun having defeated her for the gold regardless ) . She led the relay team to another Olympic victory with world record time , completing the first double-double in Olympic short track history ."}]}, {'value': 'Wang Chunlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Chunlu', 'summary': "Wang Chunlu ( born 27 September 1978 in Changchun , China ) is a Chinese short track speed skater . She won medals in the 500 m and 3000 m relay at the 2002 Winter Olympics . She had also already won a relay silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics , at the age of 19 . Her strongest event by far was always the 500 metres , where she won 3 world titles- 1995 , 1998 , and 2001 . In addition to her Olympic bronze in 2002 , she was also leading the final and on her way to a likely gold medal in 1998 before a dangerous and poorly executed passing attempt by Isabelle Charest unfortunately led to Charest and Wang both falling . Distraught Wang , despite not being injured , refused to complete her 5 laps , and ceded the bronze medal to Chun Lee Kyung , the winner of the B final . Her strong start and strength on high speed corners are what made the 500 metres Wang 's strongest event . Surprisingly her best major meet performance was at the 1995 World Championships at only 16 , where as a relative newcomer she won gold in the 500 meters and 1000 metres , and a bronze in the 1500 metres . Despite this she was narrowly defeated for the Overall points title by Chun Lee Kyung , taking silver overall . She also won silver overall at the 2001 World Championships , and a bronze overall at the 1998 World Championships . She competed in what is perhaps still to this day the strongest era ever in Chinese short track speed skating from 94-2002 due to its depth of established stars such as Wang , both Yang Yang 's ( the one born in 1976 and the one born in 1977 ) , Zhang Yanmei , and Li Yan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim Yoon-mi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Yun-mi_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Kim Yunmi ( Hangul : 김윤미 , Hanja : 金潤美 ) ( born December 1 , 1980 in Seoul ) is a South Korean short track speed skater , who won gold medals in the 3000 m relay at the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics . Kim won her first Olympic gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer at only thirteen years of age . Since 2004 she has lived in Maryland , United States where she teaches speed skating .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Overall classification medalists -- Ladies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships_1', 'intro': "The World Short Track Speed Skating Championships are a senior international short track speed skating competition held once a year to determine the World Champion in individual distances, relays and Overall Classification. It is sanctioned by the International Skating Union and is usually held in March or April. In 1967, the International Skating Union adopted short track speed skating, although it did not organise international competitions until 1976. World Championships have been held since 1981, though earlier events later received that status. Skaters perform individual races in the 500 meters, 1000 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters (super-final involving eight competitors with highest points after completion of other distances) and a four-person race, in the 3000 meters relay for women, and the 5000 meters relay for men. Points are given for each placings in the finals of individual distances (currently 34 points for 1st, 21 for 2nd, 13 for 3rd, 8 for 4th, 5 for 5th, 3 for 6th, 2 for 7th, 1 for 8th). From 2009, the leader after first 1000m in the 3000m super-final is given extra 5 points. The athlete with the highest points after the points for all individual distances are added up (maximum 141 points, 136 points before 2009) is declared the Men's or Ladies' Overall World Short-track Speed Skating Champion. In case of a tie in points, precedence is given to the athlete with higher placing in the 3000m super-final."} | null | null | Which location hosted the speed skating first ? was it the place named after an old farm which was of the elements djúpr deep and vík inlet , or a place which is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region ? | Grenoble |
0501bc389ba602f1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2009_(August)', 'title': 'List of Italian football transfers summer 2009 (August)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Nat', 'Moving from', 'Moving to', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tabaré Viudez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabaré_Viudez', 'summary': 'Tabaré Uruguay Viudez Mora ( born 8 September 1989 ) is an Uruguayan footballer currently playing for Club Olimpia .'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensor Sporting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensor_Sporting', 'summary': 'Defensor Sporting Club is a sports club based in Montevideo , Uruguay . Defensor plays several sports , football and basketball being the most important and the ones in which the club has achieved significant victories in Uruguay and internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathías Cardacio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathías_Cardacio', 'summary': 'Mathías Adolfo Cardaccio Alaguich ( born 2 October 1987 ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a midfielder for Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensor Sporting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensor_Sporting', 'summary': 'Defensor Sporting Club is a sports club based in Montevideo , Uruguay . Defensor plays several sports , football and basketball being the most important and the ones in which the club has achieved significant victories in Uruguay and internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dino Fava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dino_Fava_Passaro', 'summary': 'Dino Fava Passaro ( born 16 March 1977 ) is an Italian footballer . He plays as a striker for Savoia .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treviso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treviso_F.B.C._1993', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Dilettanti Treviso is an Italian football club based in Treviso . The club was formed in 1909 and refounded in 1993 , in 2009 and in 2013 . The club currently plays in Promozione .'}]}, {'value': 'Salernitana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salernitana_Calcio_1919', 'summary': 'Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie B in 2015 , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C. The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011-12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria , thanks to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC . The club - named Salerno Calcio - was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S. Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arturo Di Napoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Di_Napoli', 'summary': 'Arturo Di Napoli ( born 18 April 1974 ) is an Italian football coach and former player , who played as a striker . He was last in charge as head coach of Messina , and had previously coached Maltese club Vittoriosa Stars , as well as Italian sides Rieti , Riccione , and Savona .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salernitana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salernitana_Calcio_1919', 'summary': 'Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919 , commonly referred to as Salernitana , is an Italian football club based in Salerno , Campania . Salernitana returned to Serie B in 2015 , having finished first in Lega Pro Prima Divisione - Girone C. The club is the legitimate heir of the former Salernitana Calcio 1919 and there is a sports continuity also with the former Salerno Calcio in the 2011-12 season which restarted from Serie D rather than from Terza Categoria , thanks to Article 52 NOIF of FIGC . The club - named Salerno Calcio - was promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it re-obtained the original name of U.S. Salernitana 1919 . It was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione the following season .'}]}, {'value': 'Messina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C.R._Messina', 'summary': 'Associazioni Calcio Riunite Messina S.S.D . a r.l . is an Italian football club based in Messina , Sicily . It currently plays in Serie D .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Roberto D'Aversa", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Roberto_D'Aversa", 'summary': "Roberto D'Aversa ( born 12 August 1975 ) is an Italian football manager , and former football player , who played as a midfielder . He is currently the manager for Parma ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treviso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treviso_F.B.C._1993', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Dilettanti Treviso is an Italian football club based in Treviso . The club was formed in 1909 and refounded in 1993 , in 2009 and in 2013 . The club currently plays in Promozione .'}]}, {'value': 'Gallipoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallipoli_Calcio', 'summary': 'S.S.D . Gallipoli Football 1909 is an Italian association football club , based in Gallipoli , Apulia .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Antonino D'Agostino", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Antonino_D'Agostino", 'summary': "Antonino D'Agostino ( born 8 October 1978 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in Serie A for Atalanta and Cagliari ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atalanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atalanta_B.C.', 'summary': "Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio , commonly referred to as Atalanta , is an Italian football club based in Bergamo , Lombardy . It plays in Serie A , having gained promotion from Serie B in 2010-11 . They are nicknamed the Nerazzurri and the Orobici . Founded in 1907 by some Swiss students in the gym of the liceo classico , Atalanta play in blue-and-black vertically striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The club stadium is the 21,300 seat Gewiss Stadium . In Italy , Atalanta is sometimes called Regina delle provinciali ( queen of the provincial clubs ) to mark the fact that the club is by far the most consistent among Italian clubs not based in a regional capital , having played 58 times in Serie A , 28 times in Serie B and only once in Serie C. The club won the Coppa Italia in 1963 and reached the Cup Winners ' Cup semi-final in 1988 , when it was still competing in Serie B . This is still the best ever performance by a non-first division club in a major UEFA competition ( together with Cardiff City ) . Atalanta also participated in four seasons of the UEFA Europa League ( previously known as UEFA Cup ) , reaching the quarter-finals in the 1990-91 season . The club qualified for the 2019-20 UEFA Champions League , reaching the competition for the first time in their history , as they finished 3rd in the 2018-19 Serie A season . This represented the highest finish in the league in the club 's history ."}]}, {'value': "Progetto Sant'Elia", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikola Vujadinović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikola_Vujadinović', 'summary': 'Nikola Vujadinović ( Cyrillic : Никола Вујадиновић , born 31 July 1986 ) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays as a central defender for Domžale . Vujadinović also holds a Serbian and Bulgarian passport ( and consequently EU citizenship ) due to his grandfather being a Bulgarian . On international level , Vujadinović opted to play for Montenegrin national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Montenegro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udinese_Calcio', 'summary': 'Udinese Calcio , commonly referred to as Udinese , is an Italian football club based in Udine , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , that currently plays in Serie A . It was founded on 30 November 1896 as a sports club , and on 5 July 1911 as a football club . The traditional team home kit is black and white striped shirt , black shorts , and white socks . The club broadcasts on channel 110 ( Udinese Channel ) on digital terrestrial television in north-east of Italy . It has many fans in Friuli and the surrounding areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Unirea Alba Iulia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Unirea_Alba_Iulia', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club Unirea 1924 Alba Iulia , commonly known as Unirea Alba Iulia ( Romanian pronunciation : [ uˈnire̯a ˌalba ˈjuli.a ] ) , is a Romanian professional football club based in Alba Iulia , Alba County , founded in 1924 and currently playing in the Liga III . Among the greatest achievements of the team is a sixth place in the first league at the end of the 2003-04 season and a Romanian Cup semi-final played in 1991 . The team colours are black and white , and their stadium is called Cetate and has a capacity of 18,000 seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blažej Vaščák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blažej_Vaščák', 'summary': 'Blažej Vaščák ( born 21 November 1983 ) is a Slovak football midfielder who plays for Dukla Banská Bystrica .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lecce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Lecce', 'summary': "Unione Sportiva Lecce , commonly referred to as Lecce ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈlettʃe ] ) , is an Italian football club based in Lecce , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie A , the highest level of the Italian football pyramid , and plays its home games at Stadio Via del Mare which has a capacity of 31,533 spectators . Lecce 's current coach is Fabio Liverani who joined in September 2017 leading the giallorossi to a double promotion from Serie C to Serie B first and Serie A TIM after . The club was formed in 1908 and has spent a large part of their recent history bouncing between Italy 's second division and Serie A , where the team debuted in the 1985-86 season . Its best Serie A finish is the ninth place obtained in the 1988-89 season . The club is 27th in the Serie A all-time table and is the second club from Apulia as regards appearances in the first two tiers of Italian football , with 15 Serie A seasons and 25 Serie B seasons . Lecce won a Coppa Ali della Vittoria as Serie B winner in 2010 , a Coppa Italia Serie C in 1975 and an Anglo-Italian Cup Semiprofessionals in 1976 . Lecce players and fans are nicknamed salentini or simply giallorossi or lupi ."}]}, {'value': 'Košice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MFK_Košice', 'summary': 'FC VSS Košice was a Slovak football club based in Košice , which played in the Slovak 2 . Liga during 2016-17 season . The club officially ceased operations on 27 July 2017 . The club , founded in 1952 , has won the Slovak League twice , the Slovak Cup five times and the Czechoslovak Cup once . The most successful eras of the club were in the 1970s and 1990s , which they spent mostly in the top tier of Czechoslovak and Slovak Football . Two of the UEFA Euro 1976 champions , namely Dušan Galis and Jaroslav Pollák , played for Košice .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriele Sollitto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sansovino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Sansovino', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Sansovino is an Italian association football club , based in Monte San Savino , Tuscany . Sansovino currently plays in Eccellenza .'}]}, {'value': 'Ancona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Ancona', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Ancona , commonly referred to as Ancona , was an Italian football club based in Ancona , Marche . It was founded in 1905 as Unione Sportiva Anconitana , changing its name to Ancona Calcio in 1982 and being refounded in 2004 ( using clause in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F . ) with its last denomination . Since 2010 the club is in liquidation and the current liquidator is Giorgio Paolo Raffaele Perrotti . [ citation needed ] Another club of the city , U.S. Ancona 1905 claimed as the phoenix club . However , the club also folded in 2017 , with a second phoenix club was founded in amateur league . The nicknames of the team were i Dorici ( The Dorians ) and i Biancorossi ( The Red and Whites ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michele Ferri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michele_Ferri', 'summary': 'Michele Ferri ( born 28 May 1981 ) is an Italian association football defender who currently plays for Italian club Varese .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sampdoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria', 'summary': "Unione Calcio Sampdoria , commonly referred to as Sampdoria ( Italian pronunciation : [ sampˈdɔːrja ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . The club was formed in 1946 from the merger of two existing sports clubs whose roots can be traced back to the 1890s , Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria . Both the team name and jersey reflect this , the first being a combination of the former names , the second incorporating the former teams ' colours ( blue-white and white-red-black ) in a single design . The team 's colours are blue with white , red and black hoops , hence the nickname blucerchiati ( blue-circled ) . Sampdoria play at Stadio Luigi Ferraris , capacity 36,536 , which it shares with Genoa 's other club , Genoa Cricket and Football Club . The derby between the two teams is commonly known as the Derby della Lanterna . Sampdoria have won the Scudetto once in their history , in 1991 . The club has also won the Coppa Italia four times , in 1985 , 1988 , 1989 and 1994 , and the Supercoppa Italiana once , in 1991 . Their biggest European success came when they won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1990 . They also reached the European Cup final in 1992 , losing the final 1-0 to Barcelona after extra time ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonardo Colucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Colucci', 'summary': 'Leonardo Colucci ( born 29 December 1972 ) is a retired Italian football coach and former player , who played as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cremonese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Cremonese', 'summary': 'Unione Sportiva Cremonese , commonly referred to as Cremonese , is an Italian football club based in Cremona , Lombardy . It currently plays in Serie B . Some of the famous players who played for Cremonese include Pasquale Vivolo , Antonio Cabrini , Gustavo Dezotti , Anders Limpar , Enrico Chiesa , Gianluca Vialli , Michelangelo Rampulla , Giuseppe Favalli , John Aloisi and Władysław Żmuda .'}]}, {'value': 'Modena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modena_F.C.', 'summary': 'Modena Football Club 2018 , commonly referred to as Modena , is an Italian football club based in Modena , Emilia-Romagna . The club was founded in 1912 , and refounded in 2018 , and had spent the majority of its existence playing in Serie B . It currently competes in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Dacourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Dacourt', 'summary': 'Olivier Fohan Dacourt ( born 25 September 1974 ) is a former French professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . He is also a former French international and is best known for his spells at English side Leeds United , and Italian clubs A.S. Roma and Internazionale .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-09-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giorgio Santarelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Santarelli', 'summary': 'Giorgio Santarelli ( born June 5 , 1981 in Frosinone , Italy ) is an Italian footballer . He plays as a Defender . He is currently playing for S.S. Cavese 1919 on loan from Ascoli Calcio 1898 .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monopoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Monopoli', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Monopoli 1966 is an Italian association football club located in Monopoli , Apulia . They currently play in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898', 'summary': 'Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. , commonly referred to as Ascoli , is an Italian football club based in Ascoli Piceno , Marche . The club was formed in 1898 and currently play in Serie B , having returned to it after two seasons spent in Serie A and eight in Serie B. Ascoli played in Serie A during the periods 1974-1976 , 1978-1985 , 1986-1990 , 1991-1992 , and 2005-2007 . The team traditionally play in vertical black and white stripes .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Out of windows transfers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2009_(August)_2', 'intro': 'Here is the part2 of the list of Italian football transfers summer 2009.'} | null | null | What year was the football club founded that Tabaré Viudez left in the summer of 2009 ? | 1899 |
050246751309fa3d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_year-end_number-one_singles_(New_Zealand)', 'title': 'List of year-end number-one singles (New Zealand)', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Title', 'Certification', 'Weeks on chart', 'Weeks at number one'], 'data': [{'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freddy Fender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddy_Fender', 'summary': 'Freddy Fender ( born Baldemar Garza Huerta ; June 4 , 1937 - October 14 , 2006 ) was an American Tejano , country and rock and roll musician , known for his work as a solo artist and in the groups Los Super Seven and the Texas Tornados . He is best known for his 1975 hits Before the Next Teardrop Falls and the subsequent remake of his own Wasted Days and Wasted Nights .'}]}, {'value': 'Before the Next Teardrop Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_the_Next_Teardrop_Falls_(song)', 'summary': 'Before the Next Teardrop Falls is an American country and pop song written by Vivian Keith and Ben Peters , and most famously recorded by Freddy Fender .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABBA', 'summary': "ABBA is a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad . The group 's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names . They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music , topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982 . ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 , giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest . They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition . During the band 's main active years , it was composed of two married couples : Fältskog and Ulvaeus , and Lyngstad and Andersson . With the increase of their popularity , their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages . The relationship changes were reflected in the group 's music , with latter compositions featuring darker and more introspective lyrics . After ABBA disbanded , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage , while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers . Ten years after their disbanding , a compilation , ABBA Gold was released , which became a worldwide bestseller . In 1999 , ABBA 's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia ! that toured worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Fernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_(song)', 'summary': "Fernando is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA . It was released in March 1976 as the brand new track for the 1976 compilation album Greatest Hits , but was also included on the group 's fourth studio album Arrival in Australia and New Zealand . Fernando is also featured on the multi-million-selling Gold : Greatest Hits compilation . The song is one of ABBA 's best-selling singles of all time , with six million copies sold in 1976 alone . It is one of fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million ( or more ) physical copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling singles of all time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heatwave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heatwave_(band)', 'summary': 'Heatwave is an international funk/disco band formed in 1975 . It is still current and playing UK dates ( 2019 ) . Its most popular line-up featured Americans Johnnie Wilder Jr. and Keith Wilder ( vocals ) of Dayton , Ohio ; Englishman Rod Temperton ( keyboards ) ; Swiss Mario Mantese ( bass ) ; Czechoslovak Ernest Bilbo Berger ( drums ) ; Jamaican Eric Johns ( guitar ) ; and Briton Roy Carter ( guitar ) . They are known for their singles Boogie Nights , The Groove Line , and Always and Forever .'}]}, {'value': 'Boogie Nights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boogie_Nights_(song)', 'summary': "Boogie Nights is a 1977 single by international funk-disco group Heatwave . It was written by keyboardist Rod Temperton , and was included on Heatwave 's debut album , Too Hot to Handle . Harpist Carla Skanger ( London Symphony Orchestra ) played the harp and American actor and singer Clarke Peters performed backing vocals on the recording ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boney M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boney_M.', 'summary': "Boney M. is a Euro-Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian . Originally based in West Germany , the four original members of the group 's official line-up were Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett from Jamaica , Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell , a performing artist from Aruba . The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s . Since the 1980s , various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel . The band has sold around 100 million records worldwide and is known for international hits such as Daddy Cool , Ma Baker , Sunny , Rasputin , Mary 's Boy Child - Oh My Lord and Rivers of Babylon ."}]}, {'value': 'Rivers of Babylon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rivers_of_Babylon', 'summary': "Rivers of Babylon is a Rastafari song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970 . The lyrics are adapted from the texts of Psalms 19 and 137 in the Hebrew Bible . The Melodians ' original version of the song appeared on the soundtrack album for the 1972 movie The Harder They Come , which made it internationally known . The song was popularized in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version , which was awarded a platinum disc and is one of the top-ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK . The B-side of the single , Brown Girl in the Ring , also became a hit ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blondie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blondie_(band)', 'summary': "Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein . The band were pioneers in the early American new wave and punk scenes of the mid-late 1970s . Its first two albums contained strong elements of these genres , and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia , Blondie was regarded as an underground band in the United States until the release of Parallel Lines in 1978 . Over the next three years , the band achieved several hit singles including Heart of Glass , Call Me , Rapture and The Tide Is High and became noted for its eclectic mix of musical styles incorporating elements of disco , pop , reggae , and early rap music . Blondie disbanded after the release of its sixth studio album , The Hunter , in 1982 . Debbie Harry continued to pursue a solo career with varied results after taking a few years off to care for partner Chris Stein , who was diagnosed with pemphigus , a rare autoimmune disease of the skin . The band re-formed in 1997 , achieving renewed success and a number one single in the United Kingdom with Maria in 1999 , exactly 20 years after their first UK No.1 single ( Heart of Glass ) . The group toured and performed throughout the world during the following years , and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 . Blondie has sold around 40 million records worldwide and is still active . The band 's tenth studio album , Ghosts of Download , was released in 2014 and their eleventh studio album , Pollinator , was released on May 5 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart of Glass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_of_Glass_(song)', 'summary': "Heart of Glass is a song by the American new wave band Blondie , written by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein . It was featured on the band 's third studio album , Parallel Lines ( 1978 ) , and was released as the album 's third single in January 1979 and reached number one on the charts in several countries , including the United States and the United Kingdom . In December 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the song number 255 on its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . It was ranked at number 259 when the list was updated in April 2010 . Slant Magazine placed it at number 42 on their list of the greatest dance songs of all time and Pitchfork named it the 18th best song of the 1970s . In 2018 , Heart of Glass ranked at number 66 in the UK 's official list of biggest selling singles of all-time with sales of 1.32 million copies ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ritz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Locomotion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Loco-Motion', 'summary': 'The Loco-Motion is a 1962 pop song written by American songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King . The Loco-Motion was originally written for Dee Dee Sharp , but Sharp turned the song down . The song is notable for appearing in the American Top 5 three times , each time in a different decade : in 1962 by the American pop singer Little Eva ( U.S. No . 1 ) ; in 1974 by the American band Grand Funk Railroad ( also U.S. No . 1 ) ; and finally in 1988 by the Australian singer Kylie Minogue ( U.S. No . 3 ) . The song is a popular and enduring example of the dance-song genre : much of the lyrics are devoted to a description of the dance itself , usually performed as a type of line dance . However , the song came before the dance . The Loco-Motion was also the second song to reach No . 1 by two different musical acts in America . The earlier song to do this was Go Away Little Girl , also written by Goffin and King . It is one of only nine songs to achieve this feat .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stars on 45', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stars_on_45', 'summary': 'Stars on 45 was a Dutch novelty pop act that was briefly very popular throughout Europe , and in the United States , and Australia in 1981 . The group later shortened its name to Stars On in the U.S. , while in the UK and Ireland it was known as Starsound ( aka Star Sound ) . The band , which consisted solely of studio session musicians under the direction of Jaap Eggermont , formerly of Golden Earring , popularized medley recordings made by recreating hit songs as faithfully as possible and joining them together with a common tempo and underlying drum track .'}]}, {'value': 'Stars on 45', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stars_on_45_(song)', 'summary': "Stars on 45 is a song issued in January 1981 by Dutch studio group Stars on 45 . In some countries , including the UK , Ireland and New Zealand , the band was credited as 'Starsound ' and the medley itself was named Stars on 45 . Its official title in the US and Canada ( as on the record and in Billboard and RPM ) is Medley : Intro 'Venus ' / Sugar Sugar / No Reply / I 'll Be Back / Drive My Car / Do You Want to Know a Secret / We Can Work It Out / I Should Have Known Better / Nowhere Man / You 're Going to Lose That Girl / Stars on 45 and was credited to 'Stars on 45 ' . It is ( to date ) the longest titled song to ever chart in Billboard and was conveniently shortened to Stars on 45 Medley , or 'Medley ' by Stars on 45 . The length of the name surpassed the previous record set by Ray Stevens ' Jeremiah Peabody 's Polyunsaturated Quick-Dissolving Fast-Acting Pleasant-Tasting Green and Purple Pills ; and ( among songs that reached number one ) ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song by B. J. Thomas . The reason for the long title was copyright requirements for the use of The Beatles ' songs . It reached number 1 in the Netherlands in February 21 , 1981 ; number 2 in the UK in April 1981 ; and number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 20 , 1981 . In the US , the single also peaked at number 18 on the dance chart . In the US , the song 's one-week stay at the top of the Hot 100 interrupted the Kim Carnes single Bette Davis Eyes run as the number 1 single at five weeks . The next week , Carnes ' song regained its number 1 status for an additional four weeks . The origin of the single was the Netherlands where numerous bootleg disco singles were floating around . Willem van Kooten , the owner of one of the copyrights , decided to make a similar , legitimate record of a 12 single titled Let 's Do It in the 80s Great Hits credited to a Canadian group called Passion ( though the snippets of songs were taken from the original recordings ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toots and the Maytals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals', 'summary': "Toots and the Maytals , originally called The Maytals , are a Jamaican musical group and one of the best known ska and rocksteady vocal groups . The Maytals were formed in the early 1960s and were key figures in popularizing reggae music . Frontman Toots Hibbert 's soulful vocal style has been compared to Otis Redding , and led him to be named one of the 100 Greatest Singers by Rolling Stone . Their 1968 single Do the Reggay , was the first song to use the word reggae , naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience . As Island Records founder Chris Blackwell says , The Maytals were unlike anything else . sensational , raw and dynamic ."}]}, {'value': 'Beautiful Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beautiful_Woman', 'summary': "Toots and the Maytals , originally called The Maytals , are a Jamaican musical group and one of the best known ska and rocksteady vocal groups . The Maytals were formed in the early 1960s and were key figures in popularizing reggae music . Frontman Toots Hibbert 's soulful vocal style has been compared to Otis Redding , and led him to be named one of the 100 Greatest Singers by Rolling Stone . Their 1968 single Do the Reggay , was the first song to use the word reggae , naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience . As Island Records founder Chris Blackwell says , The Maytals were unlike anything else . sensational , raw and dynamic ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Order_(band)', 'summary': "New Order are an English rock band formed in 1980 by vocalist and guitarist Bernard Sumner , bassist Peter Hook , and drummer Stephen Morris . The band formed after the demise of Joy Division , following the suicide of lead singer Ian Curtis ; they were joined by Gillian Gilbert on keyboards later that year . New Order 's integration of post-punk with electronic and dance music made them one of the most acclaimed and influential bands of the 1980s . They were the flagship band for Manchester-based independent record label Factory Records and its nightclub The Haçienda , and worked in long-term collaboration with graphic designer Peter Saville . While the band 's early years were overshadowed by the legacy of Joy Division , their experience of the early 1980s New York club scene saw them increasingly incorporate dance rhythms and electronic instrumentation into their work . Their 1983 hit Blue Monday became the best-selling 12-inch single of all time and a popular club track . In the 1980s , they released successful albums such as Power , Corruption & Lies ( 1983 ) , Technique ( 1989 ) , and the singles compilation Substance ( 1987 ) . They briefly disbanded in 1993 to work on individual projects before reuniting in 1998 . In the years since , New Order has gone through various hiatuses and personnel changes , most prominently the departure of Hook in 2007 . They released their tenth studio album , Music Complete , in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Monday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Monday_(New_Order_song)', 'summary': "Blue Monday is a song by the English rock band New Order . It was released as a 12-inch single on 7 March 1983 through Factory Records and later as a 7-inch single through Tonpress in 1985 . It appeared on certain cassette and CD versions of the band 's second studio album , Power , Corruption & Lies ( 1983 ) . Blue Monday is a synth-pop and alternative dance song that drew inspirations from many works of other artists . The 12 single was backed with a primarily instrumental version of the song entitled The Beach on the B-side . The single 's unique packaging was designed by Peter Saville and Brett Wickens . It features a die-cut sleeve designed to resemble a 5¼ floppy disk . The front cover features no words , but instead has code in the form of coloured blocks that reads out the artist , song , and label information , once deciphered . The original single was a commercial hit , making the top 10 in many countries . In New Zealand , it peaked at number 2 and spent 74 weeks ( spread across three calendar years ) in the top 50 . The 1988 remix peaked at number 3 on the UK chart . It is the best-selling 12 single of all time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patea Maori Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patea_Maori_Club', 'summary': 'Poi E is a New Zealand 1984 number-one hit song by the group Patea Maori Club off the album of the same name . Its popularity is unique in New Zealand as Māori music rarely reaches popular status . Released in 1984 , the song was sung entirely in the Māori language and featured a blend of Māori cultural practices in the song and accompanying music video , including Māori chanting , poi dancing , and the wearing of traditional Māori kākahu ( garments ) . The song topped the New Zealand pop charts for four weeks and also became the biggest seller in New Zealand for 1984 , outselling all international recording artists . Today the song maintains its status as a cult classic in non-Māori New Zealand , as the group behind it , Patea Maori Club , was a one-hit wonder . However , for Māori , the song is much more important , as it became the anthem of a new generation , the generation known as the hip-hop generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Poi E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poi_E', 'summary': 'Poi E is a New Zealand 1984 number-one hit song by the group Patea Maori Club off the album of the same name . Its popularity is unique in New Zealand as Māori music rarely reaches popular status . Released in 1984 , the song was sung entirely in the Māori language and featured a blend of Māori cultural practices in the song and accompanying music video , including Māori chanting , poi dancing , and the wearing of traditional Māori kākahu ( garments ) . The song topped the New Zealand pop charts for four weeks and also became the biggest seller in New Zealand for 1984 , outselling all international recording artists . Today the song maintains its status as a cult classic in non-Māori New Zealand , as the group behind it , Patea Maori Club , was a one-hit wonder . However , for Māori , the song is much more important , as it became the anthem of a new generation , the generation known as the hip-hop generation .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA For Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USA_For_Africa', 'summary': "We Are the World is a charity single originally recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa in 1985 . It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Omartian for the album We Are the World . With sales in excess of 20 million copies , it is one of fewer than 30 retail singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide . Following Band Aid 's 1984 Do They Know It 's Christmas ? project in the UK , an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte , who , along with fundraiser Ken Kragen , was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality . Several musicians were contacted by the pair , before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song . The duo completed the writing of We Are the World seven weeks after the release of Do They Know It 's Christmas ? , and one night before the song 's first recording session , on January 21 , 1985 . The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time . The song was released on March 7 , 1985 , as the first single from the album . A worldwide commercial success , topping music charts throughout the world and becoming the fastest-selling American pop single in history . The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum , We Are the World received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Awarded numerous honors - including three Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and a People 's Choice Award - the song was promoted with a critically received music video , a home video , a special edition magazine , a simulcast , and several books , posters , and shirts ."}]}, {'value': 'We Are the World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Are_the_World', 'summary': "We Are the World is a charity single originally recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa in 1985 . It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Omartian for the album We Are the World . With sales in excess of 20 million copies , it is one of fewer than 30 retail singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide . Following Band Aid 's 1984 Do They Know It 's Christmas ? project in the UK , an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte , who , along with fundraiser Ken Kragen , was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality . Several musicians were contacted by the pair , before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song . The duo completed the writing of We Are the World seven weeks after the release of Do They Know It 's Christmas ? , and one night before the song 's first recording session , on January 21 , 1985 . The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time . The song was released on March 7 , 1985 , as the first single from the album . A worldwide commercial success , topping music charts throughout the world and becoming the fastest-selling American pop single in history . The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum , We Are the World received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Awarded numerous honors - including three Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and a People 's Choice Award - the song was promoted with a critically received music video , a home video , a special edition magazine , a simulcast , and several books , posters , and shirts ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All of Us', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sailing Away', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_Away_(All_of_Us_song)', 'summary': "Sailing Away is a 1986 single by a supergroup of New Zealand singers and personalities , to promote New Zealand yacht KZ 7 in the 1987 America 's Cup . It spent nine weeks at # 1 in the single chart , the longest run of a New Zealand single until 2009 . While the song is conceptually similar to the many charity supergroup singles released in the mid 1980s , Sailing Away has its origins as a television advertisement and was not a charity record . The song uses the melody of the Māori folk song Pokarekare Ana , and begins with a verse of the original song ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pseudo Echo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pseudo_Echo', 'summary': "Pseudo Echo are an Australian new wave band that formed in 1982 in Melbourne , Victoria . The original line-up consisted of Brian Canham ( vocals , guitars and keyboards ) , Pierre Gigliotti ( as Pierre Pierre ) ( bass guitar , keyboards ) , Tony Lugton ( guitars and keyboards ) and Anthony Argiro ( drums ) . A later line-up included James Leigh ( keyboards ) and his brother , Vince Leigh ( drums ) . In the 1980s , Pseudo Echo had Australian top 20 hits with Listening , A Beat for You , Do n't Go , Love an Adventure , Living in a Dream and their cover of Funky Town ( originally by Lipps Inc. ) , which peaked at No . 1 in 1986 . In 1987 , it reached No . 1 in Canada and New Zealand , No . 6 in the United States and No . 8 in the United Kingdom . They released their debut album , Autumnal Park , in 1984 which peaked at No . 11 on the Australian Kent Music Report . Love an Adventure followed in 1985 and reached No ."}]}, {'value': 'Funky Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funkytown', 'summary': "Funkytown is a song by American disco act Lipps Inc. from their debut album Mouth to Mouth ( 1979 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single in 1980 . Funkytown reached the top spot in the United States , West Germany , Canada , Austria , Switzerland , Norway , the Netherlands , and Australia , among many others ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holidaymakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holidaymakers', 'summary': 'We Could Be Sweet Lovers is a 1985 song written by Bill Withers from his final studio album Watching You Watching Me . The song is best known in New Zealand as a 1988 one-hit wonder by New Zealand band Holidaymakers , who released their version of the song under the title Sweet Lovers . This version charted at number one in the New Zealand singles chart and held that position for six weeks .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweet Lovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Lovers', 'summary': 'We Could Be Sweet Lovers is a 1985 song written by Bill Withers from his final studio album Watching You Watching Me . The song is best known in New Zealand as a 1988 one-hit wonder by New Zealand band Holidaymakers , who released their version of the song under the title Sweet Lovers . This version charted at number one in the New Zealand singles chart and held that position for six weeks .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simply Red', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simply_Red', 'summary': "Simply Red are a British soul and pop band which formed in Manchester in 1985 . The lead vocalist of the band is singer and songwriter Mick Hucknall , who , by the time the band initially disbanded in 2010 , was the only original member left . Since the release of their debut studio album Picture Book ( 1985 ) , they have had ten songs reach top 10 in the UK Singles Chart , including Holding Back the Years and If You Do n't Know Me by Now , both of which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 . They have had five number one albums in the UK , with their 1991 album , Stars , being one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history . At the 1992 and 1993 Brit Awards , they received the award for Best British Group . They received three Grammy Award nominations : for Best New Artist in 1987 , and Holding Back the Years and If You Do n't Know Me by Now for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . The band re-formed in 2015 . Simply Red have sold over 50 million albums ."}]}, {'value': "If You Do n't Know Me by Now", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/If_You_Don't_Know_Me_by_Now", 'summary': "If You Do n't Know Me by Now is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in September 1972 , topping the US R & B chart and peaking at number 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . If You Do n't Know Me by Now was originally written for Labelle ( a trio led by Patti LaBelle ) but they never recorded it . Much like the issue with I Miss You and The Dells passing on it , the song 's composers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff gave it to Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes , which featured Teddy Pendergrass as lead vocalist . In addition to the single release , the track was included on their debut album I Miss You . Patti LaBelle later made the song as part of her concert repertoire in 1982 ; a live version appears on her 1985 album , Patti . If You Do n't Know Me by Now has since been covered by a number of other artists , most notably the English pop and soul band Simply Red , who took their version to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1989 . The song was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century by the RIAA . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MC Hammer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MC_Hammer', 'summary': "Stanley Kirk Burrell ( born March 30 , 1963 ) , better known by his stage name MC Hammer ( or simply Hammer ) , is an American rapper , dancer , record producer and entrepreneur . He had his greatest commercial success and popularity from the late 1980s until the early 1990s . Remembered for his rapid rise to fame , Hammer is known for hit records ( such as U Ca n't Touch This and 2 Legit 2 Quit ) , flashy dance movements , choreography and eponymous Hammer pants . A multi-award winner , M.C . Hammer is considered a forefather/pioneer and innovator of pop-rap ( incorporating elements of freestyle music ) , and is the first hip hop artist to achieve diamond status for an album . BET ranked Hammer as the No . 7 Best Dancer Of All Time . Vibe 's The Best Rapper Ever Tournament declared him the 17th favorite of all-time during the first round . Burrell became a preacher during the late 1990s with a Christian ministry program on TBN called M.C . Hammer and Friends . Additionally , he starred in a Saturday-morning cartoon called Hammerman in 1991 , and was executive producer of his own reality show called Hammertime , which aired on the A & E Network during the summer of 2009 . Hammer was also a television show host and dance judge on Dance Fever in 2003 , was co-creator of a dance website called DanceJam.com , and is a record label CEO while still performing concerts at music venues and assisting with other social media , ministry and outreach functions ."}]}, {'value': "U Ca n't Touch This", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/U_Can't_Touch_This", 'summary': "U Ca n't Touch This is a song cowritten , produced and performed by MC Hammer from his 1990 album Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt 'Em . It is considered to be his signature song and is his most successful single . Along with Hammer , Rick James shares songwriting credits with Alonzo Miller because the song samples the prominent opening riff of Super Freak . It has been used or referenced in television shows , films , commercials and other forms of media . It has also received awards and recognitions . The song is notable as the winner of the Best R & B Song and a Best Rap Solo Performance and the first rap song to be nominated for Record of the Year at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 as well as the Best Rap Video and Best Dance Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards . It peaked at No . 1 in the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and on the charts in several countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryan Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Adams', 'summary': "Bryan Guy Adams OC OBC ( born 5 November 1959 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , record producer , guitarist , photographer , philanthropist , and activist . He rose to fame in Canada and the United States with his 1983 album Cuts Like a Knife and turned into a global star with his 1984 album Reckless , which produced some of his best known songs , including Run to You , Summer of '69 , and his first number one , Heaven . In 1991 , he released the album Waking Up the Neighbours , which included the song ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You . The song became a worldwide hit and reached number 1 in many countries , including a new record of 16 consecutive weeks in the United Kingdom . Adams also had the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Please Forgive Me , All for Love and Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? For his contributions to music , Adams has garnered many awards and nominations , including 20 Juno Awards among 56 nominations and 15 Grammy Award nominations including a win for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television in 1992 . He has also won MTV , ASCAP , American Music awards , three Ivor Novello Awards for song composition , and has been nominated five times for Golden Globe Awards and three times for Academy Awards for his songwriting for films . Adams was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for contributions to popular music and philanthropic work via his own foundation , which helps improve education for people around the world . Adams was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2011 and Canada 's Walk of Fame , Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame in 1998 , and in April 2006 he was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at Canada 's Juno Awards . In 2008 , Adams was ranked 38th on the list of all-time top artists in the Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts . On 13 January 2010 , he received the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for his part in numerous charitable concerts and campaigns during his career , and on 1 May 2010 was given the Governor General 's Performing Arts Award for his 30 years of contributions to the arts ."}]}, {'value': '( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/(Everything_I_Do)_I_Do_It_for_You', 'summary': "( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams . Written by Adams , Michael Kamen and Robert John Mutt Lange , it featured on two albums simultaneously on its release : the soundtrack album from the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves and on Adams ' sixth album , Waking Up the Neighbours ( 1991 ) . The song was an enormous chart success internationally , reaching the number-one position on the music charts of at least sixteen countries . It was particularly successful in the United Kingdom , where it spent sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart ( the longest run of its kind in British chart history ) . It went on to sell more than 15 million copies worldwide , making it Adams ' most successful song , and one of the best-selling singles of all time . The single sold over 4 million units in the US , the 4th highest selling song of the Soundscan era which started in 1991 . The song has been covered by hundreds of singers and artists around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Ray Cyrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus', 'summary': "Billy Ray Cyrus ( born August 25 , 1961 ) is an American singer-songwriter and actor . He has released 16 studio albums and 53 singles since 1992 , and is known for his number one single Achy Breaky Heart , which became the first single ever to achieve triple platinum status in Australia . It was also the best-selling single in the same country in 1992 . Due to the song 's music video , the line dance rose in popularity . Cyrus , a multi-platinum selling recording artist , has scored a total of eight top-ten singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . His most successful album to date is his debut Some Gave All , which has been certified 9× Multi-Platinum in the United States and is the longest time spent by a debut artist at number one on the Billboard 200 ( 17 consecutive weeks ) and most consecutive chart-topping weeks in the SoundScan era . It is the only album ( from any genre ) in the SoundScan era to log 17 consecutive weeks at number one and is also the top-ranking debut album by a male country artist . It ranked 43 weeks in the top 10 , a total topped by only one country album in history , Ropin ' the Wind by Garth Brooks . Some Gave All was also the first debut album to enter at number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart . The album has also sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling debut album of all time for a solo male artist . Some Gave All was also the best-selling album of 1992 in the US with 4,832,000 copies . In his career , he has released 36 charted singles , of which 17 charted in the top 40 ."}]}, {'value': 'Achy Breaky Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achy_Breaky_Heart', 'summary': "Achy Breaky Heart is a song written in 1990 by Don Von Tress . Originally published in a recording by The Marcy Brothers under the title Do n't Tell My Heart in 1991 , it was later recorded by Billy Ray Cyrus and released on his debut album Some Gave All in 1992 . The song is Cyrus ' debut single and signature song . It became the first single ever to achieve triple Platinum status in Australia and also 1992 's best-selling single in the same country . In the United States , it became a crossover hit on pop and country radio , peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming the first country single to be certified Platinum since Islands in the Stream by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton in 1983 . The single topped in several countries , and after being featured on Top of the Pops in the United Kingdom , peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart . It was Cyrus ' biggest hit single in the U.S. until he was featured on Old Town Road by Lil Nas X , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2019 . The music video for the song led to the explosion of the line dance into the mainstream , becoming a global craze . The song is considered by some as one of the worst songs of all time , featuring at number two in VH1 and Blender 's list of the 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever . However , it is recognized as part of a transitional period in country music where Cyrus brought renewed interest to a dying breed of music among younger listeners . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UB40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UB40', 'summary': "UB40 are an English reggae and pop band , formed in December 1978 in Birmingham , England . The band has had more than 50 singles in the UK Singles Chart , and has also achieved considerable international success . They have been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album four times , and in 1984 were nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Group . UB40 have sold over 70 million records worldwide . The ethnic make-up of the band 's original line-up was diverse , with musicians of English , Welsh , Irish , Jamaican , Scottish and Yemeni parentage . Their hit singles include their debut Food for Thought and two Billboard Hot 100 number ones with Red Red Wine and Ca n't Help Falling in Love . Both of these also topped the UK Singles Chart , as did the band 's version of I Got You Babe . Their two most successful albums , Labour of Love ( 1983 ) and Promises and Lies ( 1993 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart . UB40 and the English ska band Madness hold the record for most weeks spent by a group in the UK singles chart during the 1980s , with 214 weeks each . The band 's line-up was stable for nearly 29 years , from March 1979 until January 2008 , when frontman Ali Campbell left the band , followed shortly thereafter by keyboardist Mickey Virtue . Another member , Astro , remained with the band until November 2013 , when he departed the original band to team up with Campbell and Virtue in a new version of UB40 . In 2014 , legal advice was sought by the original band ( now consisting of remaining co-founding members drummer Jimmy Brown , guitarist Robin Campbell , bassist Earl Falconer , percussionist Norman Hassan , and saxophonist Brian Travers , along with new vocalist Duncan Campbell ) who took action against the group containing Campbell , Virtue , and Astro over usage of the band name , due to its being used by both parties ."}]}, {'value': "( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_Help_Falling_in_Love", 'summary': "Ca n't Help Falling in Love is a 1961 song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley for the album Blue Hawaii ( 1961 ) . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore , and George David Weiss and published by Gladys Music , Inc. ( The melody is based on Plaisir d'amour , a popular French love song composed in 1784 by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini ) . The song was initially written for a woman as Ca n't Help Falling in Love with Him , which explains the first and third line ending on in and sin rather than words rhyming with you . Ca n't Help Falling in Love was featured in Presley 's 1961 film Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades , it has been recorded by numerous other artists , including Bob Dylan on his 1973 album Dylan , Tom Smothers , Swedish pop group A-Teens , and the British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wet Wet Wet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wet_Wet_Wet', 'summary': "Wet Wet Wet are a Scottish soft rock band formed in 1982 . They scored a number of hits in the UK charts and around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . The band is composed of Graeme Clark ( bass , vocals ) , Tommy Cunningham ( drums , vocals ) , Neil Mitchell ( keyboards , piano , vocals ) and , since 2018 , former Liberty X singer Kevin Simm . Lead vocalist and founding member Marti Pellow quit the band in 2017 . A fifth , unofficial member , Graeme Duffin ( lead guitar , vocals ) , has been with them since 1983 . The band were named Best British Newcomer at the 1988 Brit Awards . They are best known for their 1994 cover of The Troggs ' 1960s hit Love Is All Around , which was used on the soundtrack to the film Four Weddings and a Funeral . It was a huge international success and spent 15 weeks atop the British charts . One week before potentially equalling the record for the most consecutive weeks at number 1 on the UK singles chart , held by Bryan Adams ' ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You , it dropped to number two ."}]}, {'value': 'Love Is All Around', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Is_All_Around', 'summary': "Love Is All Around is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs , featuring a string quartet and a 'tick tock ' sound on percussion , in D-major . It was written by lead singer Reg Presley and was purportedly inspired by a television transmission of the Joy Strings Salvation Army band 's Love That 's All Around . The song was first released as a single in the UK in October 1967 , peaking at number 5 . On the Hot 100 , the record entered at number 98 on 24 February 1968 , peaked at number 7 on 18 May 1968 , was on the chart a total of 16 weeks , and ranked number 40 for all of 1968 . Love Is All Around has been covered by numerous artists , including R.E.M. , with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album Athens Andover . R.E.M . 's cover was a B-side on their 1991 Radio Song single , and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV 's Unplugged series that same year . Wet Wet Wet 's cover , for the soundtrack to the 1994 film Four Weddings and a Funeral , was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number-one singles', 'section_text': 'Key † – Song of New Zealand origin [ NB 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_year-end_number-one_singles_(New_Zealand)_0', 'intro': "This is a list of year-end number-one singles for New Zealand. Recorded Music NZ publishes the country's official weekly record charts."} | null | null | Which year did the musicians with the song Blue Monday break up for a short period ? | 1993 |
05044e0ef2658dec | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Crozier_Saving_Grace_Award', 'title': 'Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'Team', 'Save%', 'Win #'], 'data': [{'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 NHL season was the 91st season of operation ( 90th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . It began on September 29 , 2007 , and the regular season ended April 6 , 2008 . The Stanley Cup playoffs ended on June 4 , with the Detroit Red Wings taking the championship . The 56th NHL All-Star Game was held in Atlanta , Georgia , as the Atlanta Thrashers hosted the event at Philips Arena on January 27 , 2008 . The hosting by Atlanta was rescheduled from 2005 , when a lockout cancelled the entire 2004-05 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Ellis', 'summary': 'Daniel Ellis ( born June 19 , 1980 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goaltending scout for the Chicago Blackhawks . He played in the National Hockey League for the Dallas Stars , Nashville Predators , Tampa Bay Lightning , Anaheim Ducks , Carolina Hurricanes , and the Florida Panthers . He served as an assistant coach with the Omaha Lancers of the United States Hockey League in 2016-17 before assuming his current role .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashville Predators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_Predators', 'summary': "The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville , Tennessee . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Predators have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998 . Their television broadcasting rights are held by Fox Sports Tennessee , and radio broadcasting rights are held by WPRT-FM . The club was founded in 1998 when the NHL granted an expansion franchise to Craig Leipold . After five seasons , the Predators qualified for their first Stanley Cup playoffs during the 2003-04 season . In 2008 , ownership of the club was transferred from Leipold to a locally based ownership group . The Predators advanced to their first Stanley Cup Finals in 2017 , but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games . In the following season , the Predators won their first Presidents ' Trophy and Central Division title . The Predators are presently affiliated with the minor league teams Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League and Florida Everblades of the ECHL ."}]}, {'value': '.924', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2008-09 NHL season was the 92nd season of operation ( 91st season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . It was the first season since prior to the 2004-05 lockout in which every team played each other at least once during the season , following three seasons where teams only played against two divisions in the other conference ( one division at home and one on the road ) . It began on October 4 , with the regular season ending on April 12 . The Stanley Cup playoffs ended on June 12 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins taking the championship . The Montreal Canadiens hosted the 57th NHL All-Star Game at the Bell Centre on January 25 , 2009 , as part of the Canadiens ' 100th season celebration ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Thomas_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Timothy Thomas Jr. ( born April 15 , 1974 ) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who mainly played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , most notably with the Boston Bruins . He was born in Flint , Michigan and is a graduate of Davison High School . Thomas played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years , from 1993-1997 , during which he was drafted 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft . He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe , before making it to the NHL at age 28 , with the Boston Bruins . He finally emerged as the Bruins ' starting goaltender at age 32 . Thomas is a two-time winner of the Vezina Trophy ( 2009 and 2011 ) as the NHL 's best goaltender , and was a member of Team USA in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs . He was the oldest player in NHL history to win the award at age 37 . Thomas is one of four American-born players to win the Conn Smythe Trophy , along with Brian Leetch , Jonathan Quick , and Patrick Kane ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '.933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 NHL season was the 93rd season of operation ( 92nd season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . It ran from October 1 , 2009 , including four games in Europe on October 2 and 3 - until April 11 , 2010 , with the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs running to June 9 , 2010 . A mid-season break from February 15 to February 28 occurred to allow participation of NHL players in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Because of the Winter Olympics break , there was no NHL All-Star Game for 2010 . The Stanley Cup Final saw the Chicago Blackhawks defeat the Philadelphia Flyers in six games .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuukka Rask', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuukka_Rask', 'summary': 'Tuukka Mikael Rask ( born 10 March 1987 ) is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Rask was drafted 21st overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs . In 2011 , Rask won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins . He is the older brother of Joonas Rask , who plays professionally as a forward with HIFK in the Finnish Liiga .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '.931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2010-11 NHL season was the 94th season of operation ( 93rd season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the Stanley Cup Final 4-3 to win the Stanley Cup . It was the sixth Cup win in Bruins ' franchise history . For the fourth consecutive season , the season started with games in Europe . The 58th All-Star Game was held at the RBC Center in Raleigh , North Carolina , home arena of the Carolina Hurricanes , on January 30 , 2011 . This was the final season of operation for the Atlanta Thrashers , who were sold to True North Sports and Entertainment out of Winnipeg , Manitoba , and moved from Atlanta to Winnipeg to become the new Winnipeg Jets . Winnipeg had lost its previous NHL team , also called the Winnipeg Jets , after the 1995-96 NHL season to Phoenix , Arizona , and were renamed Phoenix Coyotes . This was the second time the city of Atlanta lost an NHL franchise , having previously lost the Atlanta Flames to Calgary , Alberta after the 1979-80 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Thomas_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Timothy Thomas Jr. ( born April 15 , 1974 ) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who mainly played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , most notably with the Boston Bruins . He was born in Flint , Michigan and is a graduate of Davison High School . Thomas played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years , from 1993-1997 , during which he was drafted 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft . He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe , before making it to the NHL at age 28 , with the Boston Bruins . He finally emerged as the Bruins ' starting goaltender at age 32 . Thomas is a two-time winner of the Vezina Trophy ( 2009 and 2011 ) as the NHL 's best goaltender , and was a member of Team USA in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs . He was the oldest player in NHL history to win the award at age 37 . Thomas is one of four American-born players to win the Conn Smythe Trophy , along with Brian Leetch , Jonathan Quick , and Patrick Kane ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '.938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2011-12 NHL season was the 95th season of operation ( 94th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Los Angeles Kings defeated the New Jersey Devils in the Stanley Cup Final four games to two to win the team 's first Stanley Cup in their second Stanley Cup final appearance ; they had lost to Montreal Canadiens in the 1993 Finals . During the off-season , the Atlanta Thrashers relocated to Winnipeg , Manitoba , to become the new Winnipeg Jets . It was the first NHL team relocation since the 1997-98 season , when the Hartford Whalers relocated to become the Carolina Hurricanes . The league did not change its divisional structure to accommodate the move , and the Jets took the place of the Thrashers in the Southeast Division . In December 2011 , the board of governors eventually approved a proposed realignment for the following season , which would result in four conferences with the first two rounds of the playoffs being divisional , but this was rejected by the NHL Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) . It was the fifth consecutive season with games in Europe at the start of the season . The Winter Classic was held on January 2 , 2012 , in Philadelphia between the Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Rangers . The 59th All-Star Game was held at Scotiabank Place in Ottawa , Ontario , the home arena of the Ottawa Senators , on January 29 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Elliott', 'summary': 'Brian Elliott ( born April 9 , 1985 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the ninth round , 291st overall , of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft . A two-time NHL All-Star in 2012 and 2015 , Elliott has also played in the NHL for the Colorado Avalanche , St. Louis Blues and Calgary Flames .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '.940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2012-13 NHL season was the 96th season of operation ( 95th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The regular season began on January 19 , 2013 and ended on April 28 , 2013 , with the playoffs to follow until June . The season start was delayed from its original October 11 , 2012 date due to a lockout imposed by the NHL franchise owners after the expiration of the league 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . After a new labor agreement was reached between the owners and the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) , training camps opened on January 13 , 2013 and a 48-game season ( reduced from 82 games ) started on January 19 . Similar to the 1994-95 season , the shortened regular season was limited to intra-conference competition . The season calendar opened with the 2012 NHL Entry Draft on June 22-23 , 2012 , held at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh ."}]}, {'value': 'Craig Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Anderson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Craig Peter Anderson ( born May 21 , 1981 ) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender who currently plays for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has previously played for the Colorado Avalanche , Florida Panthers and Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL . He has also represented the United States internationally . Anderson is the recipient of the 2016-17 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , awarded to the player regarded as having the most perseverance and dedication to hockey throughout the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': '.941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2013-14 NHL season was the 97th season of operation ( 96th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . This season features a realignment of the league 's 30 teams from a six to a four division format . The regular season began Tuesday , October 1 , and concluded Sunday , April 13 . The Stanley Cup playoffs began April 16 . The Los Angeles Kings won their second Stanley Cup championship in franchise history ( second in three seasons ) , defeating the New York Rangers four games to one in the Finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Josh Harding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Harding', 'summary': 'Joshua Joel Harding ( born June 18 , 1984 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Minnesota Wild .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '.933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2014-15 NHL season was the 98th season of operation ( 97th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Los Angeles Kings became the first team to miss the playoffs after winning the Stanley Cup the previous season since the Carolina Hurricanes in 2006-07 . The Boston Bruins also became the third defending Presidents ' Trophy winner to miss the playoffs ( and the first since the Buffalo Sabres missed the playoffs in 2007-08 after winning the Presidents ' Trophy in 2007 ) . The Winnipeg Jets clinched a playoff berth for the first time since the team 's relocation from Atlanta in 2011 . The San Jose Sharks ' playoff streak ended at ten years . The Ottawa Senators also became the first team in NHL history to make the postseason after trailing for the final playoff spot by 14 points ."}]}, {'value': 'Carey Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carey_Price', 'summary': "Carey Price ( born August 16 , 1987 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who plays for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is considered to be one of the best goaltenders in the world by many colleagues , fans , The Hockey News , and EA Sports ; and one of the greatest goalies in the history of the Montreal Canadiens by several members of the news media . Beginning his junior career with the Tri-City Americans in the Western Hockey League in 2002 , Price was drafted fifth overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft following his second season with the Tri-City Americans . Following a further two seasons with the Americans , where he won both the Del Wilson Trophy as the top goaltender in the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and CHL Goaltender of the Year in his final season of major junior in 2007 . Joining the Canadiens ' farm team , the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) just as the Calder Cup playoffs begun , Price led the Bulldogs to the Calder Cup championship , winning the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as the tournament MVP . Price made the Canadiens roster for the 2007-08 season as the backup goaltender before ultimately becoming the starting goaltender later that season . In 2015 , he was the winner of the Ted Lindsay , Jennings , Vezina and Hart trophies , becoming the first goaltender in NHL history to win all four individual awards in the same season . Internationally , Price has represented Canada at various tournaments at junior levels , winning silver medals at the World U-17 Hockey Challenge in 2004 and the IIHF World U18 Championship in 2005 . He won a gold medal at the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Sweden . In 2014 , Price was named to the Canadian Olympic Hockey Team and won a gold medal at the Winter Olympics in Sochi . Price 's play also earned him the tournament 's top goaltending award , from the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) directorate . In 2016 Price went undefeated to win his first World Cup of Hockey championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '.933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 NHL season was the 99th season of operation ( 98th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Thirty teams competed in 82-game regular season schedules from October 7 , 2015 to April 10 , 2016 . The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs following the regular season began on April 13 and ended June 12 with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning their fourth Stanley Cup . None of the seven Canadian-based teams qualified for the playoffs ; this was the second season in league history that the playoff field consisted of only United States-based teams . The only other time in league history that no Canadian teams qualified for the postseason was in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Elliott', 'summary': 'Brian Elliott ( born April 9 , 1985 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the ninth round , 291st overall , of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft . A two-time NHL All-Star in 2012 and 2015 , Elliott has also played in the NHL for the Colorado Avalanche , St. Louis Blues and Calgary Flames .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '.930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2016-17 NHL season was the 100th season of operation ( 99th season of play ) of the National Hockey League . Thirty teams were competing in an 82-game regular season from October 12 , 2016 , to April 9 , 2017 . The 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 12 and concluded on June 11 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins winning the Stanley Cup over the Nashville Predators in six games . On June 11 , the Pittsburgh Penguins became the first team to repeat as Stanley Cup champions since the Detroit Red Wings in 1997-98 , winning the franchise 's fifth Stanley Cup and their third in nine seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergei Bobrovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Bobrovsky', 'summary': "Sergei Andreyevich Bob Bobrovsky ( Russian : Серге́й Андреевич Боб Бобровский ; born 20 September 1988 ) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has also played in the NHL for the Philadelphia Flyers and Columbus Blue Jackets , with whom he became recognized as one of the NHL 's top goaltenders . Bobrovsky won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL 's top regular season goaltender for the 2012-13 season after posting a 21-11-6 record and a .932 save percentage and again for the 2016-17 season , where he posted a 41-17-5 record and a .931 save percentage ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbus Blue Jackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets', 'summary': "The Columbus Blue Jackets are a professional ice hockey team based in Columbus , Ohio . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Blue Jackets began play as an expansion team in 2000 . In their initial years , the Blue Jackets struggled , failing to win 30 games in a season until the 2005-06 season . The team qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in 2009 , but were swept . Columbus ultimately notched their first playoff game victory in the 2014 playoffs and five years later won their first playoff series in the 2019 playoffs against the Tampa Bay Lightning , becoming the first team in NHL history to sweep a Presidents ' Trophy winner in the first round . However , they are still the only team in the league which has never appeared in the conference finals . The Blue Jackets ' name and logos are inspired by Ohio 's Civil War history . The Blue Jackets play their home games at Nationwide Arena in downtown Columbus , which opened in 2000 . They are affiliated with the Cleveland Monsters of the AHL ."}]}, {'value': '.932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NHL season was the 101st season of operation ( 100th season of play ) of the National Hockey League . With the addition of a new expansion team , the Vegas Golden Knights , 31 teams competed in an 82-game regular season . The regular season began on October 4 , 2017 , and ended on April 8 , 2018 . The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , and concluded on June 7 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in the Finals over the Vegas Golden Knights in five games .'}]}, {'value': 'Carter Hutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carter_Hutton', 'summary': 'Carter John Hutton ( born December 19 , 1985 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has also spent time in the Chicago Blackhawks organization and played with the Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues , before signing with Buffalo as a free agent in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '.931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 NHL season was the 102nd season of operation ( 101st season of play ) of the National Hockey League . 31 teams competed in an 82-game regular season . The regular season began on October 3 , 2018 , and ended on April 6 , 2019 . The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 10 , 2019 , and the Stanley Cup Finals concluded on June 12 , 2019 , with the St. Louis Blues winning their first Stanley Cup in the Finals over the Boston Bruins in seven games .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Bishop', 'summary': 'Benjamin Manning Bishop III ( born November 21 , 1986 ) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Bishop has previously played in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues , Ottawa Senators , Tampa Bay Lightning , and the Los Angeles Kings . He played college hockey at Maine . Nicknamed Big Ben , Bishop is 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) tall , and shares the title of tallest goaltender to ever play in the NHL with Mikko Koskinen .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '.934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners -- Save-percentage leaders ( 2007–present )', 'section_text': '* Season shortened by the 2012–13 NHL lockout', 'uid': 'Roger_Crozier_Saving_Grace_Award_2', 'intro': "The Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award, officially billed as the MBNA/MasterCard Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award, was an award in ice hockey given annually to the goaltender who finished the regular season with the best save percentage in the National Hockey League (NHL). Only goaltenders who played 25 games or more in the season were eligible for the award. A goaltender's save percentage represents the percentage of shots on goal that he stops, and is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the total number of shots on goal. The award was first presented at the conclusion of the 1999-2000 season, and was named in honor of former Detroit Red Wings, Buffalo Sabres and Washington Capitals goaltender Roger Crozier, a Calder and Conn Smythe Trophy winner who played in the NHL from 1964 to 1977. It was presented by the MBNA corporation in memory of Crozier, who worked for the MBNA America Bank after retiring as a player, and died on January 11, 1996. The winner of the trophy received a commemorative crystal trophy and was given US$25,000 to donate to a youth hockey or other educational program of their choice. By 2007, when it ceased being presented, the award had been handed to six different players on seven occasions. Marty Turco is the only goaltender to have won the award twice. Three Dallas Stars goalies have won the award, while two each have represented the Montreal Canadiens and the Minnesota Wild. Only seven awards were ever made. The award was not presented in 2005, as the entire 2004-05 season was canceled due to the lockout."} | null | null | The player who won the award for the 2014-15 season played for a team in which division ? | Atlantic Division |
0505fed0d6b38d73 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_the_Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich', 'title': 'List of public art in the Royal Borough of Greenwich', 'header': ['Title / subject', 'Location and coordinates', 'Date', 'Artist / designer', 'Type', 'Designation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Statue of George II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain', 'summary': "George II ( George Augustus ; German : Georg II . August ; 30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S . - 25 October 1760 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 ( O.S . ) until his death in 1760 . George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain : he was born and brought up in northern Germany . The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother , Sophia of Hanover , and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne . After the deaths of Sophia and Anne , Queen of Great Britain , in 1714 , his father , the Elector of Hanover , became George I of Great Britain . In the first years of his father 's reign as king , George was associated with opposition politicians , until they rejoined the governing party in 1720 . As king from 1727 , George exercised little control over British domestic policy , which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain . As elector , he spent twelve summers in Hanover , where he had more direct control over government policy . He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son , Frederick , who supported the parliamentary opposition . During the War of the Austrian Succession , George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Royal Naval College 51°29′01″N 0°00′21″W / 51.48361°N 0.00595°W / 51.48361 ; -0.00595 ( Statue of George II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Royal_Naval_College', 'summary': 'The Old Royal Naval College is the architectural centrepiece of Maritime Greenwich , a World Heritage Site in Greenwich , London , described by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( UNESCO ) as being of outstanding universal value and reckoned to be the finest and most dramatically sited architectural and landscape ensemble in the British Isles . The site is managed by the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College , set up in July 1998 as a registered charity to look after these magnificent buildings and their grounds for the benefit of the nation . The grounds and some of its buildings are open to visitors . The buildings were originally constructed to serve as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich , now generally known as Greenwich Hospital , which was designed by Christopher Wren , and built between 1696 and 1712 . The hospital closed in 1869 . Between 1873 and 1998 it was the Royal Naval College , Greenwich .'}]}, {'value': '1735', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Michael Rysbrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Michael_Rysbrack', 'summary': 'Johannes Michel or John Michael Rysbrack , original name Jan Michiel Rijsbrack ( 24 June 1694 - 8 January 1770 ) , was an 18th-century Flemish sculptor , who spent most of his career in England . His birth-year is sometimes ( wrongly ) given as 1693 or 1684 .'}]}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Immortality of Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson', 'summary': 'Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , 1st Duke of Bronté , KB ( 29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805 ) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy . His inspirational leadership , grasp of strategy , and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories , particularly during the Napoleonic Wars . He was wounded in combat , losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 36 , and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40 . He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle , Maurice Suckling , a high-ranking naval officer . Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20 in 1778 . He developed a reputation for personal valour and firm grasp of tactics , but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service , where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean . He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states . In 1797 , he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent . Shortly after that battle , Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , where the attack was defeated and he was badly wounded , losing his right arm , and was forced to return to England to recuperate . The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Pediment , Old Royal Naval College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Royal_Naval_College', 'summary': 'The Old Royal Naval College is the architectural centrepiece of Maritime Greenwich , a World Heritage Site in Greenwich , London , described by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( UNESCO ) as being of outstanding universal value and reckoned to be the finest and most dramatically sited architectural and landscape ensemble in the British Isles . The site is managed by the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College , set up in July 1998 as a registered charity to look after these magnificent buildings and their grounds for the benefit of the nation . The grounds and some of its buildings are open to visitors . The buildings were originally constructed to serve as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich , now generally known as Greenwich Hospital , which was designed by Christopher Wren , and built between 1696 and 1712 . The hospital closed in 1869 . Between 1873 and 1998 it was the Royal Naval College , Greenwich .'}]}, {'value': '1809-1812', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin West and Joseph Panzetta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_West', 'summary': "Benjamin West PRA ( October 10 , 1738 - March 11 , 1820 ) was a British North American artist , who painted famous historical scenes such as The Death of Nelson , The Death of General Wolfe , and Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky . Entirely self-taught , West soon gained valuable patronage , and he toured Europe , eventually settling in London . He impressed King George III and was largely responsible for the launch of the Royal Academy , of which he became the second president ( after Sir Joshua Reynolds ) . He was appointed historical painter to the court and Surveyor of the King 's Pictures . West also painted religious subjects , as in his huge work The Preservation of St Paul after a Shipwreck at Malta , at the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul in Greenwich , and Christ Healing the Sick , presented to the National Gallery ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Panzetta', 'summary': "Joseph Panzetta was an Italian sculptor and modeller who worked in England from c.1787-1830 and exhibited at Royal Academy from 1789-1810 . He worked for Mrs Eleanor Coade at her Coade Ornamental Stone Manufactory for over 26 years and modelled in Lithodipyra ( Coade stone ) . His finest and most significant works include : the Admiral Lord Nelson 's Pediment at the Royal Naval College , Greenwich ; and the 5.2 metre statue of Lord Rowland Hill , 1st Viscount Hill , in Shrewsbury that stands atop Lord Hill 's Column , the tallest Doric column in Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Architectural relief sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bust of Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson', 'summary': 'Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , 1st Duke of Bronté , KB ( 29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805 ) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy . His inspirational leadership , grasp of strategy , and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories , particularly during the Napoleonic Wars . He was wounded in combat , losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 36 , and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40 . He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle , Maurice Suckling , a high-ranking naval officer . Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20 in 1778 . He developed a reputation for personal valour and firm grasp of tactics , but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service , where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean . He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states . In 1797 , he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent . Shortly after that battle , Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , where the attack was defeated and he was badly wounded , losing his right arm , and was forced to return to England to recuperate . The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion .'}]}, {'value': "Queen 's House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_House", 'summary': "Queen 's House is a former royal residence built between 1616 and 1635 in Greenwich , a few miles down-river from the then City of London and now a London Borough . Its architect was Inigo Jones , for whom it was a crucial early commission , for Anne of Denmark , the queen of King James I . Queen 's House is one of the most important buildings in British architectural history , being the first consciously classical building to have been constructed in the country . It was Jones 's first major commission after returning from his 1613-1615 grand tour of Roman , Renaissance , and Palladian architecture in Italy . Some earlier English buildings , such as Longleat and Burghley House , had made borrowings from the classical style , but these were restricted to small details not applied in a systematic way , or the building may be a mix of different styles . Furthermore , the form of these buildings was not informed by an understanding of classical precedents . Queen 's House would have appeared revolutionary to English eyes in its day . Jones is credited with the introduction of Palladianism with the construction of Queen 's House , although it diverges from the mathematical constraints of Palladio , and it is likely that the immediate precedent for the H-shaped plan straddling a road is the Villa Medici at Poggio a Caiano by Giuliano da Sangallo . Today the building is both a Grade I listed building and a scheduled ancient monument , a status that includes the 115-foot-wide ( 35 m ) , axial vista to the River Thames . The house now forms part of the National Maritime Museum and is used to display parts of their substantial collection of maritime paintings and portraits . It was used as a VIP centre during the 2012 Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': '1835', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Leggatt Chantrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey', 'summary': "Sir Francis Leg ( g ) att Chantrey RA ( 7 April 1781 - 25 November 1841 ) was an English sculptor . He became the leading portrait sculptor in Regency era Britain , producing busts and statues of many notable figures of the time . Chantrey 's most notable works include the statues of King George IV ( Trafalgar Square ) ; King George III ( Guildhall ) , and George Washington ( Massachusetts State House ) . He also executed four monuments to military heroes for St Pauls Cathedral , London . He left the Chantrey Bequest ( or Chantrey Fund ) for the purchase of works of art for the nation , which was available from 1878 after the death of his widow ."}]}, {'value': 'Bust', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of William IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "William IV ( William Henry ; 21 August 1765 - 20 June 1837 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837 . The third son of George III , William succeeded his elder brother George IV , becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain 's House of Hanover . William served in the Royal Navy in his youth , spending time in North America and the Caribbean , and was later nicknamed the Sailor King . In 1789 , he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews . In 1827 , he was appointed as Britain 's first Lord High Admiral since 1709 . As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue , he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old . His reign saw several reforms : the poor law was updated , child labour restricted , slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire , and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832 . Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father , he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament . He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution . At the time of his death , William had no surviving legitimate children , but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan , with whom he cohabited for twenty years . Late in life , he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide . William was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom , and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover ."}]}, {'value': 'King William Walk 51°28′48″N 0°00′24″W / 51.47989°N 0.00654°W / 51.47989 ; -0.00654 ( Statue of William IV )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Nixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Nixon_(artist)', 'summary': 'Samuel Nixon ( 30 June 1804 , London - 1854 ) was a portrait sculptor in London , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial to Joseph René Bellot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_René_Bellot', 'summary': 'Joseph-René Bellot ( 18 March 1826 - 18 August 1853 ) was a French naval officer and Arctic explorer .'}]}, {'value': 'Cutty Sark Gardens 51°29′01″N 0°00′28″W / 51.48364°N 0.00786°W / 51.48364 ; -0.00786 ( Bellot Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Hardwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Hardwick', 'summary': "Philip Hardwick RA ( 15 June 1792 in London - 28 December 1870 ) was an English architect , particularly associated with railway stations and warehouses in London and elsewhere . Hardwick is probably best known for London 's demolished Euston Arch and its twin station , the original Birmingham Curzon Street , which stands today as the oldest railway terminus building in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Obelisk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial to the New Zealand Campaign ( 1863-1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_Memorial', 'summary': 'The New Zealand Memorial is an obelisk in Greenwich which commemorates 21 British officers and men of the Royal Navy who died in the New Zealand War of 1863-64 . The memorial is located near the River Thames , east of the Cutty Sark , close to the Royal Naval College , Greenwich . It became a Grade II listed building in 1973 . The obelisk is made from pink-grey Cornish granite . It stands on a square plinth , which rests on three wide steps . The plinth is decorated with mouldings resembling chains and ropes , and bears inscriptions on each side . It was constructed c. 1872 and became Grade 2 listed in June 1973 . The 21 dead commemorated by the memorial include Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton ( who commanded HMS Esk and after whom the city of Hamilton is named ) , Commander Edward Hay ( who commanded HMS Harrier ) , and other officers and men from Esk , Harrier , and HMS Curacoa , HMS Eclipse , and HMS Miranda The memorial was designed by Frederick Sang , who was commissioned by a memorial fund headed by Rear Admiral Sir William Wiseman , 8th Baronet , former commodore of the Australia Station . The obelisk was made by Charles Raymond Smith .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': 'King William Walk 51°29′00″N 0°00′33″W / 51.4833°N 0.0091°W / 51.4833 ; -0.0091 ( New Zealand Campaign Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obelisk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busts of naval heroes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pepys Building , Old Royal Naval College', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1874-1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Raymond Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reliefs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of General James Wolfe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Wolfe', 'summary': "James Wolfe ( 2 January 1727 - 13 September 1759 ) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms and remembered chiefly for his victory in 1759 over the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec as a major general . The son of a distinguished general , Edward Wolfe , he received his first commission at a young age and saw extensive service in Europe where he fought during the War of the Austrian Succession . His service in Flanders and in Scotland , where he took part in the suppression of the Jacobite Rebellion , brought him to the attention of his superiors . The advancement of his career was halted by the Peace Treaty of 1748 and he spent much of the next eight years on garrison duty in the Scottish Highlands . Already a brigade major at the age of 18 , he was a lieutenant-colonel by 23 . The outbreak of the Seven Years ' War in 1756 offered Wolfe fresh opportunities for advancement . His part in the aborted raid on Rochefort in 1757 led William Pitt to appoint him second-in-command of an expedition to capture the Fortress of Louisbourg . Following the success of the Siege of Louisbourg he was made commander of a force which sailed up the Saint Lawrence River to capture Quebec City . After a long siege Wolfe defeated a French force under the Marquis de Montcalm , allowing British forces to capture the city . Wolfe was killed at the height of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham due to injuries from three musket balls . Wolfe 's part in the taking of Quebec in 1759 earned him lasting fame , and he became an icon of Britain 's victory in the Seven Years ' War and subsequent territorial expansion . He was depicted in the painting The Death of General Wolfe , which became famous around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Blackheath Avenue , Greenwich Park 51°28′40″N 0°00′03″W / 51.47782°N 0.00085°W / 51.47782 ; -0.00085 ( Statue of General Wolfe )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Park', 'summary': 'Greenwich Park is a former hunting park in Greenwich and one of the largest single green spaces in south-east London . One of the Royal Parks of London , and the first to be enclosed ( in 1433 ) , it covers 74 hectares ( 180 acres ) , and is part of the Greenwich World Heritage Site . It commands fine views over the River Thames , the Isle of Dogs and the City of London ( Simon Jenkins rated the view of the Royal Hospital with Canary Wharf in the distance as one of the top ten in England ) . The park is open year-round . It is listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .'}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Tait McKenzie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Tait_McKenzie', 'summary': 'Robert Tait McKenzie ( sometimes written MacKenzie ; May 26 , 1867 - April 28 , 1938 ) was a Canadian physician , educator , sculptor , athlete , soldier and Scouter . Born in Ramsay Township , Lanark County , Ontario , Canada , he attended McGill University in Montreal as an undergraduate and medical student , and was an instructor in its medical school beginning in 1894 . In 1904 , he moved to the United States to teach at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In the 1930s , he returned to the county of his birth , retiring to the Mill of Kintail in Almonte . He pioneered physical fitness programs in Canada . During World War I , his methods and inventions for restoring and rehabilitating wounded soldiers laid a foundation for modern physiotherapy practices .'}]}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of Walter Raleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Raleigh', 'summary': "Sir Walter Raleigh ( /ˈrɔːli , ˈræli , ˈrɑːli/ ; c. 1552 ( or 1554 ) - 29 October 1618 ) , also spelled Ralegh , was an English landed gentleman , writer , poet , soldier , politician , courtier , spy and explorer . He was cousin to Sir Richard Grenville and younger half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert . He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England . Raleigh was one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era . Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in Devon , the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne . Little is known of his early life , though in his late teens he spent some time in France taking part in the religious civil wars . In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in Ireland participating in the Siege of Smerwick . Later , he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish . He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585 . Raleigh was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia , paving the way for future English settlements . In 1591 , he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton , one of the Queen 's ladies-in-waiting , without the Queen 's permission , for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London . After his release , they retired to his estate at Sherborne , Dorset ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Royal Naval College 51°28′59″N 0°00′31″W / 51.48306°N 0.00867°W / 51.48306 ; -0.00867 ( Statue of Walter Raleigh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Royal_Naval_College', 'summary': 'The Old Royal Naval College is the architectural centrepiece of Maritime Greenwich , a World Heritage Site in Greenwich , London , described by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( UNESCO ) as being of outstanding universal value and reckoned to be the finest and most dramatically sited architectural and landscape ensemble in the British Isles . The site is managed by the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College , set up in July 1998 as a registered charity to look after these magnificent buildings and their grounds for the benefit of the nation . The grounds and some of its buildings are open to visitors . The buildings were originally constructed to serve as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich , now generally known as Greenwich Hospital , which was designed by Christopher Wren , and built between 1696 and 1712 . The hospital closed in 1869 . Between 1873 and 1998 it was the Royal Naval College , Greenwich .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William McMillan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_McMillan_(sculptor)', 'summary': 'William McMillan RA ( 31 August 1887 - 25 September 1977 ) was a Scottish 20th-century sculptor .'}]}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grade II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Large Standing Figure ( Knife Edge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Large_Standing_Figure_(Knife_Edge)', 'summary': "Standing Figure : Knife Edge is a bronze sculpture by the English artist Henry Moore . It was cast in two full-size versions : Standing Figure : Knife Edge ( LH 482 ) in 1961 , and a larger Large Standing Figure : Knife Edge ( LH 482a ) in 1976 . The sculpture also is sometimes known as Standing Figure ( Bone ) or Winged Figure . Moore first conceived the work in 1961 . It is based on a fragment of a bird 's breastbone , to which a base and a head were added with plasticine . A rounded protrusion forms the head , and the figure has a diagonal line at its waist . The resulting composition resembles a human torso , similar to the Winged Victory of Samothrace . It had been described as the end point of Moore 's investigation of upright figures , which started with Standing Figure ( 1950 ) ( LH 290 ) . He used a similar process , starting with bone fragments , for his 1962 work , Knife Edge Two Piece . The sculpture was enlarged in three stages . First , Moore made a 162.5 centimetres ( 5 ft 4.0 in ) high working model ( LH 481 ) in 1961 . The Henry Moore Foundation at Perry Green , Hertfordshire , has two versions , one in plaster and another in fibreglass , and other examples are held by the Hakone Open-Air Museum in Japan , and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington DC ."}]}, {'value': 'Greenwich Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Park', 'summary': 'Greenwich Park is a former hunting park in Greenwich and one of the largest single green spaces in south-east London . One of the Royal Parks of London , and the first to be enclosed ( in 1433 ) , it covers 74 hectares ( 180 acres ) , and is part of the Greenwich World Heritage Site . It commands fine views over the River Thames , the Isle of Dogs and the City of London ( Simon Jenkins rated the view of the Royal Hospital with Canary Wharf in the distance as one of the top ten in England ) . The park is open year-round . It is listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .'}]}, {'value': '1961-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Moore', 'summary': "Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA ( 30 July 1898 - 31 August 1986 ) was an English artist . He is best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art . As well as sculpture , Moore produced many drawings , including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War , along with other graphic works on paper . His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure , typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures . Moore 's works are usually suggestive of the female body , apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups . His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces . Many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his Yorkshire birthplace . Moore became well known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures , and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom . His ability in later life to fulfil large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy . Despite this , he lived frugally ; most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation , which continues to support education and promotion of the arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolphin Dial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Titanic Memorial Garden , Royal Observatory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich', 'summary': "The Royal Observatory , Greenwich ( ROG ; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998 , when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory , RGO , moved from Greenwich to Herstmonceux ) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park , overlooking the River Thames . It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation , and because the prime meridian passes through it , it gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time . The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000 , the first in the list . ROG , the National Maritime Museum , the Queen 's House and Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich . The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II , with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August . The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren . At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal , to serve as the director of the observatory and to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens , and the places of the fixed stars , so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation . He appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal . The building was completed in the summer of 1676 . The building was often called Flamsteed House , in reference to its first occupant . The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century , and the Greenwich site is now maintained almost exclusively as a museum , although the AMAT telescope became operational for astronomical research in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1977-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher St John Daniel and Edwin Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Russell_(artist)', 'summary': 'Edwin John Cumming Russell ( 1939-2013 ) was an English sculptor . He studied at the Brighton School of Art and the Royal Academy School . He was married to fellow sculptor Lorne McKean .'}]}, {'value': 'Equinoctial sundial with sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwich Mural', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woolwich Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woolwich_Road', 'summary': 'List of A roads in zone 2 in Great Britain starting south of the River Thames and east of the A3 ( roads beginning with 2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippa Threlfall and Kennedy Collings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mural', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of Captain James Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Cook', 'summary': "James Cook FRS ( 7 November 1728 [ NB 1 ] - 14 February 1779 ) was a British explorer , navigator , cartographer , and captain in the British Royal Navy . He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean , during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands , and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand . Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 . He saw action in the Seven Years ' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec , which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society . This acclaim came at a crucial moment in his career and the direction of British overseas exploration , and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages . In these voyages , Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe . He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers . He surveyed and named features , and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time . He displayed a combination of seamanship , superior surveying and cartographic skills , physical courage , and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions . Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the Island of Hawaii 's monarch , Kalaniʻōpuʻu , in order to reclaim a cutter stolen from one of his ships . He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century , and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him ."}]}, {'value': 'National Maritime Museum 51°28′50″N 0°00′17″W / 51.48051°N 0.0048°W / 51.48051 ; -0.0048 ( Statue of Captain Cook )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum', 'summary': 'The National Maritime Museum ( NMM ) is a maritime museum in Greenwich , London . It is part of Royal Museums Greenwich , a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site . Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom , it has no general admission charge ; there are admission charges for most side-gallery temporary exhibitions , usually supplemented by many loaned works from other museums .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Weller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Meridian marker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Observatory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich', 'summary': "The Royal Observatory , Greenwich ( ROG ; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998 , when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory , RGO , moved from Greenwich to Herstmonceux ) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park , overlooking the River Thames . It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation , and because the prime meridian passes through it , it gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time . The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000 , the first in the list . ROG , the National Maritime Museum , the Queen 's House and Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich . The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II , with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August . The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren . At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal , to serve as the director of the observatory and to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens , and the places of the fixed stars , so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation . He appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal . The building was completed in the summer of 1676 . The building was often called Flamsteed House , in reference to its first occupant . The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century , and the Greenwich site is now maintained almost exclusively as a museum , although the AMAT telescope became operational for astronomical research in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christina Garzia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Throne of Earthly Kings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devonport House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'François Hameury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson', 'summary': 'Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , 1st Duke of Bronté , KB ( 29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805 ) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy . His inspirational leadership , grasp of strategy , and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories , particularly during the Napoleonic Wars . He was wounded in combat , losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 36 , and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40 . He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle , Maurice Suckling , a high-ranking naval officer . Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20 in 1778 . He developed a reputation for personal valour and firm grasp of tactics , but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service , where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean . He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states . In 1797 , he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent . Shortly after that battle , Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , where the attack was defeated and he was badly wounded , losing his right arm , and was forced to return to England to recuperate . The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion .'}]}, {'value': 'Trafalgar Tavern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trafalgar_Tavern', 'summary': 'The Trafalgar Tavern is a Grade II listed public house at Park Row , Greenwich , London , situated on the south bank of the River Thames , east of and adjacent to the Old Royal Naval College .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesley Povey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Nelson 's Ship in a Bottle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Maritime Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum', 'summary': 'The National Maritime Museum ( NMM ) is a maritime museum in Greenwich , London . It is part of Royal Museums Greenwich , a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site . Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom , it has no general admission charge ; there are admission charges for most side-gallery temporary exhibitions , usually supplemented by many loaned works from other museums .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yinka Shonibare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yinka_Shonibare', 'summary': 'Yinka Shonibare CBE , RA ( born 1962 ) is a British-Nigerian artist living in the United Kingdom . His work explores cultural identity , colonialism and post-colonialism within the contemporary context of globalisation . A hallmark of his art is the brightly coloured Dutch wax fabric he uses . Because he has a physical disability that paralyses one side of his body , Shonibare uses assistants to make works under his direction .'}]}, {'value': 'Sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue of Yuri Gagarin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Statue_of_Yuri_Gagarin,_Greenwich', 'summary': 'The Statue of Yuri Gagarin in Greenwich , London , is a zinc statue depicting the cosmonaut wearing a spacesuit and standing on top of a globe . The figure was originally unveiled on 14 July 2011 at a temporary location in the Mall , close to Admiralty Arch and facing the statue of Captain James Cook . It was later moved to the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , at a site overlooking the Prime Meridian line , and was unveiled at the new location on 7 March 2013 . There had been an unsuccessful proposal to move it to Manchester . The 3.5-metre ( 11 ft ) high statue is a replica of an original by Anatoly Novikov in Lyubertsy , where Gagarin was trained as a foundry worker . The statue was a gift to the British Council from the Russian space agency Roscosmos as a part of several cultural events commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first manned spaceflight . The original location of the statue was chosen to be where Gagarin first met the then Prime Minister Harold Macmillan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin', 'summary': "Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin [ a ] ( 9 March 1934 - 27 March 1968 ) was a Soviet Air Forces pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space , achieving a major milestone in the Space Race ; his capsule Vostok 1 completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961 . Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles , including Hero of the Soviet Union , his nation 's highest honour . Born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk ( a town later renamed after him ) , in his youth Gagarin was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy . He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base , near the Norwegian border , before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts . Following his spaceflight , Gagarin became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre , which was later named after him . He was also elected as a deputy of the Soviet of the Union in 1962 and then to the Soviet of Nationalities , respectively the lower and upper chambers of the Supreme Soviet . Vostok 1 was Gagarin 's only spaceflight but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission , which ended in a fatal crash , killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov . Fearing for his life , Soviet officials permanently banned Gagarin from further spaceflights . After completing training at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy on 17 February 1968 , he was allowed to fly regular aircraft . Gagarin died five weeks later when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting with his flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the town of Kirzhach ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Observatory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich', 'summary': "The Royal Observatory , Greenwich ( ROG ; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998 , when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory , RGO , moved from Greenwich to Herstmonceux ) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park , overlooking the River Thames . It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation , and because the prime meridian passes through it , it gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time . The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000 , the first in the list . ROG , the National Maritime Museum , the Queen 's House and Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich . The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II , with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August . The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren . At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal , to serve as the director of the observatory and to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens , and the places of the fixed stars , so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation . He appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal . The building was completed in the summer of 1676 . The building was often called Flamsteed House , in reference to its first occupant . The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century , and the Greenwich site is now maintained almost exclusively as a museum , although the AMAT telescope became operational for astronomical research in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anatoly Novikov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Encompass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwich Market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Market', 'summary': 'Greenwich ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ ( listen ) GREN-itch , /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-ij , /ˈɡrɪnɪtʃ/ GRIN-itch , or /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-ij ) is an area of South East London , England , centred 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross . It is within the Royal Borough of Greenwich , to which it lends its name . Historically it was in the county of Kent for hundreds of years , then the County of London from 1889 to 1965 . Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian ( 0° longitude ) and Greenwich Mean Time . The town became the site of a royal palace , the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century , and was the birthplace of many Tudors , including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I . The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was demolished to be replaced by the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors , designed by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor . These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873 , and they remained a military education establishment until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation . The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public ; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance . The town became a popular resort in the 18th century and many grand houses were built there , such as Vanbrugh Castle ( 1717 ) established on Maze Hill , next to the park . From the Georgian period estates of houses were constructed above the town centre . The maritime connections of Greenwich were celebrated in the 20th century , with the siting of the Cutty Sark and Gipsy Moth IV next to the river front , and the National Maritime Museum in the former buildings of the Royal Hospital School in 1934 .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Speller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sculpture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Greenwich', 'section_text': 'Main article : Greenwich', 'uid': 'List_of_public_art_in_Greenwich_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of public art in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.'} | null | null | What event did the person who was the focus of the first work in the 1800s die at ? | Battle of Trafalgar |
050760292979fbed | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in the Philippines', 'header': ['Name', 'City/municipality', 'Province', 'Developer'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gaisano Capital Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bislig', 'summary': "Bislig , officially the City of Bislig and often referred to as Bislig City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 94,535 people . It is the most populous among the cities and municipalities in the province of Surigao del Sur . Barangay Mangagoy , the downtown area often dubbed by its residents as the little city within the city , is the center of trade and industry of Bislig which has a population of 32,464 as of the 2015 estimate . It is the largest barangay in the city in terms of population and land area . Since Barangay Poblacion is often referred by the locals simply as 'Bislig ' , Mangagoy on the other hand is often mistaken as a separate town though it is only just one out of the 24 barangays that comprises the entire City of Bislig . In 2000 , Bislig was converted into a city per Republic Act 8804 . It is the easternmost city in the Philippines in terms of geographical location ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Malls', 'summary': 'Gaisano Mall and GMall are shopping malls owned by DSG Sons Group , Inc. based in Davao , Mindanao , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital Surigao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surigao City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_City', 'summary': "Surigao City , officially the City of Surigao ( Surigaonon : Siyudad nan Surigao ; Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Surigao ; Spanish : Ciudad de Surigao ) , is a 3rd class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Norte , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 154,137 people . Located at the north-easternmost tip of Mindanao , it has a total land area of 245.34 km2 which is roughly 1.4% of Caraga region . The absence of a fort in Surigao belies its significance and sphere of influence during the Spanish period . It was the capital of the expansive province of the same name from 1750 until its dissolution in 1911 , covering a third of Mindanao Island 's total land area . It is one of the oldest port towns in Mindanao , founded by Spanish colonizers in 1655 . It has abundant mineral reserves including gold , iron , manganese , silica , cobalt , copper , chromite and among the world 's largest nickel deposits in Nonoc Island . The Asian Institute of Management ranks the city as among the most competitive small-sized cities in the Philippines , with an estimated total income of 600 million pesos in 2012 . The city serves as a jump off point to visitors of nearby Siargao , Dinagat and Bucas Grande islands . It is Mindanao 's closest landmass to the Visayas region . Eleven nautical miles across Surigao Strait separates the city from Panaon Island in the Visayas . Surigao is the center of politics , commerce , banking , industry and education of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Islands as well as parts of neighboring provinces of Surigao del Sur , Agusan del Norte and Southern Leyte ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Surigao del Norte ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte ; Cebuano : Amihanang Surigao ; Spanish : Provincia de Surigao del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is Surigao City . The province comprises two major islands - Siargao and Bucas Grande - in the Philippine Sea , plus a small area at the northeastern tip of Mindanao . This mainland portion borders Agusan del Norte , and Surigao del Sur to the south . Surigao del Norte is the second northernmost of the Mindanao provinces and is an important transportation hub between Visayas and Mindanao . Numerous ferries cross the Surigao Strait between Surigao and the island of Leyte carrying vehicles and passengers between Liloan in Southern Leyte and Surigao City .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the Municipality of San Francisco ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa San Francisco ; Tagalog : Bayan ng San Francisco ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 74,542 people . In 2013 , San Francisco topped first as the Most Competitive Municipality in the Philippines according to the National Competitiveness Council ( NCC ) from out of the 163 first-class municipalities covered by their index . The protected area of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary can also be reached in San Francisco thru the Barangays Caimpugan and New Visayas . The town is known for the gigantic Toog Tree of Alegria , which is the most sacred tribal tree for many of the indigenous peoples of San Francisco . The town is also popular for its Irosin stone crafts , which has been the cottage industry of many indigenous families in the area for hundreds of years . Due to the town 's commendable folk arts and crafts made in stone , many scholars have suggested for its nomination in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The town 's name is sometimes colloquially shortened to San Franz or alternately spelled San Frans ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Capital Tandag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tandag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tandag', 'summary': "Tandag , officially the City of Tandag , and often referred to as Tandag City , is a 5th income class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 56,364 people . The city celebrates the Diwatahan Festival on the third week of January in honor of Señor Santo Niño . It also celebrates Araw ng Tandag 10th of September showcasing the city 's blissful achievements through the years . Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag . Chief farm products are rice , corn , and coconut . Livestock and poultry raising are also important sources of income . Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Malls', 'summary': 'Gaisano Mall and GMall are shopping malls owned by DSG Sons Group , Inc. based in Davao , Mindanao , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Marketplace Bayugan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayugan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayugan', 'summary': "Bayugan , officially the City of Bayugan , ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Bayugan ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Bayugan ) , or simply known as Bayugan City , is a 5th class city in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines with postal code 8502 . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 103,202 people . Gained cityhood through Republic Act No . 9405 , it is only city in the province of Agusan del Sur . Bayugan serves as the growth center of the province . [ citation needed ] Located at the northern part of Agusan del Sur , Bayugan is the cut-flower capital of the province owing to its lucrative cut flower industry . The city 's climate , especially in the highland barangays , is conducive to high yield cut-flower production . The city is also one of the major producers of rice and vegetables in the province , even providing the needs of neighboring municipalities and provinces . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Mall Butuan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Mall San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the Municipality of San Francisco ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa San Francisco ; Tagalog : Bayan ng San Francisco ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 74,542 people . In 2013 , San Francisco topped first as the Most Competitive Municipality in the Philippines according to the National Competitiveness Council ( NCC ) from out of the 163 first-class municipalities covered by their index . The protected area of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary can also be reached in San Francisco thru the Barangays Caimpugan and New Visayas . The town is known for the gigantic Toog Tree of Alegria , which is the most sacred tribal tree for many of the indigenous peoples of San Francisco . The town is also popular for its Irosin stone crafts , which has been the cottage industry of many indigenous families in the area for hundreds of years . Due to the town 's commendable folk arts and crafts made in stone , many scholars have suggested for its nomination in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The town 's name is sometimes colloquially shortened to San Franz or alternately spelled San Frans ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Agusan del Sur ( Cebuano : Habagatang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Prosperidad and borders , from the north clockwise , Agusan del Norte , Surigao del Sur , Davao Oriental , Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaisano_Capital', 'summary': "Gaisano Capital is a chain of malls and supermarkets owned by Edmund S. Gaisano Sr. , the second son of Henry S. Gaisano Sr . In the 1970s , he had his own construction business independent of his relatives . One of his projects was to construct a building ( which was to be named the Henry Gaisano Building after his father , one of Doña Modesta 's sons ) located along Leon Kilat and Colon streets in Cebu City which was to be leased as a supermarket by his relatives . When the supermarket venture failed , Edmund Gaisano Sr. decided to open his own supermarket . This supermarket became the first Gaisano Capital supermarket and is presently known as Gaisano Capital South . As of the last quarter of 2015 , Gaisano Capital has 31 stores , with the recent shopping mall opened December 2011 located in Surigao City . Others were in San Francisco , Agusan del Sur ( also opened in November 2014 ) , Tandag , Bislig , Butuan ( opening soon but still under construction ) and recently Balingasag , Misamis Oriental ( opened May 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaisano Grand Mall Tandag ( Soon to Rise )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tandag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tandag', 'summary': "Tandag , officially the City of Tandag , and often referred to as Tandag City , is a 5th income class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 56,364 people . The city celebrates the Diwatahan Festival on the third week of January in honor of Señor Santo Niño . It also celebrates Araw ng Tandag 10th of September showcasing the city 's blissful achievements through the years . Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag . Chief farm products are rice , corn , and coconut . Livestock and poultry raising are also important sources of income . Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bislig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bislig', 'summary': "Bislig , officially the City of Bislig and often referred to as Bislig City , is a 3rd class city in the province of Surigao del Sur , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 94,535 people . It is the most populous among the cities and municipalities in the province of Surigao del Sur . Barangay Mangagoy , the downtown area often dubbed by its residents as the little city within the city , is the center of trade and industry of Bislig which has a population of 32,464 as of the 2015 estimate . It is the largest barangay in the city in terms of population and land area . Since Barangay Poblacion is often referred by the locals simply as 'Bislig ' , Mangagoy on the other hand is often mistaken as a separate town though it is only just one out of the 24 barangays that comprises the entire City of Bislig . In 2000 , Bislig was converted into a city per Republic Act 8804 . It is the easternmost city in the Philippines in terms of geographical location ."}]}, {'value': 'Surigao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Surigao del Sur ( Surigaonon : Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur ; Cebuano : Habagatang Surigao ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao . Its capital is Tandag City . Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robinsons Place Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinsons_Place_Butuan', 'summary': "Robinsons Place Butuan is a mall located in Jose C. Aquino Avenue ( Butuan-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Road ) , Brgy . Bayanihan , Butuan City . It is Robinsons Land 's 33rd commercial center in the Philippines and the 4th Robinsons Mall in Mindanao after Robinsons Cagayan de Oro , Robinsons Cybergate Davao and Robinsons Place Gensan . It covers an area of over 45,300 square metres ( 488,000 sq ft ) making it the largest Robinsons Mall in Mindanao . It was opened to the public on 25 November 2013 . The mall also features 102-room hotel component that occupies 4th and 5th levels in the east wing of the building . One of the mall 's main tenants is the DFA CO Butuan , the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Caraga region which opened in June 2015 at the mall 's third level . An expansion wing , located beside the mall , was opened in August 2 , 2017 and will feature more shops and restaurants plus the new integrated land transport terminal ( bound for travel to and from Cagayan de Oro except for Surigao City and Davao City , which are based in the old Langihan Bus Terminal ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Robinsons Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinsons_Malls', 'summary': "Robinsons Malls is one of the largest shopping malls and retail operators in the Philippines . It was incorporated on September 9 , 1997 , by entrepreneur John Gokongwei Jr. to develop , conduct , operate and maintain the Robinsons commercial shopping centers and all related businesses , such as the lease of commercial spaces within the compound of shopping centers . Robinsons Malls has also its branches in China under the Robinsons Galleria name . In March 2016 , John Gokongwei , Jr. 's son , Lance Gokongwei took over the leadership of Robinsons Malls following his retirement ."}]}, {'value': 'Puregold Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puregold', 'summary': "Puregold Price Club , Inc. or simply Puregold ( stylized as PUREGOLD ) is a chain of supermarkets in the Philippines , founded in September 8 , 1998 by Chinese Filipino businessman Lucio Co and opened its first branch in Mandaluyong City on December 12 , 1998 . It has grown into a retail chain with more than 300 stores nationwide . In October 2011 , Puregold Price Club went public and inaugurated as listing on the Philippine Stock Exchange . In 2012 , Puregold acquired Kareila Management Corp. , which owns S & R Membership Shopping and Parco . Over 19 operating outlets were purchased and converted to Puregold . The shareholders of the retail chain Puregold have approved the merger of the other two operating units into the parent company , consolidating Puregold 's supermarket businesses under the publicly listed supermarket operator . In February 2013 , global investment firm Capital Group Companies ( CGC ) bought 5.4% total outstanding stock of Puregold . In May 2014 , Puregold formed a joint venture with Japanese convenience store chain Lawson under the name PG Lawson Inc. Puregold owns 70% of the venture and they opened their first branch in Sta . Ana , Manila on March 30 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZCC Mall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}]}, {'value': 'Agusan del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte', 'summary': 'Agusan del Norte ( Cebuano : Amihanang Agusan ; Butuanon : Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao . Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran and it is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte ; mid-east by Surigao del Sur ; southeast by Agusan del Sur , and southwest by Misamis Oriental . It faces Butuan Bay , part of the Bohol Sea , to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Shopping malls by region -- Caraga', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_Philippines_7', 'intro': "This is a list of notable shopping malls in the Philippines. The retail industry in the Philippines is an important contributor to the national economy as it accounts for approximately 15% of the Philippines' total Gross National Product (GNP) and 33% of the entire services sector. It employs some 5.25 million people, representing 18% of the Philippines' workforce. The Philippine Retailers Association is the association of retailers, mall, and shopping center operators in the country."} | null | null | What is the name of the shopping mall that is located in the city that has a population of 56,364 people ? | Gaisano Capital Tandag |
0507c89033c9c831 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Grenada_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Grenada at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirani James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirani_James', 'summary': "Kirani James ( born 1 September 1992 ) is a Grenadian sprinter who specializes in the 200 and 400 metres . He won the 400 m at the World Championships in 2011 and the 2012 London Olympics . He is Grenada 's first and only Olympic medalist . Prodigious from a young age , he ran the fastest 400 m times ever by a 14-year-old and a 15-year-old . He won a series of gold medals at the CARIFTA Games and the Commonwealth Youth Games and rose on the international stage with 400 m silver medals at the 2007 World Youth and 2008 World Junior Championships . James became the first athlete to run a 200/400 double at the 2009 World Youth Championships and was the 2010 World Junior Champion . James received an athletic scholarship at the University of Alabama and won back-to-back NCAA Outdoor Championship titles in his first two years . He is the third fastest of all-time indoors ( 44.80 seconds ) and ran a personal best of 43.74 at a 2014 Diamond League event in Lausanne . James is one of only nine athletes ( along with Valerie Adams , Usain Bolt , Veronica Campbell-Brown , Jacques Freitag , Yelena Isinbayeva , Jana Pittman , Dani Samuels and David Storl ) to win world championships at the youth , junior , and senior level of an athletic event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirani James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirani_James', 'summary': "Kirani James ( born 1 September 1992 ) is a Grenadian sprinter who specializes in the 200 and 400 metres . He won the 400 m at the World Championships in 2011 and the 2012 London Olympics . He is Grenada 's first and only Olympic medalist . Prodigious from a young age , he ran the fastest 400 m times ever by a 14-year-old and a 15-year-old . He won a series of gold medals at the CARIFTA Games and the Commonwealth Youth Games and rose on the international stage with 400 m silver medals at the 2007 World Youth and 2008 World Junior Championships . James became the first athlete to run a 200/400 double at the 2009 World Youth Championships and was the 2010 World Junior Champion . James received an athletic scholarship at the University of Alabama and won back-to-back NCAA Outdoor Championship titles in his first two years . He is the third fastest of all-time indoors ( 44.80 seconds ) and ran a personal best of 43.74 at a 2014 Diamond League event in Lausanne . James is one of only nine athletes ( along with Valerie Adams , Usain Bolt , Veronica Campbell-Brown , Jacques Freitag , Yelena Isinbayeva , Jana Pittman , Dani Samuels and David Storl ) to win world championships at the youth , junior , and senior level of an athletic event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alleyne Francique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alleyne_Francique', 'summary': 'Alleyne Jeremy Francique ( born June 7 , 1976 ) is a retired Grenadian athlete who specialized in 400 metres , his personal best being 44.47 seconds set in 2004 . He is the 400m two time world indoor champion in 2004 and 2006 . He won his first world-level medal in 2003 , when he finished third in the first World Athletics Final in 45.25 s. He had won a 400 metres gold medal and finished fifth in 4x400 metres relay at the 2003 Central American and Caribbean Championships . The next year he won the gold medal at the World Indoor Championships , achieving the result 45.88 s. Later that year he competed in 400 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics , and finished fourth with 44.66 s. In the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki , he competed in 400 metres but only reached the semi finals , running 46.59 s which is far above his personal best . In 2006 , however , he defended his title at the World Indoor Championships with 45.54 s. In March the same year he won a silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games . He then finished sixth at the World Athletics Final and fourth at the World Cup . Francique ran track collegiately at Louisiana State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alleyne Francique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alleyne_Francique', 'summary': 'Alleyne Jeremy Francique ( born June 7 , 1976 ) is a retired Grenadian athlete who specialized in 400 metres , his personal best being 44.47 seconds set in 2004 . He is the 400m two time world indoor champion in 2004 and 2006 . He won his first world-level medal in 2003 , when he finished third in the first World Athletics Final in 45.25 s. He had won a 400 metres gold medal and finished fifth in 4x400 metres relay at the 2003 Central American and Caribbean Championships . The next year he won the gold medal at the World Indoor Championships , achieving the result 45.88 s. Later that year he competed in 400 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics , and finished fourth with 44.66 s. In the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki , he competed in 400 metres but only reached the semi finals , running 46.59 s which is far above his personal best . In 2006 , however , he defended his title at the World Indoor Championships with 45.54 s. In March the same year he won a silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games . He then finished sixth at the World Athletics Final and fourth at the World Cup . Francique ran track collegiately at Louisiana State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hazel-Ann Regis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hazel-Ann_Regis', 'summary': 'Hazel-Ann Regis ( born 1 February 1981 ) is a retired Grenadian sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres . She participated at the World Championships in Athletics in 1999 , 2003 and 2005 as well as the Summer Olympics in 2000 and 2004 , without reaching the final . Her personal best time is 50.64 seconds , achieved in May 2004 in Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Licorish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Licorish', 'summary': 'Eugene Licorish ( born 28 November 1964 ) is a retired Grenadian long jumper . He competed at the 1992 Olympic Games and the 1993 World Championships , but without reaching the final round . His personal best jump is 8.09 metres , achieved in May 1989 in Port of Spain , which is the Grenadian record .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agnes Griffith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agnes_Griffith', 'summary': "Agnes Griffith ( 6 March 1969 - 25 February 2015 ) was a Grenadian sprinter . She competed in the women 's 200 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernard Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Wilson_(boxer)', 'summary': "Bernard Wilson is retired male amateur boxer from Grenada , who fought at the 1984 Summer Olympics in the men 's welterweight division . He was the first Olympic Flag bearer for the island at the games . He also represented Grenada at the 1987 Pan American Games and at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Grenada at theOlympicsIOC codeGRNNOCGrenada Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.grenadaolympic.comMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1984198819921996200020042008201220162020 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Grenada at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Grenada_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Grenada at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'} | null | null | How many female Olympic flag bearers for Grenada competed in an Athletics sport ? | 2 |
0507cef0ecbbf792 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegla Loroupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe', 'summary': "Tegla Chepkite Loroupe ( born 9 May 1973 ) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner . She is also a global spokeswoman for peace , women 's rights and education . Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometres and previously held the world marathon record . She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record , which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001 . She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion . Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon , which she has won twice . She has won marathons in London , Rotterdam , Hong Kong , Berlin and Rome . In 2016 , she was the person organising the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mizuki Noguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizuki_Noguchi', 'summary': "Mizuki Noguchi ( 野口 みずき , Noguchi Mizuki , born July 3 , 1978 ) is a Japanese professional long-distance runner who specialises in the marathon event . She is an Olympic champion over the distance . Initially starting out as a track and cross country athlete , her first major success was becoming the Asian cross country champion at age 21 . She soon switched to road running , however , focusing on the half marathon . She won the individual and team silver medals at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , and won a second team silver with a fourth-place finish at the same competition in 2000 . A switch to the marathon event demonstrated her talents further : She won the Nagoya and Osaka Women 's Marathons , and took the silver medal in the marathon at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics . Her good form continued and she became the Olympic champion in the marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics . She won the Berlin Marathon the following year , setting world records at 25 km and 30 km along the way , and finishing with a personal best of 2:19:12 - a course record in Berlin and a new Asian record for the distance . The 25K world record was beaten by Mary Keitany of Kenya in 2010 , who ran the distance in 1:19:53 hours . Before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Noguchi had set the second fastest time in the world for the previous year . However , she was ruled out of all competitions after tests revealed that she had fatigue and a muscular back problem . She missed the Olympics and the entire 2009 and 2010 seasons as a result ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catherine Ndereba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Ndereba', 'summary': "Catherine Nyambura Ndereba ( born 21 July 1972 ) is a Kenyan marathon runner . She has twice won the marathon at the World Championships in Athletics and won silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games in 2004 and 2008 . She is also a four-time winner of the Boston Marathon . Ndereba broke the women 's marathon world record in 2001 , running 2:18:47 at the Chicago Marathon . In 2008 , Ndereba was described by Chicago Tribune sportswriter Philip Hersh as the greatest women 's marathoner of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joyce Chepchumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Chepchumba', 'summary': 'Joyce Chepchumba ( born 6 November 1970 in Kericho ) is a long distance athlete from Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reiko Tosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reiko_Tosa', 'summary': 'Reiko Tosa ( 土佐 礼子 , Tosa Reiko , born 11 June 1976 in Matsuyama , Ehime ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon race .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valentina Yegorova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentina_Yegorova', 'summary': "Valentina Mikhailovna Yegorova ( Russian : Валентина Михайловна Егорова , born 16 February 1964 ) is a long-distance runner from Russia . She was born in Cheboksary . Her first medal in the marathon came at the 1990 European Athletics Championships , where she was the silver medallist . Yegorova competed in the women 's marathon for the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona , Spain . There she won the gold medal beating the Japanese athlete Yuko Arimori into second . She won a second global title at the 1995 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She returned to compete for Russia in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , where she won the silver medal in the women 's marathon , again beating Yuko Arimori this time into third . She made her final major appearance at the 2000 Sydney Olympics , where she failed to finish the Olympic marathon . On the road circuit , Yegorova won the 1993 and 1994 editions of the Tokyo International Women 's Marathon ( times of 2:26:40 and 2:30:09 ) and she won the inaugural Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon in 1999 in 2:28:41 . She placed eleventh at the 2001 Nagoya Marathon , with a finishing time of 2:28:40 hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elana Meyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elana_Meyer', 'summary': 'Elana Meyer , OIS , ( born 10 October 1966 ) is a South African long-distance runner who won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres event . Meyer set the 15 kilometres road running African record of 46:57 minutes in November 1991 in Cape Town . The record was equalled by Mestawet Tufa in 2008 . The record was beaten by Tirunesh Dibaba in 2009 , who posted a new world record of 46.28 minutes . Meyer also held the half marathon African record ( 1:06:44 hours ) , set in January 1999 in Tokyo . The record was broken by Mary Keitany of Kenya at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships by running the distance in 1:06:36 hours . She was the gold medallist at the 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and set world records in that event in 1991 , 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . She also had several good placings in top level marathon races .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luminița Talpoș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminița_Talpoș', 'summary': 'Luminiţa Talpoş ( born October 9 , 1972 in Craiova , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Biktasheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Biktasheva', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Marsovna Biktasheva ( Cyrillic : Людмила Марсовна Бикташева ; born 25 July 1974 in Kamensk-Uralsky ) is a Russian athlete competing in the long-distance events . She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres finishing 13th in the final . She won the bronze medal in the same event at the 2002 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Ivanova', 'summary': "Alina Petrovna Ivanova ( Russian : Алина Петровна Иванова ; born March 16 , 1969 in Kildishevo , Yadrinsky District , Chuvash ASSR ) is a retired Russian race walker , best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiromi Katayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiromi_Katayama', 'summary': 'Hiromi Katayama ( Japanese : 片山裕美 , Hepburn : Katayama Hiromi , born April 5 , 1972 ) , known by the stage name Marina Ōno ( 大野まりな , Ōno Marina ) , is a Japanese voice actress . She has also been known as Hiromi Matsumoto ( 松本裕美 ) and Hiromi Asō ( 麻生ひろみ ) . Some of her major roles in anime are : Faury Carat in Tristia of the Deep Blue Sea , Chiaki Nakahara in Dai-Guard , Aihara in Angel Links and Komoe Harumachi in Eiken . In video games , she voices Aki Nitta in Soul Link , Remit Marlena in Eternal Melody , Ayaka Nanase in First Kiss Story and Uriko in the Bloody Roar series .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantina Diţă', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantina_Diţă-Tomescu', 'summary': 'Constantina Diță ( formerly Constantina Diță-Tomescu born on January 23 , 1970 in Turburea , Gorj County ) , is a Romanian long-distance runner , who specializes mainly in the half marathon and marathon . She was the marathon gold medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , having previously won a bronze medal at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also represented her country at the Olympics in 2000 and 2004 . She has a marathon best of 2:21:30 hours . She was the champion at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - the first Romanian to win that honour . She was the 2004 Chicago Marathon winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Okayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Okayo', 'summary': "Margaret Okayo ( born May 30 , 1976 in Masaba , Kisii District ) is a professional marathon runner from Kenya . She has won a number of major marathons , including the New York City Marathon ( two times ) , the Boston Marathon , and the London Marathon . She has also won the San Diego Marathon on two occasions . Okayo started running while at primary school . She graduated from the Itierio Secondary School , located near Kisii town , in 1993 . She was recruited by Kenya Prisons Service , home to the country 's top women 's marathon runners , in 1995 where she nurtured her running career . At the 1998 Commonwealth Games she finished fifth in 10,000 metres . She finished thirteenth at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . Amongst her most successful races are the wins at the New York Marathon in 2001 and 2003 , the Boston Marathon in 2002 and the London Marathon in 2004 . She still holds the course records at the New York Marathon and the Boston Marathon . Other marathons won by Okayo include Milan in 2003 , San Diego in 2000 and 2001 . She represented her native Kenya in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens , Greece , but did not finish the marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derartu Tulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derartu_Tulu', 'summary': 'Derartu Tulu ( Amharic : ደራርቱ ቱሉ ; Afaan Oromo : Daraartuu Tulluu ; born March 21 , 1972 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who competed in track , cross country running , and road running up to the marathon distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Isabel Alonso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Isabel_Alonso', 'summary': "Ana Isabel Alonso ( born 16 August 1963 in Villaherreros , Palencia ) is a former long-distance runner from Spain , who represented her native country in three Summer Olympics : 1988 , 1996 and 2000 . Her best finish came at her Olympic debut in Seoul , South Korea , where Alonso ended up in 25th place in the women 's 10.000 metres race . In Atlanta , Georgia and Sydney , Australia she ran the marathon , finishing in 49th ( 2:44:12 ) and 30th ( 2:36.45 ) place . In 2000 , she won the Rotterdam Marathon . She is a one-time national champion in the women 's 5.000 metres and was the winner of the second edition of the Cross Internacional de Soria meeting . She also won the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños three times , more than any other female athlete ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristina Pomacu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Pomacu', 'summary': "Cristina Pomacu ( born 15 September 1973 in Calafat , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania who mainly competed in the marathon . She is a triple winner of the annual Belgrade Marathon ( 1994 , 2000 and 2001 ) , and twice won the silver medal at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ( 1995 and 1997 ) . Pomacu competed in the women 's marathon at the 1994 European Athletics Championships ( taking 24th place ) and was chosen to represent Romania at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics ( although she failed to finish the race ) . She was ever present at the World Half Marathon Championships from 1995 to 2000 and frequently finished in the top ten , forming part of a strong Romanian women 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satomi Matsuo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Petrova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Petrova', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Nikolayevna Petrova ( Russian : Людмила Николаевна Петрова ; born 7 October 1968 ) is a Russian long-distance runner , who represented her native country at two Summer Olympics : 1996 and 2004 . She won the 2000 edition of the New York City Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agata Balsamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agata_Balsamo', 'summary': 'Agata Balsamo ( Nicolosi , 11 November 1970 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jane Omoro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Omoro', 'summary': "Jane Moraa Omoro ( born 12 September 1974 ) is a Kenyan female long-distance runner who competed in cross country , track and road running events , up to the marathon . She was active from 1993 to 2007 , with most of her success coming in the 1990s . Omoro was a five time participant for Kenya at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and won a team medal each time , including the women 's team title in 1998 . Individually , she placed in the top eight of the women 's race on two occasions . She was a double gold medallist at the East African Cross Country Championships in 1999 . She became national champion at the Kenyan Cross Country Championships in 1997 . She was the bronze medallist in the 10,000 metres at the 1994 Commonwealth Games . She was the silver medallist at the 1998 IAAF World Road Relay Championships and participated at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She was highly successful on the American road racing circuit , taking wins at the Bay to Breakers , Bolder Boulder , Lilac Bloomsday Run and Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run , among others . In marathon running , she was a two-time winner at the Mombasa Marathon and also won the Beirut Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The 8th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on October 3, 1999, in the city of Palermo, Italy. A total of 192 athletes, 119 men and 73 women, from 48 countries, took part. The course was traced through the historical centre of the town with the start/finish line on the Foro Italico. A detailed report on the event and an appraisal of the results were given. Complete results were published.'} | null | null | What year was the person born from the country with the world 's eighth-largest economy by nominal GDP ? | 1970 |
050819f54bf5287d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors', 'title': 'List of Jewish actors', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Nationality', 'Prominent roles'], 'data': [{'value': 'Paula Abdul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Abdul', 'summary': "Paula Julie Abdul ( born June 19 , 1962 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , choreographer , actress , and television personality . She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 and later became the head choreographer for the Laker Girls , where she was discovered by The Jacksons . After choreographing music videos for Janet Jackson , Abdul became a choreographer at the height of the music video era and soon thereafter she was signed to Virgin Records . Her debut studio album Forever Your Girl ( 1988 ) became one of the most successful debut albums at that time , selling 7 million copies in the United States and setting a record for the most number-one singles from a debut album on the Billboard Hot 100 chart : Straight Up , Forever Your Girl , Cold Hearted , and Opposites Attract . Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart . Abdul was one of the original judges on the television series American Idol from 2002 to 2009 , and has since appeared as a judge on The X Factor , Live to Dance , and So You Think You Can Dance . Notably , she received choreography credits in numerous films , including Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) , The Running Man ( 1987 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Coming to America ( 1988 ) , Action Jackson ( 1988 ) , The Doors ( 1991 ) , Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , and American Beauty ( 1999 ) . She has received five MTV Video Music Award nominations , winning twice , as well as receiving the Grammy Award for Best Music Video for Opposites Attract in 1991 . She received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography twice for her work on The Tracey Ullman Show , and her own performance at the American Music Awards in 1990 . Abdul was honored with her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and is the first entertainer to be honored with the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards ' Hall of Fame Award ."}]}, {'value': '1962-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Idol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Idol', 'summary': "American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller , produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment , and distributed by Fremantle North America . It initially aired on Fox from June 11 , 2002 , to April 7 , 2016 , for 15 seasons . It had a hiatus for two years , until March 11 , 2018 , when a revival of the series aired on ABC . It started as an addition to the Idols format that was based on Pop Idol from British television , and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television . The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents , with the winner determined by American viewers using phones , Internet , and SMS text voting . The winners of the first seventeen seasons , as chosen by viewers , are Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard , Fantasia Barrino , Carrie Underwood , Taylor Hicks , Jordin Sparks , David Cook , Kris Allen , Lee DeWyze , Scotty McCreery , Phillip Phillips , Candice Glover , Caleb Johnson , Nick Fradiani , Trent Harmon , Maddie Poppe , and Laine Hardy respectively . American Idol employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants ' performances . The original judges , for the first through eighth seasons , were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , singer and choreographer Paula Abdul , and music executive and manager Simon Cowell . The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban , Jennifer Lopez , and Harry Connick Jr . The sixteenth season brought three new judges : singers Lionel Richie , Katy Perry , and Luke Bryan . The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series . The success of American Idol has been described as unparalleled in broadcasting history ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Adelstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Adelstein', 'summary': "Paul Adelstein ( born April 29 , 1969 ) is an American actor , known for the role of Agent Paul Kellerman in the Fox television series Prison Break and his role as pediatrician Cooper Freedman in the ABC medical drama Private Practice . In addition to supporting roles in films such as Intolerable Cruelty and Memoirs of a Geisha , he is also known for his recurring role as Leo Bergen on ABC 's Scandal and as Jake Novak in the Bravo television series Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce . He also played Shelley Cohen on Imposters , another Bravo series . He formerly plays David Sweetzer on the NBC comedy , I Feel Bad ."}]}, {'value': '1969-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prison Break , Private Practice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronni Ancona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronni_Ancona', 'summary': 'Veronica Jane Ancona ( born 4 July 1966 ) is a Scottish actress , impressionist and author . She first became well known after appearing in The Big Impression .'}]}, {'value': '1968-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British ( Scottish )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathieu Amalric', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric', 'summary': "Mathieu Amalric ( French pronunciation : [ ma.tjø a.mal.ʁik ] ( listen ) ; born 25 October 1965 ) is a French actor and filmmaker . He is best known internationally for his performance as the lead villain in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace , his performance in Steven Spielberg 's Munich , and for his role in The Diving Bell and the Butterfly , for which he drew critical acclaim . He has also won several César Awards and the Lumières Award ."}]}, {'value': '1965-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich , Quantum of Solace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quantum_of_Solace', 'summary': "Quantum of Solace is a 2008 spy film and the twenty-second in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions . Directed by Marc Forster and written by Paul Haggis , Neal Purvis and Robert Wade , it is a direct sequel to Casino Royale , and the second film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . The film also stars Olga Kurylenko , Mathieu Amalric , Gemma Arterton , Jeffrey Wright , and Judi Dench . In the film , Bond seeks revenge for the death of his lover , Vesper Lynd , and is assisted by Camille Montes , who is plotting revenge for the murder of her own family . The trail eventually leads them to wealthy businessman Dominic Greene , a member of the Quantum organisation , who intends to stage a coup d'état in Bolivia to seize control of their water supply . Producer Michael G. Wilson developed the film 's plot while the previous film in the series , Casino Royale , was being shot . Purvis , Wade , and Haggis contributed to the script . Although Craig and Forster wrote some sections themselves during the screenwriter strike , they received no such credits in the final cut . The title was chosen from a 1959 short story in Ian Fleming 's For Your Eyes Only , though the film does not contain any elements of that story . Location filming took place in Mexico , Panama , Chile , Italy , Austria and Wales , while interior sets were built and filmed at Pinewood Studios . Forster aimed to make a modern film that also featured classic cinema motifs : a vintage Douglas DC-3 was used for a flight sequence , and Dennis Gassner 's set designs are reminiscent of Ken Adam 's work on several early Bond films . Taking a course away from the usual Bond villains , Forster rejected any grotesque appearance for the character Dominic Greene to emphasise the hidden and secret nature of the film 's contemporary villains ."}]}, {'value': 'Patricia Arquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Arquette', 'summary': 'Patricia Arquette ( born April 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She made her feature film debut as Kristen Parker in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) . Her other notable films include True Romance ( 1993 ) , Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Flirting with Disaster ( 1996 ) , Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , The Hi-Lo Country ( 1998 ) , Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , Stigmata ( 1999 ) , Holes ( 2003 ) , Fast Food Nation ( 2006 ) , The Wannabe ( 2015 ) , and Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) . For playing a divorced mother in the coming-of-age drama film Boyhood ( 2014 ) , which was filmed from 2002 until 2014 , Arquette received widespread critical praise and won several awards , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . On television , she played the character Allison DuBois - based on the author and medium Allison DuBois , who claims to have psychic abilities - in the supernatural drama series Medium ( 2005-2011 ) . She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2005 , from two nominations she received for the role , in addition to three Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations . Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan , the Deputy Director of the FBI , starring in CSI : Cyber ( 2015-16 ) . She went on to star as Joyce Mitchell in the Showtime miniseries Escape at Dannemora ( 2018 ) , winning a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , and as Dee Dee Blanchard in the Hulu anthology series The Act ( 2019 ) , winning the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress .'}]}, {'value': '1968-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'True Romance , Boyhood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/True_Romance', 'summary': "True Romance is a 1993 American romantic crime film written by Quentin Tarantino and directed by Tony Scott . The film stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette with an ensemble cast including James Gandolfini , Dennis Hopper , Michael Rapaport , Bronson Pinchot , Val Kilmer , Gary Oldman , Brad Pitt , and Christopher Walken . The plot follows an ex-call girl ( Arquette ) and her husband ( Slater ) on the run from the Mafia after stealing a shipment of drugs from her former pimp . Beginning life as an early script by Tarantino , the film was the first of his films to be released following the smash success of Reservoir Dogs , and was the first screenplay by the filmmaker to not be directed by him . The film is regarded by proponents as a cross-section of writer Tarantino and director Scott 's respective individual trademarks ; including a Southern California setting , pop cultural references , and stylized violence punctuated by use of slow motion . Upon initial release , the film received highly positive critical reviews , with critics praising its dialogue , characters , and off-beat style . Though initially a box-office failure , its positive reception earned it a cult following , and it is today considered one of Scott 's best films , and one of the best American films of the 1990s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boyhood_(film)', 'summary': "Boyhood is a 2014 American drama film written and directed by Richard Linklater , and starring Patricia Arquette , Ellar Coltrane , Lorelei Linklater , and Ethan Hawke . Filmed from 2001 to 2013 , Boyhood depicts the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr. ( Coltrane ) from ages six to eighteen as he grows up in Texas with divorced parents ( Arquette and Hawke ) . Richard Linklater 's daughter Lorelei plays Mason 's sister , Samantha . Production began in 2001 and finished in 2013 , with Linklater 's goal to make a film about growing up . The project began without a completed script , with only basic plot points and the ending written initially . Linklater developed the script throughout production , writing the next year 's portion of the film after rewatching the previous year 's footage . He incorporated changes he saw in each actor into the script , while also allowing all major actors to participate in the writing process by incorporating their life experiences into their characters ' stories . Boyhood premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically on July 11 , 2014 . The film competed in the main competition section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival , where Linklater won the Silver Bear for Best Director . It received universal acclaim from critics , with praise for its performances , emotional depth , and originality . It was also nominated for five Golden Globe Awards , winning Best Motion Picture - Drama , Best Director , and Best Supporting Actress for Arquette ; five BAFTA awards , winning for Best Director and Best Film ; and six Academy Awards , winning Best Supporting Actress for Arquette ."}]}, {'value': 'Lior Ashkenazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lior_Ashkenazi', 'summary': 'Lior Ashkenazi ( Hebrew : ליאור אשכנזי ; born 28 December 1968 ) is an Israeli screen and stage actor .'}]}, {'value': '1969-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late Marriage , Footnote , Big Bad Wolves , Foxtrot , 7 Days in Entebbe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late_Marriage', 'summary': "Late Marriage ( Hebrew : חתונה מאוחרת , Hatuna Meuheret ) is a 2001 Israeli film directed by Dover Kosashvili . The film centers on Zaza ( Lior Ashkenazi , in his breakthrough role ) , the 31-year-old child of tradition-minded Georgian Jewish immigrants who are anxiously trying to arrange a marriage for him . Unbeknownst to them , he is secretly dating a 34-year-old divorcée , Judith ( Ronit Elkabetz ) . When his parents discover the relationship and violently intervene , Zaza must choose between his family traditions and his love . Most of the main characters are Georgian-Israeli and the dialogue is partly in the Judaeo-Georgian language and partly in Hebrew . The film was positively reviewed and was Israel 's submission for Best Foreign Language Film at the 74th Academy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Footnote_(film)', 'summary': "Footnote ( Hebrew : הערת שוליים , translit . He'arat Shulayim ) is a 2011 Israeli drama film written and directed by Joseph Cedar , starring Shlomo Bar'aba and Lior Ashkenazi . The plot revolves around the troubled relationship between a father and son who teach at the Talmud department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . The film won the Best Screenplay Award at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Footnote won nine prizes at the 2011 Ophir Awards , becoming Israel 's entry for the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . On 18 January 2012 , the film was named as one of the nine shortlisted entries for the Oscars . On 24 January 2012 , the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of Best Foreign Language Film , but lost to the Iranian film A Separation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolves', 'summary': "Big Bad Wolves ( Hebrew : מי מפחד מהזאב הרע , Mi mefakhed mehaze'ev hara , direct translation : Who is scared of the bad wolf ) is a 2013 Israeli black comedy horror-thriller film written and directed by Aharon Keshales and Navot Papushado . It was the official selection of Tribeca Film Festival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'Foxtrot ( Hebrew : פוֹקְסטְרוֹט ) is a 2017 internationally co-produced drama film written and directed by Samuel Maoz . It stars Lior Ashkenazi and Sarah Adler as a couple who are informed that their son , an IDF soldier , was killed in action . The film was screened in the competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival where it won the Grand Jury Prize Silver Lion . It was also screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . It won the Ophir Award for Best Film , therefore becoming the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards . Later in the year , it made the December shortlist , but ultimately did not receive a nomination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7_Days_in_Entebbe', 'summary': 'Entebbe ( titled 7 Days in Entebbe in the U.S. ) is a 2018 action thriller film directed by José Padilha and written by Gregory Burke . The film recounts the story of Operation Entebbe , a 1976 counter-terrorist hostage-rescue operation . The film stars Rosamund Pike and Daniel Brühl . It was released in the United States on 16 March 2018 and in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yvan Attal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yvan_Attal', 'summary': 'Yvan Attal ( Hebrew : איוואן אטל , born 4 January 1965 ) is an Israeli-French actor and director .'}]}, {'value': '1965-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli-French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich , Rush Hour 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hank Azaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Azaria', 'summary': "Henry Albert Azaria ( /əˈzɛəriə/ ə-ZAIR-ee-ə ; born April 25 , 1964 ) is an American actor , voice actor , singer , comedian and producer . He is known for his voice characterizations as a variety of characters in the animated sitcom The Simpsons ( 1989-present ) , which has included Moe Szyslak , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon , Chief Wiggum , Comic Book Guy , Carl Carlson and others . After attending Tufts University , he joined the series with little voice acting experience , but became a regular in its second season , with many of his performances on the show being based on famous actors and characters . In addition to his work on The Simpsons , Azaria became more widely known for his live-action appearances in feature films such as The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Godzilla ( 1998 ) , Mystery Men ( 1999 ) , America 's Sweethearts ( 2001 ) , Shattered Glass ( 2003 ) , Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) , Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) , Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) and The Smurfs ( 2011 ) . Since 2017 , he has starred as the title character in Brockmire . Azaria had recurring roles on the television series Mad About You and Friends , as the titular character in the drama Huff ( 2004-2006 ) and appeared in the popular stage musical Spamalot . Originally known as a comedic actor , he has also taken on more dramatic roles , including the TV films Tuesdays With Morrie ( 1999 ) and Uprising ( 2001 ) . He has won six Emmys and a Screen Actors Guild Award . He was married to actress Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000 and has been married to actress Katie Wright since 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '1964-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons 2001 Movie Uprising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}]}, {'value': 'David Baddiel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Baddiel', 'summary': "David Lionel Baddiel ( /bəˈdiːl/ ; born 28 May 1964 ) is a British comedian , novelist and television presenter . He is known for his work alongside Rob Newman in The Mary Whitehouse Experience and partnership with Frank Skinner . Besides comedy , Baddiel is also a published novelist and a screenwriter who is the author of the children 's novels The Parent Agency , The Person Controller , AniMalcolm , Birthday Boy , and Head Kid ."}]}, {'value': '1964-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Alan Basche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Alan_Basche', 'summary': 'David Alan Basche ( born August 25 , 1968 ) is an American actor . He is best known for playing Todd Beamer in the film United 93 , directed by Paul Greengrass . He has appeared in regional and professional theater , film and television including guest appearances on numerous television dramas .'}]}, {'value': '1968-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randall Batinkoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randall_Batinkoff', 'summary': 'Randall Matthew Batinkoff ( born October 16 , 1968 ) is an American actor , known for his roles in the films For Keeps , School Ties , and Higher Learning .'}]}, {'value': '1968-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For Keeps ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H. Jon Benjamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H._Jon_Benjamin', 'summary': "Harry Jon Benjamin ( born May 23 , 1966 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian . He is known for his roles in various adult animated series such as Sterling Archer in Archer ; Bob Belcher in Bob 's Burgers ; Carl Graves in Family Guy ; Ben in Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist ; Satan in Lucy , the Daughter of the Devil as well as Coach McGuirk and Jason Penopolis on Home Movies ."}]}, {'value': '1966-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Archer , Bob 's Burgers", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)', 'summary': "Archer is an American adult animated sitcom created by Adam Reed for FX that premiered on September 17 , 2009 . The series follows the exploits of the title character ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) , a dysfunctional , irreverent secret agent and seven of his colleagues - domineering boss/mother Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) , professional Lana Kane ( Aisha Tyler ) , mild-mannered Cyril Figgis ( Chris Parnell ) , delusional , psychotic Cheryl Tunt ( Judy Greer ) , gossipy Pam Poovey ( Amber Nash ) , openly gay Ray Gillette ( Adam Reed ) and bizarre , mysterious Dr. Algernop Krieger ( Lucky Yates ) . Beginning with the eighth season , the show experiments with the standard setup of an anthology , each with self-contained arcs , new settings , a disparate set of personae for each character , even distinct humor . The season also marked the show 's move to the sibling FXX network . Archer was conceived by Reed shortly after the cancellation of his Adult Swim comedy Frisky Dingo . It draws inspiration from a variety of sources , including the James Bond franchise . The show 's hallmarks include reference-heavy humor , rapid-fire dialogue , and meta-comedy . Archer is produced using limited animation and takes its visual style from mid-century comic art . The cast members record their lines individually , and the show regularly employs guest actors and actresses for supporting characters . The series has received positive reviews from critics and won awards , including three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Critics Choice Awards . The series has also received 15 Annie Award nominations , among others , for outstanding achievement in animation , writing , direction , and voice acting . As of season 10 , 110 episodes have been broadcast ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Bob's_Burgers", 'summary': "Bob 's Burgers is an American animated sitcom television series created by Loren Bouchard for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series centers on the Belcher family - parents Bob and Linda and their children Tina , Gene and Louise - who run a hamburger restaurant . The show was conceived by Bouchard after he developed Home Movies . Bob 's Burgers is a joint production by Wilo Productions , Buck & Millie Productions , and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . While reviews for the first season were mixed , feedback for subsequent seasons has been much more positive . The series premiere , Human Flesh , drew in 9.39 million viewers , making it the highest-rated series premiere of the season and finishing ninth in the ratings for the week it aired . Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block Adult Swim in 2013 and its sister channel TBS in 2016. and began airing in syndication on local stations in September 2015 . A comic book series based on the show , published by Dynamite Entertainment , began in September 2014 and a soundtrack album was released on May 12 , 2017 . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Bob 's Burgers as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time . The series has been nominated for several awards , including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program seven consecutive times , winning in 2014 and 2017 . The show has run for nine seasons and has been renewed by Fox for a tenth production cycle . A feature film of the animated television series is in the works and is scheduled for a July 17 , 2020 release ."}]}, {'value': 'Abraham Benrubi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Benrubi', 'summary': "Abraham Rubin Hercules Benrubi ( born October 4 , 1969 ) is an American character actor known for his appearances as Jerry Markovic on the long-running U.S. TV drama ER , for his first role as Larry Kubiac on the series Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Dennis in Without a Paddle , and for his voice acting on the Adult Swim claymation series Robot Chicken as well as numerous video games including many in the World of Warcraft series ."}]}, {'value': '1969-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(TV_series)', 'summary': "ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the 5th longest medical drama across the globe ( behind BBC 's Casualty and Holby City , and Poland 's Na dobre i na złe ) . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series . As of 2014 , ER has grossed over $ 3 billion in television revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Kay Bergman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Kay_Bergman', 'summary': "Mary Kay Bergman ( June 5 , 1961 - November 11 , 1999 ) , initially credited as Shannen Cassidy , was an American voice actress and voice-over teacher . Bergman was the lead female voice actress on South Park from the show 's 1997 debut until her death . Throughout her career , Bergman performed voice work for over 400 television commercials and voiced over 100 cartoon , film , and video game characters . Born in Los Angeles , she had an interest in fantasy and animation early in her life . She acted in plays during high school and also studied theater at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . After struggling to secure on-screen acting jobs , she began taking work as a voice-over actress . In 1989 , she began voicing the Disney character Snow White . In the 1990s , she voiced Daphne Blake in three films from the Scooby Doo franchise . Bergman was married to voice actor Dino Andrade before her suicide in November 1999 . Shortly after her death , Andrade established the Mary Kay Bergman Memorial Fund ."}]}, {'value': '1961-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troy Beyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Beyer', 'summary': 'Troy Byer ( née Byer ; born November 7 , 1964 ) is a psychologist , author , director , screenwriter and actress .'}]}, {'value': '1964-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Bierko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Bierko', 'summary': 'Craig Philip Bierko ( born August 18 , 1964 ) is an American actor and singer .'}]}, {'value': '1964-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cinderella Man', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Black', 'summary': "Thomas Jacob Jack Black ( born August 28 , 1969 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , musician , songwriter , and YouTuber . He is known for his roles in films such as High Fidelity ( 2000 ) , Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) , School of Rock ( 2003 ) , King Kong ( 2005 ) , Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny ( 2006 ) , The Holiday ( 2006 ) , the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) , Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) , Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) , Bernie ( 2011 ) , Goosebumps ( 2015 ) , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) and its sequel , Jumanji : The Next Level ( 2019 ) . For his work in School of Rock and Bernie , he gained Golden Globe nominations , and was inducted into Hollywood 's Walk of Fame in 2018 . Outside of acting , Black is the lead vocalist of the Grammy Award-winning comedic rock duo Tenacious D , which he formed in 1994 with Kyle Gass . They have released the albums Tenacious D , The Pick of Destiny , Rize of the Fenix , and Post-Apocalypto . In December 2018 , Black launched his YouTube channel Jablinski Games ."}]}, {'value': '1969-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School of Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/School_of_Rock', 'summary': "School of Rock is a 2003 comedy film directed by Richard Linklater , produced by Scott Rudin , and written by Mike White . The film stars Jack Black , Joan Cusack , Mike White , and Sarah Silverman . Black plays struggling rock guitarist Dewey Finn , who is kicked out of his band and subsequently disguises himself as a substitute teacher at a prestigious prep school . After witnessing the musical talent of his students , Dewey forms a band of fifth-graders to attempt to win the upcoming Battle of the Bands and pay off his rent . School of Rock was released on October 3 , 2003 , by Paramount Pictures , grossing $ 131 million worldwide on a $ 35 million budget . The film received positive reviews from critics , with praise for Black 's performance . It was the highest grossing music-themed comedy of all time , until it was overtaken in 2015 by Pitch Perfect 2 . A stage musical adaptation opened on Broadway in December 2015 , and a television adaptation for Nickelodeon premiered on March 12 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yasmine Bleeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yasmine_Bleeth', 'summary': "Yasmine Amanda Bleeth ( born June 14 , 1968 ) is an American former actress . Her television roles include Caroline Holden on Baywatch , Ryan Fenelli on Ryan 's Hope , and LeeAnn Demerest on One Life to Live ."}]}, {'value': '1968-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baywatch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Bodnia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Bodnia', 'summary': "Kim Bodnia ( born 12 April 1965 ) is a Danish actor , writer , and director . He became widely known for his role as police detective Martin Rohde in the Scandinavian crime drama series The Bridge . He is also known for playing the lead role in Nicolas Winding Refn 's directorial debut Pusher . In 2009 , Bodnia won the 62nd Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , and in 2014 he won the Monte-Carlo Television Festival Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series . In 2018 , he began portraying Konstantin in the BBC America spy thriller series Killing Eve , for which he was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1965-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pusher , The Bridge , Killing Eve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pusher_(1996_film)', 'summary': "Pusher is a 1996 Danish urban crime drama film co-written and directed by Nicolas Winding Refn , in his film debut . A commercial success considered highly influential in Danish film history , it marked Mads Mikkelsen 's film debut . The film is set in the criminal underground of Copenhagen , Denmark , and tells the story of the drug dealer Frank ( Kim Bodnia ) who , after losing a large amount of money in a drug deal gone wrong , falls into desperation as he only has a few days to raise the money he owes . Although he did not want to turn Pusher into a franchise , financial difficulties forced Winding Refn to make two sequels : Pusher II , focusing on Mikkelsen 's character after the events of the first film , and Pusher 3 , focusing on another secondary character introduced in Pusher ; both sequels were financial and critical successes as well . A Hindi remake of the film was also released in 2010 , followed by a British remake in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Bridge_(2011_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Bridge ( Danish : Broen ; Swedish : Bron ) is a Scandinavian-noir crime television series created and written by Hans Rosenfeldt . A joint creative and financed production between Sweden 's Sveriges Television and Denmark 's Danmarks Radio , it has been shown in more than 100 countries . The first series begins with the discovery of a dead body exactly on the centre of the Øresund Bridge , which links Malmö with Copenhagen , necessitating a joint investigation . Sofia Helin , as the Swedish police detective Saga Norén , stars in all four series . In the first and second , her Danish counterpart , Martin Rohde , is played by Kim Bodnia , and in the third and fourth Thure Lindhardt plays Henrik Sabroe . The first series was broadcast on the Swedish SVT1 and Danish DR1 during the autumn of 2011 , and on the United Kingdom 's BBC Four the following spring . The second series aired in Sweden , Denmark , Norway , Finland and Iceland during the autumn of 2013 , and in the UK in early 2014 . The third series was broadcast in Denmark , Sweden and Finland during the autumn of 2015 and in the UK in November 2015 . The fourth series premiered on 1 January 2018 in the Nordic countries and was broadcast weekly on BBC Two in the UK from 11 May 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killing_Eve', 'summary': "Killing Eve is a British spy thriller television series , produced in the United Kingdom by Sid Gentle Films for BBC America . The series follows Eve Polastri ( Sandra Oh ) , a British intelligence investigator tasked with capturing psychopathic assassin Villanelle ( Jodie Comer ) ; as the chase progresses , the two develop a mutual obsession . Based on the Villanelle novel series by Luke Jennings , each of the show 's series has featured a different female showrunner . Phoebe Waller-Bridge was head writer of season one , while Emerald Fennell took over for season two . Suzanne Heathcote will serve as showrunner for season three . The show has been highly successful in both the United States and the United Kingdom , receiving critical acclaim for both the first and second series , particularly for its writing and the lead actresses ' performances . The first series had unbroken weekly ratings growth , among adults especially . It has received several accolades , including a Peabody Award and the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . Both Oh and Comer have won multiple Best Actress awards for their roles , with Fiona Shaw winning one for Best Supporting Actress as Carolyn Martens . By January 2020 , Killing Eve had been renewed for both a third and a fourth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Bonet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Bonet', 'summary': 'Lisa Michelle Bonet ( born November 16 , 1967 ) is an American actress . Bonet played Denise Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show , which originally aired from 1984 to 1992 , and starred in its spinoff comedy , A Different World , for its first season ( 1987-1988 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1967-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel Heart , The Cosby Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Heart', 'summary': "Angel Heart is a 1987 American neo-noir psychological horror film and an adaptation of William Hjortsberg 's 1978 novel Falling Angel . Written and directed by Alan Parker , the film stars Mickey Rourke , Robert De Niro and Lisa Bonet . Harry Angel ( Rourke ) , a New York City private investigator , is hired to solve the disappearance of a man known as Johnny Favorite . Angel 's investigation takes him to New Orleans , where he becomes embroiled in a series of brutal murders . Following publication of the novel , Hjortsberg began developing a screenplay for a film adaptation , but found that no film studio was willing to produce his script . The project resurfaced in 1985 , when producer Elliott Kastner brought the book to Parker 's attention . Parker began work on a new script , and in doing so , made several changes from Hjortsberg 's novel . The independent film studio Carolco Pictures produced Angel Heart with a budget of $ 18 million . Principal photography commenced in March 1986 and concluded in June of that year ; filming took place on location in New York and New Orleans . Before its release , Angel Heart faced censorship issues from the Motion Picture Association of America for one scene of sexual content . Parker was forced to remove ten seconds of footage to avoid an X rating and secure the R rating that the film 's distributor Tri-Star Pictures wanted . An unrated version featuring the removed footage was later released on home video ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cosby_Show', 'summary': "The Cosby Show is an American sitcom television series co-created by and starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20 , 1984 , until April 30 , 1992 . The show focuses on an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn , New York . The Cosby Show spent five consecutive seasons as the number-one rated show on television . The Cosby Show and All in the Family are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings to be the number-one show for five seasons . It spent all eight of its seasons in the top 20 . According to TV Guide , the show was TV 's biggest hit in the 1980s , and almost single-handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBC 's ratings fortunes . TV Guide also ranked it 28th on their list of 50 Greatest Shows . In addition , Cliff Huxtable was named as the Greatest Television Dad . In May 1992 , Entertainment Weekly stated that The Cosby Show helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly black cast , from In Living Color to The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . The Cosby Show was based on comedy routines in Cosby 's stand-up act , which in turn were based on his family life . The show led to the spinoff A Different World , which ran for six seasons from 1987 to 1993 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Born in the 1960s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Jewish_actors_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Jewish actors and actresses.'} | null | null | Voice actor of multiple popular animated shows , the Jewish actor voices what lead character who shares his name with the show that is in its 11th season on FX ? | Archer |
050900f706c5503e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes', 'title': 'List of space telescopes', 'header': ['Name', 'Space Agency', 'Launch Date', 'Terminated', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'IRAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IRAS', 'summary': "The Infrared Astronomical Satellite ( IRAS ) was the first-ever space telescope to perform a survey of the entire night sky at infrared wavelengths . Following the end of its mission , the 1.1 metric-ton satellite was not deorbited and constitutes a space hazard . Launched on 25 January 1983 , its mission lasted ten months . The telescope was a joint project of the United States ( NASA ) , the Netherlands ( NIVR ) , and the United Kingdom ( SERC ) . Over 250,000 infrared sources were observed at 12 , 25 , 60 , and 100 micrometer wavelengths . Support for the processing and analysis of data from IRAS was contributed from the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology . Currently , the Infrared Science Archive at IPAC holds the IRAS archive . The success of IRAS led to interest in the 1985 Infrared Telescope ( IRT ) mission on the Space Shuttle , and the planned Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility which eventually transformed into the Space Infrared Telescope Facility , SIRTF , which in turn was developed into the Spitzer Space Telescope , launched in 2003 . The success of early infrared space astronomy led to further missions , such as the Infrared Space Observatory ( 1990s ) and the Hubble Space Telescope 's NICMOS instrument ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '25 Jan 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Nov 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 889-903 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infrared Telescope in Space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infrared_Telescope_in_Space', 'summary': 'The Space Flyer Unit ( 宇宙実験・観測フリーフライヤ , Uchū Jikken-Kansoku Free Flyer ) was a spacecraft which was launched by Japan on Mar . 18 , 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'ISAS & NASDA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science', 'summary': "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( 宇宙科学研究所 , Uchū kagaku kenkyūjo ) ( ISAS ) is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets , astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan 's space development . Since 2003 , it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan', 'summary': 'The National Space Development Agency of Japan ( 宇宙開発事業団 , Uchū Kaihatsu Jigyōdan ) of Japan , or NASDA , was a Japanese national space agency established on October 1 , 1969 under the National Space Development Agency Law only for peaceful purposes . Based on the Space Development Program enacted by the Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) , NASDA was responsible for developing satellites and launch vehicles as well as launching and tracking them . Hideo Shima , chief engineer of the original Shinkansen bullet train project , served as Chief of NASDA from 1969 to 1977 . On October 1 , 2003 , NASDA merged with the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( ISAS ) and the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan ( NAL ) into one Independent Administrative Institution : the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) . SL-J was partially funded by Japan through NASDA ; this cooperative Japanese-American mission launched a NASDA astronaut into Earth orbit using the Space Shuttle in 1992 . Work on the Japanese Experiment Module at ISS , and also HOPE-X , was started under NASDA and inherited by JAXA .'}]}, {'value': '18 Mar 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 Apr 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 486 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory', 'summary': 'The Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO ) was a space telescope for infrared light designed and operated by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in cooperation with ISAS ( now part of JAXA ) and NASA . The ISO was designed to study infrared light at wavelengths of 2.5 to 240 micrometres and operated from 1995 to 1998 . The €480.1-million satellite was launched on 17 November 1995 from the ELA-2 launch pad at the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou in French Guiana . The launch vehicle , an Ariane 44P rocket , placed ISO successfully into a highly elliptical geocentric orbit , completing one revolution around the Earth every 24 hours . The primary mirror of its Ritchey-Chrétien telescope measured 60 cm in diameter and was cooled to 1.7 kelvins by means of superfluid helium . The ISO satellite contained four instruments that allowed for imaging and photometry from 2.5 to 240 micrometres and spectroscopy from 2.5 to 196.8 micrometers . Currently , ESA and IPAC continue efforts to improve the data pipelines and specialized software analysis tools to yield the best quality calibration and data reduction methods from the mission . IPAC supports ISO observers and data archive users through in-house visits and workshops .'}]}, {'value': 'ESA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESA', 'summary': "The European Space Agency pronunciation ( help·info ) ( ESA ; French : Agence spatiale européenne pronunciation ( help·info ) , ASE ; German : Europäische Weltraumorganisation ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space . Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris , ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion ( ~US $ 7.43 billion ) in 2020 . ESA 's space flight programme includes human spaceflight ( mainly through participation in the International Space Station program ) ; the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets and the Moon ; Earth observation , science and telecommunication ; designing launch vehicles ; and maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module , that will fly on the Space Launch System . The agency 's facilities are distributed among the following centres :"}]}, {'value': '17 Nov 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 1000-70500 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midcourse Space Experiment ( MSX )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment', 'summary': 'The Midcourse Space Experiment ( MSX ) is a Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) satellite experiment ( unmanned space mission ) to map bright infrared sources in space . MSX offered the first system demonstration of technology in space to identify and track ballistic missiles during their midcourse flight phase .'}]}, {'value': 'USN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': '24 Apr 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 Feb 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 900 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite ( SWAS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite', 'summary': "The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite ( SWAS ) is a NASA submillimeter astronomy satellite , and is the third spacecraft in the Small Explorer program . It was launched on December 6 , 1998 ( UTC ) , from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Pegasus XL rocket . The telescope was designed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and integrated by Ball Aerospace , while the spacecraft was built by NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . The mission 's principal investigator is Gary J. Melnick ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '6 Dec 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Last used in 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 638-651 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wide Field Infrared Explorer ( WIRE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer', 'summary': "The Wide Field Infrared Explorer ( WIRE ) was a satellite launched on March 5 , 1999 , on the Pegasus XL rocket into polar orbit between 409 and 426 km ( 254 and 265 mi ) above the Earth 's surface . WIRE was intended to be a four-month infrared survey of the entire sky at 21-27 micrometres and 9-15 micrometres , specifically focusing on starburst galaxies and luminous protogalaxies . The science team was based at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center in Pasadena , California . Flight operations , integration , and testing were from Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland . The telescope was built by Space Dynamics Laboratories in Utah . Premature ejection of the spacecraft aperture cover led to depletion of the solid hydrogen cryogen shortly after launch , ending the primary science mission . The onboard star tracker remained functional , and has been used for long-term precision photometric monitoring of bright stars in support of an asteroseismology program . WIRE reentered Earth 's atmosphere on May 10 , 2011 ( around 07:00 UTC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '5 Mar 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'no observations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-entered May 10 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spitzer Space Telescope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope', 'summary': 'The Spitzer Space Telescope ( SST ) , formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility ( SIRTF ) , was an infrared space telescope launched in 2003 and retired on 30 January 2020 . The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted . This occurred on 15 May 2009 . Without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very low temperatures needed to operate , most of the instruments were no longer usable . However , the two shortest-wavelength modules of the IRAC camera continued to operate with the same sensitivity as before the cryogen was exhausted , and continued to be used into early 2020 in the Spitzer Warm Mission . During the warm mission , the two short wavelength channels of IRAC operated at 30 K , which was predicted to experience little to no degradation compared to the nominal mission . To ascertain the performance pre-launch tests , as well as tests at the University of Rochester , were conducted and confirmed the performance of the detectors . The Spitzer data , from both the primary and warm phases , are archived at the Infrared Science Archive ( IRSA ) . In keeping with NASA tradition , the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation , on 18 December 2003 . Unlike most telescopes that are named by a board of scientists , typically after famous deceased astronomers , the new name for SIRTF was obtained from a contest open to the general public . The contest led to the telescope being named in honor of astronomer Lyman Spitzer , who had promoted the concept of space telescopes in the 1940s . Spitzer wrote a 1946 report for RAND Corporation describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available or upcoming technology .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '25 Aug 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 Jan 2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solar orbit ( 0.98-1.02 AU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astronomical_unit', 'summary': "The astronomical unit ( symbol : au , ua , or AU ) is a unit of length , roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun and equal to about 150 million kilometres ( 93 million miles ) . However , that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun , from a maximum ( aphelion ) to a minimum ( perihelion ) and back again once a year . Originally conceived as the average of Earth 's aphelion and perihelion , since 2012 it has been defined as exactly 1.495978707×1011 m. The astronomical unit is used primarily for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars . It is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length , the parsec ."}]}, {'value': 'Akari ( Astro-F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akari_(satellite)', 'summary': 'Akari ( ASTRO-F ) is an infrared astronomy satellite developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , in cooperation with institutes of Europe and Korea . It was launched on 21 February 2006 , at 21:28 UTC ( 06:28 , 22 February JST ) by M-V rocket into Earth sun-synchronous orbit . After its launch it was named Akari ( 明かり ) , which means light in Japanese . Earlier on , the project was known as IRIS ( InfraRed Imaging Surveyor ) . Its primary mission was to survey the entire sky in near- , mid- and far-infrared , through its 68.5 cm ( 27.0 in ) aperture telescope .'}]}, {'value': 'JAXA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JAXA', 'summary': 'The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) ( 国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構 , Kokuritsu-kenkyū-kaihatsu-hōjin Uchū Kōkū Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō , literally National Research and Development Agency on Aerospace Research and Development ) is the Japanese national aerospace and space agency . Through the merger of three previously independent organizations , JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003 . JAXA is responsible for research , technology development and launch of satellites into orbit , and is involved in many more advanced missions such as asteroid exploration and possible human exploration of the Moon . Its motto is One JAXA and its corporate slogan is Explore to Realize ( formerly Reaching for the skies , exploring space ) .'}]}, {'value': '21 Feb 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 Nov 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 586.47-610.44 km )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herschel Space Observatory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory', 'summary': "The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . It was active from 2009 to 2013 , and was the largest infrared telescope ever launched , carrying a 3.5-metre ( 11.5 ft ) mirror and instruments sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre wavebands ( 55-672 µm ) . Herschel was the fourth and final cornerstone mission in the Horizon 2000 programme , following SOHO/Cluster II , XMM-Newton and Rosetta . NASA is a partner in the Herschel mission , with US participants contributing to the mission ; providing mission-enabling instrument technology and sponsoring the NASA Herschel Science Center ( NHSC ) at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center and the Herschel Data Search at the Infrared Science Archive . The observatory was carried into orbit in May 2009 , reaching the second Lagrangian point ( L2 ) of the Earth-Sun system , 1,500,000 kilometres ( 930,000 mi ) from Earth , about two months later . Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel , the discoverer of the infrared spectrum and planet Uranus , and his sister and collaborator Caroline Herschel . The observatory was capable of seeing the coldest and dustiest objects in space ; for example , cool cocoons where stars form and dusty galaxies just starting to bulk up with new stars . The observatory sifted through star-forming clouds - the slow cookers of star ingredients - to trace the path by which potentially life-forming molecules , such as water , form . The telescope 's lifespan was governed by the amount of coolant available for its instruments ; when that coolant ran out , the instruments would stop functioning correctly . At the time of its launch , operations were estimated to last 3.5 years ( to around the end of 2012 ) . It continued to operate until 29 April 2013 15:20 UTC , when Herschel ran out of coolant ."}]}, {'value': 'ESA & NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESA', 'summary': "The European Space Agency pronunciation ( help·info ) ( ESA ; French : Agence spatiale européenne pronunciation ( help·info ) , ASE ; German : Europäische Weltraumorganisation ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space . Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris , ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion ( ~US $ 7.43 billion ) in 2020 . ESA 's space flight programme includes human spaceflight ( mainly through participation in the International Space Station program ) ; the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets and the Moon ; Earth observation , science and telecommunication ; designing launch vehicles ; and maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module , that will fly on the Space Launch System . The agency 's facilities are distributed among the following centres :"}, {'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '14 May 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 Apr 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun - Earth L 2 Lagrange point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun', 'summary': "The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers ( 864,000 miles ) , or 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth . It accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System . Roughly three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~73% ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~25% ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf ( its light is closer to white than yellow ) . It formed approximately 4.6 billion [ a ] years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Earth', 'summary': "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . According to radiometric dating and other evidence , Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , which is Earth 's only natural satellite . Earth orbits around the Sun in 365.256 days , a period known as an Earth sidereal year . During this time , Earth rotates about its axis about 366.256 times . [ n 6 ] Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane , producing seasons on Earth . The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon causes tides , stabilizes Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation . Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest and most massive of the four rocky planets . Earth 's outer layer ( lithosphere ) is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over many millions of years . About 71% of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by oceans . The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together contain many lakes , rivers and other fresh water , which , together with the oceans , constitute the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lagrangian_point', 'summary': 'In celestial mechanics , the Lagrangian points ( /ləˈɡrɑːndʒiən/ also Lagrange points , L-points , or libration points ) are the points near two large bodies in orbit where a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the large orbiting bodies . At other locations , a small object would go into its own orbit around one of the large bodies , but at the Lagrangian points the gravitational forces of the two large bodies , the centripetal force of orbital motion , and ( for certain points ) the Coriolis acceleration all match up in a way that cause the small object to maintain a stable or nearly stable position relative to the large bodies . There are five such points , labeled L1 to L5 , all in the orbital plane of the two large bodies , for each given combination of two orbital bodies . For instance , there are five Lagrangian points L1 to L5 for the Sun-Earth system , and in a similar way there are five different Lagrangian points for the Earth-Moon system . L1 , L2 , and L3 are on the line through the centers of the two large bodies . L4 and L5 each form an equilateral triangle with the centers of the large bodies . L4 and L5 are stable , which implies that objects can orbit around them in a rotating coordinate system tied to the two large bodies . Several planets have trojan satellites near their L4 and L5 points with respect to the Sun . Jupiter has more than a million of these trojans . Artificial satellites have been placed at L1 and L2 with respect to the Sun and Earth , and with respect to the Earth and the Moon . The Lagrangian points have been proposed for uses in space exploration .'}]}, {'value': 'Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer', 'summary': 'Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE , observatory code C51 ) is a NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope launched in December 2009 , and placed in hibernation mode in February 2011 . It was re-activated in 2013 . WISE discovered thousands of minor planets and numerous star clusters . Its observations also supported the discovery of the first Y Dwarf and Earth trojan asteroid . WISE performed an all-sky astronomical survey with images in 3.4 , 4.6 , 12 and 22 μm wavelength range bands , over ten months using a 40 cm ( 16 in ) diameter infrared telescope in Earth orbit . After its hydrogen coolant depleted , a four-month mission extension called NEOWISE was conducted to search for near-Earth objects such as comets and asteroids using its remaining capability . The All-Sky data including processed images , source catalogs and raw data , was released to the public on March 14 , 2012 , and is available at the Infrared Science Archive . In August 2013 , NASA announced it would reactivate the WISE telescope for a new three-year mission to search for asteroids that could collide with Earth . Science operations and data processing for WISE and NEOWISE take place at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena .'}]}, {'value': 'NASA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}]}, {'value': '14 Dec 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( hibernation Feb 2011 - Aug 2013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earth orbit ( 500 km )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earth_orbit', 'summary': "A geocentric orbit or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or artificial satellites . In 1997 NASA estimated there were approximately 2,465 artificial satellite payloads orbiting the Earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the Goddard Space Flight Center . Over 16,291 previously launched objects have decayed into the Earth 's atmosphere . A spacecraft enters orbit when its centripetal acceleration due to gravity is less than or equal to the centrifugal acceleration due to the horizontal component of its velocity . For a low Earth orbit , this velocity is about 7,800 m/s ( 28,100 km/h ; 17,400 mph ) ; by contrast , the fastest manned airplane speed ever achieved ( excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft ) was 2,200 m/s ( 7,900 km/h ; 4,900 mph ) in 1967 by the North American X-15 . The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of 600 km ( 370 mi ) is about 36 MJ/kg , which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude . Spacecraft with a perigee below about 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) are subject to drag from the Earth 's atmosphere , which decreases the orbital altitude . The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite 's cross-sectional area and mass , as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere . Below about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days . Once a satellite descends to 180 km ( 110 mi ) , it has only hours before it vaporizes in the atmosphere . The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth 's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,200 m/s ( 40,300 km/h ; 25,100 mph ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Infrared and submillimetre', 'section_text': 'Main articles : Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy', 'uid': 'List_of_space_telescopes_4', 'intro': 'This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g. our Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting our planet. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).'} | null | null | How much was the satellite that terminated in 1998 worth ? | €480.1-million |
0509f2c4b7685738 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_Civil_War_Confederate_units', 'title': 'List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units', 'header': ['Regiment', 'Muster Date', 'Commanders', 'Alternate Designations'], 'data': [{'value': '1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 1st Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in April 1861 by Colonel Thompson B. Flournoy . It moved first to Virginia , but transferred back to Tennessee and served the rest of the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers , the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . There were three regiments known as 1st Arkansas during the war . The second unit with the designation of 1st Arkansas was the 1st Infantry , Arkansas State Troops , which was mustered into Confederate service at Pitman 's Ferry , Arkansas , on 23 July 1861 , under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne ; this unit was eventually redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry . The third unit bearing the title 1st Arkansas was the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry , which served with the Union Army ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel James F. Fagan Colonel John W. Colquitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_F._Fagan', 'summary': 'James Fleming Fagan ( March 1 , 1828 - September 1 , 1893 ) was a planter , public official , and a Major General in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . His Arkansas brigade distinguished itself in the Red River Campaign of 1864 , helping to drive the Union army from southern Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': '1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_30_Day_Volunteer_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Infantry ( 30 Day Volunteers ) ( 1861 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was composed mainly of militia units called to service by Colonel Solon F. Borland in response to an anticipated invasion of Northeast Arkansas in the fall of 1861 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 23 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel James Haywood McCaleb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 9 , 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Edward Alexander Howell', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1st Arkansas Infantry . 2nd Arkansas Infantry . 5th Arkansas Infantry . 6th and 7th Arkansas Infantry . 8th Arkansas Infantry . 24th Arkansas Infantry . 13th Arkansas Infantry . 15th ( Josey 's ) Arkansas Infantry . 19th ( Dawsons 's ) Arkansas Infantry . 3rd Confederate Infantry", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': "The 1st Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in April 1861 by Colonel Thompson B. Flournoy . It moved first to Virginia , but transferred back to Tennessee and served the rest of the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers , the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . There were three regiments known as 1st Arkansas during the war . The second unit with the designation of 1st Arkansas was the 1st Infantry , Arkansas State Troops , which was mustered into Confederate service at Pitman 's Ferry , Arkansas , on 23 July 1861 , under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne ; this unit was eventually redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry . The third unit bearing the title 1st Arkansas was the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry , which served with the Union Army ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': "The 2nd Arkansas Infantry ( June 1 , 1861 - May 26 , 1865 ) was an army regiment of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in May 1861 under Colonel Thomas C. Hindman . It served throughout the war in the western theater , in the Confederate Army of Tennessee , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers , the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . The regiment has no connection with the 2nd Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek , and is also separate from the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment , which was formed in 1864 from remnants of regiments surrendered at Vicksburg and Port Hudson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/5th_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': "The 5th Arkansas Infantry , also called the Fighting Fifth ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment organized in Arkansas to serve for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . Another Arkansas unit also had the designation 5th Arkansas , the 5th Regiment , Arkansas State Troops which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek , but was never transferred to Confederate Service . There is no connection between the two units ."}, {'url': '/wiki/6th_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': "The 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( also known as the Sixth Arkansas ; June 10 , 1861 - May 1 , 1865 ) was a regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from volunteer companies , including several prewar volunteer militia units , raised in the southern half of Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate Service . It served virtually the entire war in Confederate forces east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties during the Battle of Shiloh and Bragg 's Kentucky Campaign , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , to form the 6th/7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/7th_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 7th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry ( 1861−1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from companies , including several prewar volunteer militia companies , raised in northeastern Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate service , and spent virtually the entire war serving east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties in the Battle of Shiloh and the Kentucky Campaign , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment to form the 6th/7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/8th_Arkansas_Volunteer_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 8th Arkansas Infantry ( July 13 , 1861 - April 26 , 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War from the state of Arkansas . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/24th_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 24th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit began its service in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi , but the bulk of the unit was captured at the Battle of Arkansas Post and shipped to Northern prison camps . The unit was exchanged in Virginia and shipped to Tennessee and joined the Army of Tennessee in time for the Chattanooga Campaign and remained with the army through the Atlanta Campaign , the Franklin-Nashville Campaign and ended the war in North Carolina .'}, {'url': '/wiki/13th_Arkansas_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 13th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from companies , including several prewar volunteer militia companies , raised in northeastern Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate Service , and spent virtually the entire war serving in Confederate forces east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties during the Battle of Murfreesboro , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , to form the 5th/13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment .'}, {'url': "/wiki/15th_(Josey's)_Arkansas_Infantry", 'summary': "The 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( Josey 's ) ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment that served during the American Civil War . The regiment was organized in May 1861 under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee , and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . There were two other regiments which also received the designation of 15th Arkansas . The 21st ( McRae 's ) Arkansas Infantry was redesignated 15th Arkansas in February 1863 , but to avoid confusion , was normally referred to as the 15th ( Northwest ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment . This second 15th Arkansas was surrendered at Vicksburg in July 1863 . A third regiment , under command of Colonels Gee and later Johnson , also received the designation 15th Arkansas Infantry . This last regiment surrendered at Port Hudson , Louisiana , in July 1863 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/19th_(Dawsons's)_Arkansas_Infantry", 'summary': "The 19th ( Dawson 's ) Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment was present for but not engaged during the Battle of Pea Ridge . At the Battle of Arkansas Post , the regiment became split , with part of the regiment surrendering with the garrison when the post capitulated . The captured portion of the regiment was eventually exchanged and released on the east side of the Mississippi and served the remainder of the war with the Confederate Army of Tennessee . The un-captured portion of the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of the 24th Arkansas and served the remainder of the war in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/3rd_Confederate_Infantry', 'summary': "The 18th Arkansas Infantry ( Marmaduke 's ) ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was also briefly identified as the 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion . The unit was most often referred to as the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment . The designation Confederate Infantry Regiment was intended to convey the difference between Provisional Confederate Army units and Regular Confederate Army Units , with Provisional units being those regiments who received a state designation such as XX Arkansas Infantry Regiment . In practice , the designation was most often utilized when Regiments were assembled utilizing companies from more than one confederate state . The 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment is occasionally misidentified as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Van H. Manning ."}]}, {'value': '1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( Trans-Mississippi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry_Regiment_(Trans-Mississippi)', 'summary': "The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( Trans-Mississippi ) ( 1864-1865 ) was a Confederate States Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment which was formed in the Confederate Army of Tennessee in April 1865 and is also separate from the 1st Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which became the 15th ( Josey 's ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Fagan 's 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment , which was formed in 1861 and served in the Army of Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Jordan E. Cravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_E._Cravens', 'summary': 'Jordan Edgar Cravens ( November 7 , 1830 - April 8 , 1914 ) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Arkansas , cousin of William Ben Cravens .'}]}, {'value': "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment 14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( Powers ' ) , 15th ( Northwest ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment , 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( Craven 's )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/14th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment_(Powers')", 'summary': "The 14th ( Power 's ) Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Two Arkansas units received the designation 14th . The other 14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment was commanded by Colonel James H. McCarver . The unit participated in the Pea Ridge Campaign in Arkansas and then moved east of the Mississippi River , with General Earl Van Dorn 's Army of the West . After participating in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign , the unit became part of the garrison of Port Hudson , Louisiana . Following the surrender of Port Hudson , the unit returned to Arkansas and was consolidated with other units that had been released following their capture to form the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ( Trans-Mississippi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/15th_(Northwest)_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 15th ( Northwest ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was originally formed as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion . After receiving the required 10 companies , the unit was redesignated as the 21st ( McRae 's ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment . Upon recognition that there was already a 21st Arkansas , the unit was again redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment . This was the third Arkansas unit to bear the designation 15th Arkansas . The others are the 15th ( Josey 's ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 15th ( Gee/Johnson ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment . The unit saw action both west and east of the Mississippi , before serving in the Vicksburg campaign . The regiment was surrendered at Vicksburg in July 1863 . After being paroled and exchanged , the regiment was consolidated with other depleted Arkansas regiments to form the 1st ( Trans-Mississippi ) Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/16th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 16th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized from volunteer companies from northwest Arkansas , the unit participated in the Pea Ridge Campaign before crossing the Mississippi river and becoming involved in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign and the Siege of Port Hudson . After being surrendered with the garrison of Port Hudson the unit was reorganized in Arkansas and consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas Regiments to become the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ( Trans-Mississippi ) .'}, {'url': "/wiki/21st_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment_(Craven's)", 'summary': "The 21st Arkansas Infantry ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was organized from the consolidation of two understrength Arkansas units in May 1862 . The unit participated in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign before becoming part of the garrison of Vicksburg Mississippi . After the capitulation of Confederate forces at Vicksburg , the 21st was paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas where it was combined with the remnants of several there Arkansas regiments to become the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ( Trans-Mississippi ) . Another Arkansas Confederate infantry regiment , commanded by Colonel Dandridge McRae was also labeled the 21st Arkansas . To avoid confusion between two 21st Arkansas Regiments , McRae 's regiment was later redesignated as the 15th ( Northwest ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( making a total of three 15th Arkansas Regiments ) ."}]}, {'value': '2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 2nd Arkansas Infantry ( June 1 , 1861 - May 26 , 1865 ) was an army regiment of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in May 1861 under Colonel Thomas C. Hindman . It served throughout the war in the western theater , in the Confederate Army of Tennessee , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers , the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . The regiment has no connection with the 2nd Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek , and is also separate from the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment , which was formed in 1864 from remnants of regiments surrendered at Vicksburg and Port Hudson ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Thomas C. Hindman Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Bacoge Lieutenant Colonel Elbridge Brasher Colonel Daniel C. Govan Lieutenant Colonel E. Warfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Carmichael_Hindman', 'summary': "Thomas C. Hindman ( born Thomas Carmichael Hindman , Jr. ; January 28 , 1828 - September 27 , 1868 ) was a lawyer , United States House of Representative from the 1st Congressional District of Arkansas , and Major-General in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Shortly after he was born in Knoxville , Tennessee , Hindman moved with his family to Jacksonville , Alabama , and later Ripley , Mississippi . After receiving his primary education in Ripley , he attended the Lawrenceville Classical Institute ( now known as the Lawrenceville School ) and graduated with honors . Afterwards , he raised a company in Tippah County for the 2nd Mississippi regiment in the Mexican-American War . Hindman served during the war as a lieutenant and later as a captain of his company . After the war , he returned to Ripley . He studied law , and was admitted to the state bar in 1851 . He started a law practice in Ripley , and served as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1854 to 1856 . Hindman moved his law practice to Helena , Arkansas , after his term in the Mississippi House ended . He was elected as the Democratic Representative from Arkansas 's 1st congressional district in the Thirty-sixth Congress from March 4 , 1859 , to March 4 , 1861 . He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress , but declined to serve after the onset of the Civil War and Arkansas ' secession from the Union . Instead , Hindman joined the armed forces of the Confederacy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_C._Govan', 'summary': 'Daniel Chevilette Govan ( July 4 , 1829 - March 12 , 1911 ) was an American miner , planter , and soldier . He served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War , prominent in campaigns and battles in the Western Theater .'}]}, {'value': "Hindman 's Legion 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '2nd Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_30_Day_Volunteer_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 2nd Arkansas Infantry ( 30 Day Volunteers ) ( 1861 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major Allen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1864-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment which served in the Confederate Army of Tennessee and is also separate from the 2nd Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel T.J. Reid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 23rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment 8th Arkansas Infantry Battalion 12th Arkansas Infantry Battalion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 12th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment spent much of its service defending Confederate strong points along the Mississippi River . The unit participated in the defense of Island No . 10 in early 1862 and later became part of the garrison of Port Hudson in 1863 . Following the capitulation of the garrison of Port Hudson , the survivors of the 12th were eventually paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas where the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas regiments to become the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment .'}, {'url': "/wiki/18th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment_(Carroll's)", 'summary': "The 18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( Carroll 's ) ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in April 1862 under the command of Col. D Carroll . It served east of the Mississippi in several actions before being surrendered at Port Hudson in July 1863 . Re-organized , the regiment was finally merged with several other Arkansas units to form the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . This unit was known as 18th ( Carroll 's ) Arkansas Infantry . There was another regiment designated as the 18th Arkansas . When Lieutenant-Colonel John Sappington Marmaduke 's 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion was increased to a regiment , it was briefly designated as the 18th ( Marmaduke 's ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment . Marmaduke 's regiment was subsequently redesignated as the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/23rd_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 23rd Arkansas Infantry ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . In the summer of 1864 , the unit was reorganized as a mounted infantry regiment in preparation for Price 's Missouri Expedition and officially redesignated as the 42nd Arkansas Infantry ( Mounted ) . The unit was often referred to as Lyle 's Arkansas Cavalry in report from Price 's Missouri Expedition . Due to its mounted status , the unit is also occasionally referred to as the 23rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/8th_Arkansas_Infantry_Battalion', 'summary': 'The 8th Arkansas Infantry Battalion ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was sometimes referred to in contemporary sources as ( Jones ) First Arkansas Battalion and ( Millers ) 2nd Arkansas Battalion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/12th_Arkansas_Infantry_Battalion', 'summary': "The 12th Arkansas Infantry Battalion ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry battalion during the American Civil War . The unit was most often known as Rapley 's Sharpshooters ."}]}, {'value': '3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3d_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment_(Confederate_States)', 'summary': 'The 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( also known as the Third Arkansas ; May , 1861 - April 12 , 1865 ) was a regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War , and the most celebrated unit from the state . Formed and initially commanded by Colonel Albert Rust , and later falling under the command of Colonel Van . H. Manning , the regiment was part of the Army of Northern Virginia , serving under General Robert E. Lee . The 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment served for the duration of the war , from the late months of 1861 , through to its surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865 . It was the only regiment from the state of Arkansas to serve the entire war in the Eastern Theater , where most of the major Civil War battles were fought . It was also the only Arkansas regiment to initially sign up for the duration of the Civil War , with all other regiments from the state signing on for a one-year enlistment .'}]}, {'value': 'July 5 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Albert Rust Colonel Van . H. Manning Lieutenant Colonel Robert S. Taylor ( acting )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Rust', 'summary': "Albert Rust ( c. 1818 - April 4 , 1870 ) was an American politician who served as a delegate from Arkansas to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1862 . A member of the Democratic Party , Rust was the U.S. Representative from Arkansas 's 2nd congressional district , serving from 1859 to 1861 . Rust also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Van._H._Manning', 'summary': "Van . H. Manning ( born Vannoy Hartrog Manning ; July 26 , 1839 - November 3 , 1892 ) served as the U.S. Representative from Mississippi 's 2nd Congressional District ( 1877-1883 ) . Prior to this he was Colonel of the 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment , serving from 1862 until wounded and captured by U.S. forces in 1864 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Acting_(law)', 'summary': "In law , when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean that the position has not yet been formally created , the person is only occupying the position temporarily to ensure continuity , or the person does not have a mandate . It can also mean that the 'acting ' person is temporarily filling and executing the role of a position in case the individual meant to execute the role is incompetent or incapacitated . Examples of acting positions include :"}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1864-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment which served in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and is also separate from the 3rd Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel H. G. P. Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': "15th ( Gee/Johnson ) Arkansas Infantry Regiment . 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , ( Dockery 's ) 20th Arkansas Infantry Regiment", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/15th_(Gee/Johnson)_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 15th ( Gee's/Johnson 's ) Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1864 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment was raised in January 1862 under Colonel James M. Gee . It served in Kentucky and was surrendered at Fort Donelson in February 1862 . Reorganized following its parole and exchange under Colonel Benjamin W. Johnson , the regiment served in Louisiana and was again surrendered at Port Hudson in July 1863 . Reorganized again following its second parole and exchange , the regiment was finally merged in September 1864 with several other Arkansas regiments into the 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ."}, {'url': "/wiki/19th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment,_(Dockery's)", 'summary': "The 19th ( Dockery 's ) Arkansas Infantry ( 1862-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . There were two other Arkansas units which were designated as the 19th Arkansas . Dawson 's 19th Arkansas Infantry was organized at Nashville , Arkansas , on November 21 , 1861 . Hardy 's Arkansas Infantry Regiment , which is also occasionally referred to as the 19th Arkansas was organized in 1863 from those parts of Dawson 's 19th Infantry Regiment , the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Crawford 's Arkansas Infantry Battalion , which escaped capture at the Battle of Arkansas Post ."}, {'url': '/wiki/20th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 20th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit was also known as the 22nd Arkansas Infantry . When the unit was reorganized following its capture at the Siege of Vicksburg , it was officially redesignated as the 41st Arkansas Infantry ( Mounted ) , by the Arkansas State Military Board , but this redesignation was completely ignored by the unit and Confederate authorities . The unit participated in the Camden Expedition and Price 's Missouri Expedition as a mounted infantry unit ."}]}, {'value': '4th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 4th Arkansas Infantry ( August 17 , 1861 - April 26 , 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment from the state of Arkansas during the American Civil War . The 4th Arkansas served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles . Another Arkansas unit also had the designation 4th Arkansas , the 4th Regiment , Arkansas State Troops which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek , but was never transferred to Confederate Service . There is no connection between the two units ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Evander McNair , Colonel H. G. Bunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evander_McNair', 'summary': 'Evander McNair ( April 15 , 1820 - November 13 , 1902 ) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Southwestern Arkansas Regiment 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles ( Consolidated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Mounted_Rifles_(Consolidated)', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidate Mounted Rifles ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '5th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 5th Arkansas Infantry , also called the Fighting Fifth ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment organized in Arkansas to serve for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment . Another Arkansas unit also had the designation 5th Arkansas , the 5th Regiment , Arkansas State Troops which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek , but was never transferred to Confederate Service . There is no connection between the two units ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 1861 ( State Service ) July 27 , 1861 ( Confederate Service )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel David C. Cross , Colonel Lucius Featherston , Colonel Peter V. Green , Colonel John E. Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fighting Fifth 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ( also known as the Sixth Arkansas ; June 10 , 1861 - May 1 , 1865 ) was a regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from volunteer companies , including several prewar volunteer militia units , raised in the southern half of Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate Service . It served virtually the entire war in Confederate forces east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties during the Battle of Shiloh and Bragg 's Kentucky Campaign , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , to form the 6th/7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ."}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 1861 ( State Service ) July 26 , 1861 , ( Confederate Service )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Richard Lyon Colonel Alexander Travis Hawthorn Colonel G. S. Smith Major William F. Douglas Lieutenant Colonel Peter Snyder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Travis_Hawthorn', 'summary': 'Alexander Travis Hawthorn ( January 10 , 1825 - May 31 , 1899 ) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '6th Regiment , Arkansas State Troops 6th & 7th Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 7th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry ( 1861−1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from companies , including several prewar volunteer militia companies , raised in northeastern Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate service , and spent virtually the entire war serving east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties in the Battle of Shiloh and the Kentucky Campaign , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment to form the 6th/7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 1861 ( State Service ) July 26 , 1861 ( Confederate Service )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Robert G. Shaver Colonel D. A. Gillespie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_G._Shaver', 'summary': "Robert Glenn Shaver ( April 18 , 1831 - January 13 , 1915 ) was an American lawyer , militia leader , and colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He served in several key battles in the Western Theater . After the war , he was an early leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Arkansas . Later in life , he became a significant leader in Confederate veterans ' reunions and served for a time as the Major General in Command of the Arkansas State Guard ."}]}, {'value': 'Bloody Seventh 6th & 7th Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '8th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 8th Arkansas Infantry ( July 13 , 1861 - April 26 , 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War from the state of Arkansas . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Kentucky , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1861 ( State Service ) September 10 , 1861 ( Confederate Service )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel William K. Patterson Colonel George F. Baucum , Colonel John H. Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_H._Kelly', 'summary': "John Herbert Kelly ( March 31 , 1840 - September 4 , 1864 ) was , at the time of his promotion , the youngest brigadier general in the Confederate States Army . He became one of the youngest generals to die during the American Civil War , at the age of 24 . His death occurred during an engagement at Franklin , Tennessee on September 2 , 1864 during Major General Joseph Wheeler 's raid into Tennessee in August and early September 1864 in an attempt to destroy the railroad that Union Army Major General William Tecumseh Sherman was using to supply his force from Chattanooga , Tennessee during the Atlanta Campaign ."}]}, {'value': '8th/19th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiments 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}, {'value': '9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 9th Arkansas Infantry ( July 20 , 1861 - April 26 , 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . It served throughout the war in the western theater , seeing action in the Vicksburg , Tennessee and Georgia campaigns . Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments , finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel John M. Bradley , Colonel Isaac L. Dunlop', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Parson 's Regiment 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles ( Consolidated )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Mounted_Rifles_(Consolidated)', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidate Mounted Rifles ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 10th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War from the state of Arkansas . The unit is also known as A. R. Witt 's Infantry , C. M. Cargile 's Infantry , E. L. Vaughan 's Infantry , Thomas D. Merrick 's Infantry , S. S. Ford 's Infantry , Obed Patty 's Infantry , George A. Merrick 's Infantry , Zebulon Venable 's Infantry and Robert C. Bertrand 's Infantry in contemporary accounts . After being captured at the Siege of Port Hudson , the unit reorganized as a mounted infantry unit , and was known as the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment or Witt 's Arkansas Cavalry ."}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel T. D. Merrick Colonel A. R. Witt', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Witt 's 10th Arkansas Cavalry", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 11th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Following the units surrender during the Battle of Island No . 10 , it was consolidated with Griffiths 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and mounted . Following the surrender of Port Hudson , some unit members returned to Arkansas and became part of Poe 's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion and Logan 's 11th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 1861 first election August 8 , 1861 , second election', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Jabez M. Smith Colonel John L. Logan Colonel John Griffith', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th and 17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_and_17th_Consolidated_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 11th/17th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The unit is also known as the 11th/17th Arkansas Mounted Infantry or the 11th/17th Arkansas Cavalry . At various times after the consolidation , members of the unit who were captured gave their unit as either the 11th Arkansas Cavalry or the 17th Arkansas Cavalry .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel John L. Logan Colonel John Griffith', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th / 17th Arkansas Mounted Infantry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 12th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment spent much of its service defending Confederate strong points along the Mississippi River . The unit participated in the defense of Island No . 10 in early 1862 and later became part of the garrison of Port Hudson in 1863 . Following the capitulation of the garrison of Port Hudson , the survivors of the 12th were eventually paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas where the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas regiments to become the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel Edward W. Gantt Colonel T. J. Reid , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': "The 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1864-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment which served in the Confederate Army of Tennessee and is also separate from the 2nd Regiment , Arkansas State Troops , which participated in the Battle of Wilson 's Creek ."}]}, {'value': '13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/13th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment', 'summary': 'The 13th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861-1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized mainly from companies , including several prewar volunteer militia companies , raised in northeastern Arkansas , the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate Service , and spent virtually the entire war serving in Confederate forces east of the Mississippi River . After the unit sustained heavy casualties during the Battle of Murfreesboro , the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , to form the 5th/13th Arkansas Infantry Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'July 29 , 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel L. Featherston , Colonel James A. McNeely , Colonel John E. Murry , Colonel James C. Tappan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_C._Tappan', 'summary': 'James Camp Tappan ( September 9 , 1825 - March 19 , 1906 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1897 to 1899 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Phillips County ( 1850-1852 and 1893-1897 ) . He also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army in the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Consolidated_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry ( 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . This unit was created in April 1865 from the remnants of Arkansas regiments assigned in the Confederate Army of Tennessee . Another 1st Arkansas Consolidated Regiment had been formed the previous year in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from the remnants of several Arkansas units which had been captured the at the Siege of Vicksburg and Port Hudson during the summer of 1863 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Confederate Forces raised in Arkansas -- Infantry', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Arkansas_Civil_War_Confederate_units_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Arkansas Civil War Confederate Units, or military units from the state of Arkansas which fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War. The list of Union units is shown separately. Like most states, Arkansas possessed a prewar Militia organization, which consisted of seventy one regiments, organized into eight brigades, and divided into two divisions. In addition to its standard militia regiment or regiments, each county was authorized to create up to four Volunteer Militia Companies. While none of the prewar militia regiments were enrolled into Confederate service, many of the existing Volunteer Militia Companies were enrolled into new volunteer regiments. Other new Volunteer Companies were raised with no connection to the prewar militia. Immediately following secession, the State Military Board began organizing regiments of State Troops. Many of these regiments were eventually transferred into Confederate Service. Some Volunteer Regiments were organized under direct authority of the new Confederate Government and were never organized as State Troops. In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed a conscription law and new companies and regiments were organized almost entirely of conscripted (drafted) men. Volunteers usually went into already existing units. The secession convention also authorized each county to organize Home Guard units made up of men too young or too old or otherwise exempt from conscription or militia service.'} | null | null | Where did the commander lead the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment ? | Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters |
050b556c71f3feab | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria_in_Europe', 'title': 'List of herbaria in Europe', 'header': ['Name', 'No . Specimens', 'Abbr', 'Country', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Real Jardín Botánico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Jardín_Botánico', 'summary': 'Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid ( Spanish for Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid ) is an 8 hectares ( 20 acres ) botanical garden in Madrid ( Spain ) . The public entrance is located at Plaza de Murillo , next to the Prado Museum .'}]}, {'value': '850,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Coimbra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Coimbra', 'summary': "The University of Coimbra ( UC ; Portuguese : Universidade de Coimbra , pronounced [ univɨɾsiˈðad ( ɨ ) dɨ kuˈĩbɾɐ ] ) is a Portuguese public university in Coimbra , Portugal . Established in 1290 in Lisbon , it went through a number of relocations until it was moved permanently to its current city in 1537 , being one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world , the oldest university of Portugal , and one of the country 's largest museums of higher education and research institutions . The university is organized into eight different faculties according to a wide range of fields , granting academic bachelor 's ( licenciado ) , master 's ( mestre ) and doctorate ( doutor ) degrees in nearly all major fields of knowledge , such as arts , engineering , humanities , mathematics , natural sciences , social sciences , medicine , sports and technologies . It is a founding member of the Coimbra Group , a group of leading European research universities , whose inaugural meeting it hosted . The University of Coimbra has over 20,000 students , and hosts one of the largest communities of international students in Portugal , arguably being the most cosmopolitan Portuguese university . On 22 June 2013 , UNESCO added the university to its World Heritage List ."}]}, {'value': '800,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'COI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coimbra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbra', 'summary': 'Coimbra ( /koʊˈɪmbrə/ , also US : /kuˈ- , ˈkwɪmbrə/ , UK : /ˈkɔɪmbrə/ , Portuguese : [ kuˈĩbɾɐ ] ( listen ) or [ ˈkwĩbɾɐ ] ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal . The population at the 2011 census was 143,397 , in an area of 319.40 square kilometres ( 123.3 sq mi ) . The fourth-largest urban centre in Portugal ( after Lisbon , Porto and Braga ) , it is the largest city of the district of Coimbra and the Centro Region . About 460,000 people live in the Região de Coimbra , comprising 19 municipalities and extending into an area of 4,336 square kilometres ( 1,674 sq mi ) . Among the many archaeological structures dating back to the Roman era , when Coimbra was the settlement of Aeminium , are its well-preserved aqueduct and cryptoporticus . Similarly , buildings from the period when Coimbra was the capital of Portugal ( from 1131 to 1255 ) still remain . During the late Middle Ages , with its decline as the political centre of the Kingdom of Portugal , Coimbra began to evolve into a major cultural centre . This was in large part helped by the establishment of the University of Coimbra in 1290 , the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world . Apart from attracting many European and international students , the university is visited by many tourists for its monuments and history . Its historical buildings were classified as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2013 : Coimbra offers an outstanding example of an integrated university city with a specific urban typology as well as its own ceremonial and cultural traditions that have been kept alive through the ages .'}]}, {'value': 'Institut Botànic de Barcelona', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LISC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universitat_de_Barcelona', 'summary': 'The University of Barcelona ( Catalan : Universitat de Barcelona , UB ; IPA : [ uniβəɾsiˈtad də βəɾsəˈlonə ] ; Spanish : Universidad de Barcelona ) is a public university located in the city of Barcelona , Catalonia in Spain . With 73 undergraduate programs , 273 graduate programs and 48 doctorate programs to over 63,000 students , UB is considered to be the best university in Spain in the QS World University Rankings of 2018 , which ranked the university 156th overall in the world . In the 2016-2017 ranking of University Ranking by Academic Performance , UB is considered the best university in Spain and 45th university in the world . Also , according to the yearly ranking made by US News , it is the 81st-best university in the world , and the best university in Spain .'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BCN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Universitat de Sevilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Seville', 'summary': 'The University of Seville ( Universidad de Sevilla ) is a university in Seville , Spain . Founded under the name of Colegio Santa María de Jesús in 1505 , it has a present student body of over 65,000 , and is one of the top-ranked universities in the country . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SEV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología , C.S.I.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '260,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JACA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaca', 'summary': 'Jaca ( in Aragonese : Chaca or Xaca ) is a city of northeastern Spain in the province of Huesca , located near the Pyrenees and the border with France . Jaca is an ancient fort on the Aragón River , situated at the crossing of two great early medieval routes , one from Pau to Zaragoza . Jaca was the city out of which the County and Kingdom of Aragon developed . It was the capital of Aragon until 1097 and also the capital of Jacetania .'}]}, {'value': 'Museu Nacional de História Natural , Lisboa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LISU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Complutense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Complutense', 'summary': 'The Complutense University of Madrid ( Spanish : Universidad Complutense de Madrid or Universidad de Madrid ; Latin : Universitas Complutensis ) is a public research university located in Madrid , and one of the oldest universities in the world . The university enrolls over 86,000 students , being the 3rd largest non-distance European university by enrollment , and consistently ranking as one of the top universities in Spain . According to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo , the university is widely regarded as the most prestigious academic institution in Spain . It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid , with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón . In recent years , the roster of alumni comprises recipients of the Nobel Prize ( 7 ) , Prince of Asturias Awards ( 18 ) , Miguel de Cervantes Prize ( 7 ) , as well as European Commissioners , Presidents of the EU Parliament , European Council Secretary General , ECB Executive Board members , NATO Secretary General , UNESCO Director General , IMF Managing Director , and Heads of State . In the course of over seven centuries , the University of Madrid has provided invaluable contributions in the sciences , fine arts , and political leadership . Alumni include renowned philosophers ( José Ortega y Gasset , Ignatius of Loyola , Thomas of Villanova ) , writers ( Federico García Lorca , Antonio de Nebrija , Pedro Calderón de la Barca ) , scientists ( Santiago Ramón y Cajal , Severo Ochoa , Andrés Manuel del Río , Ricardo Rubio ) , historians ( Juan de Mariana , Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda ) , military leaders ( Don John of Austria , Alexander Farnese , Cardinal Cisneros ) , foreign leaders ( Cardinal Mazarin , José Rizal ) , and many Prime Ministers of Spain . In the year 1785 , the University of Madrid became one of the first universities in the world to grant a Doctorate degree to a female student . By Royal Decree of 1857 , the University of Madrid was the only institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorates throughout the Spanish Empire .'}]}, {'value': '175,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Universitat de València', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universitat_de_València', 'summary': "The University of Valencia ( Valencian : Universitat de València [ univeɾsiˈtad de vaˈlensia ] ; also known by the acronym UV ) is a university located in the Spanish city of Valencia . It is one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain , and the oldest in the Valencian Community , and is regarded as one of Spain 's leading academic institutions . The University was founded in 1499 , and currently has around 55,000 students . Most of the courses are given through the medium of Spanish , but the university has promised to increase the number of courses available in Valencian . Moreover , in some degrees part of the teaching is in English . It is located in the Mediterranean Spanish baseline , in the city of Valencia which is the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain , with a population of 829,705 in 2014 . One of its campuses is located in the metropolitan area of Valencia , in the municipalities of Burjassot and Paterna . There are three campuses :"}]}, {'value': '160,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VAL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia,_Spain', 'summary': "Valencia ( Spanish : [ baˈlenθja ] ) , officially València ( Valencian : [ vaˈlensia ] ) , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre . Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.6 million people . Valencia is Spain 's third largest metropolitan area , with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million depending on how the metropolitan area is defined . The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea . The city is ranked at Beta-global city in the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Valencia was founded as a Roman colony by the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus in 138 BC , and called Valentia Edetanorum . In 714 Moroccan and Arab Moors occupied the city , introducing their language , religion and customs ; they implemented improved irrigation systems and the cultivation of new crops as well . Valencia was the capital of the Taifa of Valencia . In 1238 the Christian king James I of Aragon conquered the city and divided the land among the nobles who helped him conquer it , as witnessed in the Llibre del Repartiment . He also created a new law for the city , the Furs of Valencia , which were extended to the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia . In the 18th century Philip V of Spain abolished the privileges as punishment to the kingdom of Valencia for aligning with the Habsburg side in the War of the Spanish Succession . Valencia was the capital of Spain when Joseph Bonaparte moved the Court there in the summer of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VIT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitoria-Gasteiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz', 'summary': "Vitoria-Gasteiz ( /vɪˌtɔːriə ɡɑːˈsteɪs/ ; Spanish : [ biˈtoɾja ] ; Basque : [ ɡas̺teis̻ ] ) is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Country and of the province of Araba/Álava in southern Euskal Herria . It holds the autonomous community 's House of Parliament , the headquarters of the Government , and the Lehendakari 's ( Prime Minister 's ) official residency . The municipality - which comprises not only the city but also the mainly agricultural lands of 63 villages around - is the largest in the Basque Country , with a total area of 276.81 km2 ( 106.88 sq mi ) , and it has a population of 252,571 people ( May 2019 ) . The dwellers of Vitoria-Gasteiz are called vitorianos or gasteiztarrak , while traditionally they are dubbed babazorros ( Basque for 'bean sacks ' ) . Vitoria-Gasteiz is a multicultural city with strengths in healthcare , aeronautics , vehicle industry , and gastronomy . It is consistently ranked as one of the 5 best places to live in Spain , it is the first Spanish municipality to be awarded the title of European Green Capital ( in 2012 ) and it has been also recognized by the UN with the Global Green City Award ( in 2019 ) . The old town has some of the best preserved medieval streets and plazas in the region and it is one of very few cities with two Cathedrals . The city also holds well known festivals such as the Azkena rock festival , FesTVal , Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival , and the Virgen Blanca Festivities . Vitoria-Gasteiz 's vicinity is home to world-renowned wineries such as Ysios ( by Santiago Calatrava ) and the Marqués de Riscal Hotel ( by Frank Gehry ) ; relevant heritage sites including the Neolithic remains of Aizkomendi , Sorginetxe and La chabola de la Hechicera ; Iron Age remains such as the settlements of Lastra and Buradón ; antique remains such as the settlement of La Hoya and the salt valley of Añana ; and countless medieval fortresses such as the Tower of Mendoza and the Tower of Varona . Beethoven dedicated his Opus 91 , often called the Battle of Vitoria or Wellington 's Victory , to one of the most famous events of the Napoleonic Wars : the Battle of Vitoria , in which a Spanish , Portuguese and British army under the command of General the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army and nearly captured the puppet king Joseph Bonaparte . It was a pivotal point in the Peninsular War , and a precursor to the expulsion of the French from Spain . A memorial statue can be seen today in Virgen Blanca Square ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de Salamanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_de_Salamanca', 'summary': "The University of Salamanca ( Spanish : Universidad de Salamanca ) is a Spanish higher education institution , located in the city of Salamanca , west of Madrid , in the autonomous community of Castile and León . It was founded in 1134 and given the Royal charter of foundation by King Alfonso IX in 1218 . It is the world 's third oldest university still in operation and the oldest university in the Hispanic world . The formal title of University was granted by King Alfonso X in 1254 and recognized by Pope Alexander IV in 1255 ."}]}, {'value': '110,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SALA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salamanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salamanca', 'summary': "Salamanca ( /ˌsæləˈmæŋkə/ SAL-ə-MANK-ə , Spanish : [ salaˈmaŋka ] ) is a city in western Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León . The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River . Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 . With a metropolitan population of 228,881 in 2012 according to the National Institute of Statistics ( INE ) , Salamanca is the second most populated urban area in Castile and León , after Valladolid ( 414,000 ) , and ahead of León ( 187,000 ) and Burgos ( 176,000 ) . It is one of the most important university cities in Spain and supplies 16% of Spain 's market for the teaching of the Spanish language . Salamanca attracts thousands of international students . It is situated approximately 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) west of the Spanish capital Madrid and 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the Portuguese border . The University of Salamanca , which was founded in 1218 , is one of the oldest universities in Spain and the third oldest western university , but the first to be given its status by the Pope Alexander IV who gave universal validity to its degrees . With its 30,000 students , the university is , together with tourism , a primary source of income in Salamanca . It is on the Via de la Plata path of the Camino de Santiago ."}]}, {'value': 'Estação Agronómica Nacional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LISE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeiras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeiras_Municipality,_Portugal', 'summary': "Oeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ oˈɐjɾɐʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the western part of Lisbon metropolitan area , a subregion of Greater Lisbon , in continental Portugal . It is part of the urban agglomeration of Lisbon , 16 km from the capital . The population in 2011 was 172,120 living in an area of 45.88 km2 , making the municipality the fifth-most densely populated in Portugal . Oeiras is an important economic hub , being one of the most highly developed municipalities of Portugal and Europe . It has the highest GDP per capita in the country , being also the second highest municipality ( immediately after Lisbon ) in terms of purchasing power as well as the second one collecting taxes in the country . These economic indicators also reflect the inhabitants ' studies , as Oeiras is the municipality with the highest concentration of population with higher education in the country . It also has the lowest unemployment rate in the Lisbon area ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de La Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_de_La_Laguna', 'summary': 'The University of La Laguna ( in Spanish : Universidad de La Laguna ) , also known as the ULL , is a Spanish university situated in San Cristóbal de La Laguna , on the island of Tenerife . It is the oldest university in the Canary Islands . It has six campuses : Central , Anchieta , Guajara , Campus del Sur , Ofra and Santa Cruz de Tenerife . In 2015 , the University of La Laguna entered the ranking of the top 500 universities in the world by the Institute of Education in Shanghai ( China ) , being the only of the two Canarian public universities to enter the ranking . In addition , the Leiden ranking , prepared by the Center for Studies of Science and Technology of the Leiden University ( Netherlands ) , has ranked the University of La Laguna as the first Spanish university in scientific collaboration . Meanwhile , in 2016 the University of La Laguna was recognized as the second best university in Spain in Humanities , according to a survey by the Everis Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '83,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TFC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Laguna , Canary Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Laguna', 'summary': "San Cristóbal de La Laguna ( commonly known as La Laguna , Spanish pronunciation : [ saŋ kɾisˈtoβal de la laˈɣuna ] ) is a city and municipality in the northern part of the island of Tenerife in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , on the Canary Islands ( Spain ) . The city is the third-most populous city of the archipelago and the second-most populous city of the island . La Laguna 's historical center was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999 . In 2003 the municipality started an ambitious Urban Plan to renew this area , that was carried out by the firm AUC S.L . ( Arquitectura Urbanismo y Cooperación ) . The city was the ancient capital of the Canary Islands . La Laguna lies right alongside the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , thus the two cities and municipalities form a single large urban center , linked by tram . The city is home to the University of La Laguna which is home to 30,000 students ; these are not included in the population figures for the city . La Laguna is considered to be the cultural capital of the Canary Islands . Also there is in the habit of being calling the Ciudad de los Adelantados , for having been the first university city of the archipelago . Its economy is business-oriented while agriculture dominates the northeastern portion of the city . The urban area dominates the central and the southern parts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'summary': 'The Canary Islands ( /kəˈnɛəri/ ; Spanish : Islas Canarias , pronounced [ ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas ] ) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean , in a region known as Macaronesia , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Morocco at the closest point . The Canary Islands , which are also known informally as the Canaries , are among the outermost regions ( OMR ) of the European Union proper . It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government . The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , the two on the African mainland . The eight main islands are ( from largest to smallest in area ) Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , El Hierro and La Graciosa . The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets : Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este . It also includes a series of adjacent roques ( those of Salmor , Fasnia , Bonanza , Garachico and Anaga ) . In ancient times , the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles . The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia . Historically , the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents : Africa , North America , South America and Europe . The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km² , being the eighth most populous autonomous community . The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands , around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Córdoba_(Spain)', 'summary': 'The University of Córdoba ( Spanish : Universidad de Córdoba , UCO ) , is a university in Córdoba , in Andalusia , Spain , chartered in 1972 . It offers undergraduate and postgraduate studies in humanities , social sciences , health sciences , natural sciences and engineering .'}]}, {'value': '80,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'COA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Córdoba,_Spain', 'summary': "Córdoba ( /ˈkɔːrdəbə/ , Spanish : [ ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) , [ a ] also spelled Cordova ( /ˈkɔːrdəvə/ ) in English , is a city in Andalusia , southern Spain , and the capital of the province of Córdoba . It was a Roman settlement , taken over by the Visigoths , followed by the Muslim conquests in the eighth century and later becoming an imperial city under the Caliphate of Córdoba . The city served as the capital in exile of the Umayyad Caliphate , the Almohad and various other emirates . During these Muslim periods , Córdoba was transformed into a world leading center of education and learning , producing notable figures such as Averroes , Ibn Hazm , and Al-Zahrawi , and by the 10th century it had grown to be the second-largest city in Europe . It was conquered by the Kingdom of Castile through the Christian Reconquista in 1236 . Today , Córdoba is still home to many notable pieces of Moorish architecture such as The Mezquita , which was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 and is now a Cathedral . The UNESCO status has since been expanded to encompass the whole historic centre of Córdoba . Much of this architecture , such as the Alcázar and the Roman bridge has been reworked or reconstructed by the city 's successive inhabitants . Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe , with average high temperatures around 37 °C ( 99 °F ) in July and August ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de León', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LEB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León,_Spain', 'summary': "León ( UK : /leɪˈɒn/ , US : /-ˈoʊn/ ; Spanish : [ leˈon ] ; Leonese : Llión [ ʎiˈoŋ ] ) is the capital of the province of León , located in the northwest of Spain . Its city population of 127,817 ( 2015 ) makes it the largest municipality in the province , accounting for more than one quarter of the province 's population . Including the metropolitan area , the population is estimated at 202,793 ( 2015 ) . Founded as the military encampment of the Legio VI Victrix around 29 BC , its standing as an encampment city was consolidated with the definitive settlement of the Legio VII Gemina from 74 AD . Following its partial depopulation due to the Umayyad conquest of the peninsula . 910 saw the beginning of one its most prominent historical periods , when it became the capital of the Kingdom of León , which took active part in the Reconquista against the Moors , and came to be one of the fundamental kingdoms of medieval Spain . In 1188 , the city hosted the first Parliament in European history under the reign of Alfonso IX , due to which it was named in 2010 , by the professor John Keane , the King of Spain and the Junta of Castile and León , as the cradle of Parliamentarism , and the Decreta of León were included in the Memory of the World register by UNESCO in 2013 . The city 's prominence began to decline in the early Middle Ages , partly due to the loss of independence after the union of the Leonese kingdom with the Crown of Castile , consolidated in 1301 . After a period of stagnation during the early modern age , it was one of the first cities to hold an uprising in the Spanish War of Independence , and some years later , in 1833 acquired the status of provincial capital . The end of the 19th and the 20th century saw a significant acceleration in the rate of urban expansion , when the city became an important communications hub of the northwest due to the rise of the coal mining industry and the arrival of the railroad . León 's historical and architectural heritage , as well as the numerous festivals hosted throughout the year ( particularly noteworthy are the Easter processions ) and its location on the French Way of the Camino de Santiago , which is ranked as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , make it a destination of both domestic and international tourism . Some of the city 's most prominent historical buildings are the Cathedral , one of the finest examples of French-style classic Gothic architecture in Spain , the Basilica of San Isidoro , one of the most important Romanesque churches in Spain and resting place of León 's medieval monarchs , the Monastery of San Marcos , an example of plateresque and Renaissance Spanish architecture , and the Casa Botines , a Modernist creation of the architect Antoni Gaudí ."}]}, {'value': 'Alto de Zorroaga s.n', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ARAN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donostia-San Sebastián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donostia-San_Sebastián', 'summary': "San Sebastián ( Spanish : [ san seβasˈtjan ] ) or Donostia ( Basque : [ doˈnos̺tia ] , French : Saint-Sébastien ) is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community , Spain . It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay , 20 km ( 12 miles ) from the French border . The capital city of Gipuzkoa , the municipality 's population is 186,095 as of 2015 , with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010 . Locals call themselves donostiarra ( singular ) , both in Spanish and Basque . The main economic activities are commerce and tourism , and it is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Spain . Despite the city 's small size , events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival have given it an international dimension . San Sebastián , along with Wrocław , Poland , was the European Capital of Culture in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidade do Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Porto', 'summary': 'The University of Porto ( Universidade do Porto ) is a Portuguese public university located in Porto , and founded on 22 March 1911 . It is the second largest Portuguese university by number of enrolled students , after the University of Lisbon , and has one of the most noted research outputs in Portugal .'}]}, {'value': '73,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porto', 'summary': "Porto , [ a ] also known as Oporto in some languages , [ b ] is the second-largest city in Portugal , one of the Iberian Peninsula 's major urban areas . Porto city has a population of 237,559 and a metropolitan area with 2.4 million people ( 2019 ) in an area of 2,395 km2 ( 925 sq mi ) , making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal . It is recognized as a gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Study Group , the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city . Located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal , Porto is one of the oldest European centres , and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 , as Historic Centre of Oporto , Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar . The historic area is also a National Monument of Portugal . The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean . Its settlement dates back many centuries , when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire . Its combined Celtic-Latin name , Portus Cale , has been referred to as the origin of the name Portugal , based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin . In Portuguese , the name of the city includes a definite article : o Porto ( the port ) which is where its former English name Oporto comes from . Port wine , one of Portugal 's most famous exports , is named after Porto , since the metropolitan area , and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia , were responsible for the packaging , transport , and export of fortified wine . In 2014 and 2017 , Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency . Porto is on the Portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de Santiago de Compostela', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SANT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago de Compostela , Galicia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela', 'summary': "Santiago de Compostela [ a ] ( or Saint James of Compostella in English ) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia , in northwestern Spain . The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great , now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela , as the destination of the Way of St. James , a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century . In 1985 , the city 's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)', 'summary': 'Galicia ( /ɡəˈlɪʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Galician : Galicia [ ɡaˈliθjɐ ] , Galiza [ ɡaˈliθɐ ] ; [ a ] Spanish : Galicia ; Portuguese : Galiza ) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law . Located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula , it includes the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , Ourense and Pontevedra . Galicia is bordered by Portugal to the south , the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Cantabrian Sea to the north . It had a population of 2,701,743 in 2018 and a total area of 29,574 km2 ( 11,419 sq mi ) . Galicia has over 1,660 km ( 1,030 mi ) of coastline , including its offshore islands and islets , among them Cíes Islands , Ons , Sálvora , Cortegada , and the largest and most populated , A Illa de Arousa . The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period , and takes its name from the Gallaeci , the Celtic people living north of the Douro River during the last millennium BC . Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC , and was made a Roman province in the 3rd century AD . In 410 , the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga ( Portugal ) ; this kingdom was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585 . In 711 , the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate invaded the Iberian Peninsula conquering the Visigoth kingdom of Hispania by 718 , but soon Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias by 740 . During the Middle Ages , the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings , but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile , while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and culture . From the 13th century on , the kings of Castile , as kings of Galicia , appointed an Adiantado-mór , whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century . The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia , a royal tribunal and government body .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad de Murcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_de_Murcia', 'summary': "The University of Murcia ( Spanish : Universidad de Murcia ) is the main university in Murcia , Spain . With 38,000 students , it is the largest university in the Región de Murcia . The University of Murcia is the third oldest university in Spain , after the University of Salamanca ( 1218 AD ) and the University of Valladolid ( 1241 AD ) , and the thirteenth in the world . The University of Murcia was established in 1272 by the King Alfonso X of Castile under the Crown of Castile . The majority of the University 's facilities and buildings are spread over two campuses : the older is La Merced , situated in the town centre , and the larger is Espinardo , just 5 km to the north of Murcia . A third campus for Medical and Health Studies is currently [ when ? ] being built next to the suburban area known as Ciudad Sanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca , 5 km south of the city . A new campus had been made in San Javier too , that hosts the Sports Science faculty ."}]}, {'value': '61,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MUB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murcia', 'summary': "Murcia ( /ˈmʊərsiə/ , also US : /ˈmɜːrʃ ( i ) ə/ , Spanish : [ ˈmuɾθja ] ( listen ) ) is a city in south-eastern Spain , the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia , and the seventh largest city in the country , with a population of 447,182 inhabitants in 2018 ( about one third of the total population of the Region ) . The population of the metropolitan area was 689,591 in 2010 . It is located on the Segura River , in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula , noted by a climate with hot summers , mild winters , and relatively low precipitation . Murcia was founded by the emir of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman II in 825 with the name Mursiyah ( Arabic : مرسية ) . It is now mainly a services city and a university town . Highlights for visitors include the Cathedral of Murcia and a number of baroque buildings , renowned local cuisine , Holy Week procession works of art by the famous Murcian sculptor Francisco Salzillo , and the Fiestas de Primavera ( Spring Festival ) . The city , as the capital of the comarca Huerta de Murcia is called Europe 's orchard due to its long agricultural tradition and its fruit , vegetable , and flower production and exports . Murcia is located near the center of a low-lying fertile plain known as the huerta ( orchard or vineyard ) of Murcia . The Segura River and its right-hand tributary , the Guadalentín , run through the area . The city has an elevation of 43 metres ( 141 ft ) above sea level and its municipality covers approximately 882 square kilometres ( 341 sq mi ) . The best known and most dominant aspect of the municipal area 's landscape is the orchard . In addition to the orchard and urban zones , the great expanse of the municipal area is made up of different landscapes : badlands , groves of Carrasco pine trees in the precoastal mountain ranges and , towards the south , a semi-steppe region ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Southern Europe -- Spain and Portugal', 'section_text': 'The following table includes herbaria located in Spain and Portugal , including the Canary Islands .', 'uid': 'List_of_herbaria_in_Europe_10', 'intro': 'This is a list of herbaria in Europe, organized first by region where the herbarium is located (using the United Nations geoscheme for Europe), then within each region by size of the collection. For other continents, see List of herbaria.'} | null | null | What year did the Christian king James I of Aragon conquer the city where a Herbarium is at a University that currently has around 55,000 students ? | 1238 |
050c286417e5ce59 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '2001 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Atlético', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Atlético', 'summary': 'Club Alianza Atlético de Sullana is a Peruvian football club , located in the city of Sullana , Piura . The club was founded in 1920 and promoted to the Peruvian Primera División in 1988 . They are the only Peruvian top-tier club not based in a state capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Sullana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullana', 'summary': 'Sullana is the name of the capital of the Sullana Province , in the north-western coastal plains of Peru on the Chira valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Campeones del 36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Campeones_del_36', 'summary': 'The Estadio Municipal Campeones del 36 is a multi-use stadium in Sullana , Peru . It is used by the football team Alianza Atlético . The stadium holds 8,000 people and was built in 2000 . It is a small stadium that is planned to be expanded . The venue name , Champions of 1936 , is misleading . No Peruvian League was actually played in 1936 as the national team was preparing itself to compete in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany . Alianza Atlético did , however , win a special national tournament ( representing their home region , Piura ) governed by the Peruvian Football Federation , and the name stuck despite not being recognized officially as national champions thereafter . The venue was remodeled and re-inaugurated in 2018 with an enlarged capacity of 12,000 .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva', 'summary': 'The Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , formerly Estadio Alianza Lima , is a football stadium located in the neighborhood of Matute in La Victoria District in Lima , Peru . The stadium is the home of Alianza Lima . The stadium has a capacity of 33,938 people . It is named after former Alianza Lima player Alejandro Villanueva .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cienciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cienciano', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuzco', 'summary': 'Cusco ( Spanish : Cuzco , Cusco [ ˈkusko ] ; Quechua : Qusqu , Qosqo [ ˈqʊsqʊ ] , [ ˈqɔsqɔ ] ) , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru and , in 2017 it had a population of 428,450 . Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco , its elevation is around 3,400 m ( 11,200 ft ) . The city was the historic capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983 , Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title City of Cuzco . It has become a major tourist destination , hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year . The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Garcilaso', 'summary': "Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , commonly known as Estadio Garcilaso , is Cusco 's principal stadium and the home venue of the local football team Cienciano . The stadium was named after the Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and inaugurated in 1960 , with an initial capacity of 30,000 . It is owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte ( Peruvian Institute of Sport ) . The increase in spectator capacity came after CONMEBOL chose Peru to host the Copa América 2004 , prompting the Peruvian government to invest in a five-million dollar renovation program for its stadia , including the Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega . Its renovation cost approximately $ 1,720,000 , which helped boost its official spectator capacity to 42,056 . The stadium ended up hosting the third place game of the Copa América 2004 . Thanks to the event , the city of Cusco received even more tourists than it already receives as Peru 's top tourist destination . The Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega is also recognized as one of the most beautiful stadiums in all of South America . This recognition is due to its well-maintained grass and its resistance to the sometimes aggressive and highly variable climate of the city of Cuzco . The awe is the stadium 's perpetual beauty even after these climates . It is this resistive beauty that inspires soccer commentators and visitors alike . The stadium is currently home to three football clubs ."}]}, {'value': '42,056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coopsol Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Universidad_Privada_Antenor_Orrego', 'summary': 'Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego is a Peruvian football club , based in the city of Trujillo , La Libertad . It was founded on August 30 , 1995 . The club changed its name to Sport Coopsol Trujillo in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mansiche', 'summary': 'Estadio Mansiche is the biggest stadium of the city of Trujillo and the home of the most important football clubs in the city , Carlos A. Mannucci and Universidad César Vallejo . The stadium also has a running track for track and field sports . The stadium is part of the greater Mansiche Sports Complex which includes the Coliseo Gran Chimu , a swimming pool , and other facilities . It has hosted matched of the Copa Sudamericana in three occasions , and of the Copa Libertadores once . It hosted Group B matches during the 1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship . It hast also hosted matches at the 2004 Copa America and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Most recently , it hosted the ceremonies of the 2013 Bolivarian Games .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Wanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Wanka', 'summary': 'Deportivo Wanka is a Peruvian football club , based in the city of Huancayo in the Peruvian Andes . It was founded in 1996 and is named after the Wankas people who formerly inhabited the area and after whom the city of Huancayo is named . The current Deportivo Wanka is merged with Deportivo Pesquero of Chimbote but its home city is still Huancayo . They play their home games at Estadio Huancayo . Their last First Division participation was in 2004 . They protested against their relegation and were suspended from participating in any football tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huancayo', 'summary': "Huancayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waŋˈkaʝo ] ; in Wanka Quechua : Wankayuq [ wɐŋˈkæjuː ] , ' ( place ) with a ( sacred ) rock ' ) is the capital of Junín Region , in the central highlands of Peru ."}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Estadio Huancayo is a multi-use stadium in Huancayo , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home of Sport Huancayo and Deportivo Junín . Other teams that previously used the stadium are Deportivo Wanka and Meteor Junin . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estudiantes de Medicina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Medicina', 'summary': 'Club Social y Deportivo Estudiantes de Medicina is a Peruvian football club from the city of Ica . The club were founded 1975 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Ica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ica,_Peru', 'summary': 'Ica ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈika ] ) ( Quechua : Ika ) is the capital of the Department of Ica in southern Peru . While the area was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples , the Spanish conquistador Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera claimed its founding in 1563 . As of the 2017 census , it had a population of over 282,407 . The city suffered extensive damage and loss of life during the 2007 Peru earthquake .'}]}, {'value': 'José Picasso Peratta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_José_Picasso_Peratta', 'summary': 'Estadio José Picasso Peratta is a multi-use stadium in Ica , Peru . It is currently used by football ( soccer ) teams Octavio Espinoza and Estudiantes de Medicina . The stadium holds 8,000 people , but the owners are planning to expand it to 15,000 . Its name comes from a former mayor of Ica , José Picasso Perata , which together with the Picasso family helped to build and finance the stadium . Coordinates : 14°04′05″S 75°44′20″W / 14.0680°S 75.7390°W / -14.0680 ; -75.7390'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mariano_Melgar', 'summary': 'The Estadio Melgar is a multi-use stadium in Arequipa , Peru . Its primary use is to host football games for Peruvian First Division team FBC Melgar and Peruvian Segunda Division team Sportivo Huracán and Copa Perú teams Senati FBC , FBC Aurora and FBC White Star . The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,000 and includes a running track for track and field events . It was named after Mariano Melgar , a Peruvian patriot and poet from Arequipa . It is also known as Estadio de Cuarto Centenario ( Fourth Centennial Stadium ) since it is in a neighborhood which was built in celebration of the fourth centennial of the Spanish foundation of Arequipa . The stadium was a venue for the 2001 South American Under 17 Football Championship in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Boys', 'summary': "Sport Boys Association , commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys , is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao . It was founded on Peru 's independence day , July 28 , 1927 . Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao . It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario , Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima , teams of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín de Porres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Minas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Minas', 'summary': 'Unión Minas is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Cerro de Pasco . The club were founded 23 April 1974 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerro de Pasco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco', 'summary': 'Cerro de Pasco is a city in central Peru , located at the top of the Andean mountains . It is the capital of the Pasco region , and an important mining center . At 4,330 metres ( 14,210 ft ) elevation , it is one of the highest cities in the world , and the highest or the second highest city with over 50,000 inhabitants , with elevation reaching up to 4,380 m in the Yanacancha area . It is connected by road and by rail to the capital Lima , as far as 300 km .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Alcides Carrión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Daniel_Alcides_Carrión', 'summary': 'Estadio Daniel Alcides Carrión is a multi-use stadium located in Cerro de Pasco , Peru . It is used by football team Unión Minas . The stadium holds 8,000 people and is the highest stadium in the world , with an altitude of 4,380 meters ( 13,973 ft ) above sea level . This makes it very difficult for players who are not used to playing at this height and has caused some controversy . Coordinates : 10°41′06″S 76°14′53″W / 10.6850°S 76.2480°W / -10.6850 ; -76.2480'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_"U"', 'summary': "The Estadio Monumental ( Monumental Stadium ) is a football stadium in the district of Ate in Lima , Peru . It is the home of Club Universitario de Deportes , and it was opened in 2000 to replace the Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Designed by Progreso International and Gremco S.A. , Uruguayan architect Walter Lavalleja Sarriés led the construction of the stadium . It is Perus largest stadium and also the largest in South America . It has a spectator-capacity of 85,000 : 65,000 seated in the four stands , 20,000 in luxury box suites known as palcos , and 600 VIP . The stadium was built in accordance with FIFAs manual of technical specifications for World Cup finals . The stadium has hosted some of the Peru national football team 's international matches including FIFA World Cup Qualifiers . It also hosted the final stages of the 2008 Copa Perú . However , the Monumental was absent from the organization of the 2004 Copa América because of conflicts between the club and the organizers . In addition , between its opening in 2000 until 2007 , only one edition of the Peruvian Clásico was played due to security concerns ; however , in late 2008 , the derby returned to the stadium . On November 5th , 2019 , the Estadio Monumental was selected by CONMEBOL to host the 2019 Copa Libertadores Final , after the outbreak of 2019 Chilean protests raised security concerns about the development of the match in Santiago , city initially chosen as host ."}]}, {'value': '80,093', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'Alianza AtléticoJuan AurichCoopsol TrujilloUnión MinasEstudiantesWankaCiencianoMelgar Alianza LimaSporting CristalUniversitarioSport Boys Locations of the 2001 Primera División teams', 'uid': '2001_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 2001 Torneo Descentralizado, was the 85th season of the top category of Peruvian football (soccer). It was played by 12 teams. The national champion was Alianza Lima.'} | null | null | What is the capacity of a stadium located in Lambayeque region ? | 24,500 |
050c808f7fa17377 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Ghana)', 'title': 'Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)', 'header': ['No', 'Chief of the Defence Staff', 'Took office', 'Left office', 'Time in office', 'Defence branch'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paley , Alexander Major General Alexander G. V. Paley ( 1903-1976 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._G._V._Paley', 'summary': 'Major General Alexander George Victor Paley ( 1903-1976 ) was a British Army officer who became the first Chief of the Defence Staff of Ghana .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 January 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander , Henry Templer Major General Henry Templer Alexander CB , CBE , DSO ( 1911-1977 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Templer_Alexander', 'summary': 'Major General Henry Templer Alexander , CB , CBE , DSO ( 17 May 1911 - 16 March 1977 ) was a British Army officer who served as Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces between 1960 and 1961 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath', 'summary': 'The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath ) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725 . The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing ( as a symbol of purification ) as one of its elements . The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath . George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order . He did not ( as is commonly believed ) revive the Order of the Bath , since it had never previously existed as an Order , in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred . The Order consists of the Sovereign ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) , the Great Master ( currently Charles , Prince of Wales ) and three Classes of members :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire', 'summary': 'The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations , and public service outside the civil service . It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female . There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with , but not members of the order . Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom , the self-governing Dominions of the Empire ( later Commonwealth ) and the Viceroy of India . Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British ( Imperial ) honours . Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours . [ a ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order', 'summary': 'The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom , and formerly of other parts of the Commonwealth , awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime , typically in actual combat . Since 1993 all ranks have been eligible .'}]}, {'value': '11 January 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 7 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otu , Stephen Major General Stephen J . A. Otu ( 1915-1979 ) ( First Ghanaian to be appointed CDS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Otu', 'summary': 'Major General Stephen Joseph Asamoa Otu ( 23 October 1915 - 23 October 1979 ) was a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He was the first Ghanaian officer to serve in this capacity .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 July 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aferi , Nathan Major General Nathan A. Aferi ( 1923-2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Apea_Aferi', 'summary': 'Major General Nathan Apea Aferi ( September 1923 - 8 April 2003 ) was a soldier and politician in Ghana . He was a former Chief of the Defence Staff of Ghana . He also served briefly as Foreign Minister of Ghana .'}]}, {'value': '24 July 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotoka , Emmanuel Lieutenant General Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka ( 1926-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmanuel_Kwasi_Kotoka', 'summary': "Major General Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka ( 26 September 1926 - 17 April 1967 ) was a member of the ruling National Liberation Council which came to power in Ghana in a military coup d'état on 24 February 1966 . This overthrew the government of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah , the first president of the republic ."}]}, {'value': '24 February 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 April 1967 †', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 52 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ankrah , Joseph Lieutenant General Joseph Arthur Ankrah ( 1915-1992 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah', 'summary': 'Joseph Arthur Ankrah ( 18 August 1915 - 25 November 1992 ) was a General of the army of Ghana who served as the 2nd President of Ghana from 1966 to 1969 in the position of Chairman of the National Liberation Council . Ankrah also served as Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity from 24 February 1966 to 5 November 1966 . Before becoming the Head of State , Ankrah served as the first commander of the Ghana Army .'}]}, {'value': '17 April 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otu , Michael Air Marshal Michael Akuoko Otu OSG ( 1925-2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Otu', 'summary': 'Air Marshal Michael Akuoko Otu ( October 25 , 1925 - October 8 , 2006 ) was a senior commander in the Ghana Air Force who served as Chief of Air Staff and then Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ghana', 'summary': 'The Order of the Star of Ghana is the highest award given by the Government of Ghana to any individual who had helped the cause of the country in one way or the other . Recipients of this award are decorated at a state function , chaired by the President of the Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Ghana Air Force ( GHF ) is the aerial warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . The GHF , along with the Ghanaian army ( GA ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , make up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) which are controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ocran , Albert Lieutenant General Albert Kwesi Ocran ( born 1929 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kwesi_Ocran', 'summary': 'Brigadier Albert Kwesi Ocran ( 21 July 1929 - March 2019 ) was a soldier and politician . He was a member of the Presidential Commission of Ghana between 1969 and 1970 . He is a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces and was a member of the National Liberation Council ( NLC ) military government in Ghana .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '( 7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otu , Michael Air Marshal Michael Akuoko Otu OSG ( 1925-2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Otu', 'summary': 'Air Marshal Michael Akuoko Otu ( October 25 , 1925 - October 8 , 2006 ) was a senior commander in the Ghana Air Force who served as Chief of Air Staff and then Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ghana', 'summary': 'The Order of the Star of Ghana is the highest award given by the Government of Ghana to any individual who had helped the cause of the country in one way or the other . Recipients of this award are decorated at a state function , chaired by the President of the Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 7 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Ghana Air Force ( GHF ) is the aerial warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . The GHF , along with the Ghanaian army ( GA ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , make up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) which are controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Addo , Daniel Major General Daniel K. Addo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Addo_(soldier)', 'summary': 'Major General Daniel K. Addo is a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He is a Ghanaian soldier and politician .'}]}, {'value': 'June 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley-Lassen , Napoleon Major General Napoleon Yaovi R. Ashley-Lassen ( born 1934 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napoleon_Ashley-Lassen', 'summary': 'Napoleon Yaovi Richard Ashley-Lassen ( born 29 March 1934 ) was a Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He was also twice Chief of Air Staff of the Ghana Air Force . He was also a member of the National Redemption Council ( NRC ) , formed after the overthrow of the Busia government in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 11 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okai , Lawrence Major General Lawrence A. Okai ( born 1934 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Okai', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Lawrence Aboagye Okai ( 1934-2017 ) was a Ghanaian army officer . He was the Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He also served on the Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) of the government led by General Acheampong .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 11 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akuffo , Fred Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo ( 1937-1979 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Akuffo', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Frederick William Fred Kwasi Akuffo ( 21 March 1937 - 26 June 1979 ) was a soldier and politician . He was a Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces and a Head of state and chairman of the ruling Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) in Ghana from 1978 to 1979 . He came to power in a military coup , was overthrown in another military coup and executed three weeks later .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 8 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotei , Robert Major General Robert Kotei ( 1935-1979 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kotei', 'summary': 'Major General Robert Ebenezer Abossey Kotei ( 1935 - 26 June 1979 ) was a soldier , politician and track and field athlete . He was once the Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces and also a member of the Supreme Military Council which ruled Ghana between 1975 and 1979 . He was executed in 1979 , following a military coup . He also held the Ghanaian high jump record for many years .'}]}, {'value': '5 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamidu , Joshua Lieutenant General Joshua Hamidu ( born 1936 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshua_Hamidu', 'summary': "Lieutenant General Joshua Mahamadu Hamidu ( born 1936 ) is a former Chief of Defence Staff and member of the Supreme Military Council government . Prior to that appointment , he was the Ghanaian High Commissioner to Zambia . He was appointed National Security Advisor to the Kufuor government in 2001 . He has also been the chairman of the Narcotics Control Board of Ghana . He is also on various boards of the Bank of Ghana . In 2005 , he was Ghana 's High Commissioner to Nigeria . Joshua Hamidu had been accused in some circles of being implicated in the killing of the Overlord of Dagbon , the late Ya-Na , Yakubu Andani II in March 2002 . The Wuaku Commission which investigated the circumstances leading to the tragedy cleared him of any wrongdoing ."}]}, {'value': '23 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '316 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prah , E. Colonel E. D. F. Prah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._D._F._Prah', 'summary': 'Colonel E. D. F. Prah is a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . This was after the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council overthrew the Supreme Military Council led by Lt. General Fred Akuffo in June 1979 . He was replaced in July 1979 by Brigadier Joshua Nunoo-Mensah . After retiring from the Ghana Armed Forces , he served as Executive Director of the Veterans Association of Ghana .'}]}, {'value': '4 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 July 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nunoo-Mensah , Joseph Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah ( born 1939 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nunoo-Mensah', 'summary': 'Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah ( born 14 February 1939 ) is a Ghanaian soldier and politician . He is a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He was also a member of the Provisional National Defence Council government which overthrew the government of Dr. Hilla Limann in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '7 July 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 November 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam , Edwin Major General Edwin Kwamina Sam ( born 1940 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Sam', 'summary': 'Major General Edwin Kwamina Sam ( born 10 August 1940 ) is a member of the Council of State of Ghana . He is also a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '27 November 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 December 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odaate-Barnor , John Air Vice-Marshal John E. Odaate-Barnor ( 1937-2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Odaate_–_Barnor', 'summary': 'Air Vice Marshal John E. Odaate-Barnor ( 30 May 1937 - 31 August 2012 ) was a Ghanaian airman and diplomat . He was a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He served in this capacity from 7 December 1979 till 31 December 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '7 December 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 December 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 24 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Ghana Air Force ( GHF ) is the aerial warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . The GHF , along with the Ghanaian army ( GA ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , make up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) which are controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) .'}]}, {'value': '( 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nunoo-Mensah , Joseph Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah ( born 1939 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nunoo-Mensah', 'summary': 'Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah ( born 14 February 1939 ) is a Ghanaian soldier and politician . He is a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces . He was also a member of the Provisional National Defence Council government which overthrew the government of Dr. Hilla Limann in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 November 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '326 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana_Army', 'summary': 'The Ghana Army ( GA ) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) . In 1959 , two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana , the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force , and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army . Together with the Ghanaian air force ( GHF ) and Ghanaian navy ( GN ) , the Ghanaian army ( GA ) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces ( GAF ) , controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) and Central Defence Headquarters , both located in Greater Accra .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Chiefs of the Defence Staff ( 1954–present )', 'section_text': 'The former heads of the Ghana Armed Forces were referred to while in office as either General Officers Commanding or Chiefs of the Defence Staff . [ 10 ]', 'uid': 'Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Ghana)_0', 'intro': 'The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional head of the Ghana Armed Forces. He is thus responsible for the administration and the operational control and command of the Ghana military. The CDS is a member of the Armed Forces Council. This council advice the President of Ghana on matters of policy relating to defence and also regulates the administration of the Armed Forces. It also advises the President on the promotion of all officers above the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or its equivalent. The CDS has also been known as the General Officer Commanding (GOC). [citation needed]\n The CDS is appointed by the President, in consultation with the Council of State of Ghana. The current CDS is Lt. Gen. Obed Akwa. He was appointed by President Akuffo-Addo on 20 June, 2017. Prior to his appointment he was the Chief of Army Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces.'} | null | null | Before his appointment as Chief of Defence Staff in 1978 , this person held what high commissioner position ? | Ghanaian High Commissioner to Zambia |
050cf005fbf8d561 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_World_Cup', 'title': 'Skeleton World Cup', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1986-87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andi Schmid ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andi_Schmid', 'summary': "Andi Schmid is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1993 ) and three silvers ( 1990 , 1991 , 1994 ) . Schmid won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title twice ( 1986-7 , 1987-8 ) . Currently he works as the Performance Director for the British Skeleton Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Wicki ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Wicki', 'summary': "Alain Wicki is a Swiss skeleton racer who competed from the 1980s to the early first decade of the 21st century . He won a complete set of medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1989 , a silver in 1998 , and a bronze in 1982 . Wicki won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1988-9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': '1987-88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andi Schmid ( AUT ) ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andi_Schmid', 'summary': "Andi Schmid is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1993 ) and three silvers ( 1990 , 1991 , 1994 ) . Schmid won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title twice ( 1986-7 , 1987-8 ) . Currently he works as the Performance Director for the British Skeleton Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Wicki ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Wicki', 'summary': "Alain Wicki is a Swiss skeleton racer who competed from the 1980s to the early first decade of the 21st century . He won a complete set of medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1989 , a silver in 1998 , and a bronze in 1982 . Wicki won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1988-9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alain Wicki ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Wicki', 'summary': "Alain Wicki is a Swiss skeleton racer who competed from the 1980s to the early first decade of the 21st century . He won a complete set of medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1989 , a silver in 1998 , and a bronze in 1982 . Wicki won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1988-9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Andi Schmid ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andi_Schmid', 'summary': "Andi Schmid is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1993 ) and three silvers ( 1990 , 1991 , 1994 ) . Schmid won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title twice ( 1986-7 , 1987-8 ) . Currently he works as the Performance Director for the British Skeleton Team ."}]}, {'value': '1989-90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Urs Vercoli ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urs_Vercoli', 'summary': 'Urs Vescoli ( born 7 November 1966 ) is a skeleton racer . He formerly competed for Switzerland , and subsequently for Australia . He did not compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics ; fellow Australian Shaun Boyle did . He holds an unofficial World Record : He has competed on the highest number of tracks around the world - 18 bobsleigh tracks plus the Cresta Run in St. Moritz , Switzerland . In 1985 won he the bronze medal in the European Skeleton Championship . In 1990 he won the Skeleton World Cup race in Calgary and finished second in the overall standings of the 1989-90 season , behind Christian Auer .'}]}, {'value': 'Franz Plangger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Plangger', 'summary': "Franz Plangger ( born October 2 , 1966 ) is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers ( 1993 , 1996 ) , and two bronzes ( 1989 , 1994 ) . Plangger won the men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1992-3 . He also won six World Cup victories in luge between 1993 and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Grünberger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Grünberger', 'summary': "Michael Grünberger is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed during the 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won two medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1990 and a bronze in 1990 . His best finish in the Skeleton World Cup was second twice in the men 's event ( 1990-1 , 1995-6 ) . Grünberger 's only World cup victory in luge took place in Igls in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Andi Schmid ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andi_Schmid', 'summary': "Andi Schmid is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1993 ) and three silvers ( 1990 , 1991 , 1994 ) . Schmid won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title twice ( 1986-7 , 1987-8 ) . Currently he works as the Performance Director for the British Skeleton Team ."}]}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregor Stähli ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Stähli', 'summary': "Gregor Stähli ( born 28 February 1968 in Zürich ) is a Swiss skeleton racer who has competed since 1989 . He won two bronze Winter Olympic medals in the men 's skeleton , earning them in 2002 and 2006 . Stähli also won ten medals at the FIBT World Championships , with three golds ( men 's skeleton : 1994 , 2007 , 2009 ) , four silvers ( men 's skeleton : 1992 , 2000 , 2005 , Mixed team : 2009 ) , and three bronzes ( men 's skeleton : 1990 , 1993 ; mixed team : 2007 ) . He was overall men 's Skeleton World Cup champion in 2001-02 . Stähli suffered a thigh injury during the World Cup competition in Lake Placid , New York on 20 November 2009 which eventually forced his withdrawal from the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver eight weeks later ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Thaler ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Thaler', 'summary': "Martin Thaler is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed in the early 1990s . He is best known his third place overall finish in the 1991-2 men 's Skeleton World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franz Plangger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Plangger', 'summary': "Franz Plangger ( born October 2 , 1966 ) is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers ( 1993 , 1996 ) , and two bronzes ( 1989 , 1994 ) . Plangger won the men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1992-3 . He also won six World Cup victories in luge between 1993 and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregor Stähli ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Stähli', 'summary': "Gregor Stähli ( born 28 February 1968 in Zürich ) is a Swiss skeleton racer who has competed since 1989 . He won two bronze Winter Olympic medals in the men 's skeleton , earning them in 2002 and 2006 . Stähli also won ten medals at the FIBT World Championships , with three golds ( men 's skeleton : 1994 , 2007 , 2009 ) , four silvers ( men 's skeleton : 1992 , 2000 , 2005 , Mixed team : 2009 ) , and three bronzes ( men 's skeleton : 1990 , 1993 ; mixed team : 2007 ) . He was overall men 's Skeleton World Cup champion in 2001-02 . Stähli suffered a thigh injury during the World Cup competition in Lake Placid , New York on 20 November 2009 which eventually forced his withdrawal from the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver eight weeks later ."}]}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Andi Schmid ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andi_Schmid', 'summary': "Andi Schmid is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1993 ) and three silvers ( 1990 , 1991 , 1994 ) . Schmid won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title twice ( 1986-7 , 1987-8 ) . Currently he works as the Performance Director for the British Skeleton Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Franz Plangger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Plangger', 'summary': "Franz Plangger ( born October 2 , 1966 ) is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers ( 1993 , 1996 ) , and two bronzes ( 1989 , 1994 ) . Plangger won the men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1992-3 . He also won six World Cup victories in luge between 1993 and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT ) ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Franz Plangger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Plangger', 'summary': "Franz Plangger ( born October 2 , 1966 ) is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s . As a skeleton athlete , he won four medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers ( 1993 , 1996 ) , and two bronzes ( 1989 , 1994 ) . Plangger won the men 's Skeleton World Cup title in 1992-3 . He also won six World Cup victories in luge between 1993 and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Müller ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Müller_(skeleton)', 'summary': "Alexander Müller is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from 1989 to 2000 . He won a bronze medal in the men 's skeleton event ( tied with Jimmy Shea of the United States ) at the 2000 FIBT World Championships in Igls . Müller won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title in 1996-7 ."}]}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Davenport ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Davenport', 'summary': "Ryan Davenport is a Canadian skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 1999 . He won three medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with two golds ( 1996 , 1997 ) and one bronze ( 1995 ) . A native of Calgary , Alberta , Davenport makes his own sleds that are in use by other for the Skeleton World Cup from the FIBT ( International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ) from his home in De Winton , Alberta . He is the cousin of Mellisa Hollingsworth , a skeleton racer also from Canada . Davenport won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title in 1995-6 . Ryan Davenport started coaching the U.S. Olympic Skeleton team in 1999 , during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City three members of his team achieved medals : Jim Shea , gold ; Tristan Gale , gold and Lea Ann Parsley , silver . During Davenport 's tenure as U.S. coach , his team had received at least one medal in every race . Davenport was one of the five finalists for USOC National Coach of the Year in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Grünberger ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Grünberger', 'summary': "Michael Grünberger is an Austrian luger and skeleton racer who competed during the 1990s . As a skeleton athlete , he won two medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1990 and a bronze in 1990 . His best finish in the Skeleton World Cup was second twice in the men 's event ( 1990-1 , 1995-6 ) . Grünberger 's only World cup victory in luge took place in Igls in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Auer ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Auer', 'summary': "Christian Auer ( born April 4 , 1966 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from the late 1980s to the 2002 Winter Olympics . He won five medals in the men 's event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold ( 1991 ) , two silvers ( 1989 , 1995 ) , and two bronzes ( 1992 , 1996 ) . Auer also finished 12th in the men 's skeleton at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He won the overall men 's Skeleton World Cup title five times ( 1989-90 , 1990-1 , 1991-2 , 1993-4 , 1994-5 ) . Auer became a skeleton coach for the Canadian national team after the 2002 games ."}]}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Müller ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Müller_(skeleton)', 'summary': "Alexander Müller is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from 1989 to 2000 . He won a bronze medal in the men 's skeleton event ( tied with Jimmy Shea of the United States ) at the 2000 FIBT World Championships in Igls . Müller won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title in 1996-7 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Davenport ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Davenport', 'summary': "Ryan Davenport is a Canadian skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 1999 . He won three medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with two golds ( 1996 , 1997 ) and one bronze ( 1995 ) . A native of Calgary , Alberta , Davenport makes his own sleds that are in use by other for the Skeleton World Cup from the FIBT ( International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ) from his home in De Winton , Alberta . He is the cousin of Mellisa Hollingsworth , a skeleton racer also from Canada . Davenport won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title in 1995-6 . Ryan Davenport started coaching the U.S. Olympic Skeleton team in 1999 , during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City three members of his team achieved medals : Jim Shea , gold ; Tristan Gale , gold and Lea Ann Parsley , silver . During Davenport 's tenure as U.S. coach , his team had received at least one medal in every race . Davenport was one of the five finalists for USOC National Coach of the Year in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Willi Schneider ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willi_Schneider_(skeleton_racer)', 'summary': "Wilfried Willi Schneider ( born 12 March 1963 in Mediaș , Transylvania ) is a German skeleton racer who competed from 1992 to 2002 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1998 and a bronze in 1999 . Schneider also finish ninth in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title in 1997-8 . After retiring from competition Schneider became a coach , leading the Canadian skeleton team to three medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ( a gold for Duff Gibson , a silver for Jeff Pain and a bronze for Melissa Hollingsworth ) , and coaching Jon Montgomery to victory in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . In July 2012 Schneider agreed a two-year contract to coach the Russian skeleton team ."}]}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willi Schneider ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willi_Schneider_(skeleton_racer)', 'summary': "Wilfried Willi Schneider ( born 12 March 1963 in Mediaș , Transylvania ) is a German skeleton racer who competed from 1992 to 2002 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1998 and a bronze in 1999 . Schneider also finish ninth in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title in 1997-8 . After retiring from competition Schneider became a coach , leading the Canadian skeleton team to three medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ( a gold for Duff Gibson , a silver for Jeff Pain and a bronze for Melissa Hollingsworth ) , and coaching Jon Montgomery to victory in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . In July 2012 Schneider agreed a two-year contract to coach the Russian skeleton team ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazuhiro Koshi ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuhiro_Koshi', 'summary': "Kazuhiro Koshi ( 越 和宏 , Koshi Kazuhiro , born December 23 , 1964 ) is a Japanese skeleton racer who has competed since 1991 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he earned his best finish of eighth in the men 's skeleton event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He was the oldest member of the Japanese team at the 2010 Winter Olympics and , because of this , was referred to in media reports as , the hope of the middle class ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Böhme ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Böhme', 'summary': "Andy Böhme ( born 26 April 1970 in Salzwedel , Bezirk Magdeburg ) is a German skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2002 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships , with a gold in 2000 , and a silver in 1999 . Böhme won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 1998-9 , 1999-2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Böhme ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Böhme', 'summary': "Andy Böhme ( born 26 April 1970 in Salzwedel , Bezirk Magdeburg ) is a German skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2002 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships , with a gold in 2000 , and a silver in 1999 . Böhme won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 1998-9 , 1999-2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Davenport ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Davenport', 'summary': "Ryan Davenport is a Canadian skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 1999 . He won three medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with two golds ( 1996 , 1997 ) and one bronze ( 1995 ) . A native of Calgary , Alberta , Davenport makes his own sleds that are in use by other for the Skeleton World Cup from the FIBT ( International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ) from his home in De Winton , Alberta . He is the cousin of Mellisa Hollingsworth , a skeleton racer also from Canada . Davenport won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title in 1995-6 . Ryan Davenport started coaching the U.S. Olympic Skeleton team in 1999 , during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City three members of his team achieved medals : Jim Shea , gold ; Tristan Gale , gold and Lea Ann Parsley , silver . During Davenport 's tenure as U.S. coach , his team had received at least one medal in every race . Davenport was one of the five finalists for USOC National Coach of the Year in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Shea ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Shea', 'summary': "James Edmound Shea Jr. ( born June 10 , 1968 ) is an American retired skeleton racer who won the gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Shea also was chosen by fellow athletes to recite the Athlete 's Oath during the Opening Ceremonies . Along with his father , Jim Shea Sr. , he passed the Olympic Torch to Cammi Granato and Picabo Street who then passed it to the 1980 U.S. Men 's Hockey Team , who then ignited the Olympic Cauldron . Shortly before the Olympics he was a guest of Laura Bush in the First Lady 's Box at the 2002 State of the Union Address ."}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Böhme ( GER ) ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Böhme', 'summary': "Andy Böhme ( born 26 April 1970 in Salzwedel , Bezirk Magdeburg ) is a German skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2002 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships , with a gold in 2000 , and a silver in 1999 . Böhme won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 1998-9 , 1999-2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Soule ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Soule', 'summary': "Chris Soule ( born February 5 , 1973 ) is an American skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2006 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2003 and a bronze in 1997 . Soule also won the overall men 's 2002-3 Skeleton World Cup title with multiple World Cup victories that season . He is the 3-time U.S. National Champion and remains one of the most decorated Skeleton athletes in the history of the sport . Competing in two Winter Olympic Games , Soule earned his best finish of seventh at Salt Lake City in 2002 , during which he was nominated for the Olympic Spirit Award as the U.S. Skeleton Team Captain . He retired after the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristan Bromley ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristan_Bromley', 'summary': "Kristan Bromley ( born 7 March 1972 in Rossendale ) is a retired British skeleton racer who has competed since 1996 . He won the gold medal in the men 's event at the 2008 FIBT World Championships in Altenberg , Germany . This was Great Britain 's first gold medal at the FIBT World Championships since 1965 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , Bromley 's best finish was fifth in the men 's skeleton event at Turin in 2006 . He has twice won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title ( 2003-4 , 2007-08 ) . In 2008 he became the first man in history to win the World Championship , European Championship and World Cup in the same season . In September 2015 Bromley announced his retirement from the sport ."}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln DeWitt ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_DeWitt', 'summary': "Lincoln DeWitt ( born April 24 , 1967 ) is an American skeleton racer who competed from 1997 to 2004 . He won a bronze medal in the men 's skeleton event at the 2001 FIBT World Championships in Calgary . A native of Syracuse , New York , who also grew up in Pownal , Vermont , DeWitt graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with an economics degree . He also finished fifth in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . DeWitt also won the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title in 2000-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazuhiro Koshi ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuhiro_Koshi', 'summary': "Kazuhiro Koshi ( 越 和宏 , Koshi Kazuhiro , born December 23 , 1964 ) is a Japanese skeleton racer who has competed since 1991 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he earned his best finish of eighth in the men 's skeleton event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He was the oldest member of the Japanese team at the 2010 Winter Olympics and , because of this , was referred to in media reports as , the hope of the middle class ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Shea ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Shea', 'summary': "James Edmound Shea Jr. ( born June 10 , 1968 ) is an American retired skeleton racer who won the gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Shea also was chosen by fellow athletes to recite the Athlete 's Oath during the Opening Ceremonies . Along with his father , Jim Shea Sr. , he passed the Olympic Torch to Cammi Granato and Picabo Street who then passed it to the 1980 U.S. Men 's Hockey Team , who then ignited the Olympic Cauldron . Shortly before the Olympics he was a guest of Laura Bush in the First Lady 's Box at the 2002 State of the Union Address ."}]}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregor Stähli ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Stähli', 'summary': "Gregor Stähli ( born 28 February 1968 in Zürich ) is a Swiss skeleton racer who has competed since 1989 . He won two bronze Winter Olympic medals in the men 's skeleton , earning them in 2002 and 2006 . Stähli also won ten medals at the FIBT World Championships , with three golds ( men 's skeleton : 1994 , 2007 , 2009 ) , four silvers ( men 's skeleton : 1992 , 2000 , 2005 , Mixed team : 2009 ) , and three bronzes ( men 's skeleton : 1990 , 1993 ; mixed team : 2007 ) . He was overall men 's Skeleton World Cup champion in 2001-02 . Stähli suffered a thigh injury during the World Cup competition in Lake Placid , New York on 20 November 2009 which eventually forced his withdrawal from the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver eight weeks later ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Soule ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Soule', 'summary': "Chris Soule ( born February 5 , 1973 ) is an American skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2006 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2003 and a bronze in 1997 . Soule also won the overall men 's 2002-3 Skeleton World Cup title with multiple World Cup victories that season . He is the 3-time U.S. National Champion and remains one of the most decorated Skeleton athletes in the history of the sport . Competing in two Winter Olympic Games , Soule earned his best finish of seventh at Salt Lake City in 2002 , during which he was nominated for the Olympic Spirit Award as the U.S. Skeleton Team Captain . He retired after the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Rettl ( AUT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Rettl', 'summary': "Martin Rettl ( born 25 November 1973 ) is an Austrian skeleton racer who competed from 1989 to 2006 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , he won a silver medal in the men 's skeleton event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . Rettl also won a gold medal in the men 's skeleton event at the 2001 FIBT World Championships in Calgary . His best overall Skeleton World Cup seasonal finish was third in the men 's event in 2001-2 . Retiring from skeleton after the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Martin is an air traffic controller in Innsbruck , Austria and coaches sliders from Belgium , New Zealand and Spain in the IBSF World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Soule ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Soule', 'summary': "Chris Soule ( born February 5 , 1973 ) is an American skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2006 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2003 and a bronze in 1997 . Soule also won the overall men 's 2002-3 Skeleton World Cup title with multiple World Cup victories that season . He is the 3-time U.S. National Champion and remains one of the most decorated Skeleton athletes in the history of the sport . Competing in two Winter Olympic Games , Soule earned his best finish of seventh at Salt Lake City in 2002 , during which he was nominated for the Olympic Spirit Award as the U.S. Skeleton Team Captain . He retired after the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Pain ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Pain', 'summary': "Jeffrey Thomas Jeff Pain ( born December 14 , 1970 ) is an American-born , Canadian former skeleton racer who competed from 1995 to 2010 . He is regarded as one of the most successful male competitors in the history of the Canadian skeleton program . He was born in Anchorage , Alaska . He graduated from the University of British Columbia , where he was a member of the school 's varsity track and field team . Pain has had a 15-year career with 22 World Cup podium finishes in 74 starts , including ten wins , 3 World Championship medals , and an Olympic silver medal . This included winning the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 2004-5 , 2005-6 ) . He first represented Canada at the 2002 Olympic Winter games finishing 6th , where Skeleton returned after a 54-year hiatus . Then Pain went on to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics where he finished with a silver medal behind fellow Canadian Duff Gibson . One distinguishing feature of Pain 's skeleton gear is his custom-painted helmet , depicting the face of an enraged beaver . Pain was married to his wife Aly in 1997 and they have two sons . Jeff and Aly released their first book , The Business of Marriage & Medals - A Relationship 's Journey through Elite Performance . This book is a raw and honest account of the couples marriage while dealing with tremendous sacrifice and extended time apart ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazuhiro Koshi ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuhiro_Koshi', 'summary': "Kazuhiro Koshi ( 越 和宏 , Koshi Kazuhiro , born December 23 , 1964 ) is a Japanese skeleton racer who has competed since 1991 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he earned his best finish of eighth in the men 's skeleton event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . He was the oldest member of the Japanese team at the 2010 Winter Olympics and , because of this , was referred to in media reports as , the hope of the middle class ."}]}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristan Bromley ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristan_Bromley', 'summary': "Kristan Bromley ( born 7 March 1972 in Rossendale ) is a retired British skeleton racer who has competed since 1996 . He won the gold medal in the men 's event at the 2008 FIBT World Championships in Altenberg , Germany . This was Great Britain 's first gold medal at the FIBT World Championships since 1965 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , Bromley 's best finish was fifth in the men 's skeleton event at Turin in 2006 . He has twice won the men 's overall Skeleton World Cup title ( 2003-4 , 2007-08 ) . In 2008 he became the first man in history to win the World Championship , European Championship and World Cup in the same season . In September 2015 Bromley announced his retirement from the sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Duff Gibson ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duff_Gibson', 'summary': "Duff Gibson ( born August 11 , 1966 ) is a Canadian skeleton racer who competed from 1999 to 2006 . He was born in Vaughan , Ontario . His father was born on December 13 , 1937 . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , He won the gold medal in the men 's skeleton , narrowly beating out his teammate Jeff Pain . His victory made the 39-year-old surpass ice hockey player Al MacInnis as the oldest gold medallist in Canadian Winter Olympic history . More significantly , Gibson became the oldest individual gold medallist in the history of the Winter Games , a record previously held by Norway 's Magnar Solberg , who was 35 when he won the gold medal in the 20 km individual biathlon event at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo ; he held the record until Ole Einar Bjørndalen won gold at the 10 km biathlon sprint aged 40 at the 2014 Sochi Olympics . He retired immediately following the 2006 Games in Turin . Gibson also finished tenth in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He also won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 2004 and a bronze in 2005 . Gibson 's best overall seasonal Skeleton World Cup finish was second in the men 's event in 2003-4 . In October 2009 , Gibson is pairing up with the Stephen Lewis Foundation to raise money for HIV/AIDS affected families in Africa . The Gold medal Olympian carried a 20-litre jug of water approximately 12 km through Calgary from Canada Olympic Park to his son 's school ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Kleber ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Kleber', 'summary': "Frank Kleber ( born 11 February 1981 in Gräfelfing ) is a German skeleton racer who has competed since 2000 . He won two medals at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 2007 ( Mixed team ) and a bronze in 2004 ( Men 's skeleton ) . Kleber also finished 11th in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . His best overall seasonal Skeleton World Cup finish was third in the men 's event in 2003-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Pain ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Pain', 'summary': "Jeffrey Thomas Jeff Pain ( born December 14 , 1970 ) is an American-born , Canadian former skeleton racer who competed from 1995 to 2010 . He is regarded as one of the most successful male competitors in the history of the Canadian skeleton program . He was born in Anchorage , Alaska . He graduated from the University of British Columbia , where he was a member of the school 's varsity track and field team . Pain has had a 15-year career with 22 World Cup podium finishes in 74 starts , including ten wins , 3 World Championship medals , and an Olympic silver medal . This included winning the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 2004-5 , 2005-6 ) . He first represented Canada at the 2002 Olympic Winter games finishing 6th , where Skeleton returned after a 54-year hiatus . Then Pain went on to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics where he finished with a silver medal behind fellow Canadian Duff Gibson . One distinguishing feature of Pain 's skeleton gear is his custom-painted helmet , depicting the face of an enraged beaver . Pain was married to his wife Aly in 1997 and they have two sons . Jeff and Aly released their first book , The Business of Marriage & Medals - A Relationship 's Journey through Elite Performance . This book is a raw and honest account of the couples marriage while dealing with tremendous sacrifice and extended time apart ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Soule ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Soule', 'summary': "Chris Soule ( born February 5 , 1973 ) is an American skeleton racer who competed from 1993 to 2006 . He won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2003 and a bronze in 1997 . Soule also won the overall men 's 2002-3 Skeleton World Cup title with multiple World Cup victories that season . He is the 3-time U.S. National Champion and remains one of the most decorated Skeleton athletes in the history of the sport . Competing in two Winter Olympic Games , Soule earned his best finish of seventh at Salt Lake City in 2002 , during which he was nominated for the Olympic Spirit Award as the U.S. Skeleton Team Captain . He retired after the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin ."}]}, {'value': 'Duff Gibson ( CAN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duff_Gibson', 'summary': "Duff Gibson ( born August 11 , 1966 ) is a Canadian skeleton racer who competed from 1999 to 2006 . He was born in Vaughan , Ontario . His father was born on December 13 , 1937 . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , He won the gold medal in the men 's skeleton , narrowly beating out his teammate Jeff Pain . His victory made the 39-year-old surpass ice hockey player Al MacInnis as the oldest gold medallist in Canadian Winter Olympic history . More significantly , Gibson became the oldest individual gold medallist in the history of the Winter Games , a record previously held by Norway 's Magnar Solberg , who was 35 when he won the gold medal in the 20 km individual biathlon event at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo ; he held the record until Ole Einar Bjørndalen won gold at the 10 km biathlon sprint aged 40 at the 2014 Sochi Olympics . He retired immediately following the 2006 Games in Turin . Gibson also finished tenth in the men 's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He also won two medals in the men 's skeleton event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 2004 and a bronze in 2005 . Gibson 's best overall seasonal Skeleton World Cup finish was second in the men 's event in 2003-4 . In October 2009 , Gibson is pairing up with the Stephen Lewis Foundation to raise money for HIV/AIDS affected families in Africa . The Gold medal Olympian carried a 20-litre jug of water approximately 12 km through Calgary from Canada Olympic Park to his son 's school ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005/2006_Skeleton_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2005/2006 Skeleton World Cup took place from September 2005 to February 2006 parallel with the bobsleigh Europe Cup and America 's Cup competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Pain ( CAN ) ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Pain', 'summary': "Jeffrey Thomas Jeff Pain ( born December 14 , 1970 ) is an American-born , Canadian former skeleton racer who competed from 1995 to 2010 . He is regarded as one of the most successful male competitors in the history of the Canadian skeleton program . He was born in Anchorage , Alaska . He graduated from the University of British Columbia , where he was a member of the school 's varsity track and field team . Pain has had a 15-year career with 22 World Cup podium finishes in 74 starts , including ten wins , 3 World Championship medals , and an Olympic silver medal . This included winning the men 's Skeleton World Cup overall title twice ( 2004-5 , 2005-6 ) . He first represented Canada at the 2002 Olympic Winter games finishing 6th , where Skeleton returned after a 54-year hiatus . Then Pain went on to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics where he finished with a silver medal behind fellow Canadian Duff Gibson . One distinguishing feature of Pain 's skeleton gear is his custom-painted helmet , depicting the face of an enraged beaver . Pain was married to his wife Aly in 1997 and they have two sons . Jeff and Aly released their first book , The Business of Marriage & Medals - A Relationship 's Journey through Elite Performance . This book is a raw and honest account of the couples marriage while dealing with tremendous sacrifice and extended time apart ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregor Stähli ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Stähli', 'summary': "Gregor Stähli ( born 28 February 1968 in Zürich ) is a Swiss skeleton racer who has competed since 1989 . He won two bronze Winter Olympic medals in the men 's skeleton , earning them in 2002 and 2006 . Stähli also won ten medals at the FIBT World Championships , with three golds ( men 's skeleton : 1994 , 2007 , 2009 ) , four silvers ( men 's skeleton : 1992 , 2000 , 2005 , Mixed team : 2009 ) , and three bronzes ( men 's skeleton : 1990 , 1993 ; mixed team : 2007 ) . He was overall men 's Skeleton World Cup champion in 2001-02 . Stähli suffered a thigh injury during the World Cup competition in Lake Placid , New York on 20 November 2009 which eventually forced his withdrawal from the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver eight weeks later ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Bernotas ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Bernotas', 'summary': "Eric Bernotas ( born August 5 , 1971 ) is an American former skeleton racer who has competed since 2002 . He won three medals at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers ( Men 's skeleton : 2007 , Mixed team : 2007 ) and a bronze ( Mixed team : 2009 ) . Bernotas discovered the sport by accident in 2001 , after he got lost and ended up at the Lake Placid sledding track whilst driving through the Adirondacks . Bernotas competed in two Winter Olympics , earning his best finish of sixth in the men 's skeleton event at Turin in 2006 . His best overall seasonal Skeleton World Cup finish was second in the men 's event in 2006-7 . Bernotas earned a medical waiver to compete in the 2009-10 Skeleton World Cup season following a leg injury suffered during training . He took a total of twelve medals in his World Cup career . In addition he won four US national titles in skeleton . A native of West Chester , Pennsylvania , Bernotas has Tourette syndrome and has suffered through alcoholism and depression . He was educated at Malvern Preparatory School and West Virginia University , where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi and graduated in 1994 . In February 2006 , he appeared on The 700 Club where he talked about being a Christian and how his faith plays into his sports career . He said , God presented this opportunity to me , Eric says ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Men', 'section_text': 'Debuted : 1986–87', 'uid': 'List_of_Skeleton_World_Cup_champions_0', 'intro': "The Skeleton World Cup season is a yearly competition first organized by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation since 1986-87. The women's version of this event debuted in 1996-97."} | null | null | Who did the person pass the Olympic torch to who came in third the year the winner grew up in Pownal ? | Cammi Granato and Picabo Street |
050d9dd69e1f7638 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Italian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1950 Italian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Manuel Fangio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio', 'summary': "Juan Manuel Fangio Deramo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈfanχjo ] , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈfandʒo ] ; 24 June 1911 - 17 July 1995 ) , nicknamed El Chueco ( the bowlegged or bandy legged one ) or El Maestro ( The Master ) , was an Argentine racing car driver . He dominated the first decade of Formula One racing , winning the World Drivers ' Championship five times . From childhood , he abandoned his studies to pursue auto mechanics . In 1938 , he debuted in Turismo Carretera , competing in a Ford V8 . In 1940 , he competed with Chevrolet , winning the Grand Prix International Championship and devoted his time to the Argentine Turismo Carretera becoming its champion , a title he successfully defended a year later . Fangio then competed in Europe between 1947 and 1949 , where he achieved further success . He won the World Championship of Drivers five times - a record which stood for 47 years until beaten by Michael Schumacher - with four different teams ( Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Mercedes-Benz and Maserati ) , a feat that has not been repeated . He is regarded by many as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time and holds the highest winning percentage in Formula One - 46.15% - winning 24 of 52 Formula One races he entered . Fangio is the only Argentine driver to have won the Argentine Grand Prix , which he won four times in his career , more than any other driver . After retirement , Fangio presided as the honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987 , a year after the inauguration of his museum , until his death in 1995 . On the centenary of his birth in 2011 , Fangio was remembered around the world and various activities were held in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_(Formula_One)', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '1:58.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Ascari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Ascari', 'summary': "Alberto Ascari ( Italian pronunciation : [ alˈbɛrto ˈaskari ] ; 13 July 1918 - 26 May 1955 ) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion . He was a multitalented racer who competed in motorcycle racing before switching to cars . Ascari won consecutive world titles in 1952 and 1953 for Scuderia Ferrari . He was the team 's first World Champion and the last Italian to date to win the title . This was sandwiched an appearance in the Indianapolis 500 in 1952 . Ascari also won the Mille Miglia in 1954 . Ascari was noted for the careful precision and finely-judged accuracy that made him one of the safest drivers in a most dangerous era . Ascari remains along with Michael Schumacher Ferrari 's only back-to-back World Champions , and he is also Ferrari 's sole Italian champion . As the first driver to win multiple World Championship titles , he held the record for most World Championship titles in 1952-54 , as a result he is one of 3 drivers to have held the record for most World Championship titles . Juan Manuel Fangio held the record in 1951-52 and 1954-2002 ( jointly with Ascari in 1952 and 1954 ) and Michael Schumacher has held the record since 2002 . When Alberto was a young child , his father , Antonio , who was also a famous racing driver , died in an accident at the 1925 French Grand Prix . Alberto once admitted that he warned his children not to become extremely close to him because of the risk involved in his profession ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:58.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 0.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nino Farina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Farina', 'summary': 'Emilio Giuseppe Farina also known as Giuseppe Antonio Nino Farina ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈniːno faˈriːna ] ; 30 October 1906 - 30 June 1966 ) was an Italian racing driver and first official Formula One World Champion . He gained the title in 1950 . He was the Italian Champion in 1937 , 1938 and 1939 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_(Formula_One)', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '2:00.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consalvo Sanesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consalvo_Sanesi', 'summary': "Consalvo Sanesi ( 28 March 1911 , in Terranuova Bracciolini , Arezzo - 28 July 1998 , in Milan ) was best known as the Alfa Romeo works ' test driver in the period following World War II , but he also competed in races with the Alfa Romeo Tipo 158/159 cars in the period before the Formula One World Championship came into being . He competed in five Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 3 September 1950 . Although , on his day , his experience with the cars meant that he was often one of the fastest men on the racetrack , somehow this rarely translated into good results . He scored only 3 championship points . He found some success driving in sports car racing , continuing into the mid-1960s . On the 1953 Mille Miglia he posted the fastest stage average speed , 112.8 mph ( 181.5 km/h ) , beating greats such as Nino Farina and Juan Manuel Fangio , but on this occasion his car let him down and he failed to finish . A year later he won his class in the Carrera Panamericana . Sanesi entered an Alfa Romeo in the November 1954 Pan American race in Mexico . In the European touring car class of the event he led at one juncture with a total time of 8 hours , 29 minutes , and 24 seconds . He was overtaken by fellow Italian and Alfa Romeo drivers , Sergio Mantovani and Mario Della Favera . A couple of days later Sanesi established a 17-minute lead in his car , with the Alfa Romeo marque sweeping the first five positions of the European touring car division . He gave up front line racing following a near-death accident during the 1964 12 Hours of Sebring race , when following a crash his Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ burst into flames ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_(Formula_One)', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '2:00.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luigi Fagioli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_Fagioli', 'summary': 'Luigi Cristiano Fagioli ( Italian pronunciation : [ luˈiːdʒi faˈdʒɔːli ] ; 9 June 1898 - 20 June 1952 ) , nicknamed the Abruzzi robber , was an Italian motor racing driver . He is currently the oldest driver to win a race in Formula One , also being the only race winner born outside the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_(Formula_One)', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '2:04.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 5.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorino Serafini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorino_Serafini', 'summary': 'Teodoro Dorino Serafini ( 22 July 1909 - 5 July 2000 ) was a motorcycle road racer and racing driver from Italy . A native of Pesaro ( Marche ) , he won the 1939 500cc European Championship on a Gilera . He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix on 3 September 1950 , when he finished second and scored 3 championship points , his points being halved as he shared the drive with Alberto Ascari . Serafini still holds the record for highest percentage of podium places per race , 1 podium in 1 race gives him a 100% score . He also competed in several non-Championship Formula One races .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '2:05.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 7.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piero Taruffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piero_Taruffi', 'summary': 'Piero Taruffi ( 12 October 1906 , Albano Laziale - 12 January 1988 ) , was a racing driver from Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_(Formula_One)', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '2:05.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 7.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Sommer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Sommer', 'summary': "Raymond Sommer ( 31 August 1906 - 10 September 1950 ) was a French motor racing driver . He raced both before and after WWII with some success , particularly in endurance racing . He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race in both 1932 and 1933 , and although he did not reach the finishing line in any subsequent appearance at the Le Mans , he did lead each event until 1938 . Sommer was also competitive at the highest level in Grand Prix motor racing , but did not win a race . He won the French Grand Prix in 1936 , but the event that year was run as a sports car race . After racing resumed in the late 1940s , Sommer again won a number of sports car and minor Grand Prix events , and finished in fourth place in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix , the second round of the newly-instituted Formula One World Drivers ' Championship . He was killed toward the end of 1950 , when his car overturned during a race at the Circuit de Cadours ."}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:08.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 10.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franco Rol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franco_Rol', 'summary': 'Franco Rol ( June 5 , 1908 in Turin - June 18 , 1977 in Rapallo ) was a racing driver from Italy . He participated in five Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on May 21 , 1950 . He scored no championship points . He also participated in many non-championship Formula One events .'}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '2:10.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 11.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Manzon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Manzon', 'summary': 'Robert Manzon ( 12 April 1917 - 19 January 2015 ) was a French racing driver . He participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 21 May 1950 . He achieved two podiums , and scored a total of 16 championship points . At the time of his death , Manzon was the last surviving driver to have taken part in the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Simca - Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simca', 'summary': "Simca ( Société Industrielle de Mécanique et Carrosserie Automobile ; Mechanical and Automotive Body Manufacturing Company ) was a French automaker , founded in November 1934 by Fiat and directed from July 1935 to May 1963 by Italian Henri Théodore Pigozzi . Simca was affiliated with Fiat and , after Simca bought Ford 's French activities , became increasingly controlled by the Chrysler Group . In 1970 , Simca became a subsidiary and brand of Chrysler Europe , ending its period as an independent company . Simca disappeared in 1978 , when Chrysler divested its European operations to another French automaker , PSA Peugeot Citroën . PSA replaced the Simca brand with Talbot after a short period when some models were badged as Simca-Talbots . During most of its post-war activity , Simca was one of the biggest automobile manufacturers in France . The Simca 1100 was for some time the best-selling car in France , while the Simca 1307 and Simca Horizon won the coveted European Car of the Year title in 1976 and 1978 , respectively - these models were badge engineered as products of other marques in some countries . For instance the Simca 1307 was sold in Britain as the Chrysler Alpine , and the Horizon was also sold under the Chrysler brand . Simca vehicles were also manufactured by Simca do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo , Brazil , and Barreiros ( another Chrysler subsidiary ) in Spain . They were also assembled in Australia , Chile [ citation needed ] , Colombia and the Netherlands during the Chrysler era . In Argentina , Simca had a small partnership with Metalmecánica SAIC ( more known as de Carlo ) for the production of the Simca Ariane in 1965 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '2:12.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 13.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Mairesse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Mairesse', 'summary': "Guy Mairesse ( 10 August 1910 - 24 April 1954 ) was a racing driver from France . He participated in 3 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 3 September 1950 . He scored no championship points . Mairesse built up a haulage business between the wars and became interested in motor sport in 1946 through his friendship with Le Mans driver , Paul Vallée . He won the Lyon-Charbonnières Rally in 1947 and then purchased a Delahaye from Vallée for 1948 , with which he was victorious at Chimay . In 1949 Mairesse joined Vallée 's team , Ecurie France , to race the Lago-Talbot and took fourth place at Pau and fifth at Albi . In 1950 he finished second at Le Mans with Pierre Meyrat using a single seat Talbot . Towards the end of that season the Vallée team closed and Mairesse purchased the Le Mans car and a Lago-Talbot T26C which he used to enter the 1950 Italian Grand Prix from which he retired and the Swiss and French Grands Prix in 1951 , finishing 11 laps down and not classified on each occasion . Thereafter business commitments curtailed his involvement in racing and he sold his cars in 1952 appearing infrequently in other owners ' machinery . Mairesse was killed in practice for the Coupe de Paris at Montlhéry in 1954 when he swerved to avoid another car and crashed into a concrete wall ."}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:13.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 14.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurice Trintignant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Trintignant', 'summary': 'Maurice Bienvenu Jean Paul Trintignant ( 30 October 1917 , in Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes , Vaucluse - 13 February 2005 , in Nîmes ) was a motor racing driver and vintner from France . He competed in the Formula One World Championship for fourteen years , between 1950 and 1964 , one of the longest careers in the early years of Formula One . During this time he also competed in sports car racing , including winning the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race . Following his retirement from the track Trintignant concentrated on the wine trade . Maurice Trintignant was the brother of Bugatti race car driver Louis Trintignant - who was killed in 1933 , in practice , at Péronne , Picardy - and the uncle of renowned French film actor Jean-Louis Trintignant .'}]}, {'value': 'Simca - Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simca', 'summary': "Simca ( Société Industrielle de Mécanique et Carrosserie Automobile ; Mechanical and Automotive Body Manufacturing Company ) was a French automaker , founded in November 1934 by Fiat and directed from July 1935 to May 1963 by Italian Henri Théodore Pigozzi . Simca was affiliated with Fiat and , after Simca bought Ford 's French activities , became increasingly controlled by the Chrysler Group . In 1970 , Simca became a subsidiary and brand of Chrysler Europe , ending its period as an independent company . Simca disappeared in 1978 , when Chrysler divested its European operations to another French automaker , PSA Peugeot Citroën . PSA replaced the Simca brand with Talbot after a short period when some models were badged as Simca-Talbots . During most of its post-war activity , Simca was one of the biggest automobile manufacturers in France . The Simca 1100 was for some time the best-selling car in France , while the Simca 1307 and Simca Horizon won the coveted European Car of the Year title in 1976 and 1978 , respectively - these models were badge engineered as products of other marques in some countries . For instance the Simca 1307 was sold in Britain as the Chrysler Alpine , and the Horizon was also sold under the Chrysler brand . Simca vehicles were also manufactured by Simca do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo , Brazil , and Barreiros ( another Chrysler subsidiary ) in Spain . They were also assembled in Australia , Chile [ citation needed ] , Colombia and the Netherlands during the Chrysler era . In Argentina , Simca had a small partnership with Metalmecánica SAIC ( more known as de Carlo ) for the production of the Simca Ariane in 1965 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '2:13.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 14.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Rosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Rosier', 'summary': 'Louis Rosier ( 5 November 1905 in Chapdes-Beaufort - 29 October 1956 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a racing driver from France .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:13.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 14.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henri Louveau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henri_Louveau', 'summary': 'Henri Louveau ( January 25 , 1910 - January 7 , 1991 ) was a racing driver from France . He participated in two Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on September 3 , 1950 . He scored no championship points . Louveau came 2nd in the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:13.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 15.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince Bira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birabongse_Bhanudej', 'summary': "Prince Birabongse Bhanudej Bhanubandh ( Thai : พีรพงศ์ภาณุเดช ; RTGS : Phiraphong Phanudet ; 15 July 1914 - 23 December 1985 ) , better known as Prince Bira of Siam ( now Thailand ) or by his nom de course B. Bira , was a member of the Thai royal family , racing driver , sailor , and pilot . Birabongse raced in Formula One and Grand Prix races for the Maserati , Gordini , and Connaught teams . He was the only Southeast Asian driver to compete in Formula One until Malaysia 's Alex Yoong joined Minardi in 2001 , as well as the only Thai driver to compete in Formula One until Alexander Albon made his debut in 2019 . He also competed in sailing events at four Summer Olympic Games , and flew from London to Bangkok in his own twin-engine Miles Gemini aircraft in 1952 ."}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '2:14.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 15.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Étancelin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Étancelin', 'summary': 'Philippe Étancelin ( 28 December 1896 - 13 October 1981 ) was a French Grand Prix motor racing driver who joined the new Formula One circuit at its inception .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:14.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 15.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toulo de Graffenried', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried', 'summary': "Baron Emmanuel 'Toulo ' de Graffenried ( 18 May 1914 , Paris , France - 22 January 2007 , Lonay , Switzerland ) was a Swiss motor racing driver . He participated in 23 World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 13 May 1950 , and scored a total of nine championship points . He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races . De Graffenried began his racing career in 1936 , driving his own Maserati voiturette . Some of his most memorable results came at his home track : the challenging , cobbled , street circuit at Bremgarten near Bern . He won the 1949 British Grand Prix , a year before the FIA World Championship began . In that inaugural year de Graffenried contested four of the season 's seven races , with mixed results . He continued to drive in occasional races over the next six years , with his best finish being fourth place at the 1953 Belgian Grand Prix . Following his retirement from racing , de Graffenried managed his car dealership in Lausanne , featuring Alfa Romeo , Rolls-Royce and Ferrari automobiles . He also acted as stunt double for Kirk Douglas during the filming of The Racers . Later , he became a common figure at Formula One events during the 1970s and 1980s as the corporate ambassador for Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In recognition of his win at the first British Grand Prix , de Graffenried made his last appearance at the wheel of a racing car during the 1998 celebrations of Silverstone 's 50th anniversary at age 84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '2:14.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 15.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Whitehead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Whitehead_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Peter Nield Whitehead ( 12 November 1914 - 21 September 1958 ) was a British racing driver . He was born in Menston , Yorkshire and was killed in an accident at Lasalle , France , during the Tour de France endurance race . A cultured , knowledgeable and well-travelled racer , he was excellent in sports cars . He won the 1938 Australian Grand Prix , which along with a 24 Heures du Mans win in 1951 , probably was his finest achievement , but he also won two 12 Heures internationales de Reims events . He was a regular entrant , mostly for Peter Walker and Graham Whitehead , his half-brother . His death in 1958 ended a career that started in 1935 - however , he was lucky to survive an air crash in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '2:16.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 17.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Chiron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Chiron', 'summary': 'Louis Alexandre Chiron ( 3 August 1899 - 22 June 1979 ) was a Monégasque racing driver who competed in rallies , sports car races , and Grands Prix . Among the greatest drivers between the two World Wars , his career embraced over thirty years , coming to light already in 1927 , and ending at the end of the 1950s . This is also why he is still the oldest driver ever to have raced in Formula One , having taken 6th place in the 1955 Monaco Grand Prix when he was 55 . The Bugatti Chiron takes its name from him .'}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '2:17.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 18.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Levegh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Levegh', 'summary': 'Pierre Eugène Alfred Bouillin ( 22 December 1905 - 11 June 1955 ) was a French sportsman and racing driver . He took the racing name Pierre Levegh [ ləvɛk ] in memory of his uncle , a pioneering driver who died in 1904 . Levegh died in the 1955 Le Mans disaster which also killed 83 spectators during the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile race .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '2:17.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 18.6', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1950_Italian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1950 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 September 1950 at Autodromo Nazionale Monza. It was race 7 of 7 in the 1950 World Championship of Drivers. In this race, Nino Farina became the first World Drivers' Champion, and the only driver to win the title in his home country."} | null | null | What year was the driver with a time gap of +14.6 born in ? | 1910 |
050e203c59d9bca9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_founding_Fellows,_Scholars_and_Commissioners_of_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of founding Fellows, Scholars and Commissioners of Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'Position', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lancelot Andrewes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes', 'summary': "Lancelot Andrewes ( 1555 - 25 September 1626 ) was an English bishop and scholar , who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I . During the latter 's reign , Andrewes served successively as Bishop of Chichester , of Ely , and of Winchester and oversaw the translation of the King James Version of the Bible ( or Authorized Version ) . In the Church of England he is commemorated on 25 September with a Lesser Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also named as a Scholar in the 1571 charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir John Bennet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Bennet_(judge)', 'summary': 'Sir John Bennet ( 1553 - 15 February 1627 ) was a judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1597 and 1621 . His career ended in controversy after he was found guilty of extorting bribes and excessive fees .'}]}, {'value': 'Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury , elected MP for the university in 1621', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prerogative_Court', 'summary': "A prerogative court is a court through which the discretionary powers , privileges , and legal immunities reserved to the sovereign were exercised . In England in the 17th century a clash developed between these courts , representing the crown 's authority , and common law courts . Prerogative courts included the Court of the Exchequer , the Court of Chancery , and the Court of the Star Chamber . Their procedures were flexible and not limited by common law procedures . The Star Chamber became a tool of Charles I employed against his enemies , and was abolished by parliament . A parallel system of common law courts was grounded in Magna Carta and property rights ; the main common law courts were the Court of the King 's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Canterbury is a Church of England diocese covering eastern Kent which was founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury in 597 . The diocese is centred on Canterbury Cathedral and is the oldest see of the Church of England . The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiatical Revenues of England and Wales ( 1835 ) noted the net annual revenue for the Canterbury see was £19,182 . This made it the wealthiest diocese in England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Oxford University was a university constituency electing two members to the British House of Commons , from 1603 to 1950 . The last two members to represent Oxford University when it was abolished were A. P. Herbert and Arthur Salter .'}]}, {'value': 'William Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Bird_(lawyer)', 'summary': 'Sir William Bird ( 1560 or 1561 - 1624 ) was a lawyer , Member of Parliament for Oxford University and Dean of the Court of Arches but who was accused in Parliament of taking improper fees .'}]}, {'value': 'Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of the Court of Arches ( appointed 1618 ) , and a former MP for the university', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_of_Arches', 'summary': "The Dean of the Arches is the judge who presides in the provincial ecclesiastical court of the Archbishop of Canterbury . This court is called the Arches Court of Canterbury . It hears appeals from consistory courts and bishop 's disciplinary tribunals in the province of Canterbury . The Dean of the Arches is appointed jointly by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York with the approval of Her Majesty signified by warrant under the sign manual . The same person presides in the Chancery Court of York where he or she has the title of Auditor and hears appeals from consistory courts and bishop 's disciplinary tribunals in the province of York . The Dean of Arches is also Official Principal of the Archbishop of Canterbury and of the Archbishop of York acts as Master of the Faculties . The current Dean of Arches is the Right Worshipful Charles George , QC , who succeeded the Right Worshipful Dr Sheila Cameron on 1 May 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Oxford University was a university constituency electing two members to the British House of Commons , from 1603 to 1950 . The last two members to represent Oxford University when it was abolished were A. P. Herbert and Arthur Salter .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Bould', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Bould', 'summary': 'Henry Bould ( or Bolde ) ( born c. 1602 ) was a Welsh academic at the University of Oxford in the 17th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Later became a Fellow of the college ( 1623-1638 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor of the university', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford', 'summary': 'This is a list of chancellors of the University of Oxford in England by year of appointment :'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford', 'summary': 'The following people have been vice-chancellors of the University of Oxford ( formally known as The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor ) :'}]}, {'value': 'Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chancellor at the time of the 1622 charter was William Herbert , 3rd Earl of Pembroke , and he was one of the signatories of the statutes . The Vice-Chancellor , William Piers , did not sign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke', 'summary': "William Herbert , 3rd Earl of Pembroke ( 8 April 1580 - 10 April 1630 ) KG , PC , of Wilton House in Wiltshire , was an English nobleman , politician , and courtier . He served as Chancellor of the University of Oxford and together with King James I he founded Pembroke College , Oxford . In 1608 he was appointed Warden of the Forest of Dean and Constable of St Briavels Castle in Gloucestershire , and in 1609 Governor of Portsmouth , all of which offices he retained until his death . He served as Lord Chamberlain from 1615 to 1625 . In 1623 the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays was dedicated to him and his brother and successor Philip Herbert , 1st Earl of Montgomery ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Piers', 'summary': 'William Piers ( Pierse , Pierce ) ( c.1580 - 1670 ) was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1621 to 1624 , Bishop of Peterborough from 1630 to 1632 and Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1632 to his death in 1670 .'}]}, {'value': 'William Dolben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Dolben', 'summary': 'William Dolben ( c. 1588 - 1631 ) was a Welsh clergyman .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh clergyman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Dove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Dove', 'summary': "Thomas Dove ( 1555 - 30 August 1630 ) was Bishop of Peterborough from 1601 to 1630 . Dove was born in London , England , and educated at Merchant Taylors ' School from 1564 to 1571 . He was named as one of the first scholars of Jesus College , Oxford in its foundation charter in 1571 , but never attended . Instead , he became a scholar at Pembroke College , Cambridge , obtaining his BA in 1575 and his MA in 1578 . He was a Pembroke contemporary of Lancelot Andrewes , who had also been educated at Merchant Taylors ' School and named as a founding scholar of Jesus College , Oxford . Dove was ordained in 1578 and became vicar of Saffron Walden , Essex in 1580 . Dove was a noted preacher , impressing Queen Elizabeth who remarked that she thought the Holy Ghost was descended again in this Dove . In 1589 , Dove became Dean of Norwich and in 1601 he was consecrated Bishop of Peterborough , where he remained until his death in 1630 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also named as a Scholar in the 1571 charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Higginson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Higginson', 'summary': 'John Higginson ( fl . 1561-1622 ) was one of the eight founding fellows of Jesus College , Oxford in 1571 . He matriculated from Trinity College , Cambridge in 1561 , obtaining his BA degree in 1565 and his MA in 1568 . He was appointed vicar of Claybrooke , Leicestershire , England in 1571 and ordained priest in 1572 . He was still alive at the time of the grant to Jesus College of its third charter by King James I in 1622 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also named as a Fellow of the college in the 1571 charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(rector)', 'summary': 'Robert Johnson ( 1540 - 1625 ) was a Church of England cleric and the founder of both Oakham School and Uppingham School .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also named as a Fellow of the college in the 1571 charter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matriculated as a member of the college in November 1621 , later becoming Sub-Dean of Westminster Abbey and Treasurer of Chichester Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matriculation', 'summary': 'Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university , or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Abbey', 'summary': "Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , England , just to the west of the Palace of Westminster . It is one of the United Kingdom 's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and , later , British monarchs . The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539 . Between 1540 and 1556 , the abbey had the status of a cathedral . Since 1560 , the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar - a church responsible directly to the sovereign . According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site ( then known as Thorn Ey ( Thorn Island ) ) in the seventh century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London . Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III . Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066 , all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey . There have been 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 . As the burial site of more than 3,300 persons , usually of prominence in British history ( including at least sixteen monarchs , eight Prime Ministers , poets laureate , actors , scientists , military leaders , and the Unknown Warrior ) , Westminster Abbey is sometimes described as 'Britain 's Valhalla ' , after the iconic burial hall of Norse mythology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral', 'summary': "Chichester Cathedral , formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester . It is located in Chichester , in Sussex , United Kingdom . It was founded as a cathedral in 1075 , when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey . Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles , and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as the most typical English Cathedral . Despite this , Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England 's medieval cathedrals - a free-standing medieval bell tower ( or campanile ) and double aisles . The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures , and many modern art works including tapestries , stained glass and sculpture , many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey ( Dean , 1955-77 ) . The city of Chichester , though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans , has always been small enough for the city 's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once , causing Daniel Defoe to comment :"}]}, {'value': 'Robert Lloyd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fellow of the college ( 1622-1637 ) , but nothing else is known about him', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Madryn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matriculated as a member of the college in December 1621 , later becoming rector of Newtown , Montgomeryshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matriculation', 'summary': 'Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university , or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)', 'summary': 'A rector is , in an ecclesiastical sense , a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations . In contrast , a vicar is also a cleric but functions as an assistant and representative of an administrative leader .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newtown,_Powys', 'summary': 'Newtown ( Welsh : Y Drenewydd ) , the largest town in the county of Powys , Mid Wales , lies on the River Severn in the community of Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn , within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire . It was designated a new town in 1967 and saw large population growth as firms settled , changing its market town character . Its 2001 population of 12,783 eased to 11,357 at the 2011 census . It was the birthplace of Robert Owen in 1771 , whose house stood on the present site of the HSBC Bank . The town has a theatre , Theatr Hafren , and a public gallery , Oriel Davies , displaying contemporary arts and crafts .'}]}, {'value': 'Maurice Meyricke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Meyricke', 'summary': 'Maurice Meyricke ( ca . 1563 - 1640 ) was a Welsh academic at the University of Oxford in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Registrar of the university ( 1600-1608 ) and a Fellow of New College , Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham , the full name of the college is St Mary 's College of Winchester in Oxford . The name New College , however , soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing college of St Mary , now known as Oriel College . In 2017 , the college ranked first in the Norrington Table , a table assessing the relative performance of Oxford 's undergraduates in final examinations . Historically , it has been ranked highly . It has the 3rd highest average Norrington Table ranking over the previous decade . The college is between Holywell Street and New College Lane ( known for Oxford 's Bridge of Sighs ) , next to All Souls College , Harris Manchester College , Hertford College , The Queen 's College and St Edmund Hall . The college 's sister college is King 's College , Cambridge . The college is one of the main choral foundations of the University of Oxford . The college choir is regarded as one of the leading choirs of the world , and has recorded over one hundred albums ; it has been awarded two Gramophone Awards . Like many of Oxford 's colleges , New College admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979 , after six centuries as an institution for men only ."}]}, {'value': 'Willam Parry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matriculated as a member of the college in November 1621', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matriculation', 'summary': 'Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university , or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination .'}]}, {'value': 'Theodore Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Price', 'summary': 'Thedore Price ( c. 1570 - 15 December 1631 ) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman and academic . He served as Principal of Hart Hall , Oxford for 18 years and was also a prebend of Westminster Abbey . However , after falling out with his patron , John Williams , he sided with William Laud and was reputed to have converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism at the end of his life .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow and Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Principal of Hart Hall , Oxford ( 1604-1622 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hart_Hall,_Oxford', 'summary': "Hertford College ( /ˈhɑːrtfərd/ HART-fərd ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . It is located on Catte Street in the centre of Oxford , directly opposite the main gate to the Bodleian Library . The college is known for its iconic bridge , the Bridge of Sighs . There are around 600 students at the college at any one time , comprising undergraduates , graduates and visiting students from overseas . The first Hertford College began in the 1280s as Hart Hall and became a college in 1740 but was dissolved in 1816 . In 1820 , the site was taken over by Magdalen Hall , which had emerged around 1490 on a site adjacent to Magdalen College . In 1874 , Magdalen Hall was incorporated as a college , reviving the name Hertford College . In 1974 , Hertford was part of the first group of all-male Oxford colleges to admit women . Alumni of the college 's predecessor institutions include William Tyndale , John Donne , Thomas Hobbes and Jonathan Swift . More recently , former students have included author Evelyn Waugh , the first female Home Secretary Jacqui Smith , the civil servants Jeremy Heywood and Olly Robbins , and the newsreaders and reporters Fiona Bruce , Carrie Gracie , Krishnan Guru-Murthy and Natasha Kaplinsky ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Prichard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Prichard', 'summary': 'Thomas Prichard ( born c. 1591 ) was a Welsh clergyman and academic at the University of Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fellow of the college since 1615 , appointed Vice-Principal in 1623', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Prichard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Prichard_(rector)', 'summary': 'William Prichard ( c. 1563 - 1629 ) was a Welsh clergyman and academic at the University of Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A former student of the college ; Rector of Ewelme , Oxfordshire ( 1606-1629 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)', 'summary': 'A rector is , in an ecclesiastical sense , a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations . In contrast , a vicar is also a cleric but functions as an assistant and representative of an administrative leader .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ewelme', 'summary': "Ewelme ( /ˈjuːɛlm/ ) is a village and civil parish in the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire , 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) north-east of the market town of Wallingford . The 2011 Census recorded the parish 's population as 1,048 . To the east of the village is Cow Common and to the west , Benson Airfield , the north-eastern corner of which is within the parish boundary . The solid geology is chalk overlying gault clay . The drift geology includes some gravel ."}]}, {'value': 'Ambrose Thelwall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not found in the college records , but presumed to be a relative of Sir Eubule Thelwall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir Eubule Thelwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eubule_Thelwall_(politician)', 'summary': 'Sir Eubule Thelwall ( c. 1562 - 8 October 1630 ) was a Welsh lawyer , academic and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1629 . He was principal of Jesus College , Oxford from 1621 to 1630 .'}]}, {'value': 'Principal and Commissioner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master of the Court of Chancery ( appointed 1617 ) , and Principal from 1621 until his death in 1630', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Court_of_Chancery', 'summary': "The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid the slow pace of change and possible harshness ( or inequity ) of the common law . The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity , including trusts , land law , the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants . Its initial role was somewhat different : as an extension of the Lord Chancellor 's role as Keeper of the King 's Conscience , the Court was an administrative body primarily concerned with conscientious law . Thus the Court of Chancery had a far greater remit than the common law courts , whose decisions it had the jurisdiction to overrule for much of its existence , and was far more flexible . Until the 19th century , the Court of Chancery could apply a far wider range of remedies than common law courts , such as specific performance and injunctions , and had some power to grant damages in special circumstances . With the shift of the Exchequer of Pleas towards a common law court and loss of its equitable jurisdiction by the Administration of Justice Act 1841 , the Chancery became the only national equitable body in the English legal system . Academics estimate that the Court of Chancery formally split from and became independent of the curia regis in the mid-14th century , at which time it consisted of the Lord Chancellor and his personal staff , the Chancery . Initially an administrative body with some judicial duties , the Chancery experienced an explosive growth in its work during the 15th century , particularly under the House of York , which academics attribute to its becoming an almost entirely judicial body . From the time of Elizabeth I onwards the Court was severely criticised for its slow pace , large backlogs , and high costs . Those problems persisted until its dissolution , despite being mitigated somewhat by reforms , particularly during the 19th century . Attempts at fusing the Chancery with the common law courts began in the 1850s , and finally succeeded with the 1873 and 1875 Supreme Court of Judicature Acts , which dissolved the Chancery and created a new unified High Court of Justice , with the Chancery Division - one of three divisions of the High Court - succeeding the Court of Chancery as an equitable body . For much of its existence the Court was formally led by the Lord Chancellor , assisted by the judges of the common law courts ."}]}, {'value': 'William Thelwall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scholar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not found in the college records , but presumed to be a relative of Sir Eubule Thelwall', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'People named in the 1622 charter', 'section_text': 'Lancelot Andrewes , named as a Scholar in the charters of 1571 and 1622 William Herbert , 3rd Earl of Pembroke , Chancellor of the university in 1622 and one of the signatories of the new statutes', 'uid': 'List_of_founding_Fellows,_Scholars_and_Commissioners_of_Jesus_College,_Oxford_1', 'intro': "Jesus College, Oxford, the first Protestant college at the University of Oxford, was founded by Elizabeth I in 1571 at the instigation of a Welsh clergyman, Hugh Price. The royal charter issued by Elizabeth appointed a Principal and various Fellows, Scholars and Commissioners: the Fellows to educate the Scholars and to run the college, under the overall direction of the Principal; and the Commissioners to draw up statutes for the governance of the college, its officers and servants, and the management of the college property. The college was founded to help with the increased numbers of Welsh students at Oxford, and the founding Fellows included a number of individuals with links to Wales. The Commissioners included prominent individuals such as William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the Principal Secretary of State. The charter also gave land and buildings in Oxford to the new college. Whilst the foundation process of the college started in 1571, it took more than fifty years and a further two charters, one in 1589 from Elizabeth and one in 1622 from her successor, James I, to complete the process. These further charters were necessary because neither the Commissioners appointed by the 1571 charter nor those appointed by the 1589 charter fulfilled their allotted task of drawing up statutes. During this time, Griffith Powell (one of the Fellows who was pressing for statutes to be drawn up) concluded that successive Principals were loath to have statutes, since these would limit the Principal's powers. One Principal lost a draft copy of the statutes; the next kept the next draft in his study for several years without taking steps to have them confirmed by the Commissioners. It was not until after the 1622 charter that statutes were approved by the Commissioners and the college was fully constituted. Despite the intention on the foundation of the college, none of the charters made special provision for Welsh students, although the students were predominantly Welsh from the outset."} | null | null | What are the notes for the person listed as Fellow , that established the Oakham School as well as the Uppingham School ? | Also named as a Fellow of the college in the 1571 charter |
050e7a13d9f1a707 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Illawarra_and_the_South_East_(New_South_Wales)', 'title': 'List of schools in Illawarra and the South East (New South Wales)', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adaminaby Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adaminaby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adaminaby,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Adaminaby /ædəˈmɪnəbi/ is a small town near the Snowy Mountains north-west of Cooma , New South Wales , Australia , in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council . The historic town , of 301 people at the 2016 census , is a trout fishing centre and winter sports destination situated at 1,017 metres ( 3,337 ft ) above sea level . Economic life is built around tourism and agriculture-the town serves as a service point for Selwyn Snowfields and the Northern Skifields . It is also a popular destination for horse riders , bushwalkers , fly-fishermen and water sports enthusiasts as well as a base for viewing aspects of the Snowy Mountains Scheme . Adaminaby is one of the highest towns in Australia , and snowfalls are frequent and often heavy during winter . The historic Bolaro Station and scenic Yaouk Valley are located near the township and Charlie McKeahnie , said to be the inspiration for The Man From Snowy River , a poem by Banjo Paterson , lived and died in the district . Later , Nobel winning author Patrick White wrote about the town . The construction of nearby Lake Eucumbene made it necessary to re-locate the original township of ( Old ) Adaminaby in 1957 . In times of drought , the original township and relics of the old valley re-emerge from under the waters of the lake . The present township is located on the Snowy Mountains Highway and is known as the Home of The Big Trout and the location of the Snowy Scheme Museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowy Monaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowy_Monaro_Regional_Council', 'summary': 'The Snowy Monaro Regional Council is a local government area located in the Snowy Mountains and Monaro regions of New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the Bombala , Cooma-Monaro and Snowy River shires . The council comprises an area of 15,162 square kilometres ( 5,854 sq mi ) and occupies the higher slopes of the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range between the Australian Capital Territory to the north and the state boundary with Victoria to the south . At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 20,707 . Its population at the 2016 census was 20,218 . The Mayor of the Snowy Monaro Regional Council is Peter Beer .'}]}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albion Park Public School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_Park_Public_School', 'summary': 'Albion Park Public School is a government co-educational primary school located in Albion Park , a suburb of City of Shellharbour , New South Wales , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Albion Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_Park,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Albion Park is a suburb situated in the Macquarie Valley in the City of Shellharbour , which is in turn one of the three local government areas that comprise the Wollongong Metropolitan Area , New South Wales , Australia . Although it is surrounded by a 'green belt ' of farms , Albion Park had a population of 13,316 at the 2016 census . The Illawarra escarpment is to the west , Dapto is to the north , Jamberoo is to the south and Shellharbour is to the east ."}]}, {'value': 'Shellharbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Shellharbour', 'summary': 'The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The City is located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour and it had an estimated population of 68,460 at the 2016 census . The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north , with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance ( and the suburb of Lake Illawarra ) and Macquarie Rivulet ( Albion Park Rail ) . The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour . The Mayor of the Shellharbour City Council is Cr . Marianne Saliba , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albion Park Rail Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albion Park Rail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_Park_Rail,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Albion Park Rail is a suburb of Shellharbour , Australia situated in the Macquarie Valley ( Shellharbour ) . The South Coast railway line was opened to the railway station and Bombo in 1887 . At the time the nearest town was Albion Park , several kilometres away . Over time , houses were built around the railway station , and Albion Park Rail developed into a town in its own right , and with its own name . Albion Park Rail has a community area set up with a community centre , playing fields and a recently built skatepark . It only has one school but it accommodates many students from Pre-School to Year 6 . Albion Park Rail is located along the shores of Lake Illawarra , near Koona Bay . It is a fifteen-minute drive on the freeway to Wollongong . Albion Park Rail is the site of the Illawarra Regional Airport which is the location of the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Shellharbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Shellharbour', 'summary': 'The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The City is located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour and it had an estimated population of 68,460 at the 2016 census . The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north , with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance ( and the suburb of Lake Illawarra ) and Macquarie Rivulet ( Albion Park Rail ) . The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour . The Mayor of the Shellharbour City Council is Cr . Marianne Saliba , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austinmer Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austinmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austinmer,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Austinmer is a northern village of Wollongong on the south coast of New South Wales , Australia . It sits in the northern Illawarra region , south of Stanwell Park and immediately north of Thirroul . The town 's main beach is Austinmer Beach , a patrolled surf beach and a popular tourist beach . A second smaller and unpatrolled beach lies directly to the north of Austinmer beach . It is called Little Austinmer Beach , known locally as 'dog beach ' , as it is a popular off-leash zone for dog walking . The main road through the town is Lawrence Hargrave Drive , which connects with the Princes Highway at Bulli Pass . Moore Street connects Austinmer railway station to Lawrence Hargrave Drive , and , along with a short stretch along Lawrence Hargrave Drive , constitutes Austinmer 's commercial presence , as well as a police station , school , churches , and veterinary clinic . The Headland Hotel to the north of Austinmer Beach was featured in the 2005/2006 television series headLand . It is served by Austinmer railway station , on the South Coast railway line which runs electric double deck train services to Sydney and Wollongong ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avoca Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avoca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avoca,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Avoca ( /əˈvoʊkə/ ) is a small town in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales , Australia , in Wingecarribee Shire . At the 2016 census , Avoca had a population of 199 . Situated 700 m above sea level , Avoca is just 10-15 minutes drive from bigger towns such as Bowral and Moss Vale and around 25 minutes drive to Mittagong . The village includes a public school , with around 30 students , an events hall ( Avoca Hall ) and a fire station base , although it is situated further away from the main centre of the village . Avoca is situated on the main Sheepwash Road . The village also includes several dairy farms , which provide milk to many larger companies such as Pura Milk and Dairy Farmers .'}]}, {'value': 'Wingecarribee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wingecarribee_Shire', 'summary': 'Wingecarribee Shire is the local government area of the Southern Highlands in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The Wingecarribee Shire is around 110 kilometres ( 70 mi ) southwest of the Sydney central business district and is part of regional Capital Country and to some extent can be considered part of the Southern Tablelands . Wingecarribee Shire covers an area of 2,700 square kilometres ( 1,000 sq mi ) that is typically referred to as the Southern Highlands . Wingecarribee Shire is an important catchment area for water supply to Sydney , Wollongong and the Northern Shoalhaven . The Mayor of Wingecarribee Shire is Cr . Duncan Gair . The Council seat and Chambers is based in Moss Vale . However , the centre of commerce of the Shire is based in Bowral . The Shire came into existence on 1 January 1981 as an amalgamation of the three previous local government areas that made up the Southern Highlands ; Mittagong Shire Council ( previously Nattai Shire Council ) , Bowral Municipality Council and the former Wingecarribee Shire ( based in Moss Vale ) . In 2012 , the Wingecarribee Shire Council won a landmark class action against Lehman Brothers Australia in the Federal Court after it was found that Lehman Brothers failed to give sound financial advice to the Wingecarribee Shire and other councils through exposure to high-risk investments known as collateralised debt obligations . Wingecarribee Council suffered A $ 21.4 million of losses on its investments . The Federal Court found that the Council was entitled to an initial award of A $ 9 million .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balarang Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oak Flats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oak_Flats,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Oak Flats is a suburb of Shellharbour , New South Wales , Australia situated on the south western shores of Lake Illawarra and within the Illawarra region of New South Wales . It is a residential area , which had a population of 6,415 at the 2016 census . Oak Flats is one of the 324 suburbs that sits within the Wollongong Statistical District which covers the local authority areas of Wollongong , Shellharbour and Kiama . Oak Flats is locally governed by the Shellharbour City Council which governs 22 suburbs within the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Shellharbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Shellharbour', 'summary': 'The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The City is located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour and it had an estimated population of 68,460 at the 2016 census . The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north , with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance ( and the suburb of Lake Illawarra ) and Macquarie Rivulet ( Albion Park Rail ) . The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour . The Mayor of the Shellharbour City Council is Cr . Marianne Saliba , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balgownie Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balgownie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balgownie,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Balgownie is a small suburb of Wollongong , New South Wales , Australia . Balgownie lies to the north-west of the Wollongong CBD . It stretches from the lower slopes of Mount Keira along the Illawarra escarpment to the base of the Broker 's Nose promontory . To the east , Balgownie is bordered by the light industrial and commercial suburb of Fairy Meadow . The main street , Balgownie Road , connects the suburb to the nearby Princes Highway . Balgownie is mostly residential with a small commercial centre known as the Balgownie Village . Balgownie has a similar history to many towns on the NSW south coast . When first settled in the 19th century , Balgownie was the centre of local logging , coal mining and farming industries . With the economic and population growth of the 20th century Balgownie was overtaken by the expanding urban sprawl and transformed from a small country hamlet to a residential suburb . Balgownie is home to citizens right across the socioeconomic spectrum , from public housing estates in the east to multimillion-dollar mansions on the escarpment . Sites of interest include the Balgownie Public School 's museum , The Bally Pub , Balgownie Village Patisserie ( formerly Kristian 's Bakery ) , the Urban Grind Cafe and the war memorial . This war memorial will have extensive developments during the next few years ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bargo Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bargo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bargo,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bargo is a small town of the Macarthur Region , New South Wales , Australia , in the Wollondilly Shire . It is approximately 100 km south west of Sydney . It is situated between the township of Tahmoor ( north ) and the village of Yanderra ( south ) , and accessible via the Hume Highway that links Sydney , Canberra and Melbourne . It was previously known as West Bargo and Cobargo .'}]}, {'value': 'Wollondilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wollondilly_Shire', 'summary': "Wollondilly Shire is a periurban local government area adjacent to the south-western fringe of Sydney , parts of which fall into the Macarthur , Blue Mountains and Central Tablelands regions in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Wollondilly Shire is named after the Wollondilly River . The area is traversed by the Hume Highway and the Southern Highlands railway line . Wollondilly Shire contains several small towns and villages broken up by farms and sandstone gorges . To its west is wilderness and includes the Nattai Wilderness and the Burragorang Valley . The majority of the Shire is either national park or forms part of the water catchment for Sydney 's water supply . The Shire provides 97% of Sydney 's water supply . The Mayor of Wollondilly Shire Council is Cr . Matthew Deeth , an independent politician ."}]}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrack Heights Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrack Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrack_Heights,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Barrack Heights is a suburb of the City of Shellharbour in New South Wales , Australia in the local government area of the same name . Many institutions are located in Barrack Heights , including Shellharbour Public Hospital , Shellharbour Private Hospital , Warilla Bowling Club , Warilla Sports Club and Warilla High School . Barrack Heights is surrounded by the suburbs of Barrack Point , Blackbutt , Mount Warrigal , Oak Flats , Shellharbour , Shellharbour City Centre and Warilla .'}]}, {'value': 'Shellharbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Shellharbour', 'summary': 'The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The City is located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour and it had an estimated population of 68,460 at the 2016 census . The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north , with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance ( and the suburb of Lake Illawarra ) and Macquarie Rivulet ( Albion Park Rail ) . The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour . The Mayor of the Shellharbour City Council is Cr . Marianne Saliba , a member of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batemans Bay Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batemans Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batemans_Bay,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Batemans Bay is a city in the South Coast region of the state of New South Wales , Australia . Batemans Bay is administered by the Eurobodalla Shire council . The city is situated on the shores of an estuary formed where the Clyde River meets the South Pacific Ocean . Batemans Bay is located on the Princes Highway ( Highway 1 ) about 280 kilometres ( 170 mi ) from Sydney and 760 km ( 470 mi ) from Melbourne . Canberra is located about 151 km ( 94 mi ) to the west of Batemans Bay , via the Kings Highway . At the 2016 census , Batemans Bay had a population of 11,294 . A larger urban area surrounding Batemans Bay also including Long Beach , Maloneys Beach and the coastal fringe extending south to Rosedale had a population of 16,485 at June 2018 . It is the closest seaside city to Canberra , making Batemans Bay a popular holiday destination for residents of Australia 's national capital . Geologically , it is situated in the far southern reaches of the Sydney Basin . Batemans Bay is also a popular retiree haven , but has begun to attract young families seeking affordable housing and a relaxed seaside lifestyle . Other local industries include oyster farming , forestry , eco-tourism and retail services ."}]}, {'value': 'Eurobodalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurobodalla_Shire', 'summary': 'Eurobodalla Shire is a local government area located in the South Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is located in a largely mountainous coastal region and situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Princes Highway and the Kings Highway . The Mayor of Eurobodalla Shire Council is Cr . Liz Innes , an unaligned politician .'}]}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bega Valley Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bega,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bega is a town in the south-east of New South Wales , Australia in the Bega Valley Shire . It is the economic centre for the Bega Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Bega Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bega_Valley_Shire', 'summary': 'The Bega Valley Shire is a local government area located adjacent to the south-eastern coastline of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire was formed in 1981 with the amalgamation of the Municipality of Bega , Imlay Shire and Mumbulla Shire . The estimated population as at the 2016 census was 33,253 . The area extends from Bermagui in the north to the Victorian border in the south and includes the towns of Bega , Tathra , Merimbula , Tura Beach , Wolumla , Cobargo , Bemboka , Pambula , Pambula Beach and the former whaling port , tourism hotspot , and major port of Eden . Smaller localities include :'}]}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellambi Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellambi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellambi,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Bellambi is a suburb of Wollongong in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . It has a railway station ( opened 1889 ) on the NSW TrainLink South Coast Line . Bellambi is situated directly north of Corrimal and east of Russell Vale . It has a beach , Bellambi Beach , on the Wollongong to Thirroul Bike Track . Bellambi lies on the flat northern Illawarra coastal plain , with views of the escarpment to the west , one of note being Broker 's Nose , 440 metres high . To the east is Bellambi Beach and a creek inlet in a reserve , and to the south of the inlet is Bellambi Harbour ( formerly known as Port Bellambi ) and Bellambi Point . The original jetty was constructed in 1858 . On August 28 , 1862 , an telegraph line was constructed between Wollongong and Bellambi . In 1863 a second jetty was built at the harbour . In 1887 a new jetty was constructed at Bellambi Bay . In 1927 the Bellambi Mines Rescue Station was established . The public school was opened in 1956 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemboka Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bemboka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bemboka,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bemboka is a town in the South Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The town is located on the Snowy Mountains Highway , in the Bega Valley Shire local government area , 474 kilometres ( 295 miles ) south of the state capital , Sydney . At the 2016 census , the Bemboka gazetted locality had a population of 577 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bega Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bega_Valley_Shire', 'summary': 'The Bega Valley Shire is a local government area located adjacent to the south-eastern coastline of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire was formed in 1981 with the amalgamation of the Municipality of Bega , Imlay Shire and Mumbulla Shire . The estimated population as at the 2016 census was 33,253 . The area extends from Bermagui in the north to the Victorian border in the south and includes the towns of Bega , Tathra , Merimbula , Tura Beach , Wolumla , Cobargo , Bemboka , Pambula , Pambula Beach and the former whaling port , tourism hotspot , and major port of Eden . Smaller localities include :'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berinba Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Yass /ˈjæs/ is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales , Australia in Yass Valley Council . The name appears to have been derived from an Aboriginal word , Yarrh ( or Yharr ) , said to mean 'running water ' . Yass is located 280 km south-west of Sydney , on the Hume Highway . The Yass River , which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River , flows past the town . Yass is 59 km from Canberra ; lying at an altitude of 505 m AMSL . Yass has an impressive and historic main street , with well-preserved 19th century verandah post pubs ( mostly converted to other uses ) . It is popular with tourists , some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway . The Yass Show is held in March , the Turning Wave Festival in September , and the Yass Arts-and-Crafts Festival in November , along with numerous other festivals and events throughout the year . The most historically significant individual to hail from Yass is Joshua 'Rocks ' O'Brien , foundation player and lead statistician for the mighty Fargoff Yorout LMS cricket franchise . Anecdotally he is also the most destructive number 8 batsman in LMS cricket history globally ."}]}, {'value': 'Yass Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yass_Valley_Council', 'summary': 'Yass Valley Council is a local government area in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is located adjacent to the Hume and Barton Highways and the Main Southern railway line . The Shire includes the towns and extensive rural residential areas of :'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Berkeley is a suburb of Wollongong , New South Wales . The suburb is located in Wollongong 's southern suburbs , on the northern shore of Lake Illawarra , and is one of the city 's most populous suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had a population of 7,605 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley South Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Berkeley is a suburb of Wollongong , New South Wales . The suburb is located in Wollongong 's southern suburbs , on the northern shore of Lake Illawarra , and is one of the city 's most populous suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had a population of 7,605 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley West Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Berkeley is a suburb of Wollongong , New South Wales . The suburb is located in Wollongong 's southern suburbs , on the northern shore of Lake Illawarra , and is one of the city 's most populous suburbs . At the 2016 census , it had a population of 7,605 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wollongong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wollongong', 'summary': 'The City of Wollongong is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the Tasman Sea , the Southern Freeway and the South Coast railway line . Located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Sydney central business district , the City of Wollongong covers 714 square kilometres ( 276 sq mi ) and occupies a narrow coastal strip bordered by the Royal National Park to the north , Lake Illawarra to the south , the Tasman Sea to the east and the Illawarra escarpment to the west . The Lord Mayor of the City of Wollongong Council is Cr . Gordon Bradbery AM , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermagui Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermagui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermagui,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Bermagui is a town on the south coast of New South Wales , Australia in the Bega Valley Shire . The name is derived from the Dyirringanj word , permageua , possibly meaning 'canoe with paddles ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Bega Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bega_Valley_Shire', 'summary': 'The Bega Valley Shire is a local government area located adjacent to the south-eastern coastline of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire was formed in 1981 with the amalgamation of the Municipality of Bega , Imlay Shire and Mumbulla Shire . The estimated population as at the 2016 census was 33,253 . The area extends from Bermagui in the north to the Victorian border in the south and includes the towns of Bega , Tathra , Merimbula , Tura Beach , Wolumla , Cobargo , Bemboka , Pambula , Pambula Beach and the former whaling port , tourism hotspot , and major port of Eden . Smaller localities include :'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berridale Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berridale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berridale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Berridale is a small town in New South Wales of 1,197 people at the 2016 census and was the administrative centre of the Snowy River Shire until that shire merged with two others to form the Snowy Monaro Regional Council in 2016 , one of Australia 's major inland tourism destinations . Berridale lies at 860 metres above sea level between the towns of Cooma and Jindabyne and 435 kilometres south of Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowy Monaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowy_Monaro_Regional_Council', 'summary': 'The Snowy Monaro Regional Council is a local government area located in the Snowy Mountains and Monaro regions of New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the Bombala , Cooma-Monaro and Snowy River shires . The council comprises an area of 15,162 square kilometres ( 5,854 sq mi ) and occupies the higher slopes of the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range between the Australian Capital Territory to the north and the state boundary with Victoria to the south . At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 20,707 . Its population at the 2016 census was 20,218 . The Mayor of the Snowy Monaro Regional Council is Peter Beer .'}]}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berrima Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berrima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berrima,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Berrima ( /ˈbɛrɪmə/ ) is a historic village in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales , Australia , in Wingecarribee Shire . The village , once a major town , is located on the Old Hume Highway between Canberra and Sydney . It was previously known officially as the Town of Berrima . It is close to the three major towns of the Southern Highlands ; Mittagong , Bowral and Moss Vale .'}]}, {'value': 'Wingecarribee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wingecarribee_Shire', 'summary': 'Wingecarribee Shire is the local government area of the Southern Highlands in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The Wingecarribee Shire is around 110 kilometres ( 70 mi ) southwest of the Sydney central business district and is part of regional Capital Country and to some extent can be considered part of the Southern Tablelands . Wingecarribee Shire covers an area of 2,700 square kilometres ( 1,000 sq mi ) that is typically referred to as the Southern Highlands . Wingecarribee Shire is an important catchment area for water supply to Sydney , Wollongong and the Northern Shoalhaven . The Mayor of Wingecarribee Shire is Cr . Duncan Gair . The Council seat and Chambers is based in Moss Vale . However , the centre of commerce of the Shire is based in Bowral . The Shire came into existence on 1 January 1981 as an amalgamation of the three previous local government areas that made up the Southern Highlands ; Mittagong Shire Council ( previously Nattai Shire Council ) , Bowral Municipality Council and the former Wingecarribee Shire ( based in Moss Vale ) . In 2012 , the Wingecarribee Shire Council won a landmark class action against Lehman Brothers Australia in the Federal Court after it was found that Lehman Brothers failed to give sound financial advice to the Wingecarribee Shire and other councils through exposure to high-risk investments known as collateralised debt obligations . Wingecarribee Council suffered A $ 21.4 million of losses on its investments . The Federal Court found that the Council was entitled to an initial award of A $ 9 million .'}]}, {'value': '1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- Primary schools ( K-6 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Illawarra_and_the_South_East_(New_South_Wales)_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Illawarra, South Coast, Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, Monaro and Snowy Mountains regions of the Australian state of New South Wales. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'} | null | null | What is the name of the school for the suburb that had a population of 13,316 at the 2016 census ? | Albion Park Public School |
05107ab5ff71a92e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_South_Dakota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, South Dakota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel Emmanuel Railroad Car', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_Emmanuel_Railroad_Car', 'summary': 'The Chapel Emmanuel Railroad Car was one of thirteen railroad cars used as chapels in the United States starting about 1890 . Seven of the cars were built by the Barney and Smith Car Company of Dayton , Ohio and travelled from town to town , mainly in the sparsely populated western states and territories , under the direction of the American Baptist Publication Society . In 1893 the Chapel Emmanuel car was the second car built for the Baptists and was the longest serving , being retired about 1938 . In the 1950s it was sold to a salvage business , Brandt Engineering Co. , in Sioux Falls , South Dakota , who stripped it of metal and used it for storage . By 1976 the car was given to Prairie Village , a museum near Madison , South Dakota and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1976 ( # 76001740 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Madison on U.S. Route 81 in Prairie Village 44°00′26″N 97°09′57″W / 44.007222°N 97.165833°W / 44.007222 ; -97.165833 ( Chapel Emmanuel Railroad Car )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_81', 'summary': "U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 ( US 81 ) is a major north-south U.S. highway that extends for 1,220 miles ( 1,960 km ) in the central United States and is one of the original United States Numbered Highways established in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials . The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway ( so called because it roughly followed the Sixth Principal Meridian of the US Public Land Survey System ) which dates back as early as 1911 . The highway has alternately ( and unofficially ) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway . In the segment in the state of Oklahoma , the highway closely corresponds to the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus is just north of Pembina , North Dakota , at the Canadian border . At this point , it is routed along Interstate 29 ( I-29 ) and continues northward into Manitoba on Highway 75 , which leads to Winnipeg . Its southern terminus is in Fort Worth , Texas , at an intersection with I-35W and US 287 . Between the inception of the numbered highway system in 1926 through 1991 , US 81 's southern terminus was at the Mexican border in Laredo , Texas . In 1991 , the terminus was moved to San Antonio . The route was shortened to its present length of 1,234 miles ( 1,986 km ) in 1993 , when the terminus was moved to Fort Worth . In both cases , the dropped portions of US 81 were replaced by I-35 . [ citation needed ] Portions of former US 81 south of Fort Worth continue to exist as business loops of I-35 ; a section from Hillsboro to Fort Worth exists as State Highway 81 ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul , and Pacific Railroad Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad_Depot_(Madison,_South_Dakota)', 'summary': "The Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot was built by the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ( also known as The Milwaukee Road ) in 1906 . It is located at the south end of the business district in Madison , South Dakota . The building is a rectangular single-story brick structure . It housed men 's and women 's waiting rooms , a lunch room ( beanery ) , station agent 's office , and a freight room . Rather than being a wood-frame building , as was usual for smaller , rural stations , the depot at Madison was built of brick . The Milwaukee Road first entered Madison in the 1881 . In 1906 it built the new depot . It functioned as a passenger station until 1953 . The building was still used by the railroad as offices and a freight agency . In 1979 , before The Milwaukee Road went bankrupt , the depot was closed . After the bankruptcy , the BNSF Railway bought the property and the rail line . It continued to use the depot for freight and storage until 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 19 , 1989 ( # 89001719 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315 S. Egan 44°00′10″N 97°06′52″W / 44.002778°N 97.114444°W / 44.002778 ; -97.114444 ( Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul , and Pacific Railroad Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew W. Daly House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1988 ( # 88000571 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102 NE . 9th St. 44°00′55″N 97°06′47″W / 44.015278°N 97.113056°W / 44.015278 ; -97.113056 ( Matthew W. Daly House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Whitney Goff Round Barn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Whitney_Goff_Round_Barn', 'summary': 'The J. Whitney Goff Round Barn near Winfred , South Dakota , United States , is a round barn that was built in 1915 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 . Round barns in the state were later studied , and a number more were recommended for NRHP listing .'}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 2004 ( # 04000469 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44520 236th St. 43°57′52″N 97°22′13″W / 43.964444°N 97.370278°W / 43.964444 ; -97.370278 ( J. Whitney Goff Round Barn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winfred', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winfred,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Winfred is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Lake County , South Dakota , United States , about 15 miles west of Madison . Although not tracked by the Census Bureau , Winfred has been assigned the ZIP code of 57076 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraham Hegdahl Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 28 , 2004 ( # 03001526 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22808 U.S. Route 81 44°04′43″N 97°07′37″W / 44.078611°N 97.126944°W / 44.078611 ; -97.126944 ( Abraham Hegdahl Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_81', 'summary': "U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 ( US 81 ) is a major north-south U.S. highway that extends for 1,220 miles ( 1,960 km ) in the central United States and is one of the original United States Numbered Highways established in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials . The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway ( so called because it roughly followed the Sixth Principal Meridian of the US Public Land Survey System ) which dates back as early as 1911 . The highway has alternately ( and unofficially ) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway . In the segment in the state of Oklahoma , the highway closely corresponds to the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus is just north of Pembina , North Dakota , at the Canadian border . At this point , it is routed along Interstate 29 ( I-29 ) and continues northward into Manitoba on Highway 75 , which leads to Winnipeg . Its southern terminus is in Fort Worth , Texas , at an intersection with I-35W and US 287 . Between the inception of the numbered highway system in 1926 through 1991 , US 81 's southern terminus was at the Mexican border in Laredo , Texas . In 1991 , the terminus was moved to San Antonio . The route was shortened to its present length of 1,234 miles ( 1,986 km ) in 1993 , when the terminus was moved to Fort Worth . In both cases , the dropped portions of US 81 were replaced by I-35 . [ citation needed ] Portions of former US 81 south of Fort Worth continue to exist as business loops of I-35 ; a section from Hillsboro to Fort Worth exists as State Highway 81 ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herschell-Spillman Steam Riding Gallery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2016 ( # 16000825 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45205 US 81 44°00′27″N 97°08′55″W / 44.007533°N 97.148539°W / 44.007533 ; -97.148539 ( Herschell-Spillman Steam Riding Gallery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_81', 'summary': "U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 ( US 81 ) is a major north-south U.S. highway that extends for 1,220 miles ( 1,960 km ) in the central United States and is one of the original United States Numbered Highways established in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials . The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway ( so called because it roughly followed the Sixth Principal Meridian of the US Public Land Survey System ) which dates back as early as 1911 . The highway has alternately ( and unofficially ) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway . In the segment in the state of Oklahoma , the highway closely corresponds to the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus is just north of Pembina , North Dakota , at the Canadian border . At this point , it is routed along Interstate 29 ( I-29 ) and continues northward into Manitoba on Highway 75 , which leads to Winnipeg . Its southern terminus is in Fort Worth , Texas , at an intersection with I-35W and US 287 . Between the inception of the numbered highway system in 1926 through 1991 , US 81 's southern terminus was at the Mexican border in Laredo , Texas . In 1991 , the terminus was moved to San Antonio . The route was shortened to its present length of 1,234 miles ( 1,986 km ) in 1993 , when the terminus was moved to Fort Worth . In both cases , the dropped portions of US 81 were replaced by I-35 . [ citation needed ] Portions of former US 81 south of Fort Worth continue to exist as business loops of I-35 ; a section from Hillsboro to Fort Worth exists as State Highway 81 ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Badus Rural Agricultural Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 24 , 2003 ( # 02001428 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by U.S. Route 81 and County Roads 16 , 37 , and 20 44°09′17″N 97°06′00″W / 44.154722°N 97.1°W / 44.154722 ; -97.1 ( Lake Badus Rural Agricultural Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_81', 'summary': "U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 ( US 81 ) is a major north-south U.S. highway that extends for 1,220 miles ( 1,960 km ) in the central United States and is one of the original United States Numbered Highways established in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials . The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway ( so called because it roughly followed the Sixth Principal Meridian of the US Public Land Survey System ) which dates back as early as 1911 . The highway has alternately ( and unofficially ) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway . In the segment in the state of Oklahoma , the highway closely corresponds to the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus is just north of Pembina , North Dakota , at the Canadian border . At this point , it is routed along Interstate 29 ( I-29 ) and continues northward into Manitoba on Highway 75 , which leads to Winnipeg . Its southern terminus is in Fort Worth , Texas , at an intersection with I-35W and US 287 . Between the inception of the numbered highway system in 1926 through 1991 , US 81 's southern terminus was at the Mexican border in Laredo , Texas . In 1991 , the terminus was moved to San Antonio . The route was shortened to its present length of 1,234 miles ( 1,986 km ) in 1993 , when the terminus was moved to Fort Worth . In both cases , the dropped portions of US 81 were replaced by I-35 . [ citation needed ] Portions of former US 81 south of Fort Worth continue to exist as business loops of I-35 ; a section from Hillsboro to Fort Worth exists as State Highway 81 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nunda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nunda,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Nunda is a town in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 43 at the 2010 census . The first settlement at Nunda was made in 1877 by a colony of Scandinavians .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County_Courthouse_(South_Dakota)', 'summary': 'The Lake County Courthouse in Madison , South Dakota was built in 1935 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 . The courthouse is at the center of a square block which also includes a Public Safety Building , which is a jail . It was designed by architects Hugill & Blatherwick in Art Deco style .'}]}, {'value': 'February 10 , 1993 ( # 92001861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center St. between Harth and Lee Aves . 44°00′20″N 97°06′41″W / 44.005556°N 97.111389°W / 44.005556 ; -97.111389 ( Lake County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Madison Lutheran Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Madison_Lutheran_Church', 'summary': 'Lake Madison Lutheran Church is a historic church in Lake County , South Dakota near Madison , about 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) to the northeast of the town . The church was completed in 1898 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . The church was organized in 1878 and held services in a sod house . It served Norwegian immigrants . The present church building was begun in 1890 and was completed in 1898 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 12 , 2000 ( # 00001220 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.5 miles southeast of Madison 44°04′51″N 97°02′37″W / 44.080833°N 97.043611°W / 44.080833 ; -97.043611 ( Lake Madison Lutheran Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman Luce Cabin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1978 ( # 78002561 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Herman State Park 43°59′29″N 97°09′57″W / 43.991389°N 97.165833°W / 43.991389 ; -97.165833 ( Herman Luce Cabin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Herman_State_Park', 'summary': 'Lake Herman State Park is a South Dakota state park in Lake County , South Dakota in the United States . The park is open for year-round recreation including camping , swimming , fishing , hiking and boating on the 1,350-acre Lake Herman . There are 72 campsites which feature electric hook-ups and 2 cabins . The namesake Lake Herman has the name of Herman Luce , a pioneer who settled near it .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William A. Mackay House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 3 , 1976 ( # 76001741 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '304 NE . 4th St. 44°00′34″N 97°06′37″W / 44.009444°N 97.110278°W / 44.009444 ; -97.110278 ( William A. Mackay House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1976 ( # 76001742 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded roughly by both sides of Egan Ave. , Washington , and 4th and 7th Sts . 44°00′39″N 97°06′43″W / 44.010833°N 97.111944°W / 44.010833 ; -97.111944 ( Madison Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison Masonic Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Masonic_Temple_(Madison,_South_Dakota)', 'summary': "The Madison Masonic Temple in Madison , South Dakota is a building from 1906 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . It was demolished in 2015 due to falling into disrepair . It has also been known as Evergreen Lodge No . 17 A.F . & A.M . It is a two-story masonry Classical Revival-style building on a raised basement , with a portico incorporating Ionic columns . Doors and windows are topped by flat brick arches with terra cotta keystones . Terra cotta is also used in cornices and in plaques beside the building 's portico . It has a shallow roof being a parapet . Which of several Masonic groups were meeting was originally indicated by colored lamps upon a metal pole rising from the center of the parapet ."}]}, {'value': 'January 26 , 1990 ( # 89002335 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '229 N. Egan Ave. 44°00′25″N 97°06′48″W / 44.006944°N 97.113333°W / 44.006944 ; -97.113333 ( Madison Masonic Temple )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Ann 's Catholic Church of Badus", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Ann's_Catholic_Church_of_Badus", 'summary': "St. Ann 's Catholic Church of Badus is a historic church in Ramona , South Dakota . It was built in 1884 and was added to the National Register in 1979 . It is a one-story vernacular-Gothic Revival building with a gable roof and clapboard siding . It is west-facing with four bays on its north and south sides , and it has Gothic-style tracery within pointed arches of its windows . It originally served a community of immigrants from Switzerland , and operated as a church from 1884 to its closure in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 7 , 1979 ( # 79002403 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Northeast of Ramona 44°08′51″N 97°08′28″W / 44.1475°N 97.141111°W / 44.1475 ; -97.141111 ( St. Ann 's Catholic Church of Badus )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramona,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ramona is a town in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 174 at the 2010 census . Ramona was laid out in 1886 , and named for the local Ramon family .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. William 's Catholic Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 12 , 1999 ( # 99000203 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "3rd St. 44°07′07″N 97°13′01″W / 44.118611°N 97.216944°W / 44.118611 ; -97.216944 ( St. William 's Catholic Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramona,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ramona is a town in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 174 at the 2010 census . Ramona was laid out in 1886 , and named for the local Ramon family .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 28 , 2010 ( # 10000411 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '514 North Washington 44°07′07″N 97°13′01″W / 44.118611°N 97.216944°W / 44.118611 ; -97.216944 ( Washington School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Madison is a city in Lake County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6,474 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County and is home to Dakota State University .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_South_Dakota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, South Dakota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, South Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | How many campsites exist in Herman Luce Cabin 's destination ? | 72 campsites |
05115dfeac1b334e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_Serie_A', 'title': 'Ecuadorian Serie A', 'header': ['Club', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning years', 'Runners-up years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona_Sporting_Club', 'summary': 'Barcelona Sporting Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baɾseˈlona ] ) is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil , known best for its professional football team . Internationally known as Barcelona de Ecuador or Barcelona de Guayaquil , in Ecuadorian land it is simply referred as Barcelona ( BSC ) . They currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A , the highest level of football in the country , and hold the distinction of being the only club in Ecuadorian history not to be relegated to the Serie B. Barcelona de Guayaquil is the most successful football team in Ecuador , having won the Serie A title a record 15 times , most recently in 2016 . They have also won six regional titles ( five in the professional era ) , and were the first Ecuadorian club to make it to the Copa Libertadores finals , having done so twice . Barcelona de Guayaquil was founded on May 1 , 1925 , by Eutimio Pérez , a Spanish immigrant who named the club after his home city of Barcelona . Since then , Barcelona de Guayaquil has become the most popular club in the country . The club holds a long-standing rivalry with Emelec , where matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico del Astillero . The club plays their home matches in Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha , the largest stadium in the country . In addition to football , the club has teams in professional basketball , bowling , boxing , swimming , volleyball , baseball , athletics , and tennis . In 2008 , its basketball team was the champion in the Ecuadorian National Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1970 , 1971 , 1980 , 1981 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1997 , 2012 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1960 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 2nd national championship for football teams in Ecuador . The tournament returned after a two-year hiatus using with the same format , but expanded the field of teams from four to eight . For the second season in a row , a Guayaquil team won the national championship . Barcelona won their first national title , which allowed them to participate in the 1961 Copa Campeones . They are the first Ecuadorian club to play in the continental tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1963_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1963 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 5th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Barcelona won their second national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1966_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1966 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 8th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Barcelona won their third national title . They qualified to the 1967 Copa Libertadores along with Emelec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1970_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1970 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 13 teams . The champion was Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1971_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1971 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 16 teams . The champion was Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2012 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2012 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 54th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on February 3 and ended in December 2012 . Deportivo Quito was the defending champion . They were succeeded by Barcelona , who won their record-breaking 14th title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2016 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Banco del Pacífico Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) is the 58th season of the Serie A .'}]}, {'value': '1957 , 1962 , 1968 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 Apertura , 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1968 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 12 teams . The champion was Deportivo Quito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1990_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1990 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 32nd season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their fourth national championship under the guidance of manager Polo Carrera . Their title was won on December 23 when they defeated Barcelona 3-1 at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2003 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2003 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 46th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their seventh national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2005 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A 2005 , known as 2005 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons , was the 48th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was divided into two tournaments , called the Apertura and Clausura , with the winner of each earning separate national titles . To date , it marks the only time in Serie A history that two titles were awarded in one year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2014 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 56th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . Emelec successfully defended their title for their 12th overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Emelec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sport_Emelec', 'summary': "Club Sport Emelec is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil that is best known for their professional football team . The football team plays in the Ecuadorian Serie A , the highest level of professional football in the country . Emelec has won fourteen Serie A titles , holding the record of doing so in all decades in which the Serie A has been played . They also have won seven regional titles ( record in their region ) , a record-tying 5 of them in the professional era . Emelec was founded on April 28 , 1929 by George Capwell , the American head of the Electric Company of Ecuador ( Spanish : Empresa Eléctrica del Ecuador ) , from which the club is named after . The name of their home stadium pays homage to the club 's founder . The club 's most intense rivalry is with crosstown-team Barcelona . Matches between the clubs are known as El Clásico del Astillero ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957 , 1961 , 1965 , 1972 , 1979 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 2001 , 2002 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1957_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1957 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol was the first time a football tournament was held to determine a national champion in Ecuador . Prior to this tournament , teams competed exclusively in one of two regional leagues , the Campeonato Profesional Interandinos ( for clubs in Quito and Ambato ) and the Campeonato Profesional de Fútbol de Guayaquil ( for clubs in Guayaquil ) . Emelec from Guayaquil won the tournament and became the first Ecuadorian football champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1961_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1961 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 3rd national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Emelec won their second national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1965_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1965 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 7th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Emelec won their third national title . They qualified to the 1966 Copa Libertadores along with 9 de Octubre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1972_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1972 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 16 teams . The champion was Emelec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2013 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 55th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . Barcelona was the defending champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2014 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 56th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . Emelec successfully defended their title for their 12th overall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2015 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 57th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . Emelec successfully defended their title for their third in a row and 13th overall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2017 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Banco del Pacífico Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 59th season of the Serie A .'}]}, {'value': '1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1967 , 1970 , 1989 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1967 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 9th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . This season marked the first time the national championship was contested as a league and not as a tournament in which teams had to qualified for . With the creation of the Segunda Categoria this same season , a system of promotion and relegation was also implemented . El Nacional won their first national title this season , just three years after being founded .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1970_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1970 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 13 teams . The champion was Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1998 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 40th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their fifth national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2006 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2006 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 48th season of Ecuador 's Serie A , the country 's top football tournament for the country 's top league . El Nacional won their 13th title to tie Barcelona for the most top-flight championships in Ecuadorian football history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2010 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2010 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 52nd season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . It ran from February 7 to December 12 . Emelec and LDU Quito each won the First and Second Stage , respectively , and played each other in the championship finals . LDU Quito won the first leg at home by a score of 2-0 . Emelec could not overturn the deficit with a 1-0 win at home in the second leg . LDU Quito won their tenth national title , tying them for third overall with Emelec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2011 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2011 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 53rd season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on January 30 and ended on December 18 , with a break in July for the 2011 Copa América . LDU Quito is the defending champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2012 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2012 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 54th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on February 3 and ended in December 2012 . Deportivo Quito was the defending champion . They were succeeded by Barcelona , who won their record-breaking 14th title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2016 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Banco del Pacífico Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) is the 58th season of the Serie A .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2018 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Campeonato Ecuatoriano - Copa Lubricantes Havoline 2018 for sponsorship reasons ) was the 60th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's top tier football league . Emelec were the defending champions . First stage winners LDU Quito defeated second stage winners and defending champions Emelec 2-1 on aggregate in the final ( third stage ) to win their eleventh domestic title ."}]}, {'value': 'El Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_El_Nacional', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo El Nacional is an Ecuadorian sports club from Quito , known best for their professional football team . The team currently plays in the Serie A , the top-flight football league in the country . El Nacional has thirteen national championships ( one less than Emelec and two less than Barcelona ) . The club has participated in more Copa Libertadores than any other club in Ecuador with 22 appearances . Their best performance in the continental tournament was as a semi-finalist in 1985 . El Nacional was founded on 1 June 1964 , and was administered by the Ecuadorian Military since the foundation until 2013 , when the club celebrates his first ever democratic elections . The club has maintained a tradition of only playing Ecuadorian footballers , which has given them the nickname of Puros Criollos ( Pure Natives ) . Rival clubs included crosstown clubs LDU Quito , Deportivo Quito , Universidad Católica and the Guayaquileans Barcelona and Emelec . Their home stadium is Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa . Other sports the organization participates in are gymnastics , table tennis , Ecuavolley , chess , and shooting .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1996 , 2005 Clausura , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1967 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 9th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . This season marked the first time the national championship was contested as a league and not as a tournament in which teams had to qualified for . With the creation of the Segunda Categoria this same season , a system of promotion and relegation was also implemented . El Nacional won their first national title this season , just three years after being founded .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2005 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A 2005 , known as 2005 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons , was the 48th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was divided into two tournaments , called the Apertura and Clausura , with the winner of each earning separate national titles . To date , it marks the only time in Serie A history that two titles were awarded in one year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2006 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2006 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 48th season of Ecuador 's Serie A , the country 's top football tournament for the country 's top league . El Nacional won their 13th title to tie Barcelona for the most top-flight championships in Ecuadorian football history ."}]}, {'value': '1964 , 1972 , 1974 , 1994 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1972 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 16 teams . The champion was Emelec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1974_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1974 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 16th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their second national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1999 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 41st season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito successfully defended their title and won their sixth national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2000 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 42nd season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was won by Olmedo , who became the first team outside of Quito and Guayaquil to win a national title .'}]}, {'value': 'LDU Quito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito', 'summary': 'Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 , 1974 , 1975 , 1990 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 Apertura , 2007 , 2010 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1969 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 11th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their first national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1974_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1974 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 16th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their second national title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1975_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1975 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 17th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . LDU Quito successfully defended their title for their third overall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1990_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1990 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 32nd season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their fourth national championship under the guidance of manager Polo Carrera . Their title was won on December 23 when they defeated Barcelona 3-1 at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1998 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 40th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their fifth national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1999 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 41st season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito successfully defended their title and won their sixth national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2003 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2003 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 46th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . LDU Quito won their seventh national championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2005 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A 2005 , known as 2005 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons , was the 48th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was divided into two tournaments , called the Apertura and Clausura , with the winner of each earning separate national titles . To date , it marks the only time in Serie A history that two titles were awarded in one year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2007 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as 2007 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 49th season of Ecuador 's Serie A , the country 's top football league . The season began on February 10 . LDU Quito won their 9th title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2010 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2010 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 52nd season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . It ran from February 7 to December 12 . Emelec and LDU Quito each won the First and Second Stage , respectively , and played each other in the championship finals . LDU Quito won the first leg at home by a score of 2-0 . Emelec could not overturn the deficit with a 1-0 win at home in the second leg . LDU Quito won their tenth national title , tying them for third overall with Emelec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2018 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Campeonato Ecuatoriano - Copa Lubricantes Havoline 2018 for sponsorship reasons ) was the 60th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's top tier football league . Emelec were the defending champions . First stage winners LDU Quito defeated second stage winners and defending champions Emelec 2-1 on aggregate in the final ( third stage ) to win their eleventh domestic title ."}]}, {'value': '1977 , 1981 , 2008 , 2015 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2008 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2008 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 50th season of the Ecuadorian Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The three-stage season ran from February 8 and December 7 . Deportivo Quito became the league champion on December 3 by defeating Macará 2-1 in Latacunga . It is Deportivo Quito 's 3rd title , and first in 40 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2015 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 57th season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . Emelec successfully defended their title for their third in a row and 13th overall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2019 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the LigaPro Banco Pichincha 2019 for sponsorship reasons ) was the 61st season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's top tier football league , and the first under the management of the Liga Profesional de Fútbol del Ecuador ( or LigaPro ) . LDU Quito were the defending champions , but were defeated in the finals by Delfín following a scoreless draw on aggregate score after two legs and a penalty shootout , in which the latter team won their first league title ."}]}, {'value': 'Deportivo Quito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sociedad_Deportivo_Quito', 'summary': 'Sociedad Deportivo Quito is an Ecuadorian non-professional club football club based in Quito . For most of its existence , it competed in Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . Deportivo Quito has won five Serie A titles in 1964 , 1968 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2011 . This places them fifth overall . The club also has four Interandean Tournament titles in 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , and 1963 . Additionally , the club was runner up in 1985 , 1988 , and 1997 . Based on its style of play , sports journalists and fans nicknamed the club La Academia de los Ecuatorianos desde 1940 ( English : The Academy of the Ecuadorians since 1940 ) . Deportivo Quito was officially founded in 1955 , although they trace their roots to Sociedad Deportiva Argentina , which was founded on July 9 , 1940 . Historic rivals include LDU Quito , Aucas , El Nacional , and Universidad Católica . They play their home games at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964 , 1968 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': 'The 1964 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 6th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Deportivo Quito won their first national title , becoming the first club from the capital city to win . They qualified to the 1965 Copa Libertadores .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1968_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1968 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A , the first division of Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) , was played by 12 teams . The champion was Deportivo Quito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2008 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2008 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 50th season of the Ecuadorian Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The three-stage season ran from February 8 and December 7 . Deportivo Quito became the league champion on December 3 by defeating Macará 2-1 in Latacunga . It is Deportivo Quito 's 3rd title , and first in 40 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2009 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 51st season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on January 31 and ended on December 7 . Deportivo Quito successfully defended their title for their fourth overall . Owing to a change in sponsorship from Pilsener to Credife , the tournament will be called the Copa Credife Serie A for the next three years until 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2011 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2011 Copa Credife Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 53rd season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on January 30 and ended on December 18 , with a break in July for the 2011 Copa América . LDU Quito is the defending champion ."}]}, {'value': '1985 , 1988 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Cuenca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Cuenca', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Cuenca is an Ecuadorian football club based in Cuenca . They currently play in the Serie A , the top-flight football league in the country , and is one of two clubs from Cuenca to have played in the top-flight ( the other being LDU Cuenca ) . Historically an undistinguished club in Ecuador , they have had a recent string of success in the Serie A . They are one of two clubs outside Quito and Guayaquil to have a national championship , which they won in 2004 . Since then , they have been a near consistent top club in the country , including numerous Copa Libertadores participations . Deportivo Cuenca was founded on March 4 , 1971 and is the second oldest club in the city after Tecni Club . Their home stadium is Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar , which was named after former club president and mayor of Cuenca . Because of the limited number of clubs from the Province of Azuay that have played in the Serie A , Deportivo Cuenca has no major local rivals .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2004 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2004 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 47th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . Deportivo Cuenca won their first national championship .'}]}, {'value': '1975 , 1976 , 2005 Clausura , 2007 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 1975 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 17th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . LDU Quito successfully defended their title for their third overall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2005 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A 2005 , known as 2005 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons , was the 48th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was divided into two tournaments , called the Apertura and Clausura , with the winner of each earning separate national titles . To date , it marks the only time in Serie A history that two titles were awarded in one year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2007 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as 2007 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 49th season of Ecuador 's Serie A , the country 's top football league . The season began on February 10 . LDU Quito won their 9th title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2009 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 51st season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's premier football league . The season began on January 31 and ended on December 7 . Deportivo Quito successfully defended their title for their fourth overall . Owing to a change in sponsorship from Pilsener to Credife , the tournament will be called the Copa Credife Serie A for the next three years until 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Olmedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centro_Deportivo_Olmedo', 'summary': 'Club Centro Deportivo Olmedo is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Riobamba , Ecuador . They currently play in the Serie A . The club won their only national championship in 2000 . Their achievement made them the first club outside Quito and Guayaquil to win a national championship . They have also won two Serie B titles in 1994 and 2003 . Internationally , they have played in the Copa Libertadores four times , reaching the Round of 16 once in 2002 . Founded in 1919 , Olmedo is the oldest club in the Serie A or Serie B . Their home stadium is the Estadio Olímpico . Their biggest rivals are Macará with whom they contest the Clásico Interandino .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2000 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 42nd season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . The season was won by Olmedo , who became the first team outside of Quito and Guayaquil to win a national title .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2004 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A ( known as the 2004 Copa Pílsener Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 47th season of the Serie A , the top level of professional football in Ecuador . Deportivo Cuenca won their first national championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Delfín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delfín_S.C.', 'summary': 'Delfín Sporting Club is a football club based in Manta , Ecuador . The club was founded on March 1 , 1989 after Club Deportivo 9 de Octubre was ceded to a group of directors , which had Club Social Delfín . Later the team renamed Delfín Sporting Club . The club currently plays in the Ecuadorian Serie A , the highest level of Ecuadorian football . Since 1989 , the club has played their home games in Estadio Jocay located in the coastal city of Manta , Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': "The 2019 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the LigaPro Banco Pichincha 2019 for sponsorship reasons ) was the 61st season of the Serie A , Ecuador 's top tier football league , and the first under the management of the Liga Profesional de Fútbol del Ecuador ( or LigaPro ) . LDU Quito were the defending champions , but were defeated in the finals by Delfín following a scoreless draw on aggregate score after two legs and a penalty shootout , in which the latter team won their first league title ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol_Serie_A', 'summary': 'The 2017 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A ( officially known as the Copa Banco del Pacífico Serie A for sponsorship reasons ) was the 59th season of the Serie A .'}]}, {'value': 'Everest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Everest', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Everest is an Ecuadorian football team based in Guayaquil . They currently play in the third-level Segunda Categoría , but have spent ten seasons in the top-flight Serie A. Everest is one of the eight team in the country to win a national championship . Their only conquest came in 1962 . Their trophy haul also includes one Campeonato Professional de Guayaquil title in 1960 . Over the years , they have bounced over the years between the Serie A and Serie B before finally being relegated to the Segunda Categoria in 1983 . They are ranked 19th in the Serie A 's all-time standings . The club was founded on February 2 , 1931 under the name Círculo Deportivo Everest . They are named after the Mount Everest . The team plays their home matches in Estadio Alejandro Ponce Noboa , but often uses Estadio Modelo Alberto Spencer Herrera ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1962_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_Fútbol', 'summary': "The 1962 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol ( English : Ecuadorian Football Championship ) was the 4th national championship for football teams in Ecuador . Guayaquilean club Everest won their first national title , and earned a berth in the 1963 Copa de Campeones . To date , this is Everest 's only national title ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Titles by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ecuadorian_Serie_A_1', 'intro': "The Primera Categoría Serie A, simply known as the Serie A or the Primera A, is a professional football league in Ecuador. At the top of the Ecuadorian football league system, it is the country's premier football competition. Contested by sixteen clubs, it operates a system of promotion and relegation with the Serie B, the lower level of the Primera Categoría. The season runs from February to December and is usually contested in multiple stages. It is sponsored by beer company Pilsener and is officially known as the Copa Pilsener Serie A. While initially not a league, the Serie A has its roots in the national championship between the top teams of Ecuador's two regional leagues. For the first nine editions, teams from Guayaquil and Quito qualified to the competition through their professional regional leagues. It abandoned the qualification format to form a proper league in 1967. Since the first edition in 1957, the tournament has been held annually (except 1958 and 1959); the 2005 season had two champions. It was ranked by IFFHS as the 13th strongest football league in the world for 2011, and the 5th strongest in South America. Nine different teams have been crowned Ecuadorian champions, but four teams have a combined total of 46 championships. The most successful club is Barcelona with fifteen titles."} | null | null | The club that has participated in more Copa Libertadores than any other Ecuadorian club won its first national title how many years after being founded ? | three |
0511d4cb08fdd5a1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Thailand at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udomporn Polsak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udomporn_Polsak', 'summary': 'Major Udomporn Polsak ( Thai : อุดมพร พลศักดิ์ RTGS : Udomphon Phonsak ; born October 6 , 1981 ) is a Thai weightlifter . Udomporn Polsak was born in Nakhon Ratchasima . She graduated from the Bangkok College of Physical Education . She won a silver medal in combined lifts at the 2002 Asian Games , bronze at the 2002 World Championships , and gold at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games . At the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , she won a gold medal , with 100 kg in the snatch and a 222.5 kg total . She was named 2003 Thai Athlete of the Year by the Sports Authority of Thailand . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she became the first Thai woman to win an Olympic gold medal , with 97.5 kg snatching and 222.5 kg total . She was given the honor to be the torch lighter at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games , held in her country .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 53 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_53_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 53 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pawina Thongsuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pawina_Thongsuk', 'summary': 'Pawina Thongsuk ( born April 18 , 1979 in Si Khoraphum , Surin province ) is a Thai weightlifter . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she won an Olympic gold medal , with 122.5 kg snatching and 272.5 kg total in the 75 kg category . In 2005 , she won the World Championship in the 63 kg category . In the 2006 Asian Games in Doha she won the gold , as well as set a new world record for the 63 kg female weight class with a clean and jerk of 142 kg .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 75 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_75_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 75 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall between 19 and 20 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manus Boonjumnong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manus_Boonjumnong', 'summary': 'Manus Boonjumnong ( Thai : มนัส บุญจำนงค์ ; RTGS : Manat Bunchamnong , born June 23 , 1980 ) is a Thai boxer who won the Olympics at Light Welterweight ( 60-64 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He is the older brother of Non Boonjumnong .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Light welterweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_welterweight', 'summary': 'The light welterweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 15 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 60 and 64 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worapoj Petchkoom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worapoj_Petchkoom', 'summary': "Worapoj Petchkoom ( Thai : วรพจน์ เพชรขุ้ม ; RTGS : Woraphot Phetkhum ; born May 18 , 1981 ) is a Thai boxer who competed in the bantamweight ( 54 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal losing to Cuban superstar Guillermo Rigondeaux . He qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in first place in the 2nd AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Karachi , Pakistan . In the final he defeated India 's Diwakar Prasad ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Bantamweight', 'summary': 'The bantamweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 17 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 51 and 54 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aree Wiratthaworn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aree_Wiratthaworn', 'summary': "Aree Wiratthaworn ( Thai : อารีย์ วิรัฐถาวร ; born February 26 , 1980 ) is a Thai weightlifter . She competed in the women 's 48 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with 200.0 kg in total . At the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships she won the bronze medal in the 48 kg category . At the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships she won the silver medal in the 48 kg category . She snatched 85 kg and clean and jerked an additional 103 kg for a total of 188 kg , 29 kg behind winner Yang ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 14 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wandee Kameaim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wandee_Kameaim', 'summary': "Wandee Kameaim ( Thai : วันดี คำเอี่ยม , born January 18 , 1978 ) is a Thai weightlifter . At the 2002 World Championships she won the silver medal in the 58 kg category , with 212.5 kg in total . She competed in the women 's 58 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with 230.0 kg in total . Kameaim competed in the Women 's 58 kg at the 2005 World Championships in Doha , Qatar and won the silver medal with 236.0 kg in total . For a short time she held the World Record in clean and jerk with 135 kg , but lost it in the same event to Gu Wei who lifted 136 kg , and then 139 kg . A year later she stuck at 230.0 kg at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and took the bronze medal . At the 2008 Summer Olympics she ranked 4th in the 58 kg category ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 58 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_58_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 58 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 16 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yaowapa Boorapolchai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaowapa_Boorapolchai', 'summary': "Yaowapa Boorapolchai ( Thai : เยาวภา บุรพลชัย ; RTGS : Yaowapha Buraphonchai ; born September 6 , 1984 at Bangkok ) is a Thai taekwondo athlete who was the bronze medalist in the women 's under 49 kg event at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She graduate Bachelor of Arts Historical major from Thammasat University . She started competing in 2002 . In the first round of the Women 's Under 49 kg event she defeated Brigitte Yague of Spain , and in the quarterfinal was defeated by Yanelis Yuliet Labrada Diaz of Cuba . She defeated Ivett Gonda of Canada and Gladys Alicia Mora Romero of Colombia in the repechage tournament to win the bronze and become the first Thai Olympic medalist outside of boxing and weightlifting . She won a bronze medal in the Universiade , World Taekwondo Championships , and World Taekwondo Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2003 , and a gold in the South East Asian Games in the same year . Many Thais claim that Yaowapa , one of the most popular athletes among Thais , has frequently been victimized by wayward officiating . Besides her loss to Diaz in Athens , she also lost to Lim Su-Jeong , a Korean exponent , in a gold-medal match at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan , South Korea , and was defeated in the first round at the 2005 South East Asian Games in the Philippines by Loraine Lorelie Catalan , a Filipino exponent . Thai officials have claimed she was cheated by the judges in these matches , especially the matches involving exponents from the host nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events , four each for men and women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 49 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_49_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 49 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on August 26 at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex . Chen Shih-hsin collected one of Chinese Taipei 's first ever Olympic gold medals at these Games in the event , after handily defeating Cuba 's Yanelis Labrada in the final with a score of 5-4 . Meanwhile , Thai fighter Yaowapa Boorapolchai picked up a bronze medal after edging Colombia 's Gladys Mora 2-1 in a tight repechage match ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suriya Prasathinphimai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suriya_Prasathinphimai', 'summary': "Suriya Prasathinphimai ( Thai : สุริยา ปราสาทหินพิมาย ; born April 2 , 1980 ) is a Thai boxer who competed in the Middleweight ( 75 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal . He qualified for the 2004 Athens Games by ending up in second place in the 2nd AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Karachi , Pakistan . In the final he lost to Pakistan 's Ahmed Ali Khan . He is the grandson of Sook Prasathinphimai , a legendary Muay Thai kickboxer in the 50s . He also has a career in professional Muay Thai , under the name as Suriya Sor Ploenchit ( สุริยา ส.เพลินจิต ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Middleweight', 'summary': 'The middleweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 14 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing between 69 and 75 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': 'Further information : 2004 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 2004 Summer Olympics medal winners', 'uid': 'Thailand_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Thailand competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Olympics, except the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of its partial support to the United States boycott. The National Olympic Committee of Thailand sent a total of 42 athletes to the Games, 24 men and 18 women, to compete in 13 sports; the nation's team size was roughly smaller from Sydney by ten athletes. Fourteen of them had previously competed in Sydney, including featherweight boxer and 1996 Olympic champion Somluck Kamsing, and Asia's top tennis star Paradorn Srichaphan, who was later appointed by the committee to carry the Thai flag in the opening ceremony. Along with Kamsing, US-based swimmer Ratapong Sirisanont and badminton player Pramote Teerawiwatana became the first Thai athletes to compete in four Olympic Games. Among the sports played by athletes at these Games, Thailand marked its debut in equestrian and taekwondo. Thailand left Athens with a total of eight medals (three golds, one silver, and four bronze), setting a historic milestone as the nation's most successful Games in Olympic history. Thai athletes continued to dominate in boxing and weightlifting, where they each won more than two Olympic medals, including a prestigious gold from Manus Boonjumnong in light welterweight boxing, and Udomporn Polsak, and Pawina Thongsuk in women's weightlifting."} | null | null | Who did the silver medalist lose to ? | Guillermo Rigondeaux |
05138596e38af882 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIE_San_Mateo_Studio', 'title': 'SIE San Mateo Studio', 'header': ['Series', 'Platform', 'Years', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Syphon Filter series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syphon_Filter_(series)', 'summary': 'Syphon Filter is a third-person shooter action video game series developed by SCE Bend Studio ( formerly Eidetic ) and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( previously 989 Studios ) , that has appeared on the PlayStation , PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable game systems . In the series , Syphon Filter is the name given to the mysterious biological weapon .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1999-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Bend Studio ( formerly known as Eidetic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}]}, {'value': 'Jak and Daxter series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jak_and_Daxter_(series)', 'summary': 'Jak and Daxter [ a ] is a video game franchise created by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin and owned by Sony Computer Entertainment . The series was developed by Naughty Dog with a number of installments being outsourced to Ready at Dawn and High Impact Games . The first game , released on December 3 , 2001 , was one of the earliest titles for the PlayStation 2 , and is regarded as a defining franchise for the console . The games are considered story-based platformers that feature a mixture of action , racing and puzzle solving . The series is set in a fictional universe that incorporates science fantasy , steampunk/cyberpunk , and mystical elements together , while centering on the eponymous characters as they try to uncover the secrets of their world , and unravel the mysteries left behind by an ancient race of Precursors . The games are inspired by both Eastern and Western culture , a decision made among the team members at Naughty Dog and related stakeholders while developing the first title . The first three games in the series were re-released on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita as part of a remastered collection that includes support for the PlayStation Network and the PlayStation Suite . The remastered collection was handled by Mass Media Inc. with Naughty Dog assisting with the conversion of the games . The series has also produced various forms of extended media and merchandise , and has sold over 12 million copies worldwide . On April 3 , 2017 , PlayStation announced that the original three Jak and Daxter games , along with Jak X : Combat Racing , would be ported to the PlayStation 4 . Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy was released on August 22 of the same year , alongside the release of Uncharted : The Lost Legacy . Later on December 6 , Jak II , Jak 3 and Jak X : Combat Racing were released .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2001-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Naughty Dog , Ready at Dawn Studios , High Impact Games and Mass Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naughty_Dog', 'summary': "Naughty Dog , LLC ( formerly JAM Software , Inc. ) is an American first-party video game developer based in Santa Monica , California . Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 . Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power and Way of the Warrior in the early 1990s . The latter game prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title contract and fund the expansion of the company . Longtime American game designer and producer Mark Cerny convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully utilize the 3D capabilities of the new systems . Ultimately , this led to the release of Crash Bandicoot for the PlayStation in 1996 . Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot games over the next several years . After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy for the PlayStation 2 . In 2004 , Rubin , who had become the company 's president , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden . In addition to their inhouse game team , Naughty Dog is also home to the ICE Team , one of SIE Worldwide Studios 's central technology groups . The company 's first PlayStation 3 title , Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , was released in 2007 , with the series tetralogy being completed by 2016 . Naughty Dog was previously known for having a history of developing one game at a time , and also one franchise per console , a controversial trend that was criticized by fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ready_at_Dawn', 'summary': 'Ready At Dawn Studios is an American video game developer located in Irvine , California and is composed of former members of Naughty Dog and Blizzard Entertainment . Formed in 2003 , the company has primarily worked on games for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) , most notably the Sony Computer Entertainment intellectual property God of War and Daxter . Ready At Dawn also now has a satellite campus in Portland , Oregon to assist with future PC and console game development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Impact_Games', 'summary': 'High Impact Games is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California , formed in 2003 by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog . In 2007 , the company released Ratchet & Clank : Size Matters for the PlayStation Portable , with a PlayStation 2 port released the next year , and Secret Agent Clank in 2008 , also for the PlayStation Portable . On November 3 , 2009 , the company released its third game , Jak and Daxter : The Lost Frontier , for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 . The game was based on the Jak & Daxter series made by Naughty Dog . In 2010 , High Impact Games was developing a remake of Crash Team Racing for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Wii , but the game was canceled by Activision before the prototype initial . In 2011 an environmental artist , who had worked on some games , revealed that High Impact Games was working on a new project for the Wii . This game was revealed to be Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mass_Media_Inc.', 'summary': 'Mass Media , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Moorpark , California . The current focus of the company is to develop original material for Sony platforms .'}]}, {'value': 'SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SOCOM_(series)', 'summary': 'SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs is a series of third-person tactical shooter video games for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , and one for the mobile phone created by Zipper Interactive . The title for the series comes from the United States Special Operations Command ( SOCOM ) which is a Unified Combatant Command . The games focus on various teams of United States Navy SEALs ( an operating component under SOCOM ) completing missions with occasional help from other special operations forces from around the world such as the SAS , SBS and GROM .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Zipper Interactive and Slant Six Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zipper_Interactive', 'summary': 'Zipper Interactive was an American video game developer located in Redmond , Washington and part of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios . It was founded in June 1995 by Jim Bosler and Brian Soderberg . It created many different games , including the SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs series of games . SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs was created in collaboration with the Naval Special Warfare Command and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 . On January 25 , 2006 , Sony announced that it had acquired Zipper Interactive to add it to its group of development studios .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slant_Six_Games', 'summary': "Slant Six Games was a Canadian independent video game developer founded in 2005 . The company 's name is derived from the 1959 Chrysler engine of the same name . Slant Six Games ' studio was based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . They were voted the 7th best company to work for in British Columbia by BC Business 2011 . Slant Six Games has released three games published by Sony Computer Entertainment of America : SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Tactical Strike which was named the best PSP multiplayer experience at E3 2007 and SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Fireteam Bravo 3 for the PlayStation Portable as well as SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Confrontation for PlayStation 3 . In March 2012 , Slant Six Games launched Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City as part of the Resident Evil franchise . The game has been called a big success by the publisher Capcom for shipping two million copies within two months of the release date . Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City is Capcom 's 16th best selling title . In November 2012 , Slant Six Games released their first original title The Bowling Dead for iOS devices . In 2013 , in collaboration with Microsoft , Slant Six Games released Galactic Reign . They also released Max 's Pirate Planet - A Board Game Adventure that same year . In June 2013 , Slant Six Games laid off the last of their employees ."}]}, {'value': 'Sly Cooper series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sly_Cooper', 'summary': "Sly Cooper is a series of platform stealth video games for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . The series was developed by Sucker Punch Productions for the first three games , and then it was passed on to Sanzaru Games while Sucker Punch continued work on the Infamous series . The first three games were remastered into high-definition for the PlayStation 3 by Sanzaru Games , titled The Sly Collection . Sanzaru released the fourth game in the series , Sly Cooper : Thieves in Time , on February 5 , 2013 . A CGI animated feature film based on the first game in the series is in development with currently an unknown theatrical release date . A television show based on the series is currently in development ; it was scheduled to premiere in October 2019 , but has not aired yet . The series follows the adventures of Sly Cooper , an anthropomorphic raccoon and master thief , along with his two partners in crime , Bentley the turtle and Murray the hippopotamus , all of whom are pursued by Sly 's love interest , Inspector Carmelita Fox . The series has spawned two comic books and a variety of spin-off games , including Bentley 's Hackpack by Sanzaru Games . Sly Cooper himself has become one of the most popular of the Sony video game characters , and has appeared in other Sony games such as cross-overs PlayStation Move Heroes and PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Sucker Punch Productions and Sanzaru Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sucker_Punch_Productions', 'summary': 'Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bellevue , Washington . Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company on August 2 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanzaru_Games', 'summary': 'Sanzaru Games , Inc. is an American video game development company founded in Foster City in 2007 . Sanzaru also has a satellite studio based in Ottawa , Ontario called Kitazaru , as well as an office in Dublin , California . The company name is based on the three wise monkeys ( called sanzaru in Japan ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ratchet & Clank series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ratchet_&_Clank', 'summary': 'Ratchet & Clank is a series of action platformer and third-person shooter video games . The franchise was created and developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation consoles , such as PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 with the exclusion of Size Matters and Secret Agent Clank , which were developed by High Impact Games for the PlayStation Portable . Every game in the series has only been released for Sony platforms , as the intellectual property is owned by Sony Computer Entertainment . An animated feature film adaptation produced by Rainmaker Entertainment and Blockade Entertainment and distributed by Focus Features and Gramercy Pictures was released on April 29 , 2016 . The games take place in a science fiction setting and follow the adventures of Ratchet ( a feline humanoid known as a Lombax , who is a mechanic ) and Clank ( a diminutive , sentient Zoni robot ) as they travel through the universe , saving it from evil forces that consistently threaten it . The series is noted for its inclusion of many exotic , unique and over-the-top weapons and gadgets , a concept that Insomniac Games has also expanded into their other games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games , High Impact Games , Sanzaru Games and Idol Minds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Impact_Games', 'summary': 'High Impact Games is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California , formed in 2003 by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog . In 2007 , the company released Ratchet & Clank : Size Matters for the PlayStation Portable , with a PlayStation 2 port released the next year , and Secret Agent Clank in 2008 , also for the PlayStation Portable . On November 3 , 2009 , the company released its third game , Jak and Daxter : The Lost Frontier , for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 . The game was based on the Jak & Daxter series made by Naughty Dog . In 2010 , High Impact Games was developing a remake of Crash Team Racing for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Wii , but the game was canceled by Activision before the prototype initial . In 2011 an environmental artist , who had worked on some games , revealed that High Impact Games was working on a new project for the Wii . This game was revealed to be Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanzaru_Games', 'summary': 'Sanzaru Games , Inc. is an American video game development company founded in Foster City in 2007 . Sanzaru also has a satellite studio based in Ottawa , Ontario called Kitazaru , as well as an office in Dublin , California . The company name is based on the three wise monkeys ( called sanzaru in Japan ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Idol_Minds', 'summary': 'Idol Minds , LLC , since 2017 doing business as Deck Nine , is an American video game developer based in Westminster , Colorado . The studio was founded in April 1997 by Mark Lyons and Scott Atkins . Lyons serves as president and chief technology officer of the company .'}]}, {'value': 'Resistance series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resistance_(video_game_series)', 'summary': "Resistance is a series of first-person shooter and third-person shooter video games developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita video game consoles . The series takes place in an alternate history 1950 's , in which an alien civilization known as the Chimera have invaded and conquered Earth , expanding their armies by capturing humans and transforming them into monster-like supersoldiers to fight for them . The player takes the role of one of the remaining human armed forces as they fight against the Chimera invasion . The series is noted for its use of both conventional and futuristic weaponry , reflecting Insomniac 's previous work on the Ratchet & Clank series ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2006-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games , Bend Studio and Nihilistic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nihilistic_Software', 'summary': 'nStigate Games ( formerly Nihilistic Software ) was an American video game developer based in Novato , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Uncharted series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uncharted', 'summary': "Uncharted is an action-adventure game series developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation consoles . The main series of games follows Nathan Drake , a treasure hunter who travels across the world to uncover various historical mysteries . The main series began with Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , released on the PlayStation 3 in 2007 , followed by its sequels Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) , Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) , with the final installment , Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , released on the PlayStation 4 in 2016 . A prequel , Uncharted : Golden Abyss , was released for Sony 's PlayStation Vita handheld system in 2011 , followed by the card game spin-off Uncharted : Fight for Fortune in 2012 . A standalone game to the series , Uncharted : The Lost Legacy , was released in 2017 , with Chloe Frazer as the game 's playable protagonist . The series has been universally acclaimed and commercially successful , having shipped more than 41 million units , making it the one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time . The main series has been widely credited by critics and video game publications for raising the standards of single-player video games , praising it for high production values , quality in storytelling , character design and animation , voice acting , realistic graphics , technical innovation , musical score , gameplay mechanics , and delivering an enjoyable cinematic gaming experience to players . The series has often been likened to Hollywood-produced action adventure films . According to former Naughty Dog developer , Lucas Pope , the franchise drew inspiration from the Gears of War series , with the first Uncharted game being delayed after the first Gears of War game released in order for various core gameplay and technical elements to more resemble and feel like that of the latter . The critical and commercial success of the Uncharted games have been pivotal to the success of PlayStation during the seventh and eighth generation of video game consoles , and has helped elevate Naughty Dog 's reputation to a highly respected video game developer in the industry ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2007-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Naughty Dog and Bend Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naughty_Dog', 'summary': "Naughty Dog , LLC ( formerly JAM Software , Inc. ) is an American first-party video game developer based in Santa Monica , California . Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 . Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power and Way of the Warrior in the early 1990s . The latter game prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title contract and fund the expansion of the company . Longtime American game designer and producer Mark Cerny convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully utilize the 3D capabilities of the new systems . Ultimately , this led to the release of Crash Bandicoot for the PlayStation in 1996 . Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot games over the next several years . After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy for the PlayStation 2 . In 2004 , Rubin , who had become the company 's president , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden . In addition to their inhouse game team , Naughty Dog is also home to the ICE Team , one of SIE Worldwide Studios 's central technology groups . The company 's first PlayStation 3 title , Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , was released in 2007 , with the series tetralogy being completed by 2016 . Naughty Dog was previously known for having a history of developing one game at a time , and also one franchise per console , a controversial trend that was criticized by fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}]}, {'value': 'Infamous series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infamous_(series)', 'summary': "Infamous ( stylized as inFAMOUS ) is a series of action-adventure platformer video games developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 video game consoles . The series follows the adventures of Cole MacGrath , Delsin Rowe and Abigail 'Fetch ' Walker , super-powered 'Conduits ' who must decide their own destinies of becoming either good or evil . The series includes Infamous , its sequel Infamous 2 , the non-canon downloadable game called Infamous : Festival of Blood , the DC Comics comic book series of the same name , the third main entry for PlayStation 4 called Infamous Second Son and a stand-alone expansion Infamous First Light ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2009-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Sucker Punch Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sucker_Punch_Productions', 'summary': 'Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bellevue , Washington . Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company on August 2 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'CounterSpy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CounterSpy_(video_game)', 'summary': 'CounterSpy is a side-scrolling stealth video game developed by American indie studio Dynamighty and published by Sony Computer Entertainment as a cross-buy and cross-save title for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and PlayStation Vita . Subsequently , the game was released on Android and iOS on September 5 , 2014 . The games received a mixed to positive reviews . It was mostly praised for its art and soundtrack .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Dynamighty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helldivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helldivers', 'summary': 'Helldivers is a top-down shooter game developed by Arrowhead Game Studios and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita with cross-play , on March 3 , 2015 in North America and on March 4 , 2015 in Europe , respectively . A version for Microsoft Windows was also released via Steam on December 7 , 2015 . It features couch or online co-op , or a combination of both , for up to four players . Helldivers takes inspiration from military science fiction such as Aliens and Starship Troopers . While solo play is possible , the intent is for two to four players to cooperate on missions to enemy-controlled planets . Almost every weapon or tool accessible to players can hurt their teammates , making discipline and coordination paramount .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Arrowhead Game Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrowhead_Game_Studios', 'summary': 'Arrowhead Game Studios AB is an independent Swedish video game developer , established in 2008 by a group of Luleå University of Technology students . Their first game , Magicka , won the Game of the Year award at the Swedish Game Awards 2008 . In 2011 Magicka was released , published by Paradox Interactive , after a contract with the publisher was signed in 2009 . In the following years , Arrowhead developed The Showdown Effect , a 2.5D multiplayer action game inspired by 1980s and 1990s action movies , for which they stuck with Paradox Interactive to publish it in 2013 , and Gauntlet , a co-op dungeon action game , which was published by WB Games in 2014 . Their most recent game , Helldivers , was published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2015 , first released on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita , with a release for Microsoft Windows slated for December 2015 , being published by PlayStation Mobile Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'Farpoint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farpoint_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Farpoint is a virtual reality first-person shooter video game developed by Impulse Gear and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment . It was released on the PlayStation 4 on May 16 , 2017 and received mostly positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 4 ( VR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Impulse Gear', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marvel 's Spider-Man", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man_(2018_video_game)', 'summary': "Marvel 's Spider-Man [ a ] is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man , it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media . In the main storyline , the super-human crime lord Mister Negative orchestrates a plot to seize control of New York City 's criminal underworld . When Mister Negative threatens to release a deadly virus , Spider-Man must confront him and protect the city while dealing with the personal problems of his civilian persona , Peter Parker . Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective with a primary focus on Spider-Man 's traversal and combat abilities . Spider-Man can freely move around New York City , interacting with characters , undertaking missions , and unlocking new gadgets and suits by progressing through the main story or completing tasks . Outside the story , the player is able to complete side missions to unlock additional content and collectible items . Combat focuses on chaining attacks together and using the environment and webs to incapacitate numerous foes while avoiding damage . Development of Spider-Man , the first licensed game by Insomniac in its then-22-year history , began in 2014 and took approximately four years . Insomniac was given the choice of using any character from Marvel 's catalog to work on ; Spider-Man was chosen both for his appeal to the employees and the similarities in traversal gameplay to their previous game Sunset Overdrive ( 2014 ) . The game design took inspiration from the history of Spider-Man across all media but Marvel Comics and Insomniac wanted to tell an original story that was not linked to an existing property , creating a unique universe ( known as Earth-1048 ) that has since appeared in novels , merchandise , and comics . Spider-Man was released for the PlayStation 4 on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'SCE_Foster_City_Studio_0', 'intro': 'SIE San Mateo Studio (formerly SIE Foster City Studio) is a video game developer part of SIE Worldwide Studios which is owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment and established in 1998. As implied by its name, it is now based in San Mateo, California, though it was originally located in Foster City, California. It is mostly responsible for overseeing the development of first party games by external developers. It co-developed the SOCOM US Navy SEALS series with Zipper Interactive, and the Sly Cooper series with Sucker Punch Productions.'} | null | null | For which platform is the series featuring Cole MacGrath ? | PlayStation 3 |
05138b80d87b1d74 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Order_of_Merit', 'title': 'FIFA Order of Merit', 'header': ['Recipient', 'Year', 'Nationality'], 'data': [{'value': 'Franz Beckenbauer *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer', 'summary': "Franz Anton Beckenbauer ( pronounced [ ˈfʁants ˈbɛkn̩ˌbaʊɐ ] ; born 11 September 1945 ) is a German former professional footballer and manager . Early in his playing career he was nicknamed Der Kaiser ( The Emperor ) because of his elegant style , dominance and leadership on the field , and also as his first name Franz is reminiscent of the Austrian emperors . He is widely regarded to be one of the greatest players in the history of the sport . A versatile player who started out as a midfielder , Beckenbauer made his name as a central defender . He is often credited as having invented the role of the modern sweeper or libero . Twice named European Footballer of the Year , Beckenbauer appeared 103 times for West Germany and played in three FIFA World Cups . He is one of three men , along with Brazil 's Mário Zagallo and France 's Didier Deschamps to have won the World Cup as a player and as a manager ; he lifted the World Cup trophy as captain in 1974 , and repeated the feat as a manager in 1990 . He was the first captain to lift the World Cup and European Championship at international level and the European Cup at club level . He was named in the World Team of the 20th Century in 1998 , the FIFA World Cup Dream Team in 2002 , and in 2004 was listed in the FIFA 100 of the world 's greatest living players . At club level with Bayern Munich , Beckenbauer won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1967 and three consecutive European Cups from 1974 to 1976 . The latter feat made him the first player to win three European Cups as captain of his club . He became team manager and later president of Bayern Munich ."}]}, {'value': '1984 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Schön', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schön', 'summary': "Helmut Schön ( 15 September 1915 in Dresden , Germany - 23 February 1996 in Wiesbaden , Germany ) was a German football player and manager . He is best remembered for his exceptional career as manager of the West German national team in four consecutive World Cup tournaments , including winning the title in 1974 , losing in the final in 1966 , and coming in third in 1970 . In addition , his teams won the European Championship in 1972 and lost in the final in 1976 . He played as a striker for Dresdner SC , winning the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 as well as the cup in 1941 and 1942 . He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941 , scoring 17 goals . After World War II he began his career in football management in his native state of Saxony , then part of Soviet-occupied East Germany . He was in charge of coaching selections from Saxony and the Soviet occupation zone before political interference to the sport made him flee to Western Germany in 1950 . Having played in Hamburg for FC St. Pauli even during his Friedrichstadt spell , he now was appointed player-coach with Hertha BSC Berlin where he had several former teammates in his squad but left before the end of the season . Schön became a licensed coach in Cologne before managing Wiesbaden . Between 1952 and 1956 , he was in charge of the then-independent Saarland side , who met West Germany in qualification for the 1954 World Cup . When the Saarland was reunified with West Germany in 1956 , Schön joined the West German national side as assistant to Sepp Herberger , whom he succeeded as manager in November 1964 . Under Schön 's leadership the West German teams were World Cup runners-up in 1966 ( lost 4-2 to England in the final ) , third in the World Cup of 1970 , European champions in 1972 ( defeated the Soviet Union 3-0 in the final ) , World Cup winners in 1974 ( defeated the Netherlands 2-1 in the final ) , and European Championship runners-up in 1976 ( lost to Czechoslovakia in the final on penalty kicks , after extra-time ) ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Mário Zagallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mário_Zagallo', 'summary': "Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈmaɾju zaˈɡalu ] ; born 9 August 1931 ) is a Brazilian former football player and manager , who played as a forward . He holds the record for World Cup titles in general with 4 titles in total . He was the first person to win the FIFA World Cup as both a manager and as a player , winning the competition in 1958 and 1962 as a player , in 1970 as manager and in 1994 as assistant manager . Zagallo also coached Brazil in 1974 ( obtaining 4th place ) and in 1998 ( obtaining a runner-up ) and was a technical assistant in 2006 reaching the quarterfinal . He is one of three men , along with Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps to have won the World Cup as a player and as a manager and the only one that has done it 4 times . In 1992 Zagallo received the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA , for his contributions to football . He was also named the World Soccer Magazine 9th Greatest Manager of All Time in 2013"}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Heinz Weigang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Heinz_Weigang', 'summary': 'Karl-Heinz Weigang ( 24 August 1935 - 12 June 2017 ) was a German professional football coach . Weigang had vast experience in coaching international football , having managed the likes of Sri Lanka , Vietnam , Mali , Ghana and Gabon over a career that spanned more than half a century . However , he is best remembered for his time with Malaysia in the early 1980s , when he led the national team to qualify for the 1980 Olympic Games . He was also a popular figure in the Malaysian league , where he had some domestic success over his multiple stints with Perak , the last being his role as coach and technical advisor in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Miljan Miljanić *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miljan_Miljanić', 'summary': "Miljan Miljanić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Миљан Миљанић ; 4 May 1930 - 13 January 2012 ) was a Yugoslav and Serbian football player , coach and administrator , who played as a defender . Born in Bitola , Vardar Banovina , Kingdom of Yugoslavia , to a family originating from the Banjani clan in the Nikšić municipality in Montenegro , Miljanić spent the first years of his life in what would later become SR Macedonia within SFR Yugoslavia and eventually present day North Macedonia . During his colourful career , Miljanić coached Red Star Belgrade ( won 10 trophies ) , Real Madrid ( won back-to-back La Liga titles , including a League/Cup double in the 1974-75 season ) , Valencia CF ( disappointing stint that lasted three quarters of the 1982-83 season when he got sacked with the team in 17th place in the league ) , and the Yugoslav national side , of which he was a head coach in the 1974 and 1982 World Cups . He is equally known as the all-powerful president of the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia ( FSJ ) , a post he occupied for years before leaving in 2001 . His influence on the game of football in Yugoslavia is huge as an entire generation of coaches including Ćiro Blažević , Ivica Osim , Toza Veselinović , etc . came up under his tutelage . In addition to admirers , Miljanić has his share of detractors who feel his trademark cautious and defensive tactics , as well as reliance on older players , contributed to the Yugoslav national team 's poor results and unattractive play throughout the 1970s and 1980s . In 2002 , for his contributions to association football , Miljanić became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit - the highest honour awarded by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Valeriy Lobanovskyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeriy_Lobanovskyi', 'summary': "Valeriy Vasylyovych Lobanovskyi ( Ukrainian : Вале́рій Васи́льович Лобано́вський [ wɐˈlɛrɪj lobɐˈnɔu̯sʲkɪj ] ; Russian : Вале́рий Васи́льевич Лобано́вский ; 6 January 1939 - 13 May 2002 ) was а Ukrainian football manager . He was the Master of Sports of USSR , the Distinguished Coach of USSR , and the laureate of the UEFA Order of Merit in Ruby ( 2002 ) and FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA . In 2002 he was awarded the Hero of Ukraine award ( posthumously ) , the highest Ukrainian honour , for his contribution to Ukrainian football . Lobanovskyi is highly esteemed for his achievements as a coach and is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time . Along with Rinus Michels , Lobanovskyi is recognized for being the inventor of the major football playing style known as Total Football in the 1970s . Nicknamed the football scientist , Lobanovskyi is credited for bringing a scientific and analytical approach and strong emphasis on physical fitness and diet to the game . With the cooperation with Anatoly Zelentsov , a scientist from the department of physical education theory of Kyiv State Institute of Physical Education , Lobanovskyi brought an accurate system of calculation of the training process and mathematical modeling of physical load for players . Lobanovskyi is most famous for his spells managing FC Dynamo Kyiv and the USSR national football team . Lobanovskyi established Dynamo as the most dominant club in Soviet football in the 1970s and 1980s , winning Soviet Top League eight times and Soviet Cup six times in 16 years . In 1975 his Dynamo Kyiv team became the first side from the Soviet Union to win a major European trophy when they beat Hungarian side Ferencváros in the final of the Cup Winners ' Cup . During the tournament , Dynamo Kyiv won eight games out of nine , resulting in a winning percentage of 88.88% - a record among all European main tournaments ' winning club sides , matched only by Paris Saint-Germain in 1995/96 . Lobanovskyi and the team repeated the Cup Winners ' Cup success in 1986 , beating Atletico Madrid in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Sein Hlaing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sein_Hlaing', 'summary': 'Sein Hlaing ( Burmese : စိန်လှိုင် , pronounced [ sèiɴ l̥àiɴ ] ; 10 November 1918 - 7 May 2010 ) was a Burmese player and coach , regarded as being the most successful coach in the history of the national team . Sein Hlaing was awarded FIFA Order of Merit in 2004 in recognition of his achievements as a coach .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazimierz Górski *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazimierz_Górski', 'summary': 'Kazimierz Klaudiusz Górski ( 2 March 1921 - 23 May 2006 ) was a coach of Poland national football team and honorary president of Polish Football Union ( Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej , PZPN ) . He was also a football player , capped once for Poland .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nodar Akhalkatsi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodar_Akhalkatsi', 'summary': "Nodar Akhalkatsi ( Georgian : ნოდარ ახალკაცი ; 2 January 1938 - 24 January 1998 ) was a professional football manager from Georgia . Akhalkatsi coached Soviet club Dinamo Tbilisi to the USSR league championship in 1978 , with a side that contained the likes of David Kipiani , Ramaz Shengelia , Vitaly Daraselia , Tengiz Sulakvelidze and Aleksandr Chivadze , all of whom were regular Soviet internationals . The team were renowned for their swashbuckling style of football and attack-minded approach . The following year , Dinamo entered the European Cup and stunned the reigning champions Liverpool with an impressive 3-0 win in the first round . However , they were eliminated by West German side Hamburg in their next tie . Two years later , Akhalkatsi enjoyed his finest moment as a manager when he guided Dinamo to victory in the 1981 Cup Winners ' Cup final , beating East German outfit Carl Zeiss Jena in Düsseldorf 's Rheinstadion . Dinamo had won the 1979 Soviet Cup to gain admittance to the competition , beating FC Dynamo Moscow on penalties in the final . Akhalkatsi was a member of USSR manager Konstantin Beskov 's coaching staff at the 1982 World Cup in Spain , forming a three-man technical team with Beskov and Dynamo Kiev 's coach Valeriy Lobanovskyi . In the early 1990s , Akhalkatsi was one of the integral figures in the formation of the Georgian Football Federation after the republic achieved independence from the USSR . He was the organisation 's president from 1990 to 1998 . He died of a heart attack in Tbilisi on 24 January 1998 , aged 60 , while on his way to attend a tournament in the city . In 2008 , for his contributions to association football , Akhalkatsi became the recipient ( posthumously ) of the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'Johan Cruijff *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Cruijff', 'summary': "Hendrik Johannes Cruijff OON ( Dutch : [ ˈjoːɦɑn ˈkrœyf ] ( listen ) , internationally spelled Cruyff ; 25 April 1947 - 24 March 2016 ) was a Dutch professional football player and coach . As a player , he won the Ballon d'Or three times , in 1971 , 1973 , and 1974 . Cruyff was an exponent of the football philosophy known as Total Football explored by Rinus Michels , and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in football history . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Dutch football rose from obscurity to become a powerhouse in the sport . Cruyff led the Netherlands to the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and received the Golden Ball as player of the tournament . At the 1974 finals , he executed a feint that subsequently was named after him , the Cruyff Turn , a move widely replicated in the modern game . Wearing the number 14 jersey , he set a trend for wearing shirt numbers outside the usual starting line-up numbers of one to eleven . At club level , Cruyff started his career at Ajax , where he won eight Eredivisie titles , three European Cups and one Intercontinental Cup . In 1973 , he moved to Barcelona for a world record transfer fee , winning La Liga in his first season and was named European Footballer of the Year . After retiring from playing in 1984 , Cruyff became highly successful as manager of Ajax and later Barcelona ; he remained an influential advisor to both clubs . His son Jordi also played football professionally . In 1999 , Cruyff was voted European Player of the Century in an election held by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics , and came second behind Pelé in their World Player of the Century poll ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Winston Chung-Fah', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Tabárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Tabárez', 'summary': 'Óscar Washington Tabárez Silva ( American Spanish : [ ˈoskaɾ taˈβaɾes ] ; born 3 March 1947 ) , known as El Maestro ( The Teacher ) , is a Uruguayan football manager and former player , who played as a defender . He is the manager of the Uruguay national team with a contract through the Qatar 2022 World Cup . After an unassuming career as a player and after working as a primary school teacher , Tabárez embarked on an extensive coaching career which has lasted more than 30 years and included coaching teams in Colombia , Argentina , Italy and Spain . He managed the Uruguay national football team from 1988 to 1990 , returning to the job for a second time in 2006 . He led the team to fourth place in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and to victory in the 2011 Copa América . With Tabárez , Uruguay qualified for three World Cups , reaching the round of 16 two times , and the semi-finals once . In October 2017 Tabárez qualified Uruguay for a fourth time ; reaching the 5th position at the 2018 World Cup tournament . On 25 March 2016 , two and a half weeks after completing ten years as the manager of Uruguay , Tabárez surpassed Francisco Maturana for the head coach with most World Cup qualifying games in South America with 47 , with the singularity that he has only managed Uruguay . Tabárez also is the fourth-ranked manager with most games at the Copa América with 30 , participating in six tournaments ( 1989 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 and 2019 ) . In 2012 , for his contributions to association football , Tabaréz became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- Personalities directly involved in football', 'section_text': 'Oscar Tabaréz is the last person to receive the FIFA Order of Merit for his contributions as a coach', 'uid': 'FIFA_Order_of_Merit_3', 'intro': "The FIFA Order of Merit is the highest honour awarded by FIFA. The award is presented at the annual FIFA congress. It is normally awarded to people who are considered to have made a significant contribution to association football. At FIFA's centennial congress they made one award for every decade of their existence. These awards were also handed out to fans, organisations, clubs, and one to African Football. These were referred to as the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit. The winner doesn't have to be directly involved with football to receive it. One such notable non-footballing personality was Nelson Mandela who won it for bringing South Africa back to international football."} | null | null | What is the nickname of this former footballer and manager from a country with an area of 357,386 square kilometres ? | Der Kaiser |
0514bca4a1b8843d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_city_and_town_area', 'title': 'New England city and town area', 'header': ['Rank', 'NECTA', 'State ( s )', '2010 Pop', '2000 Pop', 'Δ Pop'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston - Cambridge - Quincy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ KWIN-zee ) is a U.S. city in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . It is the largest city in the county and a part of Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston 's immediate southern suburbs . Its population in 2010 was 92,271 , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . Known as the City of Presidents , Quincy is the birthplace of two U.S. presidents - John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams - as well as John Hancock , a President of the Continental Congress and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence , as well as being the first and third Governor of Massachusetts . First settled in 1625 , Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640 . In 1792 , Quincy was split off from Braintree ; the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy , maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams and after whom John Quincy Adams was also named . Quincy became a city in 1888 . For more than a century , Quincy was home to a thriving granite industry ; the city was also the site of the Granite Railway , the United States ' first commercial railroad . Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the city 's economy . In the 20th century , both Howard Johnson 's and Dunkin ' Donuts were founded in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'MA - NH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}]}, {'value': '4,703,187', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,503,683', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.43%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Providence - Fall River - Warwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Fall River is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . The City of Fall River is located approximately 53 miles ( 85 km ) south of Boston , 17 miles ( 27 km ) southeast of Providence , Rhode Island , 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Taunton , 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of New Bedford , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Newport , Rhode Island , 200 miles ( 320 km ) northeast of New York City and 420 miles ( 680 km ) northeast of Washington D.C . The City of Fall River 's population was 88,857 at the 2010 census , making it the tenth-largest city in the state . Located along the eastern shore of Mount Hope Bay at the mouth of the Taunton River , the city became famous during the 19th century as the leading textile manufacturing center in the United States . While the textile industry has long since moved on , its impact on the city 's culture and landscape remains to this day . Fall River 's official motto is We 'll Try , dating back to the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1843 . It is also nicknamed the Scholarship City because Dr. Irving Fradkin founded Dollars for Scholars here in 1958 . In 2017 , Mayor Correia introduced the Make It Here slogan as part of a citywide rebranding effort . Fall River is known for the Lizzie Borden case , Portuguese culture , its numerous 19th-century textile mills and Battleship Cove , the world 's largest collection of World War II naval vessels and the home of the battleship USS Massachusetts . Fall River is also the only city in the United States to have its city hall located over an interstate highway , Interstate 195 ( Rhode Island-Massachusetts ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Warwick ( /ˈwɔːrwɪk/ or /ˈwɔːrɪk/ ) is a city in Kent County , Rhode Island , the second largest city in the state with a population of 82,672 at the 2010 census . It is located approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of downtown Providence , Rhode Island , 63 miles ( 101 km ) southwest of Boston , Massachusetts , and 171 miles ( 275 km ) northeast of New York City . Warwick was founded by Samuel Gorton in 1642 and has witnessed major events in American history . It was decimated during King Philip 's War ( 1675-76 ) and was the site of the Gaspee Affair , the first act of armed resistance against the British , preceding even the Boston Tea Party , and a significant prelude to the American Revolution . Warwick was also the home of Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene , George Washington 's second-in-command , and Civil War General George S. Greene , a hero of the battle of Gettysburg . Today , it is home to Rhode Island 's main airport T. F. Green Airport , which serves the Providence area and also functions as a reliever for Logan International Airport in Boston , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'RI - MA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '1,301,595', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,292,942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.67%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartford - West Hartford - East Hartford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "West Hartford is a town in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of downtown Hartford . The population was 63,268 at the 2010 census . The town 's popular downtown area is colloquially known as West Hartford Center , or simply The Center , and is centered on Farmington Avenue and South/North Main Street . West Hartford Center has been the community 's main hub since the late 17th century . In 2008 , Blue Back Square opened as a new addition to the central area , which includes a bookstore , a movie theater , two parking garages , various physician and medical offices , a gym , a brewery and several boutiques and restaurants . This area is also highly popular among people on weekends . Incorporated as a town in 1854 , West Hartford was previously a parish of Hartford , founded in 1672 . Among the southernmost of the communities in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region , West Hartford is home to University of Hartford and the University of Saint Joseph . In 2010 , Kiplinger 's Personal Finance magazine listed West Hartford as one of the nation 's 10 Great Cities for Raising Families and ranked it # 9 on its 10 Best Cities for the Next Decade list . Also in 2010 , CNN Money ranked West Hartford the 55th best small city in America and Travelandleisure.com called it one of 10 coolest suburbs in the nation , and the West Hartford Reservoir off Farmington Avenue West Hartford 's version of Central Park , noting the town 's vacation-worthy hot spots , with cutting-edge restaurants , great shopping , and plenty of parking . West Hartford is home to regular events which draw large crowds from neighboring towns , including the Elizabeth Park Concert Series . The town also hosts the annual Celebrate West Hartford event , which includes fairground rides , food vendors , and stalls by local businesses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'East Hartford is a town in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 51,252 at the 2010 census . The town is located on the east bank of the Connecticut River , directly across from Hartford , Connecticut . It is home to aerospace manufacturer Pratt & Whitney . It is also home to Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field , a stadium used mainly for soccer and football with a capacity of 40,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '1,121,463', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,059,878', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.81%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgeport - Stamford - Norwalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Bridgeport is a historic seaport city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is in Fairfield County , at the mouth of the Pequonnock River on Long Island Sound , 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Manhattan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from The Bronx . It is bordered by the towns of Trumbull to the north , Fairfield to the west , and Stratford to the east . As of 2017 , Bridgeport had an estimated population of 146,579 , which made it the largest city in Connecticut and the fifth-most populous in New England . The Greater Bridgeport area is the 48th-largest urban area in the United States . The showman P. T. Barnum was a resident of the city and served as the town 's mayor in the late 19th century . Barnum built four houses in Bridgeport and housed his circus in town during winter . The first Subway restaurant opened in Bridgeport 's North End in 1965 . The Frisbie Pie Company was in Bridgeport , and Bridgeport is credited as the birthplace of the Frisbee . After World War II , industrial restructuring and suburbanization caused the loss of many jobs and affluent residents , leaving Bridgeport struggling with poverty and crime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Stamford ( /ˈstæmfərd/ ) is a city in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . According to the US Census Bureau , the population of the city is 129,775 as of July 1 , 2018 . As of 2017 , according to the Census Bureau , the population of Stamford had risen to 131,000 , making it the third-largest city in the state ( behind Bridgeport and New Haven ) and the seventh-largest city in New England . Approximately 30 miles ( 50 kilometers ) from Manhattan , Stamford is in the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk Metro area which is a part of the Greater New York metropolitan area . Stamford is home to eight Fortune 500 companies as of 2019 , as well as numerous divisions of large corporations . This gives Stamford the largest financial district in the New York metropolitan region outside New York City itself and one of the largest concentrations of corporations in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Norwalk is a U.S. city located in southwestern Connecticut , in southern Fairfield County , on the northern shore of Long Island Sound . Norwalk lies within both the New York metropolitan area as well as the Bridgeport metropolitan area . Norwalk was settled in 1649 , and is the sixth most populous city in Connecticut . According to the 2010 United States Census it has had a population of 85,603 ; with an estimated population of 89,047 in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '926,465', 'urls': []}, {'value': '892,283', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.83%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Springfield is a city in the state of Massachusetts , United States , and the seat of Hampden County . Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers : the western Westfield River , the eastern Chicopee River , and the eastern Mill River . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 153,060 . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 155,032 , making it the third-largest city in Massachusetts , the fourth-most populous city in New England after Boston , Worcester , and Providence , and the 12th-most populous in the Northeastern United States . Metropolitan Springfield , as one of two metropolitan areas [ b ] in Massachusetts ( the other being Greater Boston ) , had a population of 692,942 as of 2010 . Founded in 1636 as the first Springfield in the New World , during the American Revolution , George Washington designated it as the site of the Springfield Armory for its central location , subsequently the site of Shays ' Rebellion . The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War , as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown , widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry , and for the Armory 's manufacture of the famed Springfield rifles used ubiquitously by Union troops . Closing during the Johnson administration , today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world . Today the city is the largest in western New England , and the urban , economic , and media capital of Massachusetts ' section of the Connecticut River Valley , colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley . Springfield has several nicknames - The City of Firsts , due to the many innovations developed there , such as the first American dictionary , the first American gas-powered automobile , and the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts ; The City of Homes , due to its Victorian residential architecture ; and Hoop City , as basketball - one of the world 's most popular sports - was invented in Springfield in 1891 by James Naismith . Hartford , the capital of Connecticut , lies 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Springfield , on the western bank of the Connecticut River . The Hartford-Springfield region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because it hosts over 160,000 university students and over 32 universities and liberal arts colleges - the second-highest concentration of higher-learning institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'MA - CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '683,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '660,837', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.47%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}]}, {'value': 'CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '597,172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '571,310', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.53%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'MA - CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '577,537', 'urls': []}, {'value': '539,828', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+6.99%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland - South Portland - Biddeford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Maine', 'summary': "Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County . Portland 's population was 66,417 as of 2018 . The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people , more than one-third of Maine 's total population , making it the most populous metropolitan area in northern New England ( an area comprising the states of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) and the 106th-largest in the United States . Portland 's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism . The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife . Marine industry still plays an important role in the city 's economy , with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping . The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England . The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes , which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires . Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland , Dorset . In turn , the city of Portland , Oregon was named after Portland , Maine . Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda , which literally means land surrounding a harbor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Portland,_Maine', 'summary': "South Portland is a city in Cumberland County , Maine , United States , and is the fourth-largest city in the state , incorporated in 1898 . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 25,002 . Known for its working waterfront , South Portland is situated on Portland Harbor and overlooks the skyline of Portland and the islands of Casco Bay . Due to South Portland 's close proximity to air , marine , rail , and highway transportation options , the city has become a center for retail and industry in the region . Despite the name , South Portland was never part of the city of Portland , but rather part of Cape Elizabeth . It broke off in 1895 . However , both Cape Elizabeth and Portland were once part of Falmouth . Cape Elizabeth , then including what later became South Portland , broke away from Falmouth in 1765 . South Portland is a principal city of the Portland - South Portland - Biddeford metropolitan area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biddeford,_Maine', 'summary': 'Biddeford is a city in York County , Maine , United States . It is the principal commercial center of York County . The population was 21,277 at the 2010 census . Twin city of Saco , Biddeford includes the resort community of Biddeford Pool , Fortunes Rocks and Granite Point . The town is the site of the University of New England and the annual La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival . First visited by Europeans in 1616 , it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States . Biddeford is a principal population center of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'ME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': '357,412', 'urls': []}, {'value': '333,624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+7.13%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwich - New London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Norwich , known as 'The Rose of New England , ' is a city in New London County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 40,493 at the 2010 United States Census . Three rivers , the Yantic , the Shetucket , and the Quinebaug , flow into the city and form its harbor , from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States , located at the mouth of the Thames River in New London County , Connecticut . It was one of the world 's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century , along with Nantucket and New Bedford , Massachusetts . The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city 's present architecture . The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries , but it has gradually lost most of its industrial heart . New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy , Connecticut College , Mitchell College , and The Williams School . The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to the Coast Guard Cutter Chinook and the Coast Guard 's tall ship Eagle . The city had a population of 27,620 at the 2010 census . The Norwich-New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people ."}]}, {'value': 'CT - RI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}]}, {'value': '278,598', 'urls': []}, {'value': '265,288', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnstable Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Barnstable ( /ˈbɑːrnstəbəl/ BARN-stə-bəl ) is a city , referred to as the Town of Barnstable , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the county seat of Barnstable County . Barnstable is the largest community , both in land area and population , on Cape Cod . At the 2010 census it had a population of 45,193 . The town contains several villages ( one of which is also named Barnstable ) within its boundaries . Its largest village , Hyannis , is the central business district of the county and home to Barnstable Municipal Airport , the airline hub of Cape Cod and the islands of Martha 's Vineyard and Nantucket . Additionally , Barnstable is a 2007 winner of the All-America City Award ."}]}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '239,675', 'urls': []}, {'value': '244,257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-1.88%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Waterbury ( nicknamed The Brass City ) is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut on the Naugatuck River , 33 miles southwest of Hartford and 77 miles northeast of New York City . Waterbury is the second-largest city in New Haven County , Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , Waterbury had a population of 110,366 , making it the 10th largest city in the New York Metropolitan Area , 9th largest city in New England and the 5th largest city in Connecticut . Throughout the first half of the 20th century , Waterbury had large industrial interests and was the leading center in the United States for the manufacture of brassware ( including castings and finishings ) , as reflected in the nickname the Brass City and the city 's motto Quid Aere Perennius ? ( What Is More Lasting Than Brass ? ) . It was also noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks . The city is along Interstate 84 ( Yankee Expressway ) and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connections to Grand Central Terminal . Waterbury is also home to Post University and the regional campuses of the University of Connecticut , University of Bridgeport , Western Connecticut State University as well as Naugatuck Valley Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '204,451', 'urls': []}, {'value': '195,540', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.56%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burlington - South Burlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont', 'summary': "Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County . It is located 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of the Canada-United States border and 94 miles ( 151 km ) south of Montreal . The population was 42,417 as of the 2010 census . It is the least populous municipality in the United States to be the most populous incorporated area in a state . A regional college town , Burlington is home to the University of Vermont ( UVM ) and Champlain College , a small private college . Vermont 's largest hospital , the UVM Medical Center , is located within the city limits . The City of Burlington also has Vermont 's largest airport , the Burlington International Airport , in neighboring South Burlington . In 2015 , Burlington became the first city in the U.S. to run entirely on renewable energy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Burlington,_Vermont', 'summary': "South Burlington is a city in Chittenden County , Vermont , United States . As of the 2010 U.S. Census the population of the city was 17,904 . It is home to the headquarters of Ben & Jerry 's and Vermont 's largest mall , the University Mall . It is also one in the principal municipalities of the Burlington , Vermont metropolitan area . Vermont 's largest airport , Burlington International Airport , is located in South Burlington ."}]}, {'value': 'VT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont', 'summary': "Vermont ( /vərˈmɒnt/ ( listen ) ) is a northeastern U.S. state in the New England region . It borders the states of Massachusetts to the south , New Hampshire to the east , and New York to the west , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . Vermont is the second-smallest by population and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U.S. states . The state capital is Montpelier , the least populous state capital in the United States . The most populous city , Burlington , is the least populous city to be the most populous city in a state . Vermont 's crime statistics for the period 2016-8 caused it to be ranked as the safest state in the country . For some 12,000 years , indigenous peoples inhabited this area . The historically competitive tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk were active in the area at the time of European encounter . During the 17th century , French colonists claimed the territory as part of the Kingdom of France 's colony of New France . After the Kingdom of Great Britain began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast , the two nations competed in North America in addition to Europe . For years , each country enlisted Native American allies in continuous raiding and warfare between the New England and New France colonies . This produced an active trade in captives taken during such raids , often held for ransom , although some captives were adopted by families into the Mohawk or Abenaki tribes ."}]}, {'value': '198,627', 'urls': []}, {'value': '187,105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+6.16%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "Manchester is a city in southern New Hampshire , United States . It is the most populous city in northern New England ( the states of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) . As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 109,565 , and in 2018 the population was estimated to be 112,525 . Manchester is , along with Nashua , one of two seats of New Hampshire 's most populous county , Hillsborough County . Manchester lies near the northern end of the Northeast megalopolis and straddles the banks of the Merrimack River . It was first named by the merchant and inventor Samuel Blodgett , namesake of Samuel Blodget Park and Blodget Street in the city 's North End . His vision was to create a great industrial center similar to that of the original Manchester in England , which was the world 's first industrialized city . Manchester often appears favorably in lists ranking the affordability and livability of U.S. cities , placing particularly high in small business climate , affordability , upward mobility , and education level ."}]}, {'value': 'NH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}]}, {'value': '187,596', 'urls': []}, {'value': '176,663', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+6.19%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '175,502', 'urls': []}, {'value': '170,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.14%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Danbury is a city in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States , located approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area . Danbury 's population at the 2010 census was 80,893 . The city is named for Danbury in Essex , England . It is nicknamed the Hat City because for a period in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was the center of the American hat industry . The mineral danburite is named for Danbury . Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital , Western Connecticut State University , Danbury Fair Mall and Danbury Municipal Airport . In November 2015 , USA Today ranked Danbury as the second best city to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '163,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': '155,304', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.12%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester - Dover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochester,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Rochester is a city in Strafford County , New Hampshire , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 29,752 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 31,366 . The city includes the villages of East Rochester , Gonic , and North Rochester . Rochester is home to Skyhaven Airport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "Dover is a city in Strafford County , New Hampshire , United States . The population was 29,987 at the 2010 census , the largest in the New Hampshire Seacoast region and the 4th largest city in the state of New Hampshire . The population was estimated at 31,771 in 2018 . It is the county seat of Strafford County , and home to Wentworth-Douglass Hospital , the Woodman Institute Museum , and the Children 's Museum of New Hampshire ."}]}, {'value': 'NH - ME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': '149,471', 'urls': []}, {'value': '135,367', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+10.42%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leominster - Fitchburg - Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Leominster ( /ˈlɛmənstər/ LEM-ən-stər ) is a city in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . It is the second-largest city in Worcester County , with a population of 40,759 at the 2010 census . Leominster is located north of Worcester and northwest of Boston . Both Route 2 and Route 12 pass through Leominster . Interstate 190 , Route 13 , and Route 117 all have starting/ending points in Leominster . Leominster is bounded by Fitchburg and Lunenburg to the north , Lancaster to the east , Sterling and Princeton to the south , and Westminster to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The third-largest city in the county , its population was 40,318 at the 2010 census . Fitchburg is home to Fitchburg State University as well as 17 public and private elementary and high schools .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Gardner is a city in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 20,228 at the 2010 census . Gardner is home to Dunn State Park , Gardner Heritage State Park , Lake Wampanoag Wildlife Sanctuary , and Mount Wachusett Community College .'}]}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '147,818', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143,905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.72%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Maine', 'summary': "Bangor ( /ˈbæŋɡɔːr/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Maine , and the county seat of Penobscot County . The city proper has a population of 33,039 , making it the state 's 3rd largest settlement behind Portland ( 66,882 ) and Lewiston ( 36,221 ) . Modern Bangor was established in the mid-19th century with the lumber and shipbuilding industries . Lying on the Penobscot River , logs could be floated downstream from the Maine North Woods and processed at the city 's water-powered sawmills , then shipped from Bangor 's port to the Atlantic Ocean 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream , and from there to any port in the world . Evidence of this is still visible in the lumber barons ' elaborate Greek Revival and Victorian mansions and the 31-foot-high ( 9.4 m ) statue of Paul Bunyan . Bangor is often credited for being the most successful music producing city . Today , Bangor 's economy is based on services and retail , healthcare , and education . Bangor has a port of entry at Bangor International Airport , also home to the Bangor Air National Guard Base . Historically Bangor was an important stopover on the great circle route air route between the U.S. East Coast and Europe . Bangor has a humid continental climate , with cold , snowy winters , and warm summers ."}]}, {'value': 'ME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': '135,632', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124,906', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+8.59%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewiston - Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine', 'summary': "Lewiston ( /ˈluːɪstən/ ; officially the City of Lewiston , Maine ) is the second largest city in Maine and the most central city in Androscoggin County . The city lies halfway between Augusta , the state 's capital , and Portland , the state 's most populous city and the cultural hub of Maine . It is one-half of the Lewiston-Auburn Metropolitan Statistical Area , commonly referred to as L.A. or L-A . Lewiston exerts a significant impact upon the diversity , religious variety , commerce , education , and economic power of Maine . It is known for a relatively low cost of living , substantial access to medical care , and an extremely low violent-crime rate . While the dominant language spoken in the city is English , it is home to the largest French-speaking population in the United States ( by population ) while it is second to St. Martin Parish , Louisiana , in percentage of speakers . The Lewiston area traces its roots to 1669 with the early presence of the Androscoggin tribe ( the namesake of the county in which the city resides ) . In the late 18th century , the area ( then a part of Massachusetts ) slowly became populated by Quebec families and was incorporated as Lewistown in 1795 . The presence of the Androscoggin River and Lewistown Falls made the town an attractive area for manufacturing and hydro-power businesses . The rise of Boston rail and textile tycoon Benjamin Bates saw rapid economic growth rivaling that of Cambridge , Worcester , and Concord . The increase in economic stimulus prompted thousands of Quebecers to migrate , causing a population boom ; the populace rose from 1,801 in 1840 to 21,701 in 1890 . In 1855 , local preacher Oren Burbank Cheney founded the Maine State Seminary , the first coeducational university in New England and one of the first universities to admit black students before the Emancipation Proclamation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Maine', 'summary': 'Auburn is a small city in south-central Maine within the United States . The city serves as the county seat of Androscoggin County . The population was 23,055 at the 2010 census . Auburn and its sister city Lewiston are known locally as the Twin Cities or Lewiston-Auburn ( L-A ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': '106,216', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101,778', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.36%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County , New Hampshire , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 21,233 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 21,896 . A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine , Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Strategic Air Command 's Pease Air Force Base , since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease ."}]}, {'value': 'NH - ME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': '73,274', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,232', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.87%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Lists of NECTAs -- Metropolitan NECTAs as of 2010 census', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'New_England_city_and_town_area_0', 'intro': 'A New England city and town area (NECTA) is a geographic and statistical entity defined by the U.S. federal government for use in the six-state New England region of the United States. NECTAs are analogous to metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas and are defined using the same criteria, except that they are defined on the basis of New England towns instead of entire counties. NECTAs are classified as either metropolitan or micropolitan NECTAs. A micropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000, whereas a metropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 50,000. In New England, towns (which are classified by the United States Census Bureau as minor civil divisions) are a much more important level of government than counties. Because towns are smaller than counties, a NECTA usually provides a much closer approximation to the real metropolitan area than a metropolitan statistical area does. Large NECTAs (with population greater than 2.5 million) may be subdivided into smaller groupings known as NECTA Divisions. Adjacent NECTAs that have a high degree of employment interchange may also be combined to form Combined NECTAS (or CNECTAs). NECTAs that are part of a CNECTA retain their separate identities.'} | null | null | Who established the city of New England with fewer people than Springfield but more than other cities ? | English Puritans |
051682dd5e64ac82 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1198_papal_election', 'title': '1198 papal election', 'header': ['Elector', 'Cardinalatial title', 'Elevated', 'Elevator'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ottaviano di Paoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottaviano_di_Paoli', 'summary': 'Ottaviano di Paoli ( surname given variously ) ( died 1206 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was a papal legate in France in the 1170s , and was created cardinal in 1182 , as cardinal-deacon of Ss . Sergio e Bacco . He was then legate to Henry II of England , and in Umbria . He became Cardinal-bishop of Ostia in 1189 , continuing as a diplomat trying to resolve the Anglo-French conflict in Normandy , with Giordano di Ceccano . He participated in the papal elections of October 1187 , December 1187 , 1191 and January 1198 . He subscribed the papal bulls between 2 January 1183 and 8 November 1205 . He became Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in October 1200 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Ostia e Velletri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia_e_Velletri', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia , one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome . The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals , as it has been since 1150 , with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of Rome . Ostia and Velletri , Ostia e Velletri in Italian , was a single suburbicarian diocese from 1105 to 1914 . In 1914 , Velletri ( now Velletri-Segni ) was split off as a separate suburbicarian diocese . Starting then , a new Dean would add the see of Ostia to the suburbicarian see he already had .'}]}, {'value': '18 December 1182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucius III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III', 'summary': 'Pope Lucius III ( c. 1100 - 25 November 1185 ) , born Ubaldo Allucingoli , reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Gallocia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Gallocia', 'summary': 'Pietro Gallocia or Galluzzi ( c. 1120/30 , in Rome - 14 March 1211 , in Rome ) was an Italian cardinal . He was apostolic subdeacon and governor of Campagna in the pontificate of Pope Alexander III ( 1159-1181 ) . Pope Clement III created him Cardinal-Deacon in 1188 and named him Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1190 . He participated in the papal election , 1191 and papal election , 1198 . Papal legate in Constantinople 1191-92 . In 1204 he consecrated King Peter II of Aragon , who was solemnly crowned by the Pope Innocent III . He became Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in April 1206 . He died at Rome at very advanced age .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Porto_e_Santa_Rufina', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina ( Latin : Portuensis et Sanctae Rufinae ) is a suburbicarian diocese of the Diocese of Rome and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy . It was formed from the union of two dioceses . The diocese of Santa Rufina was also formerly known as Silva Candida . From 1967 , the diocese has had both a titular cardinal bishop , and a resident bishop who handles the diocesan business .'}]}, {'value': '1188', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Soffredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soffredo', 'summary': 'Soffredo ( died 14 December 1210 , Pistoia ) was an Italian cardinal . His name is also given as Soffredo Errico Gaetani , whilst his Christian name is also spelled Soffrido or Goffredo in some sources .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Prassede', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 December 1182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucius III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III', 'summary': 'Pope Lucius III ( c. 1100 - 25 November 1185 ) , born Ubaldo Allucingoli , reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Diana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Diana', 'summary': 'Pietro Diana ( died 1208 , Rome ) was an Italian cardinal .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Cecilia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 March 1185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucius III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III', 'summary': 'Pope Lucius III ( c. 1100 - 25 November 1185 ) , born Ubaldo Allucingoli , reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185 .'}]}, {'value': 'Giordano di Ceccano , O.Cist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Pudenziana', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 March 1188', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni da Viterbo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Clemente and bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Viterbo_e_Toscanella', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo ( Latin : Dioecesis Viterbiensis ) is a Catholic ecclesiastical territory in central Italy . It was called historically ( from the 12th century ) the Diocese of Viterbo e Tuscania . Its territory was changed to Diocese of Viterbo , Acquapendente , Bagnoregio , Montefiascone , Tuscania and San Martino al Monte Cimino in 1986 , and shortened to Viterbo . The diocese is exempt , i.e . immediately subject to the Holy See , not belonging to any ecclesiastical province .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1189', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Guido Papareschi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni di Salerno , O.S.B.Cas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Cinzio Cenci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Ugo Bobone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of SS . Silvestro e Martino', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni di San Paolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_di_San_Paolo', 'summary': 'Giovanni di San Paolo ( died c. early 1215 ) was a Benedictine monk at San Paolo fuori le Muri in Rome . He was made Cardinal-Deacon on February 20 , 1193 , then Cardinal Priest of Santa Prisca in May 1193 and finally Cardinal Bishop of Sabina at the end of 1204 ( subscribed as bishop for the first time on January 9 , 1205 ) . He is often referred to as a member of the powerful Roman Colonna family , but modern scholars have established that this is based on the falsehood from the beginning of 16th century . More likely he was nephew of Celestine III and member of the Bobone family . He studied medicine at Amalfi .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Prisca', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 February 1193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III', 'summary': 'Pope Celestine III ( Latin : Caelestinus III ; c. 1106 - 8 January 1198 ) , born Giacinto Bobone , was the pope from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198 . He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome and served as a cardinal-deacon prior to becoming pope . He was ordained as a priest on 13 April 1191 and he ruled the church for six years , nine months , and nine days before he died aged 92 . He was buried at the Lateran .'}]}, {'value': 'Graziano da Pisa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of SS . Cosma e Damiano', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 March 1178', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III', 'summary': 'Pope Alexander III ( c. 1100/1105 - 30 August 1181 ) , born Roland of Siena , was pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerardo Allucingoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerardo_Allucingoli', 'summary': 'Gerardo Allucingoli ( died 1208 ) was an Italian cardinal and cardinal-nephew of Pope Lucius III , who elevated him in 1182 . He was canon of the cathedral chapter in his native city of Lucca . After the election of his uncle to the papacy ( 1 September 1181 ) he was named Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church ( ca.1182/84 ) , and then cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano ( probably in December 1182 ) . He signed the papal bulls between 2 January 1183 and 19 April 1204 . He was Cardinal Vicar General of Rome from 1184 until 1188 . He participated in the papal election , 1191 and papal election , 1198 . He was elected bishop of Lucca in 1195 but Pope Celestine III did not ratify this election . Legate in various parts of Italy on several occasions . Cardinal-protodeacon from 1205 . Pope Innocent III appointed him spiritual and secular vicar of the Kingdom of Sicily in April 1204 . His name appears for the last time in the document dated 20 July 1208 .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Adriano', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 December 1182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucius III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III', 'summary': 'Pope Lucius III ( c. 1100 - 25 November 1185 ) , born Ubaldo Allucingoli , reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio de San Apostolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Portico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 March 1188', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Crescenzi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 March 1188', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Carelli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Lotario dei Conti di Segni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of SS . Sergio e Bacco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Boboni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Niccolò Scolari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niccolò_Scolari', 'summary': 'Niccolo Scolari ( died 1200 ) was an Italian cardinal . He was cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement III , his uncle , who elevated him in September 1190 . In older historiography he is erroneously listed as Niccolo Boboni and nephew of Pope Celestine III . He subscribed papal bulls as S.R.E . diaconus cardinalis between October 23 and December 19 , 1190 , as cardinal-deacon of Santa Lucia in Orthea on February 17 , 1191 , and finally as cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin between May 15 , 1191 and August 4 , 1200 . He died before December 23 , 1200 .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 September 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobo_of_S._Teodoro', 'summary': 'Bobo of San Teodoro ( died 9 October 1199 ) was an Italian cardinal . He was relative of Pope Celestine III , who named him cardinal-deacon of San Teodoro on 20 February 1193 . He subscribed papal bulls between 4 March 1193 and 19 June 1199 . His death is recorded in the necrology of the Vatican Basilica , of which he was canon before his promotion to the cardinalate .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Teodoro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 February 1193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III', 'summary': 'Pope Celestine III ( Latin : Caelestinus III ; c. 1106 - 8 January 1198 ) , born Giacinto Bobone , was the pope from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198 . He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome and served as a cardinal-deacon prior to becoming pope . He was ordained as a priest on 13 April 1191 and he ruled the church for six years , nine months , and nine days before he died aged 92 . He was buried at the Lateran .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of participants', 'section_text': 'At the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College . [ 5 ] However , no more than 21 were present at Rome : [ 6 ]', 'uid': 'Papal_election,_1198_0', 'intro': 'The papal election of 1198 (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.'} | null | null | Which elector was elevated first ? Was it someone who was made Cardinal-Deacon on February 20 , 1193 , or a cardinal-nephew of Pope Lucius III ? | Gerardo Allucingoli |
0517fe7e834693a5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Newsstand', 'title': 'Massachusetts Newsstand', 'header': ['Newspaper', 'Area', 'County', 'Year coverage begins', 'Year coverage ends', 'Current'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Banner [ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Boylston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Boylston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'West Boylston is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 7,669 at the 2010 census . West Boylston includes the village of Oakdale , located on the opposite side of the Wachusett Reservoir from West Boylston center along Route 140 . Although the town was split off from Boylston , it has a larger population than its eastern namesake .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Berkshire Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Berkshire_Eagle', 'summary': 'The Berkshire Eagle is an American daily newspaper published in Pittsfield , Massachusetts , and covering all of Berkshire County , as well as four New York communities near Pittsfield . It is considered a newspaper of record for Berkshire County , Massachusetts . Published daily since 1892 , The Eagle has been owned since 1 May 2016 by a group of local Berkshire County investors , who purchased The Eagle and its three Vermont sister newspapers for an undisclosed sum from Digital First Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Pittsfield is the largest city and the county seat of Berkshire County , Massachusetts , United States . It is the principal city of the Pittsfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Berkshire County . The population was 44,737 at the 2010 census . Although the population has declined in recent decades , Pittsfield remains the fourth largest municipality in western Massachusetts , behind only Springfield , Holyoke , and Chicopee . In 2006 , Forbes ranked Pittsfield as number 61 in its list of Best Small Places for Business . In 2008 , Country Home magazine ranked Pittsfield as # 24 in a listing of green cities east of the Mississippi . In 2009 , the City of Pittsfield was chosen to receive a 2009 Commonwealth Award , Massachusetts ' highest award in the arts , humanities , and sciences . In 2010 , the Financial Times proclaimed Pittsfield the Brooklyn of the Berkshires in an article covering its recent renaissance . In 2012 , the city was listed among the 10 best places for single people to retire in the U.S. by U.S. News , due to the high number of single older residents and higher likelihood of finding companionship or a partner . In 2017 , the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the No . 1 medium-sized community in the nation for the arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Berkshire County ( pronounced /ˈbɜːrkʃər/ ) is a county on the western edge of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,219 . Its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield . The county was founded in 1761 . The Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County . Residents are known as Berkshirites . It exists today only as a historical geographic region , and has no county government , with the exception of the retirement board for former county workers , and certain offices such as the sheriff and registry of deeds .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Boston Globe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boston_Globe', 'summary': "The Boston Globe ( sometimes abbreviated as The Globe ) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston , Massachusetts , since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872 . The newspaper has won a total of 26 Pulitzer Prizes as of 2016 [ update ] , and had a total paid circulation of about 136,000 in the year ending in August 2016 . The Boston Globe is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in Boston . Founded in the late 19th century , the paper was mainly controlled by Irish Catholic interests before being sold to Charles H. Taylor and his family . After being privately held until 1973 , it was sold to The New York Times in 1993 for $ 1.1 billion , making it one of the most expensive print purchases in U.S. history . The newspaper was purchased in 2013 by Boston Red Sox and Liverpool F.C . owner John W. Henry for $ 70 million from The New York Times Company , having lost 93.64% of its value in twenty years . Historically , the newspaper has been noted as one of the nation 's most prestigious papers . The paper 's coverage of the 2001-2003 Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal received international media attention and served as the basis of the 2015 American drama , Spotlight . In 1967 , The Globe became the first major paper in the United States to come out against the Vietnam War . The chief print rival of The Boston Globe is the Boston Herald ; however , The Globe is more than twice the size of the Boston Herald . As of 2013 [ update ] , The Globe prints and circulates the entire press run of its rival ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Suffolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Suffolk County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of 2018 , the population was 807,252 making it the fourth-most populous county in Massachusetts . The traditional county seat is Boston , the state capital and the largest city in Massachusetts . The county government was abolished in late 1999 , and so Suffolk County today functions only as an administrative subdivision of state government and a set of communities grouped together for some statistical purposes . Suffolk County constitutes the core of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Herald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Herald', 'summary': "The Boston Herald is an American daily newspaper whose primary market is Boston , Massachusetts and its surrounding area . It was founded in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States . It has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history , including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was converted to tabloid format in 1981 . The Herald was named one of the 10 Newspapers That 'Do It Right ' in 2012 by Editor & Publisher . In December 2017 , the Herald filed for bankruptcy . On February 14 , 2018 , Digital First Media successfully bid $ 11.9 million to purchase the company in a bankruptcy auction ; the acquisition was completed on March 19 , 2018 . As of August 2018 , the paper employs approximately 110 total employees now , compared to about 225 before the sale ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Suffolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Suffolk County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of 2018 , the population was 807,252 making it the fourth-most populous county in Massachusetts . The traditional county seat is Boston , the state capital and the largest city in Massachusetts . The county government was abolished in late 1999 , and so Suffolk County today functions only as an administrative subdivision of state government and a set of communities grouped together for some statistical purposes . Suffolk County constitutes the core of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BusinessWest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haverhill Gazette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haverhill_Gazette', 'summary': 'The Haverhill Gazette ( est.1821 ) is a weekly newspaper in Massachusetts , owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. of Montgomery , Alabama . For at least part of its history , it was a daily . In 1998 the paper was bought by the Eagle Tribune Company and converted to a weekly . In 2005 it was bought by Community Newspaper Holdings .'}]}, {'value': 'Haverhill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Haverhill ( /ˈheɪvrɪl/ HAY-vril ) is a city in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States . Haverhill is located 35 miles north of Boston on the New Hampshire border and about 17 miles from the Atlantic Ocean . The population was 60,879 at the 2010 census . Located on the Merrimack River , it began as a farming community of Puritans , largely from Newbury Plantation . The land was officially purchased from the Pentuckets on November 15 , 1642 ( a year after incorporation ) for three pounds , ten shillings . Pentucket was renamed Haverhill ( after the Ward family 's hometown in England ) and evolved into an important industrial center , beginning with sawmills and gristmills run by water power . In the 18th and 19th century , Haverhill developed woolen mills , tanneries , shipping and shipbuilding . The town was for many decades home to a significant shoe-making industry . By the end of 1913 , one tenth of the shoes produced in the United States were made in Haverhill , and because of this the town was known for a time as the Queen Slipper City . The city was also known for the manufacture of hats . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Essex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the total population was 743,159 , making it the third-most populous county in the state . It is part of the Greater Boston area ( the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area ) . The largest city in Essex County is Lynn . The county was named after the English county of Essex . It has two traditional county seats : Salem and Lawrence . Prior to the dissolution of the county government in 1999 , Salem had jurisdiction over the Southern Essex District , and Lawrence had jurisdiction over the Northern Essex District , but currently these cities do not function as seats of government . However , the county and the districts remain as administrative regions recognized by various governmental agencies , which gathered vital statistics or disposed of judicial case loads under these geographic subdivisions , and are required to keep the records based on them . The county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Item [ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Clinton is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 13,606 at the 2010 census . For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Clinton , please see the article Clinton ( CDP ) , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts Newswire', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montachusett T & G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telegram_&_Gazette', 'summary': 'The Telegram & Gazette ( and Sunday Telegram ) is the only daily newspaper of Worcester , Massachusetts . The paper , headquartered at 100 Front Street and known locally as the Telegram or the T & G , offers coverage of all of Worcester County , as well as surrounding areas of the western suburbs of Boston , Western Massachusetts , and several towns in Windham County in northeastern Connecticut . The ownership corporation , Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp. , was a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times Company ( publisher of The New York Times and The Boston Globe ) from 2000 to 2013 . In 2013 , the New York Times Company sold both the T & G and the Globe to John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox , although Henry told staff at the Worcester paper he intended to sell it as soon as possible . In 2014 , Henry sold the paper to Halifax Media Group . In 2015 , Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Mundo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Middlesex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Middlesex County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 1,614,714 , making it the 22nd most populous county in the United States , and the most populous county in both Massachusetts and New England . As part of the 2010 national census , the Commonwealth 's mean center of population for that year was geo-centered in Middlesex County , in the town of Natick at ( 42°16′20″N 71°21′48″W / 42.272291°N 71.363370°W / 42.272291 ; -71.363370 ) . ( This is not to be confused with the geographic center of Massachusetts , which is in Rutland , in neighboring Worcester County . ) Middlesex County is included in the Census Bureaus Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area . On July 11 , 1997 , the Massachusetts legislature voted to abolish the executive government of Middlesex County due primarily to the county 's insolvency . Though Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary it is used primarily as district jurisdictions within the court system and for other administrative purposes , such as an indicator for elections . The National Weather Service weather alerts ( such as severe thunderstorm warning ) continue issuances based upon Massachusetts 's counties ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Adams Transcript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Adams_Transcript', 'summary': 'The North Adams Transcript , prior to being merged into the Berkshire Eagle in 2014 , was an American daily newspaper published Mondays through Saturdays in North Adams , Massachusetts . It was one of four Massachusetts newspapers owned by MediaNews Group of Colorado . Under the ownership of MediaNews Group and later Digital First Media , it was part of the New England Newspapers group . The group also included the Berkshire Eagle and Advocate Weekly , as well as three Vermont newspapers - the Bennington Banner , Brattleboro Reformer and Manchester Journal . The Advocate Weekly was shut down in January 2014 . Branded as The Voice of the Northern Berkshires Since 1843 , the Transcript covered North Adams and Adams , Cheshire , Clarksburg , Florida , Hancock , Lanesborough , New Ashford , and Williamstown , Massachusetts ; and Pownal and Stamford , Vermont .'}]}, {'value': 'North Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'North Adams is a city in Berkshire County , Massachusetts , United States . It is part of the Pittsfield , Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its population was 13,708 as of the 2010 census . Best known as the home of the largest contemporary art museum in the United States , the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art , North Adams has in recent years become a center for tourism , culture and recreation .'}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Berkshire County ( pronounced /ˈbɜːrkʃər/ ) is a county on the western edge of the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,219 . Its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield . The county was founded in 1761 . The Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County . Residents are known as Berkshirites . It exists today only as a historical geographic region , and has no county government , with the exception of the retirement board for former county workers , and certain offices such as the sheriff and registry of deeds .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Patriot Ledger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger', 'summary': "The Patriot Ledger is a daily morning newspaper printed in Quincy , Massachusetts , that serves the South Shore . It publishes Monday through Saturday . Known for its thorough news coverage of the 26 communities south of Boston , The Patriot Ledger has won numerous international , national and regional newspaper and public service awards over the years . It was named the New England Press Association 's Newspaper of the Year for 2005 and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Quincy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ KWIN-zee ) is a U.S. city in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . It is the largest city in the county and a part of Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston 's immediate southern suburbs . Its population in 2010 was 92,271 , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . Known as the City of Presidents , Quincy is the birthplace of two U.S. presidents - John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams - as well as John Hancock , a President of the Continental Congress and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence , as well as being the first and third Governor of Massachusetts . First settled in 1625 , Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640 . In 1792 , Quincy was split off from Braintree ; the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy , maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams and after whom John Quincy Adams was also named . Quincy became a city in 1888 . For more than a century , Quincy was home to a thriving granite industry ; the city was also the site of the Granite Railway , the United States ' first commercial railroad . Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the city 's economy . In the 20th century , both Howard Johnson 's and Dunkin ' Donuts were founded in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Norfolk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . At the 2010 census , the population was 670,850 . Its county seat is Dedham . The county was named after the English county of the same name . Two towns , Cohasset and Brookline , are exclaves . Norfolk County is included in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area . Norfolk County is the 33rd highest-income county in the United States with a median household income of $ 81,899 . It is the wealthiest county in Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plymouth County Business Review', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Plymouth County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 494,919 . Its county seats are Plymouth and Brockton . In 1685 the County was created by the Plymouth General Court , the legislature of Plymouth Colony , predating its annexation by the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Plymouth County is part of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Record', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shrewsbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Shrewsbury is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Shrewsbury , unlike surrounding towns like Grafton , Millbury , Westborough , and Northborough , did not become a mill town or farming village ; most of its 19th-century growth was due to its proximity to Worcester and visitors to Lake Quinsigamond . The population was 35,644 according to the 2010 US Census , in nearly 12,400 households . Incorporated in 1727 , the town is governed now under the New England representative town meeting system , headed by the Town Manager and five-member elected Board of Selectmen whose duties include licensing , appointing various administrative positions , and calling a town meeting of citizens annually or whenever the need arises .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentinel & Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentinel_&_Enterprise', 'summary': "The Sentinel & Enterprise is a morning daily newspaper published in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , with a satellite news bureau in Leominster , Massachusetts . The newspaper covers local news in Fitchburg , Leominster and several nearby towns in northern Worcester County and northwest Middlesex County , Massachusetts . It is owned by MediaNews Group of Colorado . The main competitors to the Sentinel & Enterprise are the county 's largest daily , the Telegram & Gazette of Worcester ; on the west , The Gardner News ; and on the east , Nashoba Publishing weeklies and The Sun of Lowell , also owned by MediaNews ."}]}, {'value': 'Fitchburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The third-largest city in the county , its population was 40,318 at the 2010 census . Fitchburg is home to Fitchburg State University as well as 17 public and private elementary and high schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard-Times', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard-Times_(New_Bedford)', 'summary': 'The Standard-Times ( and Sunday Standard-Times ) , based in New Bedford , Massachusetts , is the largest of three daily newspapers covering the South Coast of Massachusetts , along with The Herald News of Fall River and Taunton Daily Gazette of Taunton , Massachusetts . Like the Cape Cod Times , which is the only larger newspaper in Southeastern Massachusetts , The Standard-Times is owned by Gannett . Together with the weekly newspapers of Hathaway Publishing , which also cover Fall River and several other suburban towns , The Standard-Times is part of the South Coast Media Group .'}]}, {'value': 'New Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Bristol County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 548,285 . The county seat is Taunton . Some governmental functions are performed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , others by the county , and others by local towns and cities . See administrative divisions of Massachusetts . The property deed records are kept in Taunton , Attleboro , Fall River , and New Bedford . Bristol County is part of the Providence-Warwick , RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area . The county is adjacent to the state of Rhode Island . The adjacent counties are Plymouth County , Norfolk County , Bristol County , Rhode Island ( RI ) , Newport County , Rhode Island , Providence County , Rhode Island , and Dukes County .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sun_(Lowell)', 'summary': 'The Sun is a daily newspaper based in Lowell , Massachusetts , United States , serving towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the Greater Lowell area and beyond . As of 2011 , its average daily circulation was about 42,900 copies . The paper , often called The Lowell Sun to distinguish it from other newspapers with similar names , has been owned since 1997 by MediaNews Group of Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'Lowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Lowell is a city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Located in Middlesex County , Lowell ( along with Cambridge ) was a county seat until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999 . With an estimated population of 111,640 in 2018 , it was the fourth-largest city in Massachusetts as of the last census and is estimated to be the fifth-largest as of 2018 , and the second-largest in the Boston metropolitan statistical area . The city is also part of a smaller Massachusetts statistical area called Greater Lowell , as well as New England 's Merrimack Valley region . Incorporated in 1826 to serve as a mill town , Lowell was named after Francis Cabot Lowell , a local figure in the Industrial Revolution . The city became known as the cradle of the American Industrial Revolution , due to a large series of textile mills and factories . Many of the Lowell 's historic manufacturing sites were later preserved by the National Park Service to create Lowell National Historical Park . During the Cambodian genocide , the city took in an influx of refugees , leading to a Cambodia Town and America 's second-largest Cambodian-American population . Lowell is home to two institutions of higher education ."}]}, {'value': 'Middlesex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Middlesex County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 1,614,714 , making it the 22nd most populous county in the United States , and the most populous county in both Massachusetts and New England . As part of the 2010 national census , the Commonwealth 's mean center of population for that year was geo-centered in Middlesex County , in the town of Natick at ( 42°16′20″N 71°21′48″W / 42.272291°N 71.363370°W / 42.272291 ; -71.363370 ) . ( This is not to be confused with the geographic center of Massachusetts , which is in Rutland , in neighboring Worcester County . ) Middlesex County is included in the Census Bureaus Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area . On July 11 , 1997 , the Massachusetts legislature voted to abolish the executive government of Middlesex County due primarily to the county 's insolvency . Though Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary it is used primarily as district jurisdictions within the court system and for other administrative purposes , such as an indicator for elections . The National Weather Service weather alerts ( such as severe thunderstorm warning ) continue issuances based upon Massachusetts 's counties ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telegram & Gazette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telegram_&_Gazette', 'summary': 'The Telegram & Gazette ( and Sunday Telegram ) is the only daily newspaper of Worcester , Massachusetts . The paper , headquartered at 100 Front Street and known locally as the Telegram or the T & G , offers coverage of all of Worcester County , as well as surrounding areas of the western suburbs of Boston , Western Massachusetts , and several towns in Windham County in northeastern Connecticut . The ownership corporation , Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp. , was a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times Company ( publisher of The New York Times and The Boston Globe ) from 2000 to 2013 . In 2013 , the New York Times Company sold both the T & G and the Globe to John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox , although Henry told staff at the Worcester paper he intended to sell it as soon as possible . In 2014 , Henry sold the paper to Halifax Media Group . In 2015 , Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Worcester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 798,552 , making it the second-most populous county in Massachusetts while also being the largest in area . The estimated population as of July 1 , 2018 is 830,839 . The largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester . Worcester County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valley Dispatch [ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dracut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dracut,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Dracut /ˈdreɪkət/ is a town in Middlesex County . The town 's population is 31,352 ."}]}, {'value': 'Middlesex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Middlesex County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , in the United States . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 1,614,714 , making it the 22nd most populous county in the United States , and the most populous county in both Massachusetts and New England . As part of the 2010 national census , the Commonwealth 's mean center of population for that year was geo-centered in Middlesex County , in the town of Natick at ( 42°16′20″N 71°21′48″W / 42.272291°N 71.363370°W / 42.272291 ; -71.363370 ) . ( This is not to be confused with the geographic center of Massachusetts , which is in Rutland , in neighboring Worcester County . ) Middlesex County is included in the Census Bureaus Boston-Cambridge-Newton , MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area . On July 11 , 1997 , the Massachusetts legislature voted to abolish the executive government of Middlesex County due primarily to the county 's insolvency . Though Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary it is used primarily as district jurisdictions within the court system and for other administrative purposes , such as an indicator for elections . The National Weather Service weather alerts ( such as severe thunderstorm warning ) continue issuances based upon Massachusetts 's counties ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( No coverage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnstable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Barnstable County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . As of the 2010 census , the population was 215,888 . Its county seat is Barnstable . The county consists of Cape Cod and associated islands ( some adjacent islands are in Dukes County and Nantucket County ) . Barnstable County comprises the Barnstable Town , MA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area . Barnstable County was formed as part of the Plymouth Colony on 2 June 1685 , including the towns of Falmouth , Sandwich and others lying to the east and north on Cape Cod . Plymouth Colony was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-current', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Massachusetts Newsstand is a product of ProQuest that provides online fulltext articles from a few selected newspapers published in Massachusetts between the 1980s and the present . It includes some current news coverage for parts of Berkshire , Middlesex , Suffolk , and Worcester counties . It does not include current news for the state 's 10 other counties . As of 2012 , the product bundle consists of content from : [ 1 ]", 'uid': 'Massachusetts_Newsstand_0', 'intro': "Massachusetts Newsstand is a product of ProQuest that provides online fulltext articles from a few selected newspapers published in Massachusetts between the 1980s and the present. It includes some current news coverage for parts of Berkshire, Middlesex, Suffolk, and Worcester counties. It does not include current news for the state's 10 other counties. As of 2012, the product bundle consists of content from:"} | null | null | What is the population of the county with The Patriot Ledger newspaper ? | 670,850 |
05183cbbe72f9beb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_stadiums_in_South_Korea', 'title': 'List of baseball stadiums in South Korea', 'header': ['#', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City', 'Home Team/s', 'Open'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan Sajik Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Sajik_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Busan Sajik Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Sajik-dong , Dongnae-gu , Busan , South Korea . It was built in 1985 and is the home stadium of the Lotte Giants of the Korea Baseball Organization . It has a seating capacity of 26,800 as of the 2016 season . It is known as a mecca for Korean baseball .'}]}, {'value': '26,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotte Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotte_Giants', 'summary': 'The Lotte Giants ( Korean : 롯데 자이언츠 ) are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan , South Korea , and one of the original franchises of the KBO League . The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation , which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1982 through 1986 , they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium . They won the KBO Championship twice , in 1984 and 1992 . The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season , a record which remains as the highest attendance in a single season in any South Korean sports league . They are often called the Busan Seagulls ( Korean : 부산 갈매기 ) because the official bird of the city of Busan is the seagull , and their main fight song is Busan Seagulls . Coincidentally , a seagull also serves as the mascot for the Chiba Lotte Marines .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munhak Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munhak_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Munhak Baseball Stadium , also known as the Incheon SK Happy Dream Park due to sponsorship reasons , is a baseball stadium in Incheon , South Korea . It is the home stadium of the SK Wyverns . The stadium holds 26,000 people and was built in 2001 . It is adjacent to Incheon Munhak Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon', 'summary': "Incheon ( Korean : 인천 ; Hanja : 仁川 ; Korean pronunciation : [ intɕʰʌn ] ; McCune-Reischauer romanization Inchŏn ; literally kind river ) , officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ) , is a city located in northwestern South Korea , bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east . Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883 . Today , about 3 million people live in the city , making it South Korea 's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city 's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world 's fourth largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world , ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization . In 2003 , the city was designated as Korea 's first free economic zone . Since then , large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry . As an international city , Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences , such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009 . The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014 . Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port . The city is also home to the Green Climate Fund , an international organization addressing environmental issues ."}]}, {'value': 'SK Wyverns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Wyverns', 'summary': 'SK Wyverns Baseball Club ( Korean : SK 와이번스 야구단 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 2000 . They are a member of the KBO League . Based in Incheon , they play their home games at Munhak Baseball Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamsil Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamsil_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Jamsil Baseball Stadium ( Korean : 잠실 야구장 ; Hanja : 蠶室野球場 ) is a baseball stadium located at 25 Olympic-ro , Songpa-gu , Seoul , South Korea . The stadium holds 25,553 people and was built from April 1980 to July 1982 . It makes up the Seoul Sports Complex along with the nearby Seoul Olympic Stadium , and hosted the baseball events during the 1988 Summer Olympics . It is the home of the LG Twins and Doosan Bears of the KBO . The area of Jamsil Baseball Stadium is 26,331 square metres ( 283,420 sq ft ) . It has one basement level . It is three stories high with a center-field distance of 125 metres ( 410 ft ) and side distances of 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . The stadium has 59 entrances consisting of 49 inner gates and 10 outer gates . The parking lot allows 2,200 cars to park . The stadium can be reached by Seoul Subway Line 2 , Line 9 , or by bus . Jamsil Baseball Stadium was renovated in 2007 for about 1.5 billion won . Grass on the field was replaced , drains were installed , and sprinkler were upgraded to prevent heavy rain damage .'}]}, {'value': '25,553', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Doosan Bears LG Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doosan_Bears', 'summary': "The Doosan Bears ( Korean : 두산 베어스 ) are a professional baseball team based in Seoul , South Korea . They are a member of the KBO League . They have won six Korean Series titles ( 1982 , 1995 , 2001 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2019 ) and play their home games at Seoul 's Jamsil Baseball Stadium , sharing the stadium with their rivals , the LG Twins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LG_Twins', 'summary': "LG Twins Baseball Club ( Korean : LG 트윈스 프로야구단 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team based in Seoul , South Korea . They are a member of the KBO League and are one of the most popular baseball teams in Korea . They gained many fans in the 1980s-2000s , most of whom live in Seoul . The club was first established as MBC Chungyong owned by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation until 1989 , when it was then taken over by LG Corporation . The LG Twins play their home games at Jamsil Baseball Stadium , which they share with their rival , the Doosan Bears . Chungyong first used Jamsil Baseball Stadium since 1982 - the first year of Korean pro baseball league - and the Bears started using the same stadium three years later , in 1985 . The Twins won the Korean Series in 1990 - the first year with their new name - and 1994 . The Korean Series MVP was Kim Yong-soo in both Series . Kim 's number , 41 , was for many years the only retired number of the team , before Lee Byung-kyu 's number 9 was retired on July 9 , 2017 in a ceremony that took place both before and after the game against the Hanwha Eagles ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daegu Samsung Lions Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daegu_Samsung_Lions_Park', 'summary': 'Daegu Samsung Lions Park is a multi-use stadium in Daegu , South Korea . It is used mostly for baseball games and is the home stadium of the KBO League team Samsung Lions .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daegu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daegu', 'summary': "Daegu ( Korean : [ tɛɡu ] ; 대구 , 大邱 , literally 'large hill ' ) , formerly spelled Taegu [ a ] and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City , is a city in South Korea , the fourth-largest after Seoul , Busan , and Incheon , and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation [ b ] with over 2.5 million residents . Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk , with a total population over 5 million . Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the seacoast , near the Geumho River and its mainstream , Nakdong River in Gyeongsang-do . The Daegu basin is the central plain of the Yeongnam region . In ancient times , the Daegu area was part of the proto-kingdom Jinhan . Subsequently Daegu came under the control of the Silla Kingdom , which unified the Korean Peninsula . During the Joseon Dynasty period , the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do , one of the traditional eight provinces of the country . Daegu was an economic motor of Korea during the 1960s-1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry . The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high-quality apples , thus the nickname , Apple City . Daegu is also known as Textile City . Textiles used to be the pillar industry of the city . With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone , Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion and high-tech industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Samsung Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samsung_Lions', 'summary': 'The Samsung Lions ( Korean : 삼성 라이온즈 ) are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 . They are based in the southeastern city of Daegu and are members of the KBO League . Their home stadium is Daegu Samsung Lions Park . They have won the Korean Series eight times .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju-Kia Champions Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju-Kia_Champions_Field', 'summary': 'Gwangju-Kia Champions Field is a baseball stadium in Gwangju , South Korea . It is a home stadium of the Kia Tigers since 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '22,244', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju', 'summary': "Gwangju [ a ] ( Korean pronunciation : [ kwaŋ.dʑu ] ) is the sixth-largest city in South Korea . It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government 's Home Minister . The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent from South Jeolla province . Its name is composed of the words Gwang ( Korean : 광 ; Hanja : 光 ) meaning light and Ju ( 주 ; 州 ) meaning province . Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ( 무주 ; 武州 ) , in which Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju , Ungju , Jeonju , Muju and various counties , plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla in the Samguk Sagi . In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region , the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine ."}]}, {'value': 'KIA Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KIA_Tigers', 'summary': 'Kia Tigers ( Korean : KIA 타이거즈 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 and based in the southwestern city of Gwangju . The Tigers are a members of the KBO League and are the most successful team in Korean baseball , having won the national championship , the Korean Series , eleven times . After the success of the 1980s and 1990s , the fortunes of the team began to turn , resulting in them finishing bottom of the league for the first time in 2005 , and again in 2007 . In 2009 , however , Kia Tigers won the 2009 KBO season and 2009 Korean Series . They were previously known as the Haitai Tigers ( 해태 타이거즈 ) . Their home stadium is Gwangju-Kia Champions Field in Gwangju .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Suwon Baseball Stadium ( Korean : 수원야구장 ) , also known as the Suwon kt wiz Park due to sponsorship reasons , is a baseball stadium in Suwon , South Korea . The stadium was the home of the Hyundai Unicorns of the Korea Baseball Organization from 1989 to 2007 . Since 2015 , it is the home of the KT Wiz . The stadium has a capacity of 22,067 and is part of the Suwon Sports Complex . Prior the 2015 season , the stadium underwent extensive renovation ahead to increase the capacity to 20,000 seats , as well as additional extension ahead of the 2017 season .'}]}, {'value': '22,067', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon', 'summary': "Suwon [ a ] ( Korean : 수원 ; Hanja : 水原 , Korean pronunciation : [ su.wʌn ] ) is the capital and largest metropolis of Gyeonggi-do , South Korea 's most populous province which surrounds Seoul , the national capital . Suwon lies about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of Seoul . It is traditionally known as The City of Filial Piety . With a population close to 1.2 million , it is larger than Ulsan , although it is not governed as a metropolitan city . Suwon has existed in various forms throughout Korea 's history , growing from a small settlement to become a major industrial and cultural center . It is the only remaining completely walled city in South Korea . The city walls are one of the more popular tourist destinations in Gyeonggi Province . Samsung Electronics R & D center and headquarters are in Suwon . The city is served by two motorways , the national railway network , and the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Suwon is a major educational center , home to 11 universities . Suwon is home to football club Suwon Samsung Bluewings , which have won the K League on four occasions and AFC Champions League twice . The KT Wiz of the Korea Baseball Organization also plays in Suwon ."}]}, {'value': 'KT Wiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KT_Wiz', 'summary': "KT Wiz ( Korean : 케이티 위즈 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 2013 . Their home stadium is Suwon Baseball Stadium in Suwon . They were a member of the Freedom Division of the KBO Futures League , which is not affiliated with Korea Baseball Organization . On January 11 , 2013 , Korean Baseball Organization officially approved of KT Baseball Club ' admission to KBO League start off 2015 season ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon NC Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_NC_Park', 'summary': 'Changwon NC Park is a baseball stadium in Changwon , South Korea . The stadium replaced the nearby Masan Baseball Stadium as the home of the NC Dinos in the KBO League . The stadium was designed by Populous .'}]}, {'value': '22,011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon', 'summary': "Changwon ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰaŋ.wʌn ] ) is the capital city of Gyeongsangnam-do , on the southeast coast of South Korea . With a population of 1.07 million as of 2015 [ update ] , Changwon is South Korea 's ninth-most populous city . A port city , Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south , and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east . The city of Miryang lies to the northeast , and Jinju to the west . The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age , and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history . In 1974 , with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex , the three historically interdependent cities of Masan , Jinhae , and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development , growing into an important industrial centre . On July 1 , 2010 , the cities of Changwon , Jinhae , and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon . As Korea 's first planned city , modeled after Canberra , Australia , Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas . The city has also branded itself an environmental capital with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program , Nubija ."}]}, {'value': 'NC Dinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NC_Dinos', 'summary': "The NC Dinos ( Korean : 엔씨 다이노스 ) are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 2011 . Their home stadium is Changwon NC Park in the southeastern city of Changwon . They were a member of the Freedom Division of the Korea Baseball Futures League , which is not affiliated with Korea Baseball Organization . On May 8 , 2012 , the Korean Baseball Organization officially approved NC Dinos ' admission to the KBO League to start off the 2013 season . On April 11 , 2013 , the NC Dinos won their first game in the club 's history against the LG Twins ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gocheok Sky Dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gocheok_Sky_Dome', 'summary': 'The Gocheok Sky Dome ( Korean : 고척스카이돔 ; Hanja : 高尺 -- -- ) is a domed baseball stadium located in Gocheok-dong , Seoul , South Korea . It is the home ballpark for the Kiwoom Heroes . The stadium is primarily used for baseball and has a capacity for 16,813 spectators for baseball games . The stadium replaced Dongdaemun Baseball Stadium and opened on 15 September 2015 . It also serves as a concert venue , with a capacity for around 25,000 spectators . In 2017 , the Gocheok Dome hosted the first round of the 2017 World Baseball Classic , featuring host nations South Korea , Taiwan , Netherlands , and Israel .'}]}, {'value': '16,813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiwoom Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiwoom_Heroes', 'summary': 'Kiwoom Heroes Baseball Club ( Korean : 키움 히어로즈 야구단 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team based in Seoul . They are a member of the KBO League . The Heroes mascot is Teokdori ( 턱돌이 ; Mr. Jaw ) . Like other baseball teams in South Korea , the team is known primarily by the name of the sponsor , occasionally as their nickname , and never as the city in which they are based . The Heroes play their home games at Gocheok Sky Dome in Gocheok-dong , a neighborhood located in the southwestern part of Seoul . In 2014 , the Futures League squad changed its name to Hwaseong Heroes ( 화성 히어로즈 ) , differentiating from the first string .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daejeon Hanbat Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon_Hanbat_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Daejeon Hanbat Baseball Stadium , also known as the Hanwha Life Insurance Eagles Park due to sponsorship reasons , is a baseball park in Daejeon , South Korea . The stadium is located in southern skirt of Daejeon , vicinity of Daejeon Station . Located in Daejeon Hanbat Sports Complex with other main sports facilities in Daejeon , it is currently used as home of Hanwha Eagles of Korea Professional Baseball League . Built in 1964 , the ballpark was once nicknamed as the Ping-Pong Table for having the smallest outfield dimension among professional ballparks in South Korea . But the ballpark underwent a series of large scale renovations with capacity extension from 2011 winter to 2012 spring , and outfield expansion in the winter of 2012 . After the renovation , the ballpark currently has a second-largest outfield dimension in first-string professional ballparks in South Korea , and a seating capacity of 13,000 .'}]}, {'value': '13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daejeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon', 'summary': "Daejeon ( Korean : [ tɛ̝.dʑʌn ] ( listen ) ) is South Korea 's fifth-largest metropolis . Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010 . Located in the central region of South Korea , Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes . The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by KTX high-speed train . Daejeon is one of South Korea 's administration hubs with the Daejeon Government Complex ( Other administrative hubs : Seoul , Gwacheon and Sejong ) . The Korean administration in the 1980s decided to relocate some of its functions from Seoul , the national capital , to other cities . Currently , 12 national government offices , including Korea Customs Service , Small and Medium Business Administration , Public Procurement Service , National Statistical Office , Military Manpower Administration , Korea Forest Service , Cultural Heritage Administration , and Korean Intellectual Property Office , as well as Patent Court of Korea , are located in Daejeon . Korail , Korea Water Resources Corporation , and Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation are also headquartered in the city . Daejeon has 18 universities , including KAIST and Chungnam National University . Daejeon has earned its name as Asia 's Silicon Valley and high technology city . The city hosted the Taejon Expo '93 and the International Mathematical Olympiads in 2000 . Several important research institutes are based in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Hanwha Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanwha_Eagles', 'summary': "The Hanwha Eagles ( Korean : 한화 이글스 ) , incorporated as the Hanwha Eagles Professional Baseball Club ( Korean : 한화 이글스 프로야구단 ) , are a South Korean professional baseball club based in the city of Daejeon . They are a member of the KBO League . The Eagles ' home ballpark is Daejeon Hanbat Baseball Stadium . Founded in 1985 as the Binggrae Eagles ( Binggrae was the then-trademark of Hanwha 's confectionery branch ) , they debuted in 1986 as the seventh franchise of the league . The club changed their name into the Hanwha Eagles after Binggrae 's separation from Hanwha conglomerate in 1993 . Hanwha , the owner of the club is one of the largest business conglomerate , or chaebol , in South Korea . The Eagles won the Korean Series once in 1999 and the league pennant twice . As of 2018 , they played in the postseason 13 times , being the runner-up for five times . The club was renowned for their slugger bats from late 1990s to early 2000s , nicknamed as the Dynamite Bats after one of Hanwha 's main business fields , explosives production . The team slugging percentage was .484 in 1999 , the highest team total in the KBO League history . The Eagles have three retired numbers in the roster , more than any other team in the league . Those are for the slugger Jang Jong-hoon ( 35 ) , and the pitchers Jung Min-cheul ( 23 ) and Song Jin-woo ( 21 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju Mudeung Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju_Mudeung_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gwangju Mudeung Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Gwangju , South Korea . It is used mostly for baseball games and was the home stadium of Kia Tigers , formerly the Haitai Tigers , between 1982 and 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '12,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju', 'summary': "Gwangju [ a ] ( Korean pronunciation : [ kwaŋ.dʑu ] ) is the sixth-largest city in South Korea . It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government 's Home Minister . The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent from South Jeolla province . Its name is composed of the words Gwang ( Korean : 광 ; Hanja : 光 ) meaning light and Ju ( 주 ; 州 ) meaning province . Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ( 무주 ; 武州 ) , in which Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju , Ungju , Jeonju , Muju and various counties , plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla in the Samguk Sagi . In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region , the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine ."}]}, {'value': 'Former home of the KIA Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KIA_Tigers', 'summary': 'Kia Tigers ( Korean : KIA 타이거즈 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 and based in the southwestern city of Gwangju . The Tigers are a members of the KBO League and are the most successful team in Korean baseball , having won the national championship , the Korean Series , eleven times . After the success of the 1980s and 1990s , the fortunes of the team began to turn , resulting in them finishing bottom of the league for the first time in 2005 , and again in 2007 . In 2009 , however , Kia Tigers won the 2009 KBO season and 2009 Korean Series . They were previously known as the Haitai Tigers ( 해태 타이거즈 ) . Their home stadium is Gwangju-Kia Champions Field in Gwangju .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan_Munsu_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ulsan Baseball Stadium ( Korean : 울산문수야구장 ; Hanja : 蔚山文殊野球場 ; RR : Ulsan Munsu Yagujang ) is a baseball stadium in Ok-dong , Ulsan , South Korea . The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 12,088 . It serves as the second home of the Lotte Giants .'}]}, {'value': '12,088', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulsan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan', 'summary': "Ulsan ( Korean pronunciation : [ ul.s͈an ] ) , officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall , with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants . It is located in the south-east of the country , neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north . Ulsan is the industrial powerhouse of South Korea , forming the heart of the Ulsan Industrial District . It has the world 's largest automobile assembly plant operated by the Hyundai Motor Company ; the world 's largest shipyard , operated by Hyundai Heavy Industries ; and the world 's third largest oil refinery , owned by SK Energy . In 2017 , Ulsan had a GDP per capita of $ 65,093 , the highest of any region in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Second home of the Lotte Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotte_Giants', 'summary': 'The Lotte Giants ( Korean : 롯데 자이언츠 ) are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan , South Korea , and one of the original franchises of the KBO League . The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation , which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1982 through 1986 , they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium . They won the KBO Championship twice , in 1984 and 1992 . The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season , a record which remains as the highest attendance in a single season in any South Korean sports league . They are often called the Busan Seagulls ( Korean : 부산 갈매기 ) because the official bird of the city of Busan is the seagull , and their main fight song is Busan Seagulls . Coincidentally , a seagull also serves as the mascot for the Chiba Lotte Marines .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pohang Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pohang_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pohang Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Pohang , South Korea . The stadium is currently being used as a second home of the KBO League team Samsung Lions .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pohang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pohang', 'summary': 'Pohang ( Korean pronunciation : [ pʰo.ɦaŋ ] ) is a city in the province of North Gyeongsang , South Korea , and a main seaport in the Daegu-Gyeongbuk region . The built-up area of Pohang is located on the alluvium of the mouth of the Hyeongsan River . The city is divided into two wards ( gu ) , Buk-gu or Northern Ward ( 북구 ; 北區 ) and Nam-gu or Southern Ward ( 남구 ; 南區 ) . This city has the largest population of North Gyeongsang Province and it has the third largest land area of any city ( si ) in South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Second home of the Samsung Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samsung_Lions', 'summary': 'The Samsung Lions ( Korean : 삼성 라이온즈 ) are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 . They are based in the southeastern city of Daegu and are members of the KBO League . Their home stadium is Daegu Samsung Lions Park . They have won the Korean Series eight times .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolmyeong Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunsan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunsan', 'summary': 'Gunsan ( Korean pronunciation : [ kun.san ] ) , also romanized as Kunsan , is a city in North Jeolla Province , South Korea . It is on the south bank of the Geum River just upstream from its exit into the Yellow Sea . It has emerged as a high-tech manufacturing industrial city and an international trade seaport that is approximately 200 km ( 120 mi ) southwest of Seoul on the midwest coast of the Korean Peninsula . Kunsan Air Base operated by the United States Air Force is in the city . To encourage investment , a free trade zone has been declared in the area . Notable residents of Gunsan include actress Lee Eun-ju , comedian Park Myeong-su , and Teen Top member L.Joe .'}]}, {'value': 'Second home of the KIA Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KIA_Tigers', 'summary': 'Kia Tigers ( Korean : KIA 타이거즈 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 and based in the southwestern city of Gwangju . The Tigers are a members of the KBO League and are the most successful team in Korean baseball , having won the national championship , the Korean Series , eleven times . After the success of the 1980s and 1990s , the fortunes of the team began to turn , resulting in them finishing bottom of the league for the first time in 2005 , and again in 2007 . In 2009 , however , Kia Tigers won the 2009 KBO season and 2009 Korean Series . They were previously known as the Haitai Tigers ( 해태 타이거즈 ) . Their home stadium is Gwangju-Kia Champions Field in Gwangju .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masan Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masan_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Masan Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Changwon , South Korea . The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 11,000 . The KBO League club Lotte Giants played a handful of their home games in this stadium each season as their secondary stadium until 2011 ( with the majority of their games being played at Sajik Baseball Stadium ) . Masan Baseball Stadium was the home stadium of the NC Dinos between 2012 and 2018 , when they moved to the newly-built Changwon Baseball Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masan', 'summary': 'Masan is district of Changwon , a city in the South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . Until 2010 , Masan was an independent city and the capital of the province ; it was merged with the neighboring Changwon . It lies along the Masan Bay ( 마산만 , Masan-man ) , approximately 35 km west from Busan . Prior to the adoption of its current name , Masan was known as Happo ( 合浦 ) . Therefore , the old and still frequently used name for Masan-man is Happo-man .'}]}, {'value': 'Former home of the NC Dinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NC_Dinos', 'summary': "The NC Dinos ( Korean : 엔씨 다이노스 ) are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 2011 . Their home stadium is Changwon NC Park in the southeastern city of Changwon . They were a member of the Freedom Division of the Korea Baseball Futures League , which is not affiliated with Korea Baseball Organization . On May 8 , 2012 , the Korean Baseball Organization officially approved NC Dinos ' admission to the KBO League to start off the 2013 season . On April 11 , 2013 , the NC Dinos won their first game in the club 's history against the LG Twins ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheongju Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheongju_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Cheongju Baseball Stadium is a baseball park in Cheongju , South Korea . The stadium serves as a secondary home of the Hanwha Eagles .'}]}, {'value': '10,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheongju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheongju', 'summary': 'Cheongju ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰʌŋ.dʑu ] ) is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong Province in South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Second home of the Hanwha Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanwha_Eagles', 'summary': "The Hanwha Eagles ( Korean : 한화 이글스 ) , incorporated as the Hanwha Eagles Professional Baseball Club ( Korean : 한화 이글스 프로야구단 ) , are a South Korean professional baseball club based in the city of Daejeon . They are a member of the KBO League . The Eagles ' home ballpark is Daejeon Hanbat Baseball Stadium . Founded in 1985 as the Binggrae Eagles ( Binggrae was the then-trademark of Hanwha 's confectionery branch ) , they debuted in 1986 as the seventh franchise of the league . The club changed their name into the Hanwha Eagles after Binggrae 's separation from Hanwha conglomerate in 1993 . Hanwha , the owner of the club is one of the largest business conglomerate , or chaebol , in South Korea . The Eagles won the Korean Series once in 1999 and the league pennant twice . As of 2018 , they played in the postseason 13 times , being the runner-up for five times . The club was renowned for their slugger bats from late 1990s to early 2000s , nicknamed as the Dynamite Bats after one of Hanwha 's main business fields , explosives production . The team slugging percentage was .484 in 1999 , the highest team total in the KBO League history . The Eagles have three retired numbers in the roster , more than any other team in the league . Those are for the slugger Jang Jong-hoon ( 35 ) , and the pitchers Jung Min-cheul ( 23 ) and Song Jin-woo ( 21 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mokdong Baseball Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokdong_Baseball_Stadium', 'summary': 'Mokdong Baseball Stadium is a stadium located in Seoul , South Korea . The stadium was the home of the Nexen Heroes of the Korea Baseball Organization between 2008 and 2015 . The stadium is part of the Mokdong Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': '10,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}]}, {'value': 'Former home of the Nexen Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nexen_Heroes', 'summary': 'Kiwoom Heroes Baseball Club ( Korean : 키움 히어로즈 야구단 ) is a South Korean professional baseball team based in Seoul . They are a member of the KBO League . The Heroes mascot is Teokdori ( 턱돌이 ; Mr. Jaw ) . Like other baseball teams in South Korea , the team is known primarily by the name of the sponsor , occasionally as their nickname , and never as the city in which they are based . The Heroes play their home games at Gocheok Sky Dome in Gocheok-dong , a neighborhood located in the southwestern part of Seoul . In 2014 , the Futures League squad changed its name to Hwaseong Heroes ( 화성 히어로즈 ) , differentiating from the first string .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current stadiums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_baseball_stadiums_in_South_Korea_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of baseball stadiums (baseball parks) in South Korea. They are ordered by seating capacity as of the 2018 season. Only stadiums with a seating capacity of 10,000 or more are included.'} | null | null | What is the capacity for the Stadium located in the city with a population of 1.2 million ? | 22,067 |
0519dc88fa76600f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party_election_results', 'title': 'Independent Labour Party election results', 'header': ['Constituency', 'Candidate', 'Votes', '%', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': 'Blackburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Blackburn is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Philip Snowden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Snowden', 'summary': 'Philip Snowden , 1st Viscount Snowden , PC ( /ˈsnoʊdən/ ; 18 July 1864 - 15 May 1937 ) was a British politician . A strong speaker , he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of capitalism as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia . He was the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer , a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931 . He broke with Labour policy in 1931 , and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a turncoat , as the Party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the National Government coalition that Snowden supported . He was succeeded as Chancellor by Neville Chamberlain .'}]}, {'value': '10,762', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bow and Bromley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bow_and_Bromley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bow and Bromley was a constituency in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Located in the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar in London , it was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act for the 1885 general election and returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) until it was abolished for the 1950 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'George Lansbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Lansbury', 'summary': "George Lansbury ( 21 February 1859 - 7 May 1940 ) was a British politician and social reformer who led the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935 . Apart from a brief period of ministerial office during the Labour government of 1929-31 , he spent his political life campaigning against established authority and vested interests , his main causes being the promotion of social justice , women 's rights and world disarmament . Originally a radical Liberal , Lansbury became a socialist in the early 1890s , and thereafter served his local community in the East End of London in numerous elective offices . His activities were underpinned by his Christian beliefs which , except for a short period of doubt , sustained him through his life . Elected to Parliament in 1910 , he resigned his seat in 1912 to campaign for women 's suffrage , and was briefly imprisoned after publicly supporting militant action . In 1912 , Lansbury helped to establish the Daily Herald newspaper , and became its editor . Throughout the First World War the paper maintained a strongly pacifist stance , and supported the October 1917 Russian Revolution . These positions contributed to Lansbury 's failure to be elected to Parliament in 1918 . He devoted himself to local politics in his home borough of Poplar , and went to prison with 30 fellow-councillors for his part in the Poplar rates revolt of 1921 . After his return to Parliament in 1922 , Lansbury was denied office in the brief Labour government of 1924 , although he served as First Commissioner of Works in the Labour government of 1929-31 . After the political and economic crisis of August 1931 , Lansbury did not follow his leader , Ramsay MacDonald , into the National Government , but remained with the Labour Party . As the most senior of the small contingent of Labour MPs that survived the 1931 general election , Lansbury became the Leader of the Labour Party ."}]}, {'value': '4,315', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradford West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bradford West is a constituency [ n 1 ] of the city of Bradford represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Jowett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Jowett', 'summary': 'Frederick William Jowett ( 31 January 1864 - 1 February 1944 ) was a British Labour politician .'}]}, {'value': '8,880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chatham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Chatham was a parliamentary constituency in Kent which returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was created for the 1832 general election , when the borough of Chatham was enfranchised under the Reform Act 1832 . It was abolished for the 1950 general election , when it was largely replaced by the new Rochester and Chatham constituency . This then became Medway in 1983 . When the boroughs of Rochester upon Medway and Gillingham merged to form the larger unitary Borough of Medway in 1998 , the Parliamentary constituency of Medway only covered part of the new borough , so for the 2010 election it was renamed Rochester and Strood .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Smith_(UK_politician)', 'summary': "Francis Samuel Smith ( 1854 - 26 December 1940 ) was a British newspaper editor and Christian socialist politician , who contested a large number of elections before finally winning a parliamentary seat in his mid-70s . Born in Chelsea , Smith was educated privately and ran an upholstery company in Sloane Street . He was active in the Chelsea Mission , and through that joined the Salvation Army in its early days . In 1884 he moved to the United States to quell a secessionist movement among the Salvationists there , then returned to the UK as the first leader of the Social Wing of the Salvation Army . On the voyage to America he read Henry George 's book , Progress and Poverty which introduced him to Georgist ideas . In 1890 , he co-wrote In Darkest England and the Way Out with William Booth . However , he left the movement later in the year , to involve himself in the labour movement , founding the Labour Army and Workers ' Cry , a newspaper which he edited from two years . In 1892 , he became editor of the Weekly Dispatch , holding the post for three years . Smith stood unsuccessfully in Hammersmith at the 1892 general election , but he was elected to the London County Council , playing a key role on the body until 1913 . He became a founding member of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) , and was its first parliamentary candidate , at the 1894 Sheffield Attercliffe by-election . A close friend of its leader , Keir Hardie , he drew on some experience in radical journalism to assist with the relaunch of the Labour Leader . Smith also stood in Glasgow Tradeston at the 1895 general election , in the meantime involving himself in spiritualism and the Brotherhood Movement , emphasising that , for him , socialism was entirely compatible with religion ."}]}, {'value': '1,103', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glasgow Camlachie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Camlachie_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Glasgow Camlachie was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1955 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) using the first-past-the-post voting system .'}]}, {'value': "James O'Connor Kessack", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/James_O'Connor_Kessack", 'summary': "James O'Connor Kessack ( 19 October 1879 - 13 November 1916 ) was a British trade unionist . Born in Aberdeen , Kessack grew up in Huntly and Inverurie , and worked from an early age to support his family , his father struggling to find work , and both of his parents dying while he was young . He moved to Glasgow to find employment shortly before his father 's death , and his younger siblings then moved in with him . Highly religious in his youth , Kessack became a socialist after hearing Robert Smillie speak at the 1901 North East Lanarkshire by-election . Sam MacDonald of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) noticed Kessack 's speaking ability and persuaded him to join , and Kessack later joined the Socialist Labour Party , Industrial Workers of the World and then was a founder member of the Advocates of Industrial Unionism . He resigned from the SLP after the party forbade members from speaking at meetings of any other group , but remained prominent in the ILP , and the group sponsored his unsuccessful candidatures for the Labour Party at both the January and December 1910 general elections in Glasgow Camlachie . Kessack became the national organiser of the National Union of Dock Labourers ( NUDL ) in 1909 , replacing James Larkin . Although during his first couple of years , membership of the union fell in Scotland , he managed to recruit large numbers of new members in the Humber ports , and was regarded as a successful figure . However , he left his post in 1914 to join the Scottish Horse regiment of the British Army . He was promoted to become a captain , but was killed in the Battle of the Ancre in November 1916 ."}]}, {'value': '1,539', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Halifax is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Holly Lynch of the Labour Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'James Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Parker_(Labour_politician)', 'summary': "James Parker , CH ( 1863 - 11 February 1948 ) was a British Labour Party politician . He was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Halifax at the 1906 general election , and held the seat until the town 's representation was reduced to one seat at the 1918 general election . He did not stand again in Halifax , but instead stood in the Cannock division of Staffordshire , as a Coalition Labour candidate ( i.e . a holder of the coalition coupon , supporting the Lloyd George 's coalition government ) . He won the seat , but lost it , standing as a National Liberal at the 1922 general election . Parker was made a Companion of Honour by King George V in 1918 ."}]}, {'value': '8,511', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Leeds South was a parliamentary constituency in the city of Leeds , West Yorkshire , which returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until it was abolished for the 1983 general election . It was then largely replaced by the new Morley and Leeds South constituency . It was the seat of the former Leader of the Labour Party , the late Hugh Gaitskell , and the former Home Secretary Merlyn Rees .'}]}, {'value': 'John Badlay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Badlay', 'summary': 'John Badlay ( 1860 - 1944 ) was a British politician .'}]}, {'value': '2,706', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Leicester was a parliamentary borough in Leicestershire , which elected two members of parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1918 , when it was split into three single-member divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramsay MacDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald', 'summary': "James Ramsay MacDonald FRS ( né James McDonald Ramsay ; 12 October 1866 - 9 November 1937 ) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party politician to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , leading minority Labour governments for nine months in 1924 and then in 1929-31 . From 1931 to 1935 , he headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party and supported by only a few Labour members . MacDonald was later vehemently denounced by and expelled from the party he had helped to found . MacDonald , along with Keir Hardie and Arthur Henderson , was one of the three principal founders of the Labour Party . He was chairman of the Labour MPs before 1914 and , after an eclipse in his career caused by his opposition to the First World War , he was Leader of the Labour Party from 1922 . The second Labour Government ( 1929-31 ) was dominated by the Great Depression . He formed the National Government to carry out spending cuts to defend the gold standard , but it had to be abandoned after the Invergordon Mutiny , and he called a general election in 1931 seeking a doctor 's mandate to fix the economy . The National coalition won an overwhelming landslide and the Labour Party was reduced to a rump of around 50 seats in the House of Commons . His health deteriorated and he stood down as Prime Minister in 1935 , remaining as Lord President of the Council until retiring in 1937 . He died later that year . MacDonald 's speeches , pamphlets and books made him an important theoretician . Historian John Shepherd states that MacDonald 's natural gifts of an imposing presence , handsome features and a persuasive oratory delivered with an arresting Highlands accent made him the iconic Labour leader ."}]}, {'value': '12,998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool Kirkdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_Kirkdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Liverpool Kirkdale was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom covering Kirkdale , Liverpool . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas McKerrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_McKerrell', 'summary': "Thomas McKerrell ( 1877 - 21 December 1922 ) was a Scottish trade unionist and politician . Born in Scotland , McKerrell moved to South Africa to work as a coal miner with his brother David , although he left around the onset of the Second Boer War . He returned to Scotland , settling in Kilmarnock , where he married in 1899 , and joined the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) around this time . He was elected as a councillor in Kilmarnock , and also became a bailie there . He was appointed as agent of the Ayrshire Miners ' Union , and through this served on the executive of both the Scottish Miners ' Federation and the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain ; and as vice-chairman of the Scottish Trades Union Congress . The ILP was affiliated to the Labour Party , and McKerrell was selected to stand for Labour in Midlothian at the January 1910 general election . However , he withdrew from the contest at short notice . In November 1910 , he was adopted as a last-minute candidate for Liverpool Kirkdale at the December general election , taking 41.6% of the vote , a small reduction for the party 's performance earlier in the year . McKerrell next stood in the 1911 Kilmarnock Burghs by-election where , as a supporter of women 's suffrage , he received significant support from the local branches of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies . Despite this , he could take only third place , with 17.3% of the votes cast . McKerrell 's brother , David , had returned to mine in South Africa , and became a leader of a strike in the early 1910s . As a result , he was deported back to Scotland , where he stayed with Tom and briefly became a prominent speaker , but died soon after ."}]}, {'value': '2,992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester North East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_North_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Manchester North East was one of several Parliamentary constituencies created in 1885 from the former Manchester constituency . It was abolished in 1918 . C. P. Scott , the editor and then part-owner of the Manchester Guardian stood unsuccessfully in 1886 , 1891 and 1892 . John Robert Clynes ( 1906-1918 ) later became leader of the Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': 'J. R. Clynes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._R._Clynes', 'summary': 'John Robert Clynes ( 27 March 1869 - 23 October 1949 ) was a British trade unionist and Labour politician . He was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 35 years , and as Leader of the Labour Party ( from 14 February 1921 to 21 November 1922 ) , led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election . He was the first Englishman to serve as leader of the Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': '4,313', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merthyr Tydfil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Merthyr Tydfil was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Merthyr Tydfil in Glamorgan . From 1832 to 1868 it returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and in 1868 this was increased to two members . The two-member constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election . A single-member constituency ( known as Merthyr ) existed from 1918 until 1945 and , by the 1950 general election , it had been renamed Merthyr Tydfil . The constituency was abolished for the 1983 general election , when it was largely replaced by the new Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Keir Hardie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keir_Hardie', 'summary': "James Keir Hardie ( 15 August 1856 - 26 September 1915 ) was a Scottish trade unionist and politician . He was a founder of the Labour Party , and served as its first parliamentary leader from 1906 to 1908 . Hardie was born in Newhouse , North Lanarkshire . He started working at the age of seven , and from the age of 10 worked in the South Lanarkshire coal mines . With a background in preaching , he became known as a talented public speaker and was chosen as a spokesman for his fellow miners . In 1879 , Hardie was elected leader of a miners ' union in Hamilton and organised a National Conference of Miners in Dunfermline . He subsequently led miners ' strikes in Lanarkshire ( 1880 ) and Ayrshire ( 1881 ) . He turned to journalism to make ends meet , and from 1886 was a full-time union organiser as secretary of the Ayrshire Miners ' Union . Hardie initially supported William Gladstone 's Liberal Party , but later concluded that the working class needed its own party . He first stood for parliament in 1888 as an independent , and later that year helped form the Scottish Labour Party . Hardie won the English seat of West Ham South as an independent candidate in 1892 , and helped to form the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) the following year . He lost his seat in 1895 , but was re-elected to parliament in 1900 for Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '11,507', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitehaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitehaven_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Whitehaven was a constituency centred on the town of Whitehaven in Cumberland , which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1832 and renamed Copeland at the 1983 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Richardson_(Labour_Party_MP)', 'summary': "Thomas Richardson ( 6 June 1868 - 22 October 1928 ) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Whitehaven , in Cumberland , from 1910 to 1918 . Thomas Richardson was the first born of Robert Richardson and his wife Margaret and was named for his grandfather who died shortly before he was born . His father worked as a coal miner and the family had lived at Usworth Colliery . Thomas began working as a coal miner as well . In 1885 his father died in an explosion in the Usworth pit which had claimed forty one other men . At the age of 20 Thomas Richardson married his wife Mary Ellinor Purvis . They had four children . He interest in politics was motivated by his desire to improve conditions for coal miners . Richardson was an active member of the Independent Labour Party , and its leading member in Whitehaven . His brother William was also active in the party , and later became Treasurer of the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain . He was elected as Whitehaven 's first Labour MP at the December 1910 general election . A Labour candidate had stood unsuccessfully in January 1910 general election , but Richardson was assisted by the absence of a Liberal party candidate ."}]}, {'value': '1,414', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Election results -- December 1910 general election', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Independent_Labour_Party_election_results_9', 'intro': "This article lists the Independent Labour Party's election results in UK parliamentary elections."} | null | null | What percentage of the vote did the politician who died in 1 February 1944 receive ? | 66.6 |
051afdc0b7735cf7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby', 'title': 'Super Rugby', 'header': ['Apps', 'Team', 'Wins', 'Losses', 'Winning percent', 'Season ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crusaders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'The Crusaders ( formerly the Canterbury Crusaders and officially the BNZ Crusaders due to sponsorship by the Bank of New Zealand ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Christchurch , who compete in the Super Rugby competition . They have won 10 titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , 2018 and 2019 ) . Formed in 1996 to represent the upper South Island of New Zealand in the Super 12 , the Crusaders represent the Buller , Canterbury , Mid-Canterbury , South Canterbury , Tasman and West Coast provincial Rugby Unions . Their main home ground is Orangetheory Stadium , formerly known as AMI Stadium , [ n 1 ] before that Jade Stadium , and before that , Lancaster Park . They are the current Super Rugby champions . The Crusaders struggled in the first season of the Super 12 , 1996 , finishing last . Their performance improved in 1997 and the team finished sixth ( out of twelve teams ) . The team went on to win all three titles from 1998 to 2000 despite each final being played away from home . They again won the competition in 2002 after going through the season unbeaten . In the following two seasons , they again reached the final , although they were beaten on both occasions . 2005 was the last season of the Super 12 before its expansion . After finishing top of the table in that season , the Crusaders went on to host the final in which they defeated the Waratahs .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.714', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1998 Super 12 season was the third season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1998 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Auckland Blues and the Canterbury Crusaders at Eden Park , Auckland . The Canterbury Crusaders won 20 - 13 to win their first Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1999 Super 12 season was the fourth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1999 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Canterbury Crusaders and the Otago Highlanders at Carisbrook , Dunedin . The Crusaders won 24 - 19 to win their second Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2000 Super 12 season was the fifth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2000 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and the Brumbies at Bruce Stadium , Canberra . The Crusaders won 20 - 19 to win their third consecutive Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 Super 12 season was the seventh season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2002 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and the Brumbies at Jade Stadium , Christchurch . The Crusaders won 31 - 13 to win their fourth Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2003 Super 12 season was the eighth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2003 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Blues and the Crusaders at Eden Park , Auckland . The Blues won 21 - 17 to win their third Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2004 Super 12 season was the ninth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2004 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Brumbies and the Crusaders at Canberra Stadium . The Brumbies won 47 - 38 to win their second Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2005 Super 12 season was the tenth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2005 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and New South Wales Waratahs at Jade Stadium , Christchurch . The Crusaders won 35 - 25 to win their fifth Super 12 title . This was the final season of Super 12 before the expansion to Super 14 with the Western Force and Cheetahs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Super_14_season', 'summary': "The 2006 Super 14 season started on Friday 10 February 2006 . The Grand Final was held on Saturday 27 May 2006 . Super 14 is a provincial rugby union competition with 14 teams from New Zealand , Australia and South Africa . This season was the first of the expansion , which saw two new teams , the Western Force and the Cheetahs , join the Super 12/14 . The addition of two new teams led to the name change from the Super 12 . It was also the first year for a new Super 14 trophy . At the start of round one , the Crusaders were the favourite to win this year 's title 1 [ permanent dead link ] with a return of A $ 3.25 for every $ 1 bet . The Blues were second favourite with a return of A $ 4.75 for every $ 1 bet and the Waratahs were third with a return of A $ 5.00 for every $ 1 bet . The Cats were favourites for the wooden spoon . These figures are the final odds . The season saw the first joint commercial by the three SANZAR unions since 1996 . The commercial was filmed in Ukraine and is set in a laundromat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Super_14_season', 'summary': "The 2008 Super 14 season started in February 2008 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 31 May , when the Crusaders won their seventh Super Rugby title with a 20-12 victory over the Waratahs in front of the Crusaders ' home fans at AMI Stadium . The 2008 season was the third of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The schedule , which covered 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Super Rugby season was the first season of the new 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition , which involved teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . Including its past iterations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 16th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The season kicked off in February 2011 , with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished in early July to allow players a recovery period for the 2011 Rugby World Cup to be held in September and October ; in future non-World Cup years , the competition will extend into August . This season saw the arrival of the Melbourne Rebels , admitted to the competition as Australia 's fifth team after entry by the Southern Kings from South Africa was denied . This was also the first season of a revamped competition format , with a greater focus on matches within each participating country and an expanded finals series . During this season , the first ever Super Rugby game was played outside the SANZAR region , taking place at Twickenham Stadium between the Crusaders and the Sharks . The match was moved to Twickenham because of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . Proceeds of the game were also donated to the relief effort . The final was played at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane between the Queensland Reds and the Crusaders . The Reds won 18-13 to claim their first Super Rugby title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2014 Super Rugby season is the fourth season of the 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this is the 19th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games will take place every weekend from 15 February until 12 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 16 and 17 for internationals games ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 2 August . The winners of the 2014 Super Rugby Season were the New South Wales Waratahs"}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2017 Super Rugby season was the 22nd season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . It was the second season featuring an expanded 18-team format , following the competition 's expansion from 15 teams prior to the 2016 season . After 17 rounds of matches between 23 February and 15 July - with Rounds 15 and 16 split due to the 2017 mid-year rugby union internationals and British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand - four conference winners and four wildcard teams progressed to the finals series , which will consist of quarterfinals , semifinals and a final on 5 August ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2018 Super Rugby season was the 23rd season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . After two seasons in which 18 teams participated , the 2018 season reverted to a 15-team competition , consisting of three geographical conferences . The South African Rugby Union announced that the Cheetahs and Southern Kings would be dropped for the 2018 season , while the Australian Rugby Union , now known as Rugby Australia , announced the exclusion of the Western Force . The South African franchises thereafter entered the newly renamed Pro14 competition , while the Western Force took part in the National Rugby Championship , the domestic Australia competition , while preparing to enter the new Global Rapid Rugby competition in 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2019 Super Rugby season was the 24th season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . The 2019 season was the second season using the reduced 15-team format consisting of three geographical conferences since being reduced from an 18-team competition in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brumbies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brumbies_(rugby)', 'summary': "The Brumbies ( for sponsorship reasons known as the Plus500 Brumbies and formerly known as the ACT Brumbies ) is an Australian professional rugby union based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) , The team competes in Super Rugby and named for the wild horses which inhabit the capital 's hinterland . The team represents the ACT and southern New South Wales ( NSW ) regions . The Brumbies were formed in 1996 to provide a third Australian franchise for the newly formed Super 12 ( now Super Rugby ) competition . It was predicted that the Brumbies , made up of so-called 'reject ' - players not wanted by the other two teams - would perform poorly . Since then , they have enjoyed more success than all the other Australian teams combined , reaching six finals and winning two . The Brumbies play in navy blue , white and gold kits . The team plays at GIO Stadium ( formerly known as Bruce Stadium and Canberra Stadium ) in Canberra and is currently coached by former Wallabies fly-half Stephen Larkham . Larkham shared the coaching duties with Laurie Fisher as Director of Football , after the unexpected departure of Jake White in September 2013 , who had two years left on his contract , until Fisher left to become head coach of Gloucester Rugby after the 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1997 Super 12 season was the second season of the Super 12 , contested by rugby union teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from 28 February to 31 May 1997 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Auckland Blues and the ACT Brumbies at Eden Park , Auckland . The Auckland Blues won 23 - 7 to win their second Super 12 title . While the three Australian and five New Zealand teams remained the same as the 1996 season , the South African teams made changes . Transvaal , after the changes of the political landscape of South Africa , became known as the Gauteng Lions , while Western Province , after not making the top four of the 1996 Currie Cup , were replaced by Free State of Bloemfontein .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2000 Super 12 season was the fifth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2000 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and the Brumbies at Bruce Stadium , Canberra . The Crusaders won 20 - 19 to win their third consecutive Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2001 Super 12 season was the sixth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2001 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the ACT Brumbies and the Coastal Sharks at Bruce Stadium , Canberra . The ACT Brumbies won 36 - 6 to win their first Super 12 title , and became the first Super Rugby champions from outside New Zealand . This was the first year where a New Zealand team failed to make the playoffs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 Super 12 season was the seventh season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2002 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and the Brumbies at Jade Stadium , Christchurch . The Crusaders won 31 - 13 to win their fourth Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2004 Super 12 season was the ninth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2004 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Brumbies and the Crusaders at Canberra Stadium . The Brumbies won 47 - 38 to win their second Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Super Rugby season was the third season of the new 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The tournament was won by the Chiefs , who defeated the Canberra-based Brumbies 27-22 in the competition final . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as FxPro Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including the past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 18th season of the Southern Hemisphere 's premier domestic competition . Conference matches took place every weekend from 15 February until 13 July - with a break between rounds 17 and 18 for internationals games - followed by the play-offs series that culminated in the final on 3 August . The 2013 season saw the Southern Kings of South Africa enter the competition for the first time , having replaced the under-performing Lions . The Kings achieved three victories in their inaugural tournament , but finished last following the regular season , and were defeated by the Lions in a two-leg play-off for a position in the South African conference for the 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blues_(Super_Rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Blues ( known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 2000 ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland , New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition . Like New Zealand 's four other Super Rugby teams , the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996 . One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history , the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons , 1996 and 1997 , and again in 2003 . Additionally , the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Super_12_season', 'summary': "The 1996 Super 12 season was the inaugural season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1996 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semifinals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semifinal qualified for the final , which was contested between the Auckland Blues and Natal Sharks , with the Blues winning 45 - 21 to win the first Super 12 title . This was the first season of professional rugby union in the Southern Hemisphere ( the Northern Hemisphere had their first season a few months earlier due to the seasonal differences ) . The season was also the first of 10 under the deal between SANZAR and News Corporation which gave all broadcasting rights to News Limited for the Super 12 , Tri-Nations , all inbound tours and test matches and in Australia , New Zealand and South Africa as well as provincial competition matches . The deal was collectively worth $ 550,000,000 USD . The teams from Australia and New Zealand were regional teams , a system that has continued to this day . South Africa used a different system for determining its Super 12 teams . The top four sides from the previous season of the country 's domestic competition , the Currie Cup , were granted berths in the Super 12 . This system would continue through the 1998 competition ; only in 1999 did South Africa adopt the same system used by the other two participating countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1997_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1997 Super 12 season was the second season of the Super 12 , contested by rugby union teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from 28 February to 31 May 1997 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Auckland Blues and the ACT Brumbies at Eden Park , Auckland . The Auckland Blues won 23 - 7 to win their second Super 12 title . While the three Australian and five New Zealand teams remained the same as the 1996 season , the South African teams made changes . Transvaal , after the changes of the political landscape of South Africa , became known as the Gauteng Lions , while Western Province , after not making the top four of the 1996 Currie Cup , were replaced by Free State of Bloemfontein .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1998 Super 12 season was the third season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1998 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Auckland Blues and the Canterbury Crusaders at Eden Park , Auckland . The Canterbury Crusaders won 20 - 13 to win their first Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2003 Super 12 season was the eighth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2003 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Blues and the Crusaders at Eden Park , Auckland . The Blues won 21 - 17 to win their third Super 12 title .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharks_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Sharks ( known as the Cell C Sharks for sponsorship reasons ) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Durban in KwaZulu Natal completing in the Super Rugby competition ( Super 10 , 1993-95 ; Super 12 , 1996 - 2005 ; Super 14 , 2006-10 ; Super Rugby 2011-present ) and centred on the Sharks union , also based in Durban and drawing players from all of KwaZulu-Natal Province , The team plays its home matches at the Kings Park Stadium . In 1993-1995 South Africa was represented in the Super 10 by their three top unions ( top three teams from the previous years Currie Cup ) . Natal ( as they were called then ) qualified in 1993 and 1994 . Natal were runners-up in 1994 after having lost to Queensland 21-10 in the final . In 1996 and 1997 South Africa was represented in the Super 12 by their four top unions rather than franchises , and Natal qualified and competed both years . They have never won any of the Super Rugby competition , but have reached the final four times , as Natal in 1996 and as the Sharks in 2001 , 2007 and 2012 . The side contains many Springbok players , including Tendai 'Beast ' Mtawarira , Andre Esterhuizen , Dan du Preez , Coenie Oosthuizen and Curwin Bosch . [ needs update ] They have also featured many international stars including France international Frédéric Michalak . In 2010 , they were slated to feature Argentine star Juan Martín Hernández , but he was ruled out for the season with a back injury . In 2017 they recruited France 's Clément Poitrenaud . [ importance ? ]"}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , 2001 , 2007 , 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Super_12_season', 'summary': "The 1996 Super 12 season was the inaugural season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1996 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semifinals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semifinal qualified for the final , which was contested between the Auckland Blues and Natal Sharks , with the Blues winning 45 - 21 to win the first Super 12 title . This was the first season of professional rugby union in the Southern Hemisphere ( the Northern Hemisphere had their first season a few months earlier due to the seasonal differences ) . The season was also the first of 10 under the deal between SANZAR and News Corporation which gave all broadcasting rights to News Limited for the Super 12 , Tri-Nations , all inbound tours and test matches and in Australia , New Zealand and South Africa as well as provincial competition matches . The deal was collectively worth $ 550,000,000 USD . The teams from Australia and New Zealand were regional teams , a system that has continued to this day . South Africa used a different system for determining its Super 12 teams . The top four sides from the previous season of the country 's domestic competition , the Currie Cup , were granted berths in the Super 12 . This system would continue through the 1998 competition ; only in 1999 did South Africa adopt the same system used by the other two participating countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2001 Super 12 season was the sixth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2001 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the ACT Brumbies and the Coastal Sharks at Bruce Stadium , Canberra . The ACT Brumbies won 36 - 6 to win their first Super 12 title , and became the first Super Rugby champions from outside New Zealand . This was the first year where a New Zealand team failed to make the playoffs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2007 Super 14 season started in February 2007 with preseason matches held from mid-January . It finished on 19 May with the final at ABSA Stadium in Durban , in the first final between two South African teams in the history of Super Rugby . The visiting Bulls won the 2007 Super 14 Final , scoring a try in the 83rd minute and narrowly defeating the Sharks 20-19 , thereby becoming the first South African side to win the Super Rugby title in the professional era . Super 14 is a provincial rugby union competition with 14 teams from New Zealand , Australia and South Africa . This season is the second of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The 2007 season saw an old team emerge with a new name , as the Cats changed their name to the Lions effective 8 September 2006 . There was also some confusion over the inclusion of the Southern Spears franchise , who were in the end not included . The season is also notable of the New Zealand sides resting several All Blacks players in the first half of the season . There were 94 matches held over the 3½ months , with each team playing one full round robin against the 13 other teams , 2 semi-finals and a final . Every team will get one bye over the 14 rounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2012 Super Rugby season was the second season of the current 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition , which involves teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as FxPro Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 17th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games took place every weekend from 24 February until 14 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 15 and 16 for international matches ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 4 August . While its three main broadcasting partners are Fox Sports ( Australia ) , Sky Sport ( New Zealand ) and SuperSport ( South Africa ) , Super Rugby can be viewed in many countries throughout the world . The Chiefs , based in Hamilton , New Zealand , claimed their first-ever title in the competition 's history , defeating the Durban-based Sharks 37-6 in the final held on 4 August at the Chiefs ' home of Waikato Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulls_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': 'The Bulls , for sponsorship reasons known as the Vodacom Bulls , is a South African professional rugby union team based in Pretoria and they play their home matches at Loftus Versfeld . Prior to 1998 , the Bulls competed in the then-Super 12 as Northern Transvaal , as in those years South Africa was represented in the competition by its top four Currie Cup sides from the previous season , instead of the modern Super Rugby teams . They compete in the Super Rugby . The side won the Super 14 in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 , placing them among the most successful teams in Super Rugby history with three titles . They were the most successful team of the Super 14 era ( 2006-10 ) , winning three out of the five titles . They are the most successful South African team , and the only South African team to win a Super Rugby title .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 , 2009 , 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2007 Super 14 season started in February 2007 with preseason matches held from mid-January . It finished on 19 May with the final at ABSA Stadium in Durban , in the first final between two South African teams in the history of Super Rugby . The visiting Bulls won the 2007 Super 14 Final , scoring a try in the 83rd minute and narrowly defeating the Sharks 20-19 , thereby becoming the first South African side to win the Super Rugby title in the professional era . Super 14 is a provincial rugby union competition with 14 teams from New Zealand , Australia and South Africa . This season is the second of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The 2007 season saw an old team emerge with a new name , as the Cats changed their name to the Lions effective 8 September 2006 . There was also some confusion over the inclusion of the Southern Spears franchise , who were in the end not included . The season is also notable of the New Zealand sides resting several All Blacks players in the first half of the season . There were 94 matches held over the 3½ months , with each team playing one full round robin against the 13 other teams , 2 semi-finals and a final . Every team will get one bye over the 14 rounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Super 14 season kicked off in February 2009 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 30 May , when the Bulls won their second Super Rugby title with a decisive 61-17 victory over the Chiefs at Loftus Versfeld stadium in Pretoria , South Africa . The 2009 season was the fourth of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The schedule , which covered 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round-robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 Super 14 season kicked off in February 2010 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 29 May . The 2010 season was the fifth and last season of the expanded Super 14 format . The schedule , which covers 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round-robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiefs_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Chiefs ( formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The team competes in the Super Rugby competition , previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14 , and are one of the competition 's five New Zealand teams . Playing in black , red and yellow coloured jerseys , their primary home ground is Waikato Stadium . Until 2004 , the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals . In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth , and in the end achieved fourth place ( defeated 37-20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies ) . They subsequently reached the 2009 final , but found themselves on the short end of a record 61-17 defeat by the Bulls . The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season . The Chiefs defeated the Sharks 37-6 , winning their first title . In 2013 , the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins , when they defeated the Brumbies 27-22 at Waikato Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 , 2012 , 2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Super 14 season kicked off in February 2009 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 30 May , when the Bulls won their second Super Rugby title with a decisive 61-17 victory over the Chiefs at Loftus Versfeld stadium in Pretoria , South Africa . The 2009 season was the fourth of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The schedule , which covered 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round-robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2012 Super Rugby season was the second season of the current 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition , which involves teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as FxPro Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 17th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games took place every weekend from 24 February until 14 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 15 and 16 for international matches ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 4 August . While its three main broadcasting partners are Fox Sports ( Australia ) , Sky Sport ( New Zealand ) and SuperSport ( South Africa ) , Super Rugby can be viewed in many countries throughout the world . The Chiefs , based in Hamilton , New Zealand , claimed their first-ever title in the competition 's history , defeating the Durban-based Sharks 37-6 in the final held on 4 August at the Chiefs ' home of Waikato Stadium ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Super Rugby season was the third season of the new 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The tournament was won by the Chiefs , who defeated the Canberra-based Brumbies 27-22 in the competition final . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as FxPro Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including the past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 18th season of the Southern Hemisphere 's premier domestic competition . Conference matches took place every weekend from 15 February until 13 July - with a break between rounds 17 and 18 for internationals games - followed by the play-offs series that culminated in the final on 3 August . The 2013 season saw the Southern Kings of South Africa enter the competition for the first time , having replaced the under-performing Lions . The Kings achieved three victories in their inaugural tournament , but finished last following the regular season , and were defeated by the Lions in a two-leg play-off for a position in the South African conference for the 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 , 2008 , 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 2005 Super 12 season was the tenth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 2005 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Crusaders and New South Wales Waratahs at Jade Stadium , Christchurch . The Crusaders won 35 - 25 to win their fifth Super 12 title . This was the final season of Super 12 before the expansion to Super 14 with the Western Force and Cheetahs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Super_14_season', 'summary': "The 2008 Super 14 season started in February 2008 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 31 May , when the Crusaders won their seventh Super Rugby title with a 20-12 victory over the Waratahs in front of the Crusaders ' home fans at AMI Stadium . The 2008 season was the third of the expansion , which led to the name change to the Super 14 . The schedule , which covered 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2014 Super Rugby season is the fourth season of the 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this is the 19th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games will take place every weekend from 15 February until 12 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 16 and 17 for internationals games ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 2 August . The winners of the 2014 Super Rugby Season were the New South Wales Waratahs"}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 , 2015 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Super_14_season', 'summary': "The 2006 Super 14 season started on Friday 10 February 2006 . The Grand Final was held on Saturday 27 May 2006 . Super 14 is a provincial rugby union competition with 14 teams from New Zealand , Australia and South Africa . This season was the first of the expansion , which saw two new teams , the Western Force and the Cheetahs , join the Super 12/14 . The addition of two new teams led to the name change from the Super 12 . It was also the first year for a new Super 14 trophy . At the start of round one , the Crusaders were the favourite to win this year 's title 1 [ permanent dead link ] with a return of A $ 3.25 for every $ 1 bet . The Blues were second favourite with a return of A $ 4.75 for every $ 1 bet and the Waratahs were third with a return of A $ 5.00 for every $ 1 bet . The Cats were favourites for the wooden spoon . These figures are the final odds . The season saw the first joint commercial by the three SANZAR unions since 1996 . The commercial was filmed in Ukraine and is set in a laundromat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2015 Super Rugby season was the 20th season of Super Rugby and the fifth season featuring an expanded 15-team format . For sponsorship reasons , this competition was known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . The round-robin matches took place every weekend from 13 February until 13 June , followed by the finals series and culminating in the final on 4 July . This was the final season that featured a 15-team format .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2016 Super Rugby season was the 21st season of Super Rugby and the first season featuring an expanded 18-team format . It was also the first season that teams outside Australia , New Zealand and South Africa featured , with the Jaguares from Argentina and the Sunwolves from Japan taking part . This season also saw the return of the Kings , who competed just once before , in the 2013 Super Rugby season . The round-robin games took place every weekend from 26 February to 16 July 2016 ( with a break for international matches during June ) , followed by the finals series at the end of July and culminating in the final on 6 August . The Hurricanes won their first championship after repeating their efforts of 2015 by finishing first in the regular season and hosting the final at Westpac Stadium , but this time they won , beating the Lions 20-3 . Unlike 2015 , where the Hurricanes looked likely to finish the regular season first with a number of rounds to go , they were sitting in seventh going into the final week of the regular season and while guaranteed a play-off spot , they required a number of upset results to elevate them to first . In particular the Lions losing to the Jaguares and scoring no match points after sending an under-strength side to Argentina , thereby losing their chance to host the final .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lions_(Super_Rugby)', 'summary': "The Lions ( known as the Emirates Lions for sponsorship reasons ) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Johannesburg in the Gauteng province who compete in the Super Rugby competition . They were previously known as the Cats between the 1998 and 2006 seasons . They had varied results in the competition , finishing at the bottom of the table six times ( in 1998 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 ) , but reaching the semifinal stage five times ( in 2000 , 2001 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) . They reached their first final in 2016 - where they lost to the Hurricanes 20-3 in Wellington - and repeated the feat in 2017 , losing 17-25 to the Crusaders in Johannesburg , The team plays it 's home games at Ellis Park Stadium . The team faced relegation from the Super 14 after the Southern Spears won a court ruling that they should be included in the competition in place of the lowest ranked South African team in the 2006 competition . However , the Spears and the country 's national federation , the South African Rugby Union , reached a settlement of their legal case . By the terms of the settlement , announced on 16 November 2006 , the financially troubled Spears abandoned their case . As part of a second attempt to introduce Super Rugby into the Eastern Cape , after finishing bottom of the 2012 Super Rugby table , the South African Rugby Union mandated that the Lions be replaced in the 2013 competition by the Southern Kings from Port Elizabeth . The Lions exclusion lasted just one season as they regained their place in Super Rugby for the 2014 season by beating the Southern Kings in a two leg playoff after the Kings finished bottom of the 2013 South African conference . During the 2016 Super Rugby season play-offs , the Lions defeated the South Island teams ( Crusaders and Highlanders ) to reach the championship final , in which they were defeated 20-3 by the Hurricanes ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 , 2017 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2016 Super Rugby season was the 21st season of Super Rugby and the first season featuring an expanded 18-team format . It was also the first season that teams outside Australia , New Zealand and South Africa featured , with the Jaguares from Argentina and the Sunwolves from Japan taking part . This season also saw the return of the Kings , who competed just once before , in the 2013 Super Rugby season . The round-robin games took place every weekend from 26 February to 16 July 2016 ( with a break for international matches during June ) , followed by the finals series at the end of July and culminating in the final on 6 August . The Hurricanes won their first championship after repeating their efforts of 2015 by finishing first in the regular season and hosting the final at Westpac Stadium , but this time they won , beating the Lions 20-3 . Unlike 2015 , where the Hurricanes looked likely to finish the regular season first with a number of rounds to go , they were sitting in seventh going into the final week of the regular season and while guaranteed a play-off spot , they required a number of upset results to elevate them to first . In particular the Lions losing to the Jaguares and scoring no match points after sending an under-strength side to Argentina , thereby losing their chance to host the final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2017 Super Rugby season was the 22nd season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . It was the second season featuring an expanded 18-team format , following the competition 's expansion from 15 teams prior to the 2016 season . After 17 rounds of matches between 23 February and 15 July - with Rounds 15 and 16 split due to the 2017 mid-year rugby union internationals and British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand - four conference winners and four wildcard teams progressed to the finals series , which will consist of quarterfinals , semifinals and a final on 5 August ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2018 Super Rugby season was the 23rd season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . After two seasons in which 18 teams participated , the 2018 season reverted to a 15-team competition , consisting of three geographical conferences . The South African Rugby Union announced that the Cheetahs and Southern Kings would be dropped for the 2018 season , while the Australian Rugby Union , now known as Rugby Australia , announced the exclusion of the Western Force . The South African franchises thereafter entered the newly renamed Pro14 competition , while the Western Force took part in the National Rugby Championship , the domestic Australia competition , while preparing to enter the new Global Rapid Rugby competition in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highlanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlanders_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Highlanders ( formerly the Otago Highlanders and currently known as the Pulse Energy Highlanders for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Dunedin that compete in Super Rugby . The team was formed in 1996 to represent the lower South Island in the newly formed Super 12 competition , and includes the Otago , North Otago and Southland unions . The Highlanders take their name from the Scottish immigrants that helped found the Otago , North Otago , and Southland regions in the 1840s and 1850s . Their main ground through the 2011 Super Rugby season was Carisbrook in Dunedin , with home games occasionally being played in Invercargill and Queenstown . The Highlanders moved into Carisbrook 's replacement , Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza , for the 2012 season ; the stadium opened in time for the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but after the Super Rugby season . They finished the inaugural season eighth , and the following season finished last after winning only three of eleven matches . However , in the 1998 , 1999 and 2000 seasons they qualified for semi-finals ; hosting the 1999 competition final against fellow South Island team the Crusaders . They lost the match 24-19 , and the following year were again knocked out by the Crusaders - this time in their semi-final . In the following fifteen seasons they would only finish in the top four once more , in 2002 . But in 2015 , they were crowned Super Rugby champions after beating the Hurricanes at Westpac Stadium . Current Highlander , Ben Smith has played a record 129 games for the Highlanders , [ needs update ] and thirteen other players have played over 50 games for the team . The Highlanders ' highest career points scorer is Lima Sopoaga with 866 points , and highest career try scorer is Jeff Wilson with 35 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Super_12_season', 'summary': 'The 1999 Super 12 season was the fourth season of the Super 12 , contested by teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The season ran from February to May 1999 , with each team playing all the others once . At the end of the regular season , the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals , with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third . The winner of each semi final qualified for the final , which was contested by the Canterbury Crusaders and the Otago Highlanders at Carisbrook , Dunedin . The Crusaders won 24 - 19 to win their second Super 12 title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2015 Super Rugby season was the 20th season of Super Rugby and the fifth season featuring an expanded 15-team format . For sponsorship reasons , this competition was known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . The round-robin matches took place every weekend from 13 February until 13 June , followed by the finals series and culminating in the final on 4 July . This was the final season that featured a 15-team format .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2011 Super Rugby season was the first season of the new 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition , which involved teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . Including its past iterations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this was the 16th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The season kicked off in February 2011 , with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished in early July to allow players a recovery period for the 2011 Rugby World Cup to be held in September and October ; in future non-World Cup years , the competition will extend into August . This season saw the arrival of the Melbourne Rebels , admitted to the competition as Australia 's fifth team after entry by the Southern Kings from South Africa was denied . This was also the first season of a revamped competition format , with a greater focus on matches within each participating country and an expanded finals series . During this season , the first ever Super Rugby game was played outside the SANZAR region , taking place at Twickenham Stadium between the Crusaders and the Sharks . The match was moved to Twickenham because of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . Proceeds of the game were also donated to the relief effort . The final was played at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane between the Queensland Reds and the Crusaders . The Reds won 18-13 to claim their first Super Rugby title ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stormers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stormers', 'summary': 'The Stormers ( known for sponsorship reasons as the DHL Stormers ) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Cape Town in the Western Cape , competing in the Super Rugby competition . They have never won a tournament , but their home stadium , Newlands , typically draws the highest average attendance figures of any ground in Super Rugby . [ citation needed ] They are centred on the Western Province Currie Cup side , but also draw players from the Boland Cavaliers ( covering the Cape Winelands and West Coast districts , with home matches in Wellington ) . Through 2005 , they also drew players from the SWD Eagles ( George ) , which meant that they drew players from all three unions in the Western Cape Province . However , the general realignment of franchise areas resulting from the expansion of the competition resulted in the Eagles being moved to the area of the Southern Spears ( later succeeded by the Southern Kings ) . Prior to 1998 , South Africa did not use a franchise system for the Super 12 , instead sending the top four unions from its domestic competition , the Currie Cup , into the Super 12 . In 1996 , the Stormers qualified and competed in the Super 12 as Western Province . In 1997 , they did not qualify , the 4th South African team being the Orange Free State ( now the Free State Cheetahs at Currie Cup level ; the region would later be represented in Super 12 by the Cats ( now known as the Lions ) and in Super 14 by the Cheetahs ) . The Stormers played their first ever final , against the Bulls in front of 36,000 fans in Johannesburg , in 2010 after beating the Waratahs in the semi-final stage but ultimately lost to the Bulls . In the two previous years in which they reached the semi-finals , 1999 and 2004 , they were eliminated by the Highlanders and Crusaders . They made consecutive home semifinals in 2011 and 2012 , but lost both at Newlands to the Crusaders and the Sharks respectively . In 2015 they won the South African conference for a third time , before losing their home quarterfinal against the Brumbies .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Super_14_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 Super 14 season kicked off in February 2010 with pre-season matches held from mid-January . It finished on 29 May . The 2010 season was the fifth and last season of the expanded Super 14 format . The schedule , which covers 3½ months , featured a total of 94 matches , with each team playing one full round-robin against the 13 other teams , two semi-finals and a final . Every team received one bye over the 14 rounds .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaguares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguares_(Super_Rugby)', 'summary': "The Jaguares is an Argentinian professional rugby union team based in Buenos Aires , Argentina . They were founded in 2015 and are the first Argentinian team to play in SANZAAR 's Super Rugby competition , participating from the 2016 Super Rugby season onwards . They were the runners up during the 2019 Super Rugby season , losing to the Crusaders 19-3 in the Super Rugby Final , played on July 6 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': 'The 2019 Super Rugby season was the 24th season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . The 2019 season was the second season using the reduced 15-team format consisting of three geographical conferences since being reduced from an 18-team competition in 2017 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Champions -- Final appearances , victories by country', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Super_Rugby_1', 'intro': "Super Rugby is a professional men's rugby union international club competition involving teams from Argentina, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and South Africa. Building on various Southern Hemisphere competitions dating back to the South Pacific Championship in 1986, with teams from a number of southern nations, the Super Rugby started as the Super 12 in the 1996 season with 12 teams from 3 nations: Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The Super 12 was established by SANZAAR after the sport became professional in 1995. With the top players from nations that represent 16 of the 24 top-three finishes in the history of the Rugby World Cup, the competition is widely regarded as rugby union's toughest provincial competition. The name was changed to Super 14 with the addition of two teams for the 2006 season, and with expansion to 15 teams in the three countries for the 2011 season, the competition was rebranded as Super Rugby (with no number). In 2016 two new teams, the Jaguares from Argentina and Sunwolves from Japan, joined the competition, playing in two newly separated African groups. In 2018, the competition underwent another change in format, this time dropping two teams (the Cheetahs and Kings) from the South African conference, and one (Western Force) from the Australian conference. This left the competition with 15 teams. The competition has been dominated by New Zealand teams, who have won 17 times in 24 years. The Crusaders have won most often, with ten titles."} | null | null | In which year was this rugby union team formed that won the third season of the Super 12 ? | 1996 |
051bd552b10b0495 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '1972 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Grau', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Grau is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Piura , Peru . The club was founded in 1919 and play in the Liga 1 tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Piura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piura', 'summary': 'Piura ( Quechua : Piwra ) is city in northwestern Peru located in the Sechura Desert on the Piura River . It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province . Its population was 484,475 as of 2017 . It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded the third Spanish city in South America and first in Peru , San Miguel de Piura , in July 1532.:27 Piura declared its independence from Spain on 4 January 1821 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau ( Piura )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Piura)', 'summary': 'Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in Piura , Peru , built in 1958 . It is currently used by football team Atlético Grau . Throughout the years the stadium has undergone many renovations , most recently for the Copa America 2004 . For this international competition , the stadium capacity was raised to 25,500 . It was also used to host several games in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship , in which artificial turf and a new electronic scoreboard were installed . it will be used again for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Torino', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Torino is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Talara . The club were founded 1946 and play in the Peruvian Segunda División which is the second division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Talara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talara', 'summary': 'Talara is a city in the Talara Province of the Piura Region , in northwestern Peru . It is a port city on the Pacific Ocean with a population of 91,444 as of 2017 . Its climate is hot and dry . Due to its oil reserves , and ability to produce aviation fuel , Talara hosted a United States air base during World War II . Talara is also home to a large fishing fleet . The city is served by the Cap . FAP Víctor Montes Arias Airport . Talara is the westernmost city in all of mainland South America . ( A small outlying town , Seccion Dieciocho , is situated slightly further west , and just beyond there , the land itself reaches its westernmost extent at Punta Pariñas . ) Talara and some neighbouring cities ( Piura and Amotape ) served as the backdrop for the short novel Who Killed Palomino Molero ? by Mario Vargas Llosa .'}]}, {'value': 'Campeonísimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Campeonísimo', 'summary': 'Estadio Campeonísimo is a multi-use stadium in Piura , Peru . It is currently used by football team Atlético Torino . The stadium holds 8,000 people . The stadium also holds Copa Peru matches for some of the local teams in Talara . Coordinates : 4°34′40″S 81°15′58″W / 4.5777°S 81.2660°W / -4.5777 ; -81.2660'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos A. Mannucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_A._Mannucci', 'summary': 'Carlos A. Mannucci , known simply as Mannucci , is a professional football club based in Trujillo , La Libertad , Peru . The club is the most important in the city having represented Trujillo in the first division of Peruvian football in multiple occasions since the late 1960s . Its greatest accomplishment are its back-to-back Copa Perú championships . The club has a long rivalry with Alfonso Ugarte , and matches between the two teams are known as el Clásico Trujillano . In recent years , it has also developed a rivalry against the other professional club in the city , Universidad César Vallejo .'}]}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mansiche', 'summary': 'Estadio Mansiche is the biggest stadium of the city of Trujillo and the home of the most important football clubs in the city , Carlos A. Mannucci and Universidad César Vallejo . The stadium also has a running track for track and field sports . The stadium is part of the greater Mansiche Sports Complex which includes the Coliseo Gran Chimu , a swimming pool , and other facilities . It has hosted matched of the Copa Sudamericana in three occasions , and of the Copa Libertadores once . It hosted Group B matches during the 1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship . It hast also hosted matches at the 2004 Copa America and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Most recently , it hosted the ceremonies of the 2013 Bolivarian Games .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensor Arica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensor_Arica', 'summary': 'Defensor Arica was a Peruvian football club based in Breña , Lima . The club was founded in 1929 and reached the Peruvian Second Division in 1947 . They were subsequently promoted to the first division in 1964 . Their greatest achievement was second place in the national league in 1969 and consequently in 1970 they played in the Copa Libertadores . Two years later Defensor Arica were relegated .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensor Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensor_Lima', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Defensor Lima is a Peruvian football club located in the district of Breña , Lima . The club was founded on July 31 , 1931 . The club plays in the Copa Perú , which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Municipal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Municipal', 'summary': "Club Centro Deportivo Municipal , commonly known as Deportivo Municipal , is a Peruvian football club based in Lima , Peru . They are among Peru 's most recognizable clubs and enjoy considerable popularity . The bulk of their success was won a few years after the club was founded in 1935 . The club was a top-flight contender during this period and won four Primera División titles . The club suffered relegation three times in their history : 1967 , 2000 , and 2007 . They have also been champions of the Segunda División on three occasions : 1968 , 2006 , and 2014 , granting them promotion to the first division . In 2014 , they won the Segunda División and they currently compete in the Primera División Peruana . Deportivo Municipal was one of the first Peruvian clubs to participate in a South American international football competition . In 1948 , they were invited to the South American Championship of Champions and finished fourth where clubs from seven of the then nine CONMEBOL football associations participated ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Gálvez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Gálvez_FBC', 'summary': 'José Gálvez FBC is a Peruvian football club based in Chimbote , Ancash . The club was founded in 1951 under the name Manuel Rivera after the famous Chimbote born footballer Manuel Rivera . The club was forced to change its name because the FPF did not allow clubs to be named after living people . Then on 11 November 1963 the club decided the new name would be José Gálvez FBC . More recently the club played in the Peruvian Second Division and finished as champions in 2011 . Thus they were promoted back to the Torneo Descentralizado in the 2012 season only to be relegated on the 2013 and become the Peruvian team with the most relegations from the Peruvian First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Chimbote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chimbote', 'summary': 'Chimbote [ tʃimˈbote ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Chimputi ) is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru , and the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District . The city is located on the coast in Ferrol Bay , 130 km south of Trujillo and 420 kilometers ( 260 mi ) north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway . It is the start of a chain of important cities on the Peruvian north coast like Trujillo , Chiclayo and Piura . The advantages of this geographic location made Chimbote into a transshipment junction for the Santa River valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Rivera Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Manuel_Rivera_Sanchez', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal Centenario Manuel Rivera Sánchez is a multi-purpose stadium in Chimbote , Peru . It was inaugurated on June 30 , 2007 with a friendly game between the Peru U-17 national football team and the Colombia U-17 national football team . Peru lost 4-2 . It hosts the home games of José Gálvez FBC . The stadium has a capacity of 25,000 people . It replaced Estadio Manuel Gómez Arellano .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich_(1922–1992)', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León de Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León_de_Huánuco', 'summary': 'Club Social Deportivo León de Huánuco is a professional Peruvian football club based in the city of Huánuco . It is the biggest football club of Huánuco city . The club was founded in 1946 and play in the Primera División Peruana ( Peruvian First Division ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huánuco', 'summary': 'Huánuco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈwanuko ] ; Quechua : Wanuku ) is a city in central Peru . It had a population of 196,627 as of 2017 and in 2015 it had a population of 175,068 . It is the capital of the Huánuco Region and the Huánuco District . It is the seat of the diocese of Huánuco . The metropolitan city of Huanuco is 170,000 hab ( 2011 , urban pop , INEI ) . It has three districts , Huanuco ( head ) , Amarilis , and Pillco Marca . In this city , the Higueras river meets the Huallaga river , one of the largest rivers in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Heraclio Tapia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Heraclio_Tapia', 'summary': 'Estadio Heraclio Tapia is a multi-purpose stadium in Huánuco , Peru . It is used by football team León de Huánuco . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mariano_Melgar', 'summary': 'The Estadio Melgar is a multi-use stadium in Arequipa , Peru . Its primary use is to host football games for Peruvian First Division team FBC Melgar and Peruvian Segunda Division team Sportivo Huracán and Copa Perú teams Senati FBC , FBC Aurora and FBC White Star . The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,000 and includes a running track for track and field events . It was named after Mariano Melgar , a Peruvian patriot and poet from Arequipa . It is also known as Estadio de Cuarto Centenario ( Fourth Centennial Stadium ) since it is in a neighborhood which was built in celebration of the fourth centennial of the Spanish foundation of Arequipa . The stadium was a venue for the 2001 South American Under 17 Football Championship in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SIMA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_SIMA', 'summary': 'Deportivo SIMA is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Callao , Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Boys', 'summary': "Sport Boys Association , commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys , is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao . It was founded on Peru 's independence day , July 28 , 1927 . Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao . It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario , Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima , teams of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Tumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_José_Pardo', 'summary': 'Club Sport José Pardo is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Tumán , Lambayeque , Peru . The club is the biggest of Tumán city , and one of the biggest in Lambayeque Province . The club were founded 19 October 1919 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Tumán', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugenio Zapata Mingoya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'GrauTorinoLeón de HuánucoJuan AurichUnión TumánMannucciJosé GálvezMelgarAlianza LimaDefensor Arica Defensor Lima SIMA MunicipalSporting Cristal Sport Boys Universitario Locations of the 1972 Primera División teams', 'uid': '1972_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 1972 Torneo Descentralizado, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 16 teams. The season was divided into 3 stages. The first stage was contested in two groups: Metropolitan (teams from Lima and Callao) and Regional (teams from the rest of the country); each group winner qualified for the Championship Group. The second stage was the Descentralised (league tournament); the top 4 qualified for the Championship Group and the bottom 2 were relegated. Championship Group was contested by 6 teams in Lima; neither team carried their previous records. The national champion was Sporting Cristal.'} | null | null | Between León de Huánuco and Melgar , which one 's city has the higher population ? | Melgar |
051e245c6eabc960 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorials_(Oise)', 'title': 'War memorials (Oise)', 'header': ['Work', 'Location', 'Date ( s )', 'Subject , notes and references'], 'data': [{'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Antheuil-Portes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antheuil-Portes . Oise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antheuil-Portes', 'summary': 'Antheuil-Portes is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oise', 'summary': 'Oise ( /wɑːz/ WAHZ , French : [ waz ] ( listen ) ) is a department in the north of France . It is named after the river Oise . Inhabitants of the department are called Oisiens or Isariens , after the Latin name for the river , Isara .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A montage of photographs of the Antheuil-Portes monument aux morts is shown here . This is one of Établissements Rombaux-Roland 's editions , one that can be seen throughout France . The Antheuil-Portes monument aux morts dates from 1925 and the inauguration took place on 17 May 1925 . A grieving young woman sits before a soldier 's grave . A discarded helmet lies on the ground", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Appilly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appilly', 'summary': 'Appilly is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The monument aux morts at Appilly features a sculpture by Marius-Léon Cladel ( 1883-1948 ) . Cladel 's composition features a widow and her daughter standing before the grave of her husband . The monument dates from 1929 and the inauguration took place on 6 October 1929", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Auneuil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auneuil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auneuil', 'summary': 'Auneuil is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . On 1 January 2017 , the former commune of Troussures was merged into Auneuil .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The war memorial in Auneuil which features a work by the Italian sculptor Pierre Lorenzi is a memorial made and marketed by Fonderie d'art du Val d'Osne . The work features the bronze bust of a French World War I infantryman and this particular work can be seen throughout France , sometimes with the French flag draped to the rear of the bust . The Auneuil monument was inaugurated on 22 June 1920", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auneuil', 'summary': 'Auneuil is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . On 1 January 2017 , the former commune of Troussures was merged into Auneuil .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Baron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron,_Oise', 'summary': 'Baron is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The 1921 war memorial in Baron is the work of the sculptor Albert Jouanneault , who served in the French army and was taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans . He executed other memorials , such as the war memorial at Stenay in the Meuse , a memorial to Dupetit-Thouars in Saumur and a bust of Jean Jaurès in L'Hay les Roses , in Val de Marne . The inauguration of the Baron monument took place on 24 July 1921", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stenay', 'summary': 'Stenay ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ stənɛ ] ) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France . Its inhabitants are called Stenaisiens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aristide_Aubert_du_Petit_Thouars', 'summary': 'Aristide Aubert Du Petit Thouars ( 31 August 1760 in Boumais - 2 August 1798 in Abukir ; often written Dupetit-Thouars ) was a French naval officer , and a hero of the Battle of Aboukir , where he died . He was born on August 31 , 1760 , in the castle of Boumais , near Saumur . He studied at the Collège Royal de La Flèche , and entered the French Navy in 1778 . He participated that same year in the Battle of Ouessant . In 1790 , he participated in the conquest of Saint-Louis du Sénégal . He then served in the Antilles , under Guichen against Rodney on the 80-gun Couronne . He was at the Battle of the Saintes . He was promoted to Lieutenant ( Lieutenant de Vaisseau ) in 1792 . He left that year on board the 12-gun brig Diligent , in search of Jean-François de La Pérouse . In Brazil , he was imprisoned by the Portuguese , but released in 1793 . After that he lived for three years in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Jaurès', 'summary': "Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès , commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès ( French : [ ʒɑ̃ ʒɔ.ʁɛːs ] ; 3 September 1859 - 31 July 1914 ) , was a French Socialist leader . Initially a moderate republican , he was later one of the first social democrats , becoming the leader , in 1902 , of the French Socialist Party , which opposed Jules Guesde 's revolutionary Socialist Party of France . The two parties merged in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) . An antimilitarist , Jaurès was assassinated at the outbreak of World War I , and remains one of the main historical figures of the French Left ."}]}, {'value': 'The Monument aux Morts at Beaumont-sur-Oise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaumont-sur-Oise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont-sur-Oise', 'summary': "Beaumont-sur-Oise is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department in Île-de-France in northern France . The classical cellist Jean-Henri Levasseur ( 1764-1823 ) was born in Beaumont-sur-Oise ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Monument aux Morts shows the horror of war with a soldier slumped against a large field gun and carrying the National flag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Beauvais', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauvais', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauvais , the capital of the Oise region , is the site of a war memorial by Henri Gréber . The monument was inaugurated on 6 July 1924 . Gréber was seemingly inspired by the mémoires of a Lieutenant Péricard who wrote that during an attack on the Yser in 1914 he had imagined that he had seen dead soldiers rise up to give assistance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauvais', 'summary': 'Beauvais ( US : /boʊˈveɪ/ boh-VAY , French : [ bovɛ ] ( listen ) ; historical English : Beawayes , Beeway , Boway ; Picard : Bieuvais ) is a city and commune in northern France . It serves as the capital of the Oise département , in the Hauts-de-France region . Beauvais is located approximately 75 kilometres ( 47 miles ) from Paris . The residents of the city are called Beauvaisiens . The municipality ( commune ) of Beauvais has a population of 56,020 as of 2016 [ update ] , population estimate from the Insee , and ranks as the most populous city in the Oise department , and the third most-populous city in Picardy . Together with its suburbs and satellite towns , the metropolitan area of Beauvais has a population of 128,020 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henri_Gréber', 'summary': 'Henri-Léon Greber ( 1855-1941 ) was a French sculptor . His son was the architect Jacques Gréber . Active in the United States of America , he produced a fountain sculpture of 4 equestrian statues for Harbor Hill in 1910 , ( restored in 1957 and installed at Mill Creek Park , adjacent to the Country Club Plaza in Kansas City , Missouri ) and the copy of The Kiss in the Philadelphia Rodin Museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Carlepont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlepont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlepont', 'summary': 'Carlepont is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The commune of Carlepont , just south of Noyon , holds a 1921 war memorial by the sculptor Joseph André who was based in Noyon . The Carlepont monument was inaugurated on 16 August 1921 . Although born in Belgium , André was responsible for several war memorials in the Oise region and in Grandru , Porquericourt and Ville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Champagne-sur-Oise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Champagne-sur-Oise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champagne-sur-Oise', 'summary': "Champagne-sur-Oise is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department in Île-de-France in northern France ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jean Bozzi 's composition at Champagne-sur-Oise depicts a soldier who is using his bayonet to carve the names of the four great battles of the war on part of the monument : The Marne , The Yser , Verdun and the Somme . The Italian-born Bozzi had studied at the School of Beaux-arts in Naples and became naturalised as a French citizen in 1890 . He had served and fought in the French Army", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Chantilly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chantilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise', 'summary': 'Chantilly ( /ʃænˈtɪli/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʃɑ̃.ti.ji ] ) is a commune in the Oise department in the valley of the Nonette in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France . Surrounded by Chantilly Forest , the town of 11,000 inhabitants falls within the metropolitan area of Paris . It lies 38.4 km ( 23.9 miles ) north-northeast of the centre of Paris and together with six neighbouring communes forms an urban area of 36,474 inhabitants ( 1999 census ) . Intimately tied to the House of Montmorency in the 15th to 17th centuries , the Château de Chantilly was home to the princes of Condé , cousins of the kings of France , from the 17th to the 19th centuries . It now houses the Musée Condé . Chantilly is also known for its horse racing track , the Chantilly Racecourse , where prestigious races are held for the prix du Jockey Club and the prix de Diane . Chantilly and the surrounding communities are home to the largest racehorse-training community in France . Chantilly is also home to the Living Museum of the Horse , with stables built by the Princes of Condé . It is considered one of the more important tourist destinations in the Paris area . Chantilly gave its name to Chantilly cream and to Chantilly lace . The city was the base for the England National Football Team during the Euro 2016 Championship .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chantilly war memorial features a bronze work by Laurent Marqueste which is an allegory of Victory . The same image can be seen on the monument at Blamont in Meurthe-et-Moselle . The Chantilly monument dates from 1922 and was inaugurated on 12 November 1922', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Marqueste', 'summary': 'Laurent-Honoré Marqueste ( Toulouse 12 June 1848 - Paris , 5 April 1920 ) was a French sculptor in the neo-Baroque Beaux-Arts tradition . He was a pupil of François Jouffroy and of Alexandre Falguière and won the Prix de Rome in 1871 .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Compiègne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compiègne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compiègne', 'summary': 'Compiègne ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kɔ̃pjɛɲ ] ; Picard : Compiène ) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . It is located on the Oise River . Its inhabitants are called Compiégnois .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Compiègne war memorial features a work by Maxime Real del Sarte ( 1888-1953 ) . It was inaugurated on 11 November 1922 and the work was reputedly inspired by Jean-François Millet 's painting L'Angelus", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxime_Real_del_Sarte', 'summary': 'Maxime Real del Sarte ( 1888-1954 ) was a French sculptor and political activist .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Criel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Criel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Criel', 'summary': 'The Criel Mound , also known as the South Charleston Mound , is a Native American burial mound located in South Charleston , West Virginia . It is one of the few surviving mounds of the Kanawha Valley Mounds that were probably built in the Woodland period after 500 B.C . The mound was built by the Adena culture , probably around 250-150 BC , and lay equidistant between two sacred circles , earthwork enclosures each 556 feet ( 169 m ) in diameter . It was originally 33 feet ( 10 m ) high and 173 feet ( 53 m ) in diameter at the base , making it the second-largest such burial mound in the state of West Virginia . ( The Grave Creek Mound in Moundsville is the largest . ) This archaeological site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Criel war memorial , meant to represent Peace , was executed by Georges Armand Verez , winner of a competition to select Creil 's monument . The monument is classed as one of the pacifistes memorials and was completed in 1925", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Crépy-en-Valois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crépy-en-Valois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crépy-en-Valois', 'summary': 'Crépy-en-Valois is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . It is located in the Paris Metropolitan Area , 57.8 km ( 35.9 mi ) northeast of the center of Paris .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Crépy-en-Valois 's war memorial by Albert Bartholomé features a woman weeping over the corpse of a dead soldier , a replica of the le soldat gisant statue commissioned in 1918 by Marie Henriette Bernard de Sassenay , for the tomb of her son , Jacques Benoist de Laumont . Albert Bartholomé completed the Crépy-en-Valois sculpture for free in memory of his deceased wife who had been born in the nearby village of Bouillant . It was inaugurated on 11 November 1925 . It was Albert Bartholomé who was responsible for the famous Monument aux Morts in the Pere Lachaise cemetery . See detail from this Monument aux Morts below . There is also a notable Bartholomé sculpture in nearby Bouillant this being for the grave of his wife", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Bartholomé', 'summary': 'Paul-Albert Bartholomé was a French painter and sculptor . He was born on 29 August 1848 in Thiverval-Grignon , Yvelines , France , and died in 1928 in Paris . He won the Grand Prize for sculpture at the Exposition Universelle in 1900 . He exhibited paintings at the Salon from 1879 to 1886 , but thereafter devoted his work to sculpture .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Some of the Monument aux Morts in the Oise', 'section_text': 'Below are details of just some of the many monuments aux morts in the Oise region .', 'uid': 'War_memorials_(Oise)_0', 'intro': 'The War memorials (Oise) or Monuments aux Morts of Oise are French war memorials commemorating those men of the region who died in World War I.'} | null | null | What battle was a person a hero of that is noted for a commune in Northern France ? | Battle of Aboukir |
051e5addfbfea16c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Catholic churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Basilica of St. Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Paul_(Daytona_Beach,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Basilica of St. Paul is a Minor Basilica of the Catholic Church located in Daytona Beach , Florida , United States . It is also a parish church of the Diocese of Orlando .'}]}, {'value': '1927 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '317 Mullally Street 29°13′3.07″N 81°01′37.36″W / 29.2175194°N 81.0270444°W / 29.2175194 ; -81.0270444 ( Basilica of St. Paul ( Daytona Beach , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daytona Beach , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'Daytona Beach is a city in Volusia County , Florida , United States . It lies approximately 51 miles ( 82.1 km ) northeast of Orlando , 86 miles ( 138.4 km ) southeast of Jacksonville , and 265 miles ( 426.5 km ) northwest of Miami . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , it had a population of 61,005 . It is a principal city of the Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach metropolitan area , which was home to 600,756 people as of 2013 . Daytona Beach is also a principal city of the Fun Coast region of Florida . The city is historically known for its beach , where the hard-packed sand allows motorized vehicles to drive on the beach in restricted areas . This hard-packed sand made Daytona Beach a mecca for motorsports , and the old Daytona Beach Road Course hosted races for over 50 years . This was replaced in 1959 by Daytona International Speedway . The city is also the headquarters for NASCAR . Daytona Beach hosts large groups of out-of-towners during the year , who visit the city for various events , notably Speedweeks in early February when over 200,000 NASCAR fans come to attend the season-opening Daytona 500 . Other events include the NASCAR Coke Zero Sugar 400 race in July , Bike Week in early March , Biketoberfest in late October , and the 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race in January .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish mission-style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old St. Anastasia Catholic School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_St._Anastasia_Catholic_School', 'summary': 'Built in 1914 , the Old St. Anastasia Catholic School is a historic school in Fort Pierce , Florida . It is located at 910 Orange Avenue . It was built by James P. McNichol , a senator from Philadelphia who fished in Fort Pierce during the winter , for the pastor that rode into town once a month . Along with the masonry school , McNichol had built a wooden church , rectory , and convent . Eventually the Catholic Mission would end in 1911 and the school was all that remained . On August 10 , 2000 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . After damage from Hurricane Frances and Jeanne , the structure was in a state of disrepair . The building has since been stabilized and awaits restoration .'}]}, {'value': '1914 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '910 Orange Ave. 27°26′50″N 80°19′58″W / 27.44722°N 80.33278°W / 27.44722 ; -80.33278 ( Old St. Anastasia Catholic School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Pierce , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Pierce,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Pierce is a city in and the county seat of St. Lucie County , Florida , United States . The city is part of the Treasure Coast region of Atlantic Coast Florida . It is also known as the Sunrise City , sister to San Francisco , California , the Sunset City . The population was 41,590 at the 2010 census . As of 2018 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 46,071 . It was named after the Fort Pierce Army post which was built nearby in 1838 during the Second Seminole War . The military post had been named for Benjamin Kendrick Pierce , a career United States Army officer and the brother of President Franklin Pierce . Fort Pierce was awarded the 2005 City of Excellence Award by the Florida League of Cities for overall excellence in city government and in 2011 , Main Street Fort Pierce , Inc. received the Great American Main Street Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation in downtown .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basilica of St. Mary Star of the Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_(Key_West,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Basilica of St. Mary Star of the Sea is a Minor Basilica of the Catholic Church located in Key West , Florida , United States . It is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in the state of Florida and the oldest parish in the Archdiocese of Miami . The church is a contributing property in the Key West Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1905 built 1971 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1010 Windsor Lane 24°33′11.16″N 81°47′43.67″W / 24.5531000°N 81.7954639°W / 24.5531000 ; -81.7954639 ( Basilica of St. Mary Star of the Sea ( Key West , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Key West , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Key_West,_Florida', 'summary': 'Key West ( Spanish : Cayo Hueso ) is an island city in the Straits of Florida , within the U.S. state of Florida . The city lies at the southernmost end of U.S. Route 1 , the longest north-south road in the United States . Key West is the southernmost city in the contiguous United States and the westernmost island connected by highway in the Florida Keys . The island is about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) long and 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide , with a total land area of 4.2 square miles ( 11 km2 ) . Duval Street , its main street , is 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) in length in its 14-block-long crossing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Straits of Florida and the Atlantic Ocean . Key West is about 95 miles ( 153 km ) north of Cuba at their closest points . The city is the county seat of Monroe County which includes all of the Florida Keys . The city boundaries include the island of Key West and all or part of several nearby islands : Sigsbee Park , Fleming Key , Sunset Key , and the northern part of Stock Island . The total land area of the city is 5.6 square miles ( 14.5 km2 ) . Key West is the southern terminus of U.S. Route 1 , State Road A1A , the East Coast Greenway and , before 1935 , the Florida East Coast Railway . Key West is 130 miles ( 210 km ) southwest of Miami by air , about 165 miles ( 266 km ) by road , and 106 miles ( 171 km ) north-northeast of Havana . Key West is a port of call for many passenger cruise ships .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian ; Contributing property in the Key West Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Key_West_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Key West Historic District ( also known as Old Town of the City of Key West ) is a U.S. historic district ( designated as such on March 11 , 1971 ) located in Key West , Florida . It encompasses approximately 4000 acres ( 16 km² ) , bounded by White , Angela , Windsor , Passover , Thomas and Whitehead Streets , and the Gulf of Mexico . It contains 187 historic buildings and one structure . On February 24 , 1983 , the district was expanded to 5400 acres ( 22 km² ) , bounded by Emma , Whitehead , White , and South Streets , Mallory Square , and the Atlantic Ocean , to contain 2485 historic buildings and four structures . For current boundaries of the historic district , visit the City of Key West 's H.A.R.C . webpage . Old Town is the name given to the historic district of the island of Key West , Florida . It is roughly the western half of the island . It is also where the central business district and majority of tourist attractions are located ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Holy Redeemer Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Holy_Redeemer_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Old Holy Redeemer Catholic Church is a historic site in Kissimmee , Florida . It is located at 120 North Sproule Avenue . On January 3 , 1994 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . This church had its early services in the home of Mrs. A. Tress , above the Tress Store on Broadway . It was once a mission of Orlando 's St. James Catholic Church . On May 5 , 1912 , they laid the cornerstone of a little brick church at 122 W. Sproule Ave. , and celebrated their first mass there on June 30 , 1912 . It cost $ 7,000 , and initially had no pews and no electricity . In 1972 , they sold the building for $ 85,000 to the First United Methodist Church . The present building on this site was completed in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120 North Sproule Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kissimmee , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida', 'summary': 'Kissimmee ( /kɪˈsɪmiː/ ki-SIM-ee ) is the largest city and county seat of Osceola County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 59,682 . It is a Principal City of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a 2010 population of 2,134,411 .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of Saint Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_(Miami)', 'summary': "The Cathedral of Saint Mary ( Spanish : Catedral de Santa María de Miami ) is the seat of the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami . The cathedral is named for Mary , mother of Jesus , and is located at 7525 N.W . 2nd Avenue , Miami , Florida . Archbishop Thomas Gerard Wenski is the Archbishop of Miami . Fr . Marino serves as the Cathedral 's Rector ."}]}, {'value': '1957 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7525 N. W. 2nd Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Spaniah Colonial Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gesu Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gesu_Church_(Miami,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Gesu Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Miami , Florida . It is located at 118 Northeast 2nd Street . On July 18 , 1974 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The church was built in 1896 and is the oldest Catholic Church in Miami .'}]}, {'value': '1925 built 1974 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118 NE 2nd St. 25°46′33″N 80°11′30″W / 25.77583°N 80.19167°W / 25.77583 ; -80.19167 ( Gesu Church ( Miami , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Art Deco', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Rita 's Colored Catholic Mission", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Rita's_Colored_Catholic_Mission", 'summary': "The St. Rita 's Colored Catholic Mission is a historic building in New Smyrna Beach , Florida , United States . Built in 1899 as Sacred Heart Catholic Church on Faulkner Street , it was relocated to 314 Duss Street in 1956 to serve as a Catholic Mission to the African-American community . Today , it is the Mary S. Harrell Black Heritage Museum . On April 13 , 2007 , the building was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1899 built 2007 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '314 Duss Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Smyrna Beach , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Smyrna_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': "New Smyrna Beach is a city in Volusia County , Florida , United States , located on the central east coast of the state , with the Atlantic Ocean to the east . Its population was estimated to be 27,229 in 2018 by the United States Census Bureau . The downtown section of the city is located on the west side of the Indian River and the Indian River Lagoon system . The Coronado Beach Bridge crosses the Intracoastal Waterway just south of Ponce de Leon Inlet , connecting the mainland with the beach on the coastal barrier island . The surrounding area offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation ; these include fishing , sailing , motorboating , golfing , and hiking . Visitors participate in water sports of all kinds , including swimming , scuba diving , kitesurfing , and surfing . In July 2009 , New Smyrna Beach was ranked number nine on the list of best surf towns in Surfer . It was recognized as one of the world 's top 20 surf towns by National Geographic . in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': "St. Rita 's Black History Museum", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basilica of Mary , Queen of the Universe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Mary,_Queen_of_the_Universe', 'summary': 'The Basilica of the National Shrine of Mary , Queen of the Universe is a Roman Rite basilica located in Orlando , Florida at 8300 Vineland Avenue . It was built to service the large number of Catholic tourists who visit the attractions in the Greater Orlando area . While it is a 2,000-seat church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orlando and provides Mass for the faithful , it has also become a regional tourist attraction . In 2009 , it was designated as the 63rd minor basilica in the United States . Since it is not a parish only the Sacraments of Reconciliation and Holy Eucharist during Mass are celebrated . No weekly bulletins are distributed . The Shrine consists of the main church , the Rosary Garden , the Mother & Child Outdoor Chapel , the Blessed Sacrament Chapel , the Shrine Museum , and a gift shop .'}]}, {'value': '1979 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8300 Vineland Ave. 28°23′5.06″N 81°29′46.01″W / 28.3847389°N 81.4961139°W / 28.3847389 ; -81.4961139 ( Basilica of Mary , Queen of the Universe , Orlando )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. James Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._James_Cathedral_(Orlando,_Florida)', 'summary': "St. James Cathedral is a parish church and the seat of the Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Orlando , John Noonan . The cathedral 's patron saint is James , son of Zebedee , one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus , and traditionally considered the first apostle to be martyred . The scallop shell has long been the symbol associated with St. James , and the cathedral uses it as its primary symbol . The parish operates St. James Cathedral School on nearby Robinson Street which offers classes from pre-school through eighth grade ."}]}, {'value': '1952 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '215 N. Orange Ave. 28°32′42.53″N 81°22′43″W / 28.5451472°N 81.37861°W / 28.5451472 ; -81.37861 ( St. James Cathedral ( Orlando , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Palm_Bay,_Florida)", 'summary': "St. Joseph 's Catholic Church , also known as St. Joseph Miller Street Catholic Church , is a historic wooden Roman Catholic church located at 1422 Northeast Miller Street in Palm Bay , Brevard County , Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'built 1987 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1422 Northeast Miller Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palm Bay , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Bay,_Florida', 'summary': "Palm Bay is a city in Brevard County , Florida . The city 's population was 103,190 at the 2010 United States Census , making it the most populous city in the county . It developed at Turkey Creek at the mouth of Indian River , which flows into the Atlantic Ocean . Palm Bay is a principal city of the Palm Bay−Melbourne−Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 543,376 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Anne Style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of St. Ignatius Loyola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Ignatius_Loyola_(Palm_Beach,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of St. Ignatius Loyola is a Roman Catholic Cathedral situated in Palm Beach Gardens , Florida . It is the seat of the Diocese of Palm Beach , which administers to the counties of Palm Beach , Martin , Okeechobee , St. Lucie , and Indian River . The diocese oversees 49 individual parishes . The current bishop is Gerald Barbarito .'}]}, {'value': '1984 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9999 N. Military Trail 26°49′23.16″N 80°6′24.84″W / 26.8231000°N 80.1069000°W / 26.8231000 ; -80.1069000 ( Cathedral of St. Ignatius of Loyola ( Palm Beach Gardens , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palm Beach Gardens , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Beach_Gardens,_Florida', 'summary': 'Palm Beach Gardens is a city in Palm Beach County in the U.S. state of Florida , 77 miles north of downtown Miami . As of the 2010 United States Census [ update ] , the population was 48,452 . The city has a number of gated communities . Palm Beach Gardens is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basilica of St. Michael the Archangel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Michael_the_Archangel_(Pensacola,_Florida)', 'summary': "The Basilica of St. Michael the Archangel in Pensacola , Florida , United States is a minor basilica of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee . St. Michael 's parish was established in 1781 and the present Gothic Revival-style church building was dedicated in 1886 . In recognition of its historic significance the church was elevated to a Basilica in 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI ."}]}, {'value': '1886 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 North Palafox Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of the Sacred Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Pensacola,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of the Sacred Heart , is the seat of the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee . It shares this distinction with the Co-Cathedral of Saint Thomas More in Tallahassee . The cathedral is named in honor of the Sacred Heart of Jesus , and is located in Pensacola , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '1967 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1212 E. Moreno St. 30°25′53.98″N 87°12′14.63″W / 30.4316611°N 87.2040639°W / 30.4316611 ; -87.2040639 ( Cathedral of the Sacred Heart ( Pensacola , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Catholic_Church_(Pensacola,_Florida)', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Catholic Church is a historic church at 716 North 9th Ave in Pensacola , Florida , United States . Completed in 1906 , it was sold to the city of Pensacola in 1956 . The Unity Church bought the building in 1982 . On December 10 , 2008 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1906 built 2008 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '716 North 9th Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida', 'summary': 'Pensacola ( /ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə/ ) is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle , and the county seat of Escambia County , Florida . As of 2019 , the population was estimated to be 52,713 . Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area , which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018 [ update ] . Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region , the largest between New Orleans and Tampa . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559 , predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years , although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698 . Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay , which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico . A large United States Naval Air Station , the first in the United States , is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington ; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum . The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center . The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples . The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact , and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama . Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559 . In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area , from which the modern city gradually developed .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph Mission Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built 1998 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '216 8th Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port St. Joe , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_St._Joe,_Florida', 'summary': 'Port St. Joe is a city located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 98 and State Road 71 in Gulf County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 3,445 . This was a decline from 3,644 as of the 2000 census . Port St. Joe is the county seat of Gulf County .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Augustine', 'summary': 'The Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine ( Spanish : Catedral basílica de San Agustín ) is a historic cathedral in St. Augustine , Florida , and the seat of the Catholic Bishop of St. Augustine . It is located at Cathedral Street between Charlotte and St. George Streets . Constructed over five years ( 1793-1797 ) , it was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark on April 15 , 1970 . Its congregation , established in 1565 , is the oldest Christian congregation in the contiguous United States .'}]}, {'value': '1797 built 1970 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38 Cathedral Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Augustine , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida', 'summary': "St. Augustine ( From Spanish : San Agustín ) is a city in the Southeastern United States , on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida . Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers , it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the contiguous United States . St. Augustine was founded on September 8 , 1565 by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , Florida 's first governor . He named the settlement San Agustín , as his ships bearing settlers , troops , and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28 , the feast day of St. Augustine . The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years . It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763 ; the colony was ceded to Spain in 1783 . Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 , and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1821 . The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year . The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of Florida in 1824 . The county seat of St. Johns County , St. Augustine is part of Florida 's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area . Since the late 19th century , St. Augustine 's distinct historical character has made the city a tourist attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish Colonial & Renaissance Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of Saint Jude the Apostle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Jude_the_Apostle_(St._Petersburg,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of Saint Jude the Apostle is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in St. Petersburg , Florida , United States . It is the seat of the Diocese of St. Petersburg . St. Jude Parish was founded in 1950 . The first church building , now Our Ladys Chapel , was completed the following year . As the parish grew larger a combination school and church building was completed in 1954 . The present church building , a Modern interpretation of the Byzantine style in the form of a Latin cross , was built in 1963 . When Pope Paul VI established the Diocese of Petersburg on March 2 , 1968 , it became the cathedral of the new diocese . The cathedral underwent a $ 9 million renovation from 2012 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1963 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5815 Fifth Avenue North 27°46′39.75″N 82°42′49.18″W / 27.7777083°N 82.7136611°W / 27.7777083 ; -82.7136611 ( Cathedral of Saint Jude the Apostle ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Petersburg , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida', 'summary': 'St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . As of the 2018 census estimate , the population was 265,098 , making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat ( the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County ) . St. Petersburg is the fifth largest city in Florida and the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area , after Tampa . Together with Clearwater , these cities comprise the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million . St. Petersburg is located on the Pinellas peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , and is connected to mainland Florida to the north . St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C. Williams , who purchased the land , and by Peter Demens , who brought the railroad industry into the area . As a part of a coin toss bet , the winner , Peter Demens , named the land after Saint Petersburg , Russia , while Williams opted to name the first hotel built which was named the Detroit Hotel , both named after their home towns respectively . St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29 , 1892 and re-incorporated as a city on June 6 , 1903 . The city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete . Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents . St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council . With an average of some 361 days of sunshine each year , and a Guinness World Record for logging the most consecutive days of sunshine ( 768 days between 1967 and 1969 ) , it is nicknamed The Sunshine City .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-Cathedral of Saint Thomas More', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_Saint_Thomas_More_(Tallahassee,_Florida)', 'summary': 'The Co-Cathedral of St. Thomas More is a Catholic cathedral located in Tallahassee , Florida , United States . Along with the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Pensacola it is the seat of the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee . St. Thomas More also provides the Catholic Campus Ministry at Florida State University . The Altar Relics of the Co-Cathedral are of Saint Felix and Saint Felicity .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '900 W Tennessee St. 30°26′47.22″N 84°17′51.88″W / 30.4464500°N 84.2977444°W / 30.4464500 ; -84.2977444 ( Co-Cathedral of Saint Thomas More ( Tallahassee , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tallahassee , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida', 'summary': "Tallahassee ( /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2018 , the population was 193,551 , making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th-largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 385,145 as of 2018 [ update ] . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's eighteenth best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A & M University , the fifth-largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A & M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . [ citation needed ] As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epiphany Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epiphany_Cathedral_(Venice,_Florida)', 'summary': 'Epiphany Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Venice , Florida , United States . It is the seat of the Diocese of Venice .'}]}, {'value': '1980 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '310 Sarasota St. 27°6′3.6″N 82°26′56.4″W / 27.101000°N 82.449000°W / 27.101000 ; -82.449000 ( Epiphany Cathedral ( Venice , Florida ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venice , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venice,_Florida', 'summary': 'Venice is a city in Sarasota County , Florida , United States . The city includes what locals call Venice Island , a portion of the mainland that is accessed via bridges over the artificially created Intracoastal Waterway . The city is located south of Nokomis and north of Englewood . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 20,746 . It is noted for its large snowbird population and was voted as a top 10 Happiest Seaside Towns by Coastal Living . Venice is part of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Florida', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States_9', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Catholic churches and cathedrals in the United States.'} | null | null | What are the dates for the church located in the town that was named for an army post which was built nearby in 1838 during the Second Seminole War ? | 1914 built 2000 NRHP-listed |
051f4fef0747a80f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1970 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Tagg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Tagg', 'summary': "Michael John Mike Tagg ( born 13 November 1946 , East Runton ) is a British former long-distance runner . He placed second in the 10,000 metres at the 1969 European Championships . Tagg competed in the 10,000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , placing 13th . At the 1969 European Championships in Athens he won silver in the same event in 28:43.2 , losing only to East Germany 's Jürgen Haase ; Track & Field News ranked him fourth in the world in his event that year . Two years later in Helsinki Tagg placed seventh , setting his eventual personal best of 28:14.65 ; he also set his personal bests for two miles ( 8:28.2 ) and 5000 metres ( 13:41.4 ) that year ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:39.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaston Roelants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaston_Roelants', 'summary': 'Gaston , Baron Roelants ( born 5 February 1937 ) , a Belgian former elite steeplechaser and cross country runner . He won the 1962 European and 1964 Olympic titles in the 3000 m steeplechase and twice broke the world record .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '36:41.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trevor Wright', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:44.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Taylor_(athlete)', 'summary': "Richard George 'Dick ' Taylor ( born 3 January 1945 in Coventry ) is a British former long-distance runner ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '36:50.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noel Tijou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Tijou', 'summary': "Noël Tijou ( born 12 December 1941 ) is a French long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:03.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Wilde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Wilde_(athlete)', 'summary': "Richard Spencer Wilde ( 13 October 1945 - 24 September 2019 ) was a British male long-distance runner . He was a world indoor record holder and a gold medallist at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 1970 . He won the 4-mile Nos Galan in 1967 , was the North of England champion over 3 miles in 1968 , then became British Universities champion in the 5000 metres in 1969 . He began to establish himself nationally shortly after . He was runner-up to Ian McCafferty over 3000 metres at the AAA Indoor Championships in 1968 and 1969 before finally succeeding his rival in 1970 . He also took third in the 5000 m behind Ian Stewart and Alan Blinston at the 1969 AAA Championships . Wilde 's greatest achievement was a world indoor best of 7:46.85 to win the 3000m gold medal at the 1970 European Athletics Indoor Championships . This stood as the championship record until 1973 , when it was bettered by Emiel Puttemans of Belgium . That same year he placed sixth at the 1970 International Cross Country Championships and shared in the team title alongside individual medallists Mike Tagg and Trevor Wright . He made one more major international appearance , coming 61st at the 1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He entered the 1972 Maxol Marathon in Manchester but his finish in 2:23:04 hours was only worth 36th place . He had better long-distance performances in his later career , taking the 10-mile Snowdon Race in 1977 and 1978 before being beaten into second place by Jeff Norman in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Turner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:09.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdelkader Zaddem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdelkader_Zaddem', 'summary': 'Abdelkader Zaddem ( born 29 June 1944 ) is a retired Tunisian long-distance runner who specialized in the 10,000 metres . He finished eighth at the 1972 Olympic Games . When he won the gold medal at the 1975 Mediterranean Games , he also set a championship record of 28:27.0 minutes which stood until 1991 . He also won two gold medals at the 1973 Maghreb Championships and one at the 1975 Maghreb Championships . He competed many times at the World Cross Country Championships , with a nineteenth place from 1974 and a twelfth place from 1975 as his best results . His personal best 10,000 metres time was 28.14.8 minutes , achieved at the 1972 Olympics . He also had 13.31.2 minutes in the 5000 metres , achieved in June 1976 in Saint-Maur .'}]}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '37:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Álvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Álvarez_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Javier Alvarez ( born 18 December 1943 ) is a Spanish former long-distance runner , born in Vigo , who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '37:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'René Jourdan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucien Rault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Rault', 'summary': "Lucien Rault ( borm March 30 , 1936 in Plouguenast ) is a French long-distance runner . He represented France in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 40 . He had an extensive career in cross country running with his national squad at the International Cross Country Championships and then the IAAF World Cross Country Championships . Five days before his 42nd birthday , he was the # 2 runner on the French World Championship team at the 1978 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , his first world championship . He is the current ratified world record holder in the masters M45 5000 metres . He has also held the M35 and M40 records and the M35 and M40 records at 10000 metres . He began running at age 15 . He ran in the 1964 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , and 1972 International Cross Country Championships , then the 1974 , 1975 , 1976 and 1978 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , culminating with the championship . He also won the 1973 Corrida de Houilles . He had an example of longevity from his teammate on the early cross country teams as Olympic gold medalist Alain Mimoun was setting records into his 50s . Rault later surpassed some of Mimoun 's records . He won his first French national Championship at 10000 metres in 1973 , at the age of 37 ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lachie Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lachie_Stewart', 'summary': "Joseph Laughlin ( Lachie ) Stewart ( born 22 June 1943 in Vale of Leven , West Dunbartonshire ) is a Scottish former distance runner , and an inductee in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame . Stewart 's athletic career saw him compete at the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh , where he won Gold in the 10,000 meters over Ron Clarke of Australia , and the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '37:28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emiel Puttemans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emiel_Puttemans', 'summary': 'Emiel Adrien Miel Puttemans ( born 8 October 1947 ) is a retired middle- and long-distance runner , who set world records for 3000 metres ( 7 minutes 37.6 seconds ) in 1972 , for 2 miles ( 8 minutes 17.8 seconds ) in 1971 , and for 5000 metres ( 13 minutes 13 seconds ) in 1972 . He won two European Indoor Championships titles in the 3000 m , in 1973 and 1974 , and finished second in 1978 . At the 1972 Summer Olympics , Puttemans won a silver medal in the 10,000 metres and finished in fifth place in the 5000 metres . He then set a world record in the 5000 metres six days after the 1972 games . He also competed in these events at the 1968 , 1976 and 1980 Games , but with less success . In 1982 , he won the first edition of the Rome Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '37:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Baxter_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Michael Ian Baxter ( born 1945 ) , is a male retired international athlete and current coach .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Bernard_(runner)', 'summary': "Michel Bernard ( 31 December 1931 - 14 February 2019 ) was a French middle- and long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics in the 1500 m and 5000 m and finished in seventh place in all events . During his career he won nine national titles , in the 1500 m ( 1955 and 1959 ) , 5000 m ( 1958-1960 and 1962 ) and 10000 m ( 1961 , 1964 and 1965 ) . Between 1985 and 1987 he was president of the Fédération française d'athlétisme ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mhedheb Hannachi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '37:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adelaziz Bouguerra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '37:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernie Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '37:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Prinsen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '37:44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antoine Borowski', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37:50', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Men 's ( 7.5 mi / 12.1 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1970_International_Cross_Country_Championships_0', 'intro': "The 1970 International Cross Country Championships was held in Vichy, France, on March 22, 1970. An alternate women's championship was held one day earlier in Frederick, Maryland, United States at the VFW Country Club, on March 21, 1970. A report on the Vichy event as well as on the Frederick event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results for men, junior men, women (Vichy), women (Frederick), medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published."} | null | null | What was the middle name of the competitor who had the sixth best time in the 1970 International Cross Country Championships ? | Spencer |
05201017bcc3b209 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_North_Region', 'title': 'Scottish Junior Football Association, North Region', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Ground', 'Manager', 'Finishing position 2017-18'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aberdeen East End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_End_F.C.', 'summary': 'East End Football Club are a Scottish football club from the city of Aberdeen . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . The club is based at New Advocates Park , 500 metres from Pittodrie Stadium , home of Aberdeen . Their home kit colours are black and gold . The team have been managed since November 2018 by Stuart Whicher .'}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'New Advocates Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st in North Division One ( East )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_North_Division_One', 'summary': 'The Scottish Junior Football North Division One known as the McBookie.com First Division was the second tier of the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association . Clubs at the end of the season would be promoted to the North Superleague . From 2011 , the division comprised two West and East sections running in parallel . Two years later the North Division Two , which clubs had previously been relegated into , was abolished as part of this change . From the 2016-17 season , the runners-up in each section played off for the right to meet the third-bottom club in the North Superleague for an extra promotion/relegation spot . The North region leagues were restructured again for season 2017-18 with the creation of the North First Division and North Second Division ( essentially returning to the pre-2011 setup ) .'}]}, {'value': "Banks O ' Dee", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Banks_O'_Dee_F.C.", 'summary': "Banks O ' Dee Football Club are a Scottish football club from the city of Aberdeen . They currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . Their home ground is Spain Park , by the banks of the River Dee . In 2009 , Banks O ' Dee were among four clubs to apply for membership of the Highland Football League . Their application was unsuccessful . Notwithstanding their junior status , in 2014 the club became a full member of the Scottish Football Association and therefore competes in the Scottish Cup . The club co-managers are Sandy McNaughton and Tommy Forbes ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommy Forbes & Jamie Watt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge of Don Thistle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridge_of_Don_Thistle_F.C.', 'summary': 'Bridge of Don Thistle Football Club is a Scottish football club from Aberdeen . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague .'}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen Sports Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Muirhead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colony Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colony_Park_F.C.', 'summary': "Colony Park Football Club are a Scottish football club from the town of Inverurie , Aberdeenshire . Formed in 1978 as Colony Park Boys Club , they are the largest Juvenile football club in North-East Scotland , running teams from under-7 through to under-19 level . In 2011 , they successfully applied for membership of the Scottish Junior Football Association , and joined North Region , Division Two for the 2011-12 season . This has allowed former youth players to continue with the club and bridged a gap between age group football and the Highland League . Former Colony players include Barry Robson and Darren Mackie . The Colony Park facility after which the club is named , was opened in 1977 and until 1999 was the home of Inverurie Juniors , the town 's previous Junior side . The Junior team are managed since December 2016 by Richard Davidson , who stepped up from a coaching role under previous manager Andy Roddie . Colony lifted their first honour in the Junior game by winning the 2015-16 North Division One ( East ) championship , completing the league season undefeated . The club won 19 of their 22 matches and their final day fixture at home to Longside was watched by a crowd of 1,356 . The club also have an amateur team , Colony Park Amateurs Football Club , which started in the 2015-2016 season . They currently play in the East Section of Division 2 , ground-sharing with the Juniors and playing their home fixtures at Colony Park on Harlaw Road . The Amateurs are managed by Dave Mitchell , Craig Simpson and Craig McFarlane ."}]}, {'value': 'Inverurie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverurie', 'summary': 'Inverurie /ɪn.vəˈrʊəri/ ( Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Uraidh or Inbhir Uaraidh , mouth of the River Ury ) is a town in Aberdeenshire , Scotland at the confluence of the rivers Ury and Don , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) north west of Aberdeen .'}]}, {'value': 'Colony Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Davidson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culter_F.C.', 'summary': 'Culter Junior Football Club are a Scottish football club from the village of Peterculter , a suburb of Aberdeen . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . The club are based at Crombie Park and their colours are red and white . Culter made history , along with Linlithgow Rose and Pollok by becoming the first Junior football teams to enter the first round proper of the Scottish Cup for the 2007-08 competition . This was due to the SFA allowing up to four Junior teams to enter , if those teams had won one of the three Super Leagues or the Scottish Junior Cup . They have played in the Cup on four occasions , in 2007-08 , 2011-12 , 2013-14 and 2014-15 , reaching the third round on the first three occasions and the second round in their most recent attempt . The team have been managed since November 2018 by Lee Youngson .'}]}, {'value': 'Peterculter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peterculter', 'summary': "Peterculter /ˌpiːtərˈkuːtər/ ( listen ) ( Scots : Petercouter ) , also known as Culter ( Scots : Couter ) , is a suburb of Aberdeen , Scotland , about eight miles inland from Aberdeen city centre . Peterculter is on the northern banks of the River Dee , near the confluences with Crynoch Burn and Leuchar Burn . Following the 1996 Scottish council boundary changes it became part of the City of Aberdeen 's Lower Deeside ward ."}]}, {'value': 'Crombie Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Youngson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dufftown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dufftown_F.C.', 'summary': 'Dufftown Football Club are a Scottish football club from the famous whisky town of Dufftown , North East Scotland . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association since 2001 , they compete in the North Region . They club are based at Westburn Park and their colours are all green . It was announced in July 2012 that the club would take a year out of the game . The club returned to the fold in season 2013-14 playing in the PMAC Group First Division West . The management team was Steven Rattray and Fraser Bremner . Rattray left the club in May 2014 after helping Dufftown secure a top three finish in the league following their season in abeyance . Bremner left for Highland League side Rothes in late 2015 after guiding Dufftown to the Elginshire Cup Final and promotion to the North Region Superleague . Bremner was replaced by Steve Paterson at the start of 2016 with Michael Morrison replacing him after Dufftown had secured their Superleague status by defeating Sunnybank FC 3-2 in a play off match at the end of season 2016-17 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dufftown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dufftown', 'summary': "Dufftown ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Bhainidh [ ˈpaləˈvanɪ ( j ) ] ) is a burgh in Moray , Scotland . Historically part of Banffshire , Dufftown is in the ancient parish of Mortlach ( Scottish Gaelic : Mòrthlach ) . The old Kirkton of Mortlach , with the historic Mortlach Parish Church , is on the southern outskirts of the present town . In the 19th century , James Duff , 4th Earl Fife , established Dufftown as housing for soldiers returning home from the Napoleonic War . In the Middle Ages , Mortlach ( in Latin Murthlacum ) was an episcopal see . Dufftown hosts a highland games event every July which attracts many tourists . Dufftown 's notable buildings include Balvenie Castle , which was partly built with stones from the ruins of nearby Auchindoun Castle . The street plan of Dufftown is mainly four main roads meeting at the Dufftown Clock Tower ; previously a prison but now a tourist information centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Westburn Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Morrison', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dyce Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dyce_Juniors_F.C.', 'summary': 'Dyce Juniors Football Club are a Scottish football club from Dyce , a suburb of Aberdeen . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . The club are based at Ian Mair Park and their colours are blue and white hoops .'}]}, {'value': 'Dyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dyce', 'summary': "Dyce ( Scottish Gaelic : Deis ) is an area of the city of Aberdeen , Scotland , about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) north west of Aberdeen city centre , and best known as the location of the city 's airport . It is on the River Don ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Mair Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellon United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellon_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Ellon United Football Club are a Scottish football club from the town of Ellon , Aberdeenshire . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the North Super League . Founded around 1890 , the club had also played in local Amateur and Senior competitions before joining the SJFA in 1974 . They are based in The Meadows Sports Centre in Ellon along with Ellon RFC and local football sides . Club colours are red and black . The team are managed since June 2019 by Tommy Robertson .'}]}, {'value': 'Ellon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellon,_Aberdeenshire', 'summary': 'Ellon ( Scottish Gaelic : Eilean ) is a town in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) north of Aberdeen , lying on the River Ythan , which has one of the few undeveloped river estuaries on the eastern coast of Scotland . It is in the ancient region of Formartine . Its name is believed to derive from the Gaelic term Eilean , an island , on account of the presence of an island in the River Ythan , which offered a convenient fording point .'}]}, {'value': 'The Meadows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hall Russell United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hall_Russell_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Hall Russell United Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Bridge of Don , a suburb of Aberdeen . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . Founded in 1968 as an Amateur club , the club joined the SJFA in 1989 . Their home ground is Denmore Park and club colours are navy blue . The club are related to a previous Junior side , Hall Russell 's F.C . This club , existing from 1915 to 1963 , were a works team of the Hall Russell shipyard in Aberdeen . They reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup in 1929-30 , losing 3-0 to Newtongrange Star at Tynecastle Park in front of 17,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridge of Don', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridge_of_Don', 'summary': 'Bridge of Don is a suburb in the north of Aberdeen , Scotland . It has a population of 19,089 . Bridge of Don is split into four areas for statistical purposes by Aberdeen City Council and Police Scotland : Balgownie and Donmouth , Danestone , Denmore and Oldmachar . Traditionally Bridge of Don has been split up into : Bridge of Don , Danestone , Denmore and Middleton Park . These areas have smaller areas within them . Bridge of Don is home to two Junior football clubs : Hall Russell United F.C . and Hermes F.C . who play at neighbouring grounds in the Denmore Road area .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmore Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Carroll', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermes_F.C.', 'summary': "Hermes Junior Football Club are a Scottish football club from Bridge of Don , an area of the city of Aberdeen . Founded in 1968 by pupils of Robert Gordon 's College , the club initially played at amateur level before becoming members of the Scottish Junior Football Association in 1993 . They currently play in the SJFA North Superleague and their home ground is Uniconn Park . The club are so named after a founder member saw an advert in a magazine for a Hermes 2000 typewriter . The club finished as champions in 2011-12 season , winning the SJFA North Region Superleague title for the first time . Hermes set a new SJFA Superleague points record of 73 points during the championship winning season , the previous record being held by Formartine United . Hermes were undefeated at home and only lost one game all season . The top goalscorer for the season was Marek Madle ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridge of Don', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridge_of_Don', 'summary': 'Bridge of Don is a suburb in the north of Aberdeen , Scotland . It has a population of 19,089 . Bridge of Don is split into four areas for statistical purposes by Aberdeen City Council and Police Scotland : Balgownie and Donmouth , Danestone , Denmore and Oldmachar . Traditionally Bridge of Don has been split up into : Bridge of Don , Danestone , Denmore and Middleton Park . These areas have smaller areas within them . Bridge of Don is home to two Junior football clubs : Hall Russell United F.C . and Hermes F.C . who play at neighbouring grounds in the Denmore Road area .'}]}, {'value': 'Uniconn Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neil Dawson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maud_F.C.', 'summary': 'Maud Football Club are a Scottish football club from the village of Maud , Aberdeenshire . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the SJFA North Superleague . The current club formed in 1973 as an Amateur side and joined the SJFA North Region in 1975 . Their home ground is Maud Pleasure Park and the club colours are red . The club withdrew from the league at the beginning of the 2002-03 season after some heavy defeats but returned the following year , winning promotion at the first attempt . The team are managed since November 2018 by Robbie Wildgoose .'}]}, {'value': 'Maud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maud,_Aberdeenshire', 'summary': 'Maud ( Gaelic : Am Mòd ) is a small town in the Buchan area of the Scottish county of Aberdeenshire . Population 780 ( 2006 estimate ) . Located 13 miles west of Peterhead on the South Ugie Water , Maud rose to prosperity in the nineteenth century as a railway junction of the Formartine and Buchan Railway that ran through Maud to Fraserburgh and Peterhead , but has always been the meeting place of six roads . It has had a variety of names :'}]}, {'value': 'Maud Pleasure Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montrose Roselea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montrose_Roselea_F.C.', 'summary': "Montrose Roselea Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in the town of Montrose , Angus . Formed in 1930 and nicknamed the Lea , their colours are green with a black and white trim . They were members of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's Angus League and Tayside Region League , before competing in the new East Region which they , along with all other Tayside Junior clubs became a part in 2002 . Playing second fiddle to the senior Montrose , success has been sparse during their years of existence however in recent years the success has been beyond a club of its size . The club applied to move from the SJFA East Region to join the North Region , and this was accepted for the beginning of season 2016-17 . Roselea traditionally play their home games at Broomfield Park , a relatively undeveloped facility in the north of the town which has room for around 1,800 spectators . For the 2018-19 season , they have reached an agreement to share Montrose F.C . 's Links Park stadium , with a view towards a longer-term arrangement ."}]}, {'value': 'Montrose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montrose,_Angus', 'summary': "Montrose ( /mɒnˈtroʊz/ mon-TROHZ , Scottish Gaelic : Monadh Rois ) is a town and former royal burgh in Angus , Scotland . It is situated 38 miles ( 61 kilometres ) north of Dundee between the mouths of the North and South Esk rivers . It is the northernmost coastal town in Angus and developed as a natural harbour that traded in skins , hides and cured salmon in medieval times . With a population of approximately 12,000 , the town functions as a port , but the major employer is GlaxoSmithKline , which was saved from closure in 2006 . The skyline of Montrose is dominated by the 220-foot ( 67 m ) steeple of Old and St Andrew 's Church , designed by James Gillespie Graham and built between 1832 and 1834 . Montrose is a town with a wealth of architecture , and is a centre for international trade . It is an important commercial port for the thriving oil and gas industry . It is known for its wide thoroughfare and high street which leads to picturesque closes containing secluded gardens . The town has a view of a 2 mi ( 3 km ) square tidal lagoon , Montrose Basin , which is considered a nature reserve of international importance . It is the largest inland salt water basin in the UK , and an important habitat for the mute swan . Just outside Montrose is the 18th-century House of Dun , designed by the Scottish architect William Adam and built in 1730 for David Erskine , 13th Laird of Dun ."}]}, {'value': 'Links Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Links_Park', 'summary': 'Links Park is a football stadium in Montrose , Scotland . It has been the home ground of Montrose F.C . since 1887 . Links Park was opened in 1887 . To help finance the new ground , Montrose F.C . rented the pitch out for circuses and livestock grazing . The club was eventually able to raise £150 in 1920 to buy a stand , that had been previously used by the Highland Games . A roof was built over the Wellington Street end of the ground in the 1960s . Floodlights were installed in 1971 and first used in a match against Stranraer . The record attendance at the ground was 8,983 , for a Scottish Cup quarter-final tie against Dundee in March 1973 . Links Park was significantly improved in the 1990s , after the club was taken over by Bryan Keith . The wooden Main Stand was replaced by a cantilevered stand , seating 1,258 people .'}]}, {'value': 'James Collier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairn St. Ninian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairn_St._Ninian_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nairn St. Ninian Football Club are a Scottish football club based in Nairn , Highland . Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association , they currently play in the North Super League . Formed in 1968 , the club are based at Showfield Park and their colours are maroon and sky blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Nairn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairn', 'summary': 'Nairn ( /ˈnɛərn/ NAIRN ; Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Narann ) is a town and former burgh in the Highland council area of Scotland . It is an ancient fishing port and market town around 17 miles ( 27 km ) east of Inverness . It is the traditional county town of the county of Nairn , also known as Nairnshire . As of the 2011 Census , Nairn had a population of 9,773 , making it the third-largest settlement in the Highland council area , behind Inverness and Fort William . Nairn is best known as a seaside resort , with two golf courses , award-winning beaches , a community centre/mid-scale arts venue ( Nairn Community & Arts Centre ) , a small theatre ( called The Little Theatre ) and one small museum , providing information on the local area and incorporating the collection of the former Fishertown museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Showfield Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Hendry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st in North Division One ( West )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_North_Division_One', 'summary': 'The Scottish Junior Football North Division One known as the McBookie.com First Division was the second tier of the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association . Clubs at the end of the season would be promoted to the North Superleague . From 2011 , the division comprised two West and East sections running in parallel . Two years later the North Division Two , which clubs had previously been relegated into , was abolished as part of this change . From the 2016-17 season , the runners-up in each section played off for the right to meet the third-bottom club in the North Superleague for an extra promotion/relegation spot . The North region leagues were restructured again for season 2017-18 with the creation of the North First Division and North Second Division ( essentially returning to the pre-2011 setup ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Stonehaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonehaven_F.C.', 'summary': 'Stonehaven Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club from Stonehaven , Aberdeenshire . The club currently play in the McBookie.com SJFA North Superleague .'}]}, {'value': 'Stonehaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonehaven', 'summary': "Stonehaven ( /stoʊnˈheɪvən/ ( listen ) ; [ stinˈhaiv ] ( listen ) ) is a town in Aberdeenshire , Scotland . It lies on Scotland 's northeast coast and had a population of 11,602 at the 2011 Census . After the demise of the town of Kincardine , which was gradually abandoned after the destruction of its royal castle in the Wars of Independence , the Scottish Parliament made Stonehaven the successor county town of Kincardineshire . Stonehaven had grown around an Iron Age fishing village , now the Auld Toon ( old town ) , and expanded inland from the seaside . As late as the 16th century , old maps indicate the town was called Stonehyve , Stonehive , Pont also adding the alternative Duniness . It is known informally to locals as Stoney ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenury Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martyn Rollo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Member clubs -- Super League', 'section_text': 'Main article : Scottish Junior Football North Super League', 'uid': 'Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_North_Region_0', 'intro': 'The Scottish Junior Football Association, North Region is one of the three regions of the Scottish Junior Football Association. Its area covers Grampian and Moray as well as part of the Highland and Angus council areas - from Montrose in the south to Nairn in the west. The North Region features three region-wide divisions, having reverted from the previous setup of two regional divisions below the North Superleague used for five seasons prior to 2018. It replaced the North Junior Football League (1968 to 2001) which had a similar territory and structure.'} | null | null | How many feature destinations lie in the location whose club 's colours are maroon and sky blue ? | 5 |
05213e9911c3abd9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Omega_Delta_Phi_chapters', 'title': 'List of Omega Delta Phi chapters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chartered', 'Institution', 'Location', 'Status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 25 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Tech University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_University', 'summary': "Texas Tech University ( Texas Tech , Tech , or TTU ) is a public research university in Lubbock , Texas . Established on February 10 , 1923 ( 1923-02-10 ) , and called until 1969 Texas Technological College , it is the main institution of the four-institution Texas Tech University System . The university 's student enrollment is the seventh-largest in Texas as of the Fall 2017 semester . The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and hosts 60 research centers and institutes . Texas Tech University has awarded over 200,000 degrees since 1927 , including over 40,000 graduate and professional degrees . The Carnegie Foundation classifies Texas Tech as having highest research activity . Research projects in the areas of epidemiology , pulsed power , grid computing , nanophotonics , atmospheric sciences , and wind energy are among the most prominent at the university . The Spanish Renaissance-themed campus , described by author James Michener as the most beautiful west of the Mississippi until you get to Stanford , has been awarded the Grand Award for excellence in grounds-keeping , and has been noted for possessing a public art collection among the ten best in the United States . The Texas Tech Red Raiders are charter members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Red Raiders football team has made 36 bowl appearances , which is 17th most of any university . The Red Raiders basketball team has made 14 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament . Bob Knight has coached the second most wins in men 's NCAA Division I basketball history and served as the team 's head coach from 2001 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lubbock , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas', 'summary': "Lubbock ( /ˈlʌbək/ LUB-ək ) is the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat of Lubbock County . With a population of 255,885 in 2018 , the city is also the 81st-most populous in the United States . The city is in the northwestern part of the state , a region known historically and geographically as the Llano Estacado , and ecologically is part of the southern end of the High Plains , lying at the economic center of the Lubbock metropolitan area , which has a projected 2020 population of 327,424 . Lubbock 's nickname , Hub City , derives from it being the economic , educational , and health-care hub of the multicounty region , north of the Permian Basin and south of the Texas Panhandle , commonly called the South Plains . The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on water from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation . CNNMoney.com selected Lubbock as the 12th-best place to start a small business . CNN mentioned the city 's traditional business atmosphere : low rent for commercial space , central location , and cooperative city government . Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University , the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state . Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States , based in part on its international baccalaureate program ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Plains Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Texas at El Paso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso', 'summary': "The University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) is a public research university in El Paso , Texas . It is a member of the University of Texas System . UTEP is the second-largest university in the United States to have a majority Mexican American student population ( about 80% ) after the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university 's School of Engineering is the nation 's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S . and Ph.D. degrees . UTEP is home to the Sun Bowl stadium , which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter . The campus is one of the few places in the world outside of Bhutan or Tibet to have buildings created with the Dzong architectural style . It sits on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river , with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico-United States border ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 23 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas A & M University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_A&M_University', 'summary': "Texas A & M University ( Texas A & M or A & M ) is a public research university founded in 1876 and located in College Station , Texas . In 1948 , Texas A & M University became the founding member of the Texas A & M University System . As of 2017 [ update ] , Texas A & M 's student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States . Texas A & M 's designation as a land , sea , and space grant institution - the only university in Texas to hold all three designations - reflects a range of research with ongoing projects funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . In 2001 , Texas A & M was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities . The school 's students , alumni - over 500,000 strong - and sports teams are known as Aggies . The Texas A & M Aggies athletes compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference . The first public institution of higher education in Texas , the school opened on October 4 , 1876 , as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas under the provisions of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts . Originally , the college taught no classes in agriculture , instead concentrating on classical studies , languages , literature , and applied mathematics . After four years , students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture , civil and mechanical engineering , and language and literature . Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s , A.M.C . desegregated , became coeducational , and dropped the requirement for participation in the Corps of Cadets ."}]}, {'value': 'College Station , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Station,_Texas', 'summary': "College Station is a city in Brazos County , Texas , situated in East-Central Texas in the heart of the Brazos Valley , in the center of the region known as Texas Triangle . It is 83 miles ( 130 kilometers ) northwest of Houston and 87 miles ( 140 km ) east northeast of Austin . As of the 2010 census , College Station had a population of 93,857 , which had increased to an estimated population of 122,671 as of November 2019 . College Station and Bryan together make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area , the 13th-largest metropolitan area in Texas with 273,101 people as of 2019 . College Station is home to the main campus of Texas A & M University , the flagship institution of the Texas A & M University System . The city owes both its name and existence to the university 's location along a railroad . Texas A & M 's triple designation as a Land- , Sea- , and Space-Grant institution reflects the broad scope of the research endeavors it brings to the city , with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as NASA , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . Due largely to the presence of Texas A & M University , College Station was named by Money magazine in 2006 as the most educated city in Texas , and the 11th-most educated city in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Texas Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}]}, {'value': 'Tempe , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/ tem-PEE ; Oidbaḍ in O'odham ) , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 23 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern New Mexico University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_University', 'summary': "Eastern New Mexico University ( ENMU or Eastern ) is a public university with a main campus in Portales , New Mexico . ENMU is New Mexico 's largest regional comprehensive university and is the most recently founded state university in New Mexico ( legislated in 1927 , opened in 1934 ) . It is a federally designated Hispanic-serving institution and a member of the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities . The ENMU System consists of three campuses . ENMU 's main campus ( ENMU-Portales ) is located in Portales ; there are two associate degree-granting branches , one at Ruidoso and one at Roswell ."}]}, {'value': 'Portales , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portales,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Portales is a city in and the county seat of Roosevelt County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 12,280 at the 2010 census . Portales is located near the larger city of Clovis , as well as Cannon Air Force Base , a major contributor to the economy of the region . Eastern New Mexico University opened in Portales in 1934 as Eastern New Mexico Junior College , and has since grown to become the third-largest university in the state . The area is one of the largest producers of Valencia peanuts in the United States and is the nation 's top producer of certified organic peanut butter . Portales is home to about 40 dairies and a major US dairy solids plant , together producing and exporting hundreds of millions of dollars of local milk products each year . It is the principal city of the Portales Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales Combined Statistical Area , including Clovis , 19 miles ( 31 km ) away and Cannon Air Force Base , 13 miles ( 21 km ) away ."}]}, {'value': 'Inactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Houston State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University', 'summary': "Sam Houston State University ( colloquially known as SHSU or Sam ) is a public university in Huntsville , Texas . It was founded in 1879 and is the third-oldest public college or university in Texas . It is one of the oldest purpose-built institutions for the instruction of teachers west of the Mississippi River and the first such institution in Texas . It is named for Sam Houston , who made his home in the city and is buried there . [ citation needed ] SHSU is a member of the Texas State University System and has an enrollment of more than 20,000 students across over 80 undergraduate , 59 master 's , and 10 doctoral degree programs . Its programs are ranked 230-301 by U.S. News & World Report . The university also offers more than 20 online bachelor 's and graduate degrees . It was the first institution classified as a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education within the Texas State University System ."}]}, {'value': 'Huntsville , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas', 'summary': 'Huntsville is a city in and the county seat of Walker County , Texas . The population was 38,548 as of the 2010 census . It is the center of the Huntsville micropolitan area . Huntsville is approximately 70 miles north of Houston in the East Texas Piney Woods on Interstate 45 , which runs between Houston and Dallas . It is home to Sam Houston State University , the Texas Department of Criminal Justice , Huntsville State Park , and HEARTS Veterans Museum of Texas . The city served as the residence of Sam Houston , who is recognized in Huntsville by the Sam Houston Memorial Museum and a statue on Interstate 45 .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Texas Region , Recharted June 26 , 1999 , Recharted December 12 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 3 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Texas A & M University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Texas_A&M_University', 'summary': "West Texas A & M University , also known as WTAMU , WT , and formerly West Texas State , part of the Texas A & M University System , is a public university located in Canyon , Texas , a city of 13,303 about 13 miles south of Amarillo , a city of 190,695 . The university is part of the Amarillo metropolitan area with a population of 268,893 . West Texas A & M University was established on September 20 , 1910 , and was originally known as West Texas State Normal College . The university started out as one of the seven state-funded teachers ' colleges in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Canyon , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canyon,_Texas', 'summary': 'Canyon is a city in , and the county seat of , Randall County , Texas , United States . The population was 13,303 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Amarillo , Texas , metropolitan statistical area . Canyon is the home of West Texas A & M University and Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum , and the world-famous outdoor musical drama Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Plains Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Arizona University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University', 'summary': 'Northern Arizona University ( NAU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Flagstaff , Arizona . Governed by the Arizona Board of Regents and accredited by the Higher Learning Commission , the university offers 158 baccalaureate and graduate degree programs . As of fall 2019 , 30,736 students were enrolled , 22,791 at the Flagstaff campus . The average cost of tuition and fees for a full-time , Arizona resident undergraduate student for two semesters is $ 11,896 , and out-of-state undergraduates pay an estimated $ 26,516 . NAU also participates in the Western Undergraduate Exchange Program , which offers lower tuition rates for students from the Western United States . For 2018-19 , WUE tuition and fees are $ 16,759 . NAU offers Flagstaff undergraduate students the Pledge Program , which guarantees the same tuition rate for four years .'}]}, {'value': 'Flagstaff , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona', 'summary': "Flagstaff is a city in and the county seat of Coconino County in northern Arizona , in the southwestern United States . In 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 73,964 . Flagstaff 's combined metropolitan area has an estimated population of 139,097 . The city is named after a ponderosa pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston ( known as the Second Boston Party ) to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4 , 1876 . Flagstaff lies near the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau , along the western side of the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in the continental United States . Flagstaff is next to Mount Elden , just south of the San Francisco Peaks , the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona . Humphreys Peak , the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet ( 3,851 m ) , is about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness . Flagstaff 's early economy was based on the lumber , railroad , and ranching industries . Today , the city remains an important distribution hub for companies such as Nestlé Purina PetCare , and is home to Lowell Observatory , the U.S . Naval Observatory , the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff station , and Northern Arizona University . Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector , due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , Oak Creek Canyon , the Arizona Snowbowl , Meteor Crater , and historic Route 66 . The city is also a growing center for medical and biotechnology manufacturing , home to corporations such as SenesTech and W. L. Gore and Associates ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 27 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mexico State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University', 'summary': "New Mexico State University ( NMSU or NM State ) is a public research university , with a main campus in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Founded in 1888 , it is the oldest public institution of higher education in the state of New Mexico , and is one of two flagship universities in New Mexico . Total enrollment across all campuses as of 2017 was 21,874 , with branch campuses in Alamogordo , Carlsbad , Doña Ana County and Grants , and with extension and research centers across New Mexico . It was founded in 1888 as the Las Cruces College , and the following year became New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and designated as a Land Grant college . It received its present name in 1960 . NMSU had 24,580 students enrolled as of Fall 2017 and had a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1 to 16 . NMSU offers a wide range of programs and awards associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through its main campus and four community colleges . NMSU offers 28 doctoral degree programs , 58 master 's degree programs , and 96 baccalaureate majors . New Mexico State 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division I level , competing in the Western Athletic Conference , except for football ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Cruces , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Las Cruces is the seat of Doña Ana County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 97,618 , and in 2017 the estimated population was 101,712 , making it the second largest city in the state , after Albuquerque . Las Cruces is the largest city in both Doña Ana County and southern New Mexico . The Las Cruces metropolitan area had an estimated population of 213,849 in 2017 . It is the principal city of a metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Doña Ana County and is part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces combined statistical area . Las Cruces is the economic and geographic center of the Mesilla Valley , the agricultural region on the floodplain of the Rio Grande which extends from Hatch to the west side of El Paso , Texas . Las Cruces is the home of New Mexico State University ( NMSU ) , New Mexico 's only land-grant university . The city 's major employer is the federal government on nearby White Sands Test Facility and White Sands Missile Range . The Organ Mountains , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the east , are dominant in the city 's landscape , along with the Doña Ana Mountains , Robledo Mountains , and Picacho Peak . Las Cruces lies 225 miles ( 362 km ) south of Albuquerque , 42 miles ( 68 km ) northwest of El Paso , Texas and 41 miles ( 66 km ) north of the Mexican border at Sunland Park . Spaceport America , which has corporate offices in Las Cruces , operates from 55 miles ( 89 km ) to the north , and has completed several successful manned , suborbital flights . The city is also the headquarters for Virgin Galactic , the world 's first company to offer sub-orbital spaceflights ."}]}, {'value': 'Inactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 20 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle,_Washington', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwestern State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_State_University', 'summary': "Midwestern State University ( also known as MSU Texas ) is a public university in Wichita Falls , Texas . In 2015 , it had over 6,000 students . Midwestern is one of four independent public universities in Texas unaffiliated with a state public university system . It is the state 's only public institution focused on the liberal arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Wichita Falls , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas', 'summary': "Wichita Falls ( /ˈwɪtʃɪtɑː/ WITCH-i-tah ) is a city in and the county seat of Wichita County , Texas , United States . It is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Archer , Clay , and Wichita counties . According to the 2010 census , it had a population of 104,553 , making it the 38th-most populous city in Texas . In addition , its central business district is 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Sheppard Air Force Base , which is home to the Air Force 's largest technical training wing and the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program , the world 's only multinationally staffed and managed flying training program chartered to produce combat pilots for both USAF and NATO . The city is home to the Newby-McMahon Building ( otherwise known as the world 's littlest skyscraper ) , constructed downtown in 1919 and featured in Robert Ripley 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Plains Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spring 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western New Mexico University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_New_Mexico_University', 'summary': 'Western New Mexico University is a public university located in Silver City , in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It has served the people of the state and its surrounding areas as a comprehensive , regional , rural , public coeducational university since 1893 and caters to a student body diverse in age , culture , language and ethnic background .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver City , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_City,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Silver City is a town in Grant County , New Mexico , United States . It is the county seat and the home of Western New Mexico University . As of the 2010 census the population was 10,315 . In 2018 the population was estimated to be 9,529 .'}]}, {'value': 'Inactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 23 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Norman ( /ˈnɔːrmən/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma located 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City . As the county seat of Cleveland County and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area , its population was 110,925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 122,843 in 2017 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma . Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with nearly 32,000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners , with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado-prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Plains Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omicron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Wisconsin-Parkside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Parkside', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Parkside is a public university in Somers , Wisconsin . Part of the University of Wisconsin System , the university has 4,300 students , 161 full-time faculty , and 89 lecturers and part-time faculty . The university offers 33 undergraduate majors and 11 master 's degrees in 22 academic departments . UW-Parkside is one of two universities in the UW System not named for the city in which it is located , the other being UW-Stout . It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . UW-Parkside is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II for athletics . The athletics teams are nicknamed the Rangers and wear forest green , black , and white . The Rangers compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenosha , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Kenosha ( /kɛˈnoʊˌʃə/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County , Wisconsin , United States . Kenosha is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan . With an estimated population of 100,164 as of July 1 , 2018 , it is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin and the fourth-largest city on Lake Michigan . Although closer to Milwaukee , the city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Chicago Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwest Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Houston', 'summary': "The University of Houston ( UH ) is a public research university in Houston , Texas and the main institution of the University of Houston System . Founded in 1927 , UH is the third-largest university in Texas with over 46,000 students . Its campus spans 667 acres in southeast Houston , and was known as University of Houston-University Park from 1983 to 1991 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university offers more than 282 degree programs through its 14 academic colleges on campus - including programs leading to professional degrees in architecture , law , optometry , and pharmacy . The institution conducts $ 150 million annually in research , and operates more than 40 research centers and institutes on campus . Interdisciplinary research includes superconductivity , space commercialization and exploration , biomedical sciences and engineering , energy and natural resources , and artificial intelligence . Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually , UH 's alumni base exceeds 260,000 . The economic impact of the university contributes over $ 3 billion annually to the Texas economy , while generating about 24,000 jobs . The University of Houston hosts a variety of theatrical performances , concerts , lectures , and events . It has more than 400 student organizations and 17 intercollegiate sports teams . Annual UH events and traditions include The Cat 's Back , Homecoming , and Frontier Fiesta ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Texas Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 22 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_State_University', 'summary': "Texas State University is a public research university in San Marcos , Texas . Established in 1899 as the Southwest Texas State Normal School , it opened in 1903 to 303 students . Since that time it has grown into the largest institution in the Texas State University System and the fifth-largest university in the state of Texas with an enrollment of over 38,500 students for the 2018 fall semester . It has ten colleges and about fifty schools and departments . Texas State is classified as a doctoral university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and an emerging research university by the State of Texas . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . Faculty from the various colleges have consistently been granted Fulbright Scholarships resulting in Texas State being recognized as one of the top producing universities of Fulbright Scholars . The 36th President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson , graduated from the institution in 1930 ; [ circular reference ] Texas State is the only public university in Texas to have a president as an alumnus . Texas State 's main campus consists of 245 buildings on 492 acres ( 1.99 km2 ) of hilly land along the San Marcos River . Additionally , it has a satellite campus at the Texas State University Round Rock Campus ( RRC ) in the greater north Austin area . The university operates the Science , Technology and Advanced Research ( STAR ) Park , a technology commercialization and applied research facility . The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State is the largest forensics research facility in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'San Marcos , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas', 'summary': "San Marcos ( /ˌsæn ˈmɑːrkəs/ SAN MAR-kəs ) is a city and the county seat of Hays County , Texas , United States . The city 's limits extend into Caldwell and Guadalupe Counties , as well . San Marcos is within the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos metropolitan area and on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and San Antonio . Its population was 44,894 at the 2010 census and was an estimated 63,509 in 2018 . Founded on the banks of the San Marcos River , the area is thought to be among the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the Americas . San Marcos is home to Texas State University and the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment . In 2010 , San Marcos was listed in Business Week 's fourth annual survey of the Best Places to Raise your Kids . In 2013 and 2014 , the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States . In December 2013 , it was named number nine on Business Insider 's list of the 10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Texas Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sigma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 28 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Methodist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University', 'summary': 'Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) is a private research university in University Park , Texas , with satellite campuses in Plano , Texas and Taos , New Mexico . SMU was founded in April 17 , 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church , South - now part of the United Methodist Church - in partnership with Dallas civic leaders . However , it is nonsectarian in its teaching and enrolls students of all religious affiliations . As of fall 2018 , the university had 11,824 students , including 6,710 undergraduates and 5,114 postgraduates , from all 50 states and 85 countries . Its instructional faculty is 1,151 , with 754 being full time . The student-faculty ratio is 11:1 . The university grants degrees from eight schools ; Edwin L. Cox School of Business , Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences , Dedman School of Law , Bobby B. Lyle School of Engineering , Algur H. Meadows School of the Arts , Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies , Perkins School of Theology , Annette Caldwell Simmons School of Education and Human Development ; as well as a Master of Interactive Technology ( MIT ) in Digital Game Development from SMU Guildhall .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Texas Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Texas at Arlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington', 'summary': 'The University of Texas at Arlington ( UTA or UT Arlington ) is a public research university in Arlington , Texas , midway between Dallas and Fort Worth . The university was founded in 1895 and was in the Texas A & M University System for several decades until joining The University of Texas System in 1965 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The fall 2018 campus enrollment consisted of 42,496 students making it the largest university in North Texas and fourth-largest in Texas . UT Arlington is the third-largest producer of college graduates in Texas and offers over 180 baccalaureate , masters , and doctoral degree programs . UT Arlington participates in 15 intercollegiate sports as a Division I member of the NCAA and Sun Belt Conference . UTA sports teams have been known as the Mavericks since 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arlington , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Texas', 'summary': "Arlington is a city in the U.S. state of Texas , located in Tarrant County . It is part of the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of downtown Fort Worth and 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of downtown Dallas . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate , the city had a population of 398,112 in 2018 , making it the second-largest city in the county ( after Fort Worth ) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area . Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States , the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas , and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat . Arlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington , a major urban research university , the Arlington Assembly plant used by General Motors , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV , Texas Health Resources , American Mensa , and D. R. Horton . Additionally , Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Field , the Dallas Cowboys at AT & T Stadium , the Dallas Wings at College Park Center , the International Bowling Campus ( which houses the United States Bowling Congress , International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame ) , and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas ( the original Six Flags ) and Hurricane Harbor . Arlington borders Kennedale , Grand Prairie , Mansfield and Fort Worth , and surrounds the smaller communities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Texas Region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 22 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': 'Pullman , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pullman,_Washington', 'summary': 'Pullman ( /ˈpʊlmən/ ) is the largest city in Whitman County , located in southeastern Washington state within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest . The population was 29,799 at the 2010 census , and estimated to have reached 34,019 in 2018 . Originally incorporated as Three Forks , the city was renamed after industrialist George Pullman . Pullman is noted as a vastly fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills and the production of wheat and legumes . It is home to Washington State University , a public research land-grant university , and the international headquarters of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories . Pullman is eight miles ( 13 km ) from Moscow , Idaho , home to the University of Idaho , and is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport . In 2011 , Bloomberg Businessweek selected Pullman as the Best Place to Raise Kids in Washington . Factors included affordability , safety , a family-friendly lifestyle , the quality of Pullman High School , the presence of Washington State University , and the natural environment of the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest Region', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Undergraduate chapters', 'section_text': 'Color key — Active Chapter — Colony Statue — Inactive chapter', 'uid': 'List_of_Omega_Delta_Phi_Chapters_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of Omega Delta Phi Fraternity, Inc. Chapters, Colonies and Alumni Organizations. Alumni Organizations are established by alumni members at the city level. All undergraduate entities begin as colonies and later petition internally for Chapter status.'} | null | null | What was the charter date of the fraternity whose campus possesses a public art collection among the ten best in the United States ? | November 25 , 1987 |
05224ba7e6cc75ca | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_number_one_male_golfers', 'title': 'List of world number one male golfers', 'header': ['Country', 'Player', 'Start date', 'End date', 'Number of weeks', 'Cumulative total weeks'], 'data': [{'value': 'FRG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernhard Langer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Langer', 'summary': "Bernhard Langer ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbɛʁnhaʁt ˈlaŋɐ ] ; born 27 August 1957 ) is a German professional golfer . He is a two-time Masters champion and was one of the world 's leading golfers throughout the 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , he became the sport 's first official number one ranked player following the creation of the OWGR . Langer is one of five golfers who have won professional golf events on all six continents where golf is played . He has victories on all the premiere tours , with 42 wins on the European Tour ( 2nd most all-time ) , three on the PGA Tour , and numerous international victories ; including wins on the Japan Golf Tour , Asian Tour , Australasian Tour , and the Tour de las Américas . The highlights of Langer 's career are his two major championships . His first major win came at the 1985 Masters Tournament , where Langer won by two strokes over runners-up Seve Ballesteros , Raymond Floyd and Curtis Strange . His second major came at the 1993 Masters Tournament with a four-shot victory over Chip Beck . Langer has also finished runner-up on two occasions at The Open Championship ( 1981 and 1984 ) . After turning 50 , Langer has established himself as one of the most successful players on PGA Tour Champions and has won a record 11 senior major championships and achieved the career Senior Grand Slam ( winning each of the five major championships at least once during one 's career ) . He has won the 2010 , 2014 , 2017 and 2019 Senior Open Championship , the 2010 U.S. Senior Open , the 2016 and 2017 Regions Tradition , the 2014 , 2015 and 2016 Constellation Senior Players Championship , and the 2017 Senior PGA Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'April 6 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 26 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 13 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 21 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'November 22 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 28 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'November 29 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'October 30 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 25 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'March 26 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 1 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '166', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Faldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Faldo', 'summary': 'Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo , MBE ( born 18 July 1957 ) is an English professional golfer who is now mainly an on-air golf analyst . A top player of his era , renowned for his dedication to the game , he was ranked No . 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks . His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships : three Open Championships ( 1987 , 1990 , 1992 ) and three Masters ( 1989 , 1990 , 1996 ) . Faldo has since become a television pundit for major golf championships . In 2006 , he became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports . In 2012 , Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 13 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Faldo ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Faldo', 'summary': 'Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo , MBE ( born 18 July 1957 ) is an English professional golfer who is now mainly an on-air golf analyst . A top player of his era , renowned for his dedication to the game , he was ranked No . 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks . His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships : three Open Championships ( 1987 , 1990 , 1992 ) and three Masters ( 1989 , 1990 , 1996 ) . Faldo has since become a television pundit for major golf championships . In 2006 , he became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports . In 2012 , Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'February 3 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 6 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WAL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Woosnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Woosnam', 'summary': "Ian Harold Woosnam OBE ( born 2 March 1958 ) is a Welsh professional golfer . Nicknamed 'Woosie ' , Woosnam was one of the Big Five generation of European golfers , all born within 12 months of one another , all of whom have won majors , and made Europe competitive in the Ryder Cup . His peers in this group were Seve Ballesteros , Nick Faldo , Bernhard Langer , and Sandy Lyle . Woosnam was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 7 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 21 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Couples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Couples', 'summary': 'Frederick Steven Couples ( born October 3 , 1959 ) is an American professional golfer who has competed on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions . A former World No . 1 , he has won 64 professional tournaments , most notably the Masters Tournament in 1992 , and the Players Championship in 1984 and 1996 . In August 2011 , he won his first senior major at the Senior Players Championship and followed this up in July 2012 when he won the Senior Open Championship . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2013 . Couples garnered the nickname Boom Boom for his long , accurate driving ability off the tee during the prime of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'March 22 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 28 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Faldo ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Faldo', 'summary': 'Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo , MBE ( born 18 July 1957 ) is an English professional golfer who is now mainly an on-air golf analyst . A top player of his era , renowned for his dedication to the game , he was ranked No . 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks . His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships : three Open Championships ( 1987 , 1990 , 1992 ) and three Masters ( 1989 , 1990 , 1996 ) . Faldo has since become a television pundit for major golf championships . In 2006 , he became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports . In 2012 , Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'March 29 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Couples ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Couples', 'summary': 'Frederick Steven Couples ( born October 3 , 1959 ) is an American professional golfer who has competed on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions . A former World No . 1 , he has won 64 professional tournaments , most notably the Masters Tournament in 1992 , and the Players Championship in 1984 and 1996 . In August 2011 , he won his first senior major at the Senior Players Championship and followed this up in July 2012 when he won the Senior Open Championship . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2013 . Couples garnered the nickname Boom Boom for his long , accurate driving ability off the tee during the prime of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Faldo ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Faldo', 'summary': 'Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo , MBE ( born 18 July 1957 ) is an English professional golfer who is now mainly an on-air golf analyst . A top player of his era , renowned for his dedication to the game , he was ranked No . 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks . His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships : three Open Championships ( 1987 , 1990 , 1992 ) and three Masters ( 1989 , 1990 , 1996 ) . Faldo has since become a television pundit for major golf championships . In 2006 , he became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports . In 2012 , Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 5 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Norman ( 7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Norman', 'summary': "Gregory John Norman AO ( born 10 February 1955 ) is an Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur who spent 331 weeks as the world 's Number 1 Official World Golf Rankings ranked golfer in the 1980s and 1990s . He has won 88 professional tournaments , including 20 PGA Tour tournaments and two majors : The Open Championships in 1986 and 1993 . Norman also earned thirty top-10 finishes and was the runner-up 8 times in majors throughout his career . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001 with the highest percentage of votes ( 80% ) of any golfer to date . In a reference to his blond hair , size , aggressive golf style and his birthplace 's native coastal animal , Norman 's nickname is The Great White Shark ( often shortened to just The Shark ) , which he earned after his play at the 1981 Masters . During and after his playing career , Norman engaged in numerous entrepreneurial and philanthropic endeavors . He currently serves as the chairman and CEO of the Greg Norman Company , a global corporation with a portfolio of companies in fields like apparel , interior design , real estate , private equity , golf course design , and more . Norman has also donated to and established numerous charities and charity events like the QBE Shootout which benefits the CureSearch for Children 's Cancer fund . He became a Trustee of the Environmental Institute for Golf in 2004 and received the Golf Writers Association of America 's Bartlett Award in 2008 for his philanthropic endeavors . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , Greg Norman was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a sports legend ."}]}, {'value': 'February 6 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 13 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number one ranked men', 'section_text': '* Current number one player as of February 2 , 2020', 'uid': 'List_of_World_Number_One_male_golfers_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of golfers who have been top of the Official World Golf Ranking. As of February 16, 2020, Rory McIlroy is the number one ranked golfer. Tiger Woods has spent the most consecutive weeks (281) and most total weeks (683) in that position. The shortest time goes to Tom Lehman, who spent only one week at the top in April 1997. Three golfers have spent an entire calendar year atop the rankings: Nick Faldo (1993), Greg Norman (1996), and Woods (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009).'} | null | null | What was the year of birth of the golfer who was ranked number one from April 6 , 1986 to April 26 , 1986 ? | 1957 |
0522e6b5a1d2acb2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pigs', 'title': 'List of fictional pigs', 'header': ['Name', 'Origin', 'System ( s )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bad Piggies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angry Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A group of pigs who want to eat the Birds ' eggs", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bilgemuck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim - Dragonborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim_–_Dragonborn', 'summary': 'The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim - Dragonborn is the third and final add-on for the action role-playing open world video game The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . It was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and released by Bethesda Softworks on the Xbox Live Marketplace on December 4 , 2012 . The Microsoft Windows version was released on February 5 , 2013 , and the PlayStation 3 version was released on February 12 , 2013 . Dragonborn involves the player character ( the current Dragonborn ) coming into contact with the first Dragonborn , Miraak . The game takes place on the island of Solstheim , previously featured in the Bloodmoon expansion for The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind .'}]}, {'value': 'PC , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Personal_computer', 'summary': "A personal computer ( PC ) is a multi-purpose computer whose size , capabilities , and price make it feasible for individual use . Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user , rather than by a computer expert or technician . Unlike large costly minicomputers and mainframes , time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers . Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines . While personal computer users may develop their own applications , usually these systems run commercial software , free-of-charge software ( freeware ) , which is most often proprietary , or free and open-source software , which is provided in ready-to-run , or binary , form . Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers . Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer , although end-user programming is still feasible . This contrasts with mobile systems , where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel , and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer . Since the early 1990s , Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware dominated much of the personal computer market , first with MS-DOS and then with Microsoft Windows . Alternatives to Microsoft 's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry . These include Apple 's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems . The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Bilgemuck is a unique bristleback found on Solstheim . He can be encountered during the quest The Chief of Thirsk Hall , when the chief asks you to bring Bilgemuck back to his pen . Bilgemuck drops boar tusks and boar meat if he is killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ganon', 'summary': "Ganon , [ a ] [ b ] also known as Ganondorf [ c ] in his Gerudo form , is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda video game series . Ganon is the final boss in many Zelda titles . In the games , the character alternates between two forms : a massive , demonic boar-like creature and a tall , heavily built Gerudo , a race of desert nomad women . Ganon is the archenemy of the series ' main protagonist , Link , and the leader of the Gerudo . His specific motives vary from game to game , but most often involve capturing Princess Zelda and planning to conquer Hyrule and the world at large . [ d ] [ e ] To this end , he seeks the Triforce , an omnipotent artifact that grants any wish its bearer desires , and usually manipulates several other villains to realize his ambitions . In most games , he possesses the Triforce of Power , a third of the full Triforce that gives him godlike strength , boundless mystical power , and invulnerability to all but the most powerful sacred weapons , such as the Master Sword . The character has been well received by critics , becoming one of the most popular and recognizable villains in gaming ."}]}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda', 'summary': "The Legend of Zelda [ a ] is an action-adventure video game franchise created by Japanese game designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka . It is primarily developed and published by Nintendo , although some portable installments and re-releases have been outsourced to Capcom , Vanpool , and Grezzo . The gameplay incorporates action-adventure and elements of action RPG games . The series centers on Link , the elf-like player character and chief protagonist . Link is often given the task of rescuing Princess Zelda and the kingdom of Hyrule from Ganon , an evil warlord turned demon who is the principal antagonist of the series ; however , other settings and antagonists have appeared in several games . The plots commonly involve the Triforce , a relic representing the virtues of Courage , Wisdom and Power that together are omnipotent . The protagonist in each game is usually not the same incarnation of Link , but a few exceptions exist . Since the original Legend of Zelda was released in 1986 , the series has expanded to include 19 entries on all of Nintendo 's major game consoles , as well as a number of spin-offs . An American animated TV series based on the games aired in 1989 and individual manga adaptations commissioned by Nintendo have been produced in Japan since 1997 . The Legend of Zelda is one of Nintendo 's most prominent and successful franchises ; a number of its entries are considered to be among the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Although he originated as a humanoid being known as a Gerudo ( and has been seen in that form numerous times ) , Ganon is also known for his bestial piglike form', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hogzilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hogzilla', 'summary': "Hogzilla , a portmanteau of hog + Godzilla , was a male hybrid of wild hog and domestic pig that was shot and killed by Chris Griffin in Alapaha , Georgia , United States , on June 17 , 2004 , on Ken Holyoak 's fish farm and hunting reserve . It was alleged to be 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) long and weighed over 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg ) . It was originally widely considered a hoax . The animal 's remains were exhumed in early 2005 and studied by forensic scientists for a documentary for the National Geographic Channel . In March 2005 , these scientists confirmed that Hogzilla actually weighed 800 pounds ( 360 kg ) and was between 6.9 feet ( 2.1 m ) and 8.6 feet ( 2.6 m ) long , diminishing the previous claim . DNA testing was performed , revealing that Hogzilla was a hybrid of wild boar and domestic pig ( Hampshire breed ) . However , compared to most wild boars and domestics , Hogzilla is still an unusually large specimen . Hogzilla 's tusks measured nearly 28 inches ( 71 cm ) and 19 inches ( 48 cm ) ."}]}, {'value': "Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cabela's_Dangerous_Hunts_2", 'summary': "Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2 is a 2005 hunting video game published by Sand Grain Studios and Cabela 's . It is a sequel to the 2003 game Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A huge wild boar and boss villain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padpork', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warsow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsow_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Warsow , also stylized as War§ow , is an open source first-person shooter video game .'}]}, {'value': 'PC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Personal_computer', 'summary': "A personal computer ( PC ) is a multi-purpose computer whose size , capabilities , and price make it feasible for individual use . Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user , rather than by a computer expert or technician . Unlike large costly minicomputers and mainframes , time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers . Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines . While personal computer users may develop their own applications , usually these systems run commercial software , free-of-charge software ( freeware ) , which is most often proprietary , or free and open-source software , which is provided in ready-to-run , or binary , form . Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers . Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer , although end-user programming is still feasible . This contrasts with mobile systems , where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel , and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer . Since the early 1990s , Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware dominated much of the personal computer market , first with MS-DOS and then with Microsoft Windows . Alternatives to Microsoft 's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry . These include Apple 's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems . The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries ."}]}, {'value': 'A futuristic , sentient pig that can use advanced weaponry to massacre its enemies', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pey ' j", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond Good & Evil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_Good_&_Evil', 'summary': "Beyond Good & Evil is a 2003 action-adventure video game developed and published by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 2 , PC , Xbox and GameCube platforms . The story follows the adventures of Jade , an investigative reporter and martial artist , who works with a resistance movement to reveal a planet-wide alien conspiracy . The player controls Jade and allies , solving puzzles , fighting enemies , and obtaining photographic evidence . Michel Ancel , creator of the Rayman series , envisioned the game as the first part of a trilogy . The game was developed under the codename Project BG & E by 30 employees of Ubisoft 's studio divisions in Montpellier and Milan , with production lasting more than three years . One of the main goals of the game is to create a meaningful story while giving players lots of freedom , though the game adopts a relatively linear structure . The game was received poorly when it was shown at E3 2002 , and it prompted the developers to change some of the game 's elements , including Jade 's design . Ancel also attempted to streamline the game in order to make it more commercially appealing . Beyond Good & Evil was critically acclaimed . Critics praised the game 's animation , setting , story , and design , but criticized its combat and technical issues . The game received a nomination for Game of the Year at the 2004 Game Developers Choice Awards . While the game had a cult following , it was considered a commercial failure at launch ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pig', 'summary': 'A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus , within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae . Pigs include domestic pigs and their ancestor , the common Eurasian wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , along with other species . Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary , the babirusa , and the warthog . Pigs , like all suids , are native to the Eurasian and African continents . Juvenile pigs are known as piglets . Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals . With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time , the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world . Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food . Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research .'}]}, {'value': 'Minecraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minecraft', 'summary': 'Minecraft is a sandbox video game created by Swedish developer Markus Persson , released by Mojang in 2011 and purchased by Microsoft in 2014 . It is the single best-selling video game of all time , selling over 180 million copies across all platforms by late 2019 , with over 112 million monthly active players . In Minecraft , players explore an intentionally blocky , pixelated , procedurally-generated 3D world , and may discover and extract raw materials , craft tools , build structures or earthworks , and , depending on game mode , can fight computer-controlled foes , as well as either cooperate with or compete against other players in the same world . These modes include a survival mode , in which players must acquire resources to build the world and maintain health , and a creative mode , where players have unlimited resources . In the Java Edition , players can modify the game with mods to create new gameplay mechanics , items , textures and assets . Minecraft is critically acclaimed , winning numerous awards , and has been described as one of the most influential and greatest video games of all time . Social media , parodies , adaptations , merchandise , and the annual MineCon conventions played large roles in popularizing the game . It has also been used in educational environments , especially in the realm of computing systems , as virtual computers and hardware devices have been built in it . A number of spin-off games have also been developed , such as Minecraft : Story Mode , Minecraft Earth , and Minecraft Dungeons .'}]}, {'value': 'PC , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox_One', 'summary': "The Xbox One is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Microsoft . Announced in May 2013 , it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox series of video game consoles . It was first released in North America , parts of Europe , Australia , and South America in November 2013 , and in Japan , China , and other European countries in September 2014 . It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China , specifically in the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone . Microsoft marketed the device as an all-in-one entertainment system , hence the name 'Xbox One ' . The Xbox One mainly competes against Sony 's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from its predecessor 's PowerPC-based architecture , the Xbox One marks a shift back to the x86 architecture used in the original Xbox ; it features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built around the x86-64 instruction set . Xbox One 's controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360 's , with a redesigned body , D-pad , and triggers capable of delivering directional haptic feedback . The console places an increased emphasis on cloud computing , as well as social networking features , and the ability to record and share video clips or screenshots from gameplay , or live-stream directly to streaming services such as Mixer and Twitch . Games can also be played off-console via a local area network on supported Windows 10 devices . The console can play Blu-ray Disc , and overlay live television programming from an existing set-top box or a digital tuner for digital terrestrial television with an enhanced program guide . The console optionally included a redesigned Kinect sensor , marketed as the Kinect 2.0 , providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'When struck by lightning , becomes a humanoid zombified version known as a Zombie Pigman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pigma Dengar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigma_Dengar', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the Star Fox series of video games , listed in order of introduction . According to programmer Dylan Cuthbert , several names of animals were used in the names of the characters whenever the development team believed they , for those characters , [ sounded ] good .'}]}, {'value': 'Star Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Fox_(series)', 'summary': "Star Fox [ a ] is a spaceship shooter game series created by Nintendo . The games follow a combat team of anthropomorphic animals called Star Fox , led by chief protagonist Fox McCloud . Gameplay involves adventures around the Lylat planetary system in the futuristic Arwing fighter aircraft , in other vehicles and on foot . The original Star Fox ( 1993 ) was a forward-scrolling 3D rail shooter , though later titles added more directional freedom . The first game in the series , developed by Nintendo EAD and programmed by Argonaut Software , used the Super FX Chip to create the first accelerated 3D gaming experience on a home console . The Super FX Chip was an additional math co-processor that was built into the cartridge and helped the Super NES better render the game 's graphics . The Super FX Chip has been used in other Super NES games as well , some with increased processing speed . Its reboot , Star Fox 64 , further revolutionized the video game industry by being the first Nintendo 64 game to feature the Rumble Pak . Due to perceived issues with the German company StarVox , Star Fox and Star Fox 64 were released in PAL region territories as Starwing and Lylat Wars respectively . However , as of Star Fox Adventures , Nintendo went back on this decision so future games could be released worldwide with the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNES', 'summary': "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , [ b ] also known as the Super NES [ c ] or Super Nintendo , [ d ] is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , [ citation needed ] 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom ( SFC ) . [ e ] In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy [ f ] and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The system was released in Brazil on August 30 , 1993 , by Playtronic . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another . The SNES is Nintendo 's second programmable home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The system was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges to be competitive into the next generation . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega 's Genesis console in North America and Europe . Overlapping the NES 's 61.9 million unit sales , the SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003 . It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers , with new homebrew games and Nintendo 's emulated rereleases , such as on the Virtual Console , the Super NES Classic Edition , and Nintendo Switch Online ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor Chops', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donkey Kong Country Returns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_Returns', 'summary': "Donkey Kong Country Returns is a side-scrolling platformer video game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Wii console . The game was released first in North America in November 2010 , and in PAL regions and Japan the following month . A stereoscopic port of the game , titled Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in May 2013 , and in Japan the following month . The game 's story focuses on a group of evil creatures called Tikis known as the Tiki Tak Tribe that arrive on Donkey Kong Island , and hypnotize the island 's animals to steal Donkey Kong 's bananas . This forces him to retrieve the hoard with the help of his friend Diddy Kong . Donkey Kong Country Returns was the first traditional home console Donkey Kong game since the release of Donkey Kong Jungle Beat in 2004 , and also the first Donkey Kong Country entry not to involve video game developer Rare . The game was a critical and commercial success ; it has sold over 6.53 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling games on the Wii . A sequel , Donkey Kong Country : Tropical Freeze , was released for the Wii U in February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wii , Nintendo 3DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii', 'summary': "The Wii ( /wiː/ WEE ; known unofficially as the Nintendo Wii ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19 , 2006 . As a seventh-generation console , the Wii competed with Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 . Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others . As of the first quarter of 2016 [ update ] , the Wii led its generation over the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in worldwide sales , with more than 101 million units sold ; in December 2009 , the console broke the sales record for a single month in the United States . The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . The console runs games supplied on Wii optical discs . It also supported the now discontinued WiiConnect24 service , which enabled Wii to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . Like other seventh-generation consoles it supported a service , called Virtual Console , that downloaded emulated games from past Nintendo consoles , support for online video streaming such as BBC iPlayer , and other services provided by Nintendo over the Internet . From June 28 , 2013 , Internet services were gradually discontinued ; since January 31 , 2019 , only re-download of games , system software update , and transfer of data between Wii and Wii U continued to be available , to be withdrawn at an unspecified future date . Wii Points could no longer be purchased after March 2018 , and could not be used and were permanently lost from January 31 , 2019 . The Wii succeeded the GameCube ; early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games and most accessories . Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E3 2004 press conference and later unveiled it at E3 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_3DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo 3DS [ a ] is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo . It is capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or additional accessories . Nintendo announced the console in March 2010 and officially unveiled it at E3 2010 on June 15 . The console succeeds the Nintendo DS , featuring backward compatibility with older Nintendo DS video games . Its primary competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Vita . The handheld offers new features such as the StreetPass and SpotPass tag modes , powered by Nintendo Network ; augmented reality , using its 3D cameras ; and Virtual Console , which allows owners to download and play games originally released on older video game systems . It is also pre-loaded with various applications including an online distribution store called Nintendo eShop ; a social networking service called Miiverse ( shut down in 2017 ) ; an Internet Browser ; the Netflix , Hulu Plus and YouTube streaming video services ; Nintendo Video ; a messaging application called Swapnote ( known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia ) ; and Mii Maker . The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 . Less than six months later on July 28 , 2011 , Nintendo announced a significant price reduction from US $ 249 to US $ 169 amid disappointing launch sales . The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price . This strategy was considered a major success , and the console went on to become one of Nintendo 's most successful handheld consoles in the first two years of its release . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , the Nintendo 3DS family of systems combined have sold 75.71 million units ."}]}, {'value': "Serves as the level 's checkpoint", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snorty', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Cabela 's Big Game Hunter ( 2007 video game )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cabela's_Big_Game_Hunter_(2007_video_game)", 'summary': "Cabela 's Big Game Hunter is a hunting video game series published by HeadGames Publishing , Inc and Activision from 1998 to 2014 , named after retailer Cabela 's ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A huge male Wild Boar in the New Zealand level', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Boar', 'summary': "The wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , also known as the wild swine , Common wild pig , or simply wild pig , is a suid native to much of the Americas , Eurasia , North Africa , and the Greater Sunda Islands . Human intervention has spread its distribution further , making the species one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world , as well as the most widely spread suiform . Its wide range , high numbers , and adaptability mean that it is classed as least concern by the IUCN and it has become an invasive species in part of its introduced range . The animal probably originated in Southeast Asia during the Early Pleistocene , and outcompeted other suid species as it spread throughout the Old World . As of 1990 , up to 16 subspecies are recognized , which are divided into four regional groupings based on skull height and lacrimal bone length . The species lives in matriarchal societies consisting of interrelated females and their young ( both male and female ) . Fully grown males are usually solitary outside the breeding season . The grey wolf , coyote , american alligator , jaguar , bobcat , lynx , cougar , and black bear , and brown bear is the wild boar 's main predators in the world , throughout most of its range , except in the Far East and the Lesser Sunda Islands , where it is replaced by the tiger , leopard , asiatic lion , and Komodo dragon , respectively . It has a long history of association with humans , having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia . Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs ; these boar-pig hybrids have become a serious pest wild animal in Australia , Canada , United States , and Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Tutty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aion : The Tower of Eternity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aion:_The_Tower_of_Eternity', 'summary': "Aion : The Tower of Eternity ( Korean : 아이온 : 영원의 탑 ) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) released by NCSOFT . The game combines PvP and PvE ( a concept the developers call PvPvE ) in a fantasy game environment . As of May 20 , 2009 , Aion had 3.5 million subscribers in Asia . AION 's first major expansion pack was released to North America and Europe on September 7 , 2010 under the name AION : Assault on Balaurea . On February 29 , 2012 AION changed publisher in Europe while North American Truly Free launched on April 11 , 2012 with no restrictions . Aion 's second major expansion was released in North America on June 26 , 2013 under the name Aion : Dark Betrayal . Its most recent expansion was launched on July 13 , 2016 under the name Aion : Echoes of Eternity . [ full citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris P. Bacon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banjo Tooie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A pig from Jolly Rodgers Lagoon', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'In media -- Video games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_pigs_6', 'intro': 'This page contains a list of pigs in various categories of fiction, including pigs and warthogss.'} | null | null | What is the pig name whose origin is an open source first-person shooter video game ? | Padpork |
0525848d57721994 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China', 'title': 'Succession of power in China', 'header': ['Hanzi', 'Name', 'Year of birth', 'K', 'Office ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '习近平', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi Jinping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xi_Jinping', 'summary': "Xi Jinping ( /ʃiː dʒɪnˈpɪŋ/ ; Chinese : 习近平 ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ ɕǐ tɕîn.pʰǐŋ ] ; born 15 June 1953 ) is a Chinese politician serving as the general secretary of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , president of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , and chairman of the Central Military Commission ( CMC ) . Xi has been the paramount leader , the highest-ranking official in China , since 2012 and he officially received the title of leadership core from the CPC in 2016 . The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun , he was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father 's purge during the Cultural Revolution , and lived in a cave in the village of Liangjiahe , where he worked as the party secretary . After studying at the Tsinghua University as a Worker-Peasant-Soldier student , Xi rose through the ranks politically in China 's coastal provinces . Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002 . He was also governor , then party secretary of neighbouring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007 . Following the dismissal of the party secretary of Shanghai Chen Liangyu , Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007 . He joined the Politburo Standing Committee and central secretariat in October 2007 , spending the next five years as Chinese paramount leader Hu Jintao 's presumed successor . Xi was vice president from 2008 to 2013 and vice chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2010 to 2012 . Xi is the first general secretary born after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China . Since assuming power , Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to impose internal unity . His anti-corruption campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired Communist Party officials , including members of the Politburo Standing Committee ."}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "General Secretary of the Communist Party of China President of the People 's Republic of China Chairman of the Central Military Commission", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China', 'summary': "The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese : 中国共产党中央委员会总书记 ) is head of the Communist Party of China and the highest-ranking official within the People 's Republic of China . The General Secretary is a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat . The officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of China . According to the Constitution , the General Secretary serves as an ex officio member of the Politburo Standing Committee , China 's de facto top decision-making body . Since 1989 , the holder of the post has been , except for transitional periods , the Chairman of the Central Military Commission , making the holder the Supreme Military Command of the People 's Liberation Army . [ note 1 ] The General Secretary is nominally elected by the Central Committee . In practice , the de facto method of selecting the General Secretary has varied over time . The two most recent General Secretaries , Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping , were first elevated to the position of First Secretary of the Secretariat in the same process used to select the membership and roles of the Politburo Standing Committee . Under this informal process , the First Secretary would succeed the retiring General Secretary as part of a generational leadership transition . The current General Secretary is Xi Jinping , who took office on 15 November 2012 and was re-elected on 25 October 2017 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/President_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China", 'summary': "The president of the People 's Republic of China is the head of state of the People 's Republic of China . Under the country 's constitution , the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited power . However , since 1993 , as a matter of convention , the presidency has been held simultaneously by the general secretary of the Communist Party of China , the top leader in the one party system . The presidency is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post ; theoretically , the president serves at the pleasure of the National People 's Congress , the legislature , and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative . [ note 1 ] The current president is Xi Jinping , who took office in March 2013 . Since 1993 , apart from brief periods of transition , the top leader of China simultaneously serves as the president , the leader of the party ( as General Secretary ) , and the commander-in-chief of the military ( as the chairman of the Central Military Commission ) . This individual then carries out different duties under separate titles . For example , the leader meets foreign dignitaries and receives ambassadors in his capacity as President , issues military directives as Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and upholds party rule as the general secretary of the Communist Party of China . The presidency was first established in the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China in 1954 and successively held by Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi . Liu fell into political disgrace during the Cultural Revolution , after which the presidency became vacant . The presidency was abolished under the Constitution of 1975 , then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982 , but with reduced powers . The official English-language translation of the title was Chairman ; after 1982 , this translation was changed to President , although the Chinese title remains unchanged ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission', 'summary': "The Chairman of the Central Military Commission ( Chinese : 中央军事委员会主席 ) is the head of the Central Military Commission of the People 's Republic of China ( CMC ) and thereby the commander-in-chief of the People 's Liberation Army . The officeholder is usually General Secretary of the Communist Party of China or Chairman of the Communist Party of China . According to Chapter 3 , Section 4 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , The Central Military Commission of the People 's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country . The Central Military Commission is composed of the following : The Chairman ; The Vice-Chairmen ; and Members . The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People 's Congress . Two people currently serve as Vice-Chairmen . The CMC Chairman is the supreme commander of the world 's largest military forces , People 's Liberation Army , People 's Armed Police and People 's Liberation Army militia . Furthermore , the officeholder is vested with the command authority over the nuclear arsenals . According to the principle of Party Commands the Gun [ zh ] , the officeholder of this post would also assume the responsibility of the state counterpart ."}]}, {'value': '李克强', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Keqiang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Keqiang', 'summary': "Li Keqiang ( /liː kəˈtʃjɑːŋ/ ; Chinese : 李克强 ; Mandarin : [ lì kʰɤ̂.tɕʰjǎŋ ] ; born 1 July 1955 ) is a Chinese politician who is the current Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China . An economist by trade , Li is China 's head of government as well as one of the leading figures behind China 's Financial and Economic Affairs , Foreign Affairs , National Security and Deepening Reforms . He is also the second-ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China , the de facto top decision-making body of the country . Li is a major part of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership along with General Secretary Xi Jinping . Li was named the world 's 12th most powerful person by Forbes in their list of the world 's most powerful people in 2015 and 2016 . Li rose through the ranks through his involvement in the Communist Youth League . From 1998 to 2004 , Li served as the Governor of Henan and the province 's party secretary . From 2004 to 2007 he served as the Party Secretary of Liaoning , the top political office in the province . From 2008 to 2013 , Li served as the first-ranked Vice-Premier [ note 1 ] under then-Premier Wen Jiabao , overseeing a broad portfolio which included economic development , price controls , finance , climate change , and macroeconomic management . Given his Youth League experience , Li has generally been considered a political ally of former leader Hu Jintao . Li assumed the post of Premier in 2013 , and has facilitated the Chinese government 's shifting of priorities from export-led growth to a greater focus on internal consumption . Li has also been a major force behind the implementation of the comprehensively deepening reforms announced in the fall of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of the State Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_the_State_Council', 'summary': "The Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China , sometimes also referred to informally as the Prime Minister , is the Leader of the State Council of China ( a.k.a . the Central People 's Government ) , who is the head of government and holds the highest rank ( Level 1 ) in the Civil Service . This position replaced the role of Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People 's Government ( Chinese : 中央人民政府政务院总理 ) , which existed from 1949 to 1954 . The Premier is formally approved by the National People 's Congress upon the nomination of the President . In practice , the candidate is chosen within the Communist Party of China through the same process that determines the composition of the Politburo Standing Committee . Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years . The premier is limited to two terms , but the president is not . The Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China . The current Premier is Li Keqiang , who took office on 15 March 2013 . He succeeded Wen Jiabao ."}]}, {'value': '栗战书', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Zhanshu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Zhanshu', 'summary': "Li Zhanshu ( Chinese : 栗战书 ; pinyin : Lì Zhànshū ; born August 30 , 1950 ) is a Chinese politician , and the current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress , head of China 's top legislative body . He is a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , China 's top decision-making body . Li began his political career in rural regions of his native Hebei province , methodically rising through the ranks as the Communist Party Secretary of Xi'an , Governor of Heilongjiang province , and the Party Secretary of Guizhou province . In 2012 he was transferred to become chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China . Following the 18th Party Congress , Li became one of the top advisors to party General Secretary Xi Jinping ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chairman of the National People 's Congress Standing Committee", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/National_People's_Congress_Standing_Committee", 'summary': "The Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ; Chinese : 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 ) is the permanent body of the National People 's Congress ( NPC ) of the People 's Republic of China . Both the NPC and the NPCSC exercise the legislative power of the state . The NPCSC oversees the election of the NPC , and can extend the term of the current NPC by a put off election by at most a year with a two thirds majority vote . The NPCSC convenes the NPC once a year , and may do so when it finds it necessary or with a proposal from one fifth of NPC 's members . The NPCSC holds power until the succeeding NPC elects its standing committee . Members of the NPCSC must not , at the same time , hold executive , judicial , supervisory positions . In contrast , members of the NPC do not have this restriction . The NPCSC has the power to interpret the laws of the PRC , including its constitution . In contrast to other countries in which stare decisis gives the power of both final interpretation and adjudication to a supreme court , within Mainland China constitutional and legal interpretation is considered to be a legislative activity rather than a judicial one , and the functions are split so that the NPCSC provides legal interpretations while the Supreme People 's Court actually decides cases . Because an interpretation of the NPCSC is legislative in nature and not judicial , it does not affect cases which have already been decided . A notable use of the constitutional interpretation power occurred in 1999 over the Right of Abode issue in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Lau Kong Yung v. Director of Immigration . The NPCSC interpreted the Basic Law of Hong Kong in accordance with the position taken by the Hong Kong government with respect to the eligibility of permanent residency in Hong Kong ."}]}, {'value': '汪洋', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)', 'summary': "Wang Yang ( Chinese : 汪洋 ; born 12 March 1955 ) is a Chinese politician . He is a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , and Chairman of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . Wang was one of the four Vice Premiers of China in Premier Li Keqiang 's Government between 2013 and 2018 . Until December 2012 , he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong , the province 's top political office . He served as the party secretary of Chongqing , an interior municipality , from 2005 to 2007 . Wang also held a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China beginning in 2007 . Wang is seen as one of the leading reformers in China 's top leadership , and is often credited with pioneering the Guangdong model of development , characterized by an emphasis on private enterprise , economic growth and a greater role for civil society . He is widely considered to be one of the most strongly 'liberal ' members of the Chinese elite , advocating for economic and political reform ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference", 'summary': "The Chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference ( simplified Chinese : 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会主席 ; traditional Chinese : 中國人民政治協商會議全國委員會主席 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhèngzhì Xiéshāng Huìyì Quanguo Weiyuanhui Zhǔxí ) is the leader of the National Committee of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference ( National CPPCC ) , which is a political advisory body in the People 's Republic of China . The current Chairman is Wang Yang , who is the 4th-ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee ."}]}, {'value': '王沪宁', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Huning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Huning', 'summary': "Wang Huning ( Chinese : 王沪宁 ; born October 6 , 1955 ) is a Chinese political theorist and one of the top leaders of the Communist Party of China , a current member of the party 's Politburo Standing Committee ( China 's top decision-making body ) and first-ranked secretary of the party 's Secretariat . He served as secretary of the Secretariat between 2007 and 2012 , and as the head of the Central Policy Research Office since 2002 . He was named chairman of Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization in November 2017 . Wang is believed to have been one of the principal architects behind the official political ideologies of three paramount leaders : Three Represents by Jiang Zemin , the Scientific Development Concept by Hu Jintao , and the Chinese Dream and Xi Jinping Thought of Xi Jinping ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Secretary of the Central Secretariat ( first-ranked )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China', 'summary': "The Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China is a body serving the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and its Standing Committee . The secretariat is mainly responsible for carrying out routine operations of the Politburo and the coordination of organizations and stakeholders to achieve tasks as set out by the Politburo . It is empowered by the Politburo to make routine day-to-day decisions on issues of concern in accordance to the decisions of the Politburo , but it must consult the Politburo on substantive matters . The secretariat was set up in January 1934 . It is nominally headed by General Secretary , though the position of General Secretary was not always one and the same as the top party leader . Secretaries of the secretariat ( Shujichu Shuji ) are considered some of the most important political positions in the Communist Party and in contemporary China more generally . By protocol , its members are ranked above the vice chairmen of the National People 's Congress as well as State Councilors . The General Secretary presides over the work of the secretariat ."}]}, {'value': '赵乐际', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhao Leji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhao_Leji', 'summary': "Zhao Leji ( Chinese : 赵乐际 ; born 8 March 1957 ) is a senior leader of the Communist Party of China and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the party 's top anti-corruption body . Additionally , he is a member of the Politburo Standing Committee , the party 's top decision making body . In his earlier political career , he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Qinghai , the party secretary of Shaanxi , and the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China . He entered the Politburo in 2012 , and was promoted to the Standing Committee five years later ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection', 'summary': "The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( CCDI ) [ note 1 ] is the highest internal control institution of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , tasked with enforcing internal rules and regulations and combating corruption and malfeasance in the Party . Since the vast majority of officials at all levels of government are also Communist Party members , the commission is in practice the top anti-corruption body in China . The modern commission was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978 . Control systems had existed previously under the name Central Control Commission for a brief period in 1927 and again between 1955 and 1968 , and under its present name from 1949 to 1955 . It was disbanded during the Cultural Revolution in 1969 . In 1993 , the internal operations of the agency and the government 's Ministry of Supervision ( MOS ) were merged . Although the commission is theoretically independent of the Party 's executive institutions such as the Central Committee and its Politburo , historically the work of the CCDI has been directed by the Party 's top leaders . However , beginning with Hu Jintao 's term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in November 2002 , and especially following Xi Jinping 's assumption of the party leadership in November 2012 , the CCDI has undergone significant reforms to make it more independent from party operations below the Central Committee . According to the Party 's Constitution , the members of the CCDI are elected by the National Congress and serve for a term of five years . After the national congress in which it is elected , the CCDI convenes to elect its Secretary , deputy secretaries , secretary general and Standing Committee . Elected officials must then be endorsed by the Central Committee to take office . The Secretary of the CCDI has , since 1997 , been a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and , since 2009 , served as the leader of the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work ."}]}, {'value': '韩正', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han Zheng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Han_Zheng', 'summary': 'Han Zheng ( Chinese : 韩正 ; pinyin : Hán Zhèng ; born April 1954 ) is a Chinese politician serving as Vice Premier of the State Council and Politburo Standing Committee member of the Communist Party of China . He served as Mayor of Shanghai between 2003 and 2012 . In November 2012 , he was promoted to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai , the top political post in the city , and also gained a seat on the Politburo . Han was once considered a member of the Shanghai clique , headed by former Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Premier of the State Council ( first-ranked )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_State_Council', 'summary': "The Vice-Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China ( simplified Chinese : 中华人民共和国国务院副总理 ; traditional Chinese : 中華人民共和國國務院副總理 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guówùyuàn Fùzǒnglǐ ) are high-ranking executive assistants to the Premier . Generally , the title is held by multiple individuals at one time , with each Vice Premier holding a broad portfolio of responsibilities . The highest-ranked office holder is informally called the First-ranked Vice Premier ( Senior Vice Premier ) . The 1st-ranked VP takes over duties of the Premier at the time of the latter 's incapacity . Current Vice -Premiers , in order of rank , are Han Zheng , Sun Chunlan , Hu Chunhua and Liu He . In irregular instances , the position of a Senior Vice-Premier ( 第一副总理 ) has been named either to indicate degree of power , nominal power , or when the Premier is incapacitated and requires a full-time assistant to carry out his regular duties . The most prominent case of this is Deng Xiaoping between 1978 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '丁薛祥', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ding Xuexiang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang', 'summary': "Ding Xuexiang ( Chinese : 丁薛祥 ; born September 1962 ) is an important political aide of Xi Jinping , current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China . Ding is the current director of the General Office of the Communist Party of China . Ding served on Xi 's staff beginning in Shanghai , then followed him to Beijing . He is also a member of the 19th Party Politburo , and a Secretary of the Party Secretariat ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of the General Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China', 'summary': "The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , often referred to as the Central Office ( 中办 ) , is an office directly under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in charge of the routine administrative affairs of the Central Committee and its Politburo . The office is responsible for drafting and circulating party directives and internal memos , as well as the classification of party information . It is in charge of arranging logistics for major meetings of the Central Committee and its Politburo . It is responsible for preparing meeting agendas , recording and filing meeting minutes , and distribution of communications to meeting stakeholders . Although its business is often not overtly political , its Directors have historically had close connections with the Party 's top leaders , and usually join the Politburo or the Secretariat after their period leading the General Office . The Director of the General office has been informally referred to as the Danei Zongguan ( 大内总管 ) , roughly translated as the gatekeeper or head eunuch . The General Office 's establishment date is uncertain , though it existed by 1942 as Li Fuchun was its chief at that time ; previously , its functions were exercised by the Organization Department or technical secretariats ."}]}, {'value': '王晨', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Chen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)', 'summary': "Wang Chen ( Chinese : 王晨 ; pinyin : Wáng Chén ; born December 1950 ) is a Chinese journalist and politician . He served as Director of State Council Information Office from 2008 to 2013 , and currently serves as the Secretary-General of the 12th National People 's Congress Standing Committee . Wang was born in Beijing in 1950 . He served in Guangming Daily agency for many years , and became the editor in chief of that newspaper in 1995 . In June 2000 he was appointed as Deputy Director of Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China . In August 2001 , he became the Editor in Chief of People 's Daily . In October of same year , he became vice chairman of China National Journalist Association . He was promoted to president of People 's Daily Agency . In March 2003 , he became the chairman of Chinese Newspapers Association . From 2008 to 2013 , he served as Director of the Information Office of the State Council . He was appointed Director of the newly created State Internet Information Office under the Information Office in May 2011 . He is a member of the 19th Party Politburo ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress", 'summary': "The Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( simplified Chinese : 全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长 ; traditional Chinese : 全國人民代表大會常務委員會副委員長 ; pinyin : Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì Fùwěiyuánzhăng ) is a political office in the People 's Republic of China . According to the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Vice-Chairpersons are responsible for assisting the Chairman in performing his duties as chair of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress . Since 1982 , Vice-Chairpersons are appointed for a term of five years , and can not serve for more than two terms , similar with the Deputy Speaker of the Chinese Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '刘鹤', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liu He', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_He_(politician)', 'summary': "Liu He ( Chinese : 刘鹤 ; pinyin : Liú Hè ; born 25 January 1952 ) is a Chinese economist and politician , a current member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China . Liu is also the director of the Office serving the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission of the Communist Party of China ; the latter headed by Party General Secretary Xi Jinping . He was named vice-premier on 19 March 2018 and is heading the Financial Stability and Development Committee ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Premier of the State Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '许其亮', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xu Qiliang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Qiliang', 'summary': "Xu Qiliang ( Chinese : 许其亮 ; pinyin : Xǔ Qíliàng ; born March 1950 ) is an air force general in the People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) of the People 's Republic of China . He currently serves as Vice chairman of the Central Military Commission , and was Commander of the PLAAF from 2007 to 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '§', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission', 'summary': "The office of Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission ( CMC ) functions as the deputy to the CMC Chairman . Currently , two People 's Liberation Army generals serve as vice-chairman ."}]}, {'value': '孙春兰', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Chunlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Chunlan', 'summary': "Sun Chunlan ( Chinese : 孙春兰 ; born May 1950 ) is a Chinese politician , a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China , and a Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China . From 2009 to 2014 , Sun served in two prominent regional posts , first as Communist Party Secretary of Fujian province , then Party Secretary of Tianjin , one of China 's four direct-controlled municipalities . Her tenure in Fujian made her the second female provincial-level party chief since the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 ( the first was Wan Shaofen ) . Between 2014 and 2017 , she served as head of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . Prior to Sun leading Fujian , Sun served as the party chief of the coastal city of Dalian and as the First Secretary of All-China Federation of Trade Unions ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '♀', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Premier of the State Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '李希', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Xi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Xi_(born_1956)', 'summary': "Li Xi ( Chinese : 李希 ; pinyin : Lǐ Xī ; born October 1956 ) is a Chinese politician . He is a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and the current Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province . Li spent much of his career in northwestern China , and served as the party chief of the revolutionary base of Yan'an . He then served as the deputy party chief of Shanghai , then Governor of Liaoning province , then promoted to party secretary ."}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Party Secretary of Guangdong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangdong', 'summary': "Guangdong ( alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung ) is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of South China Sea . The capital of the province is Guangzhou . With a population of 113.46 million ( as of 2018 ) across a total area of about 179,800 km2 ( 69,400 sq mi ) , Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area . Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 6th largest sub-national economy in the world with a GDP size of 1.47 trillion US dollars ( 9.73 trillion Chinese yuan ) in 2018 . The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone , a Chinese megalopolis , is a core for high technology , manufacturing and foreign trade . Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP ; Guangzhou , the capital of the province , and Shenzhen , the first special economic zone in the country . These two are among the most populous and important cities in China , and have now become two of the world 's most populous megacities . The province of Guangdong surpassed Henan and Shandong to become the most populous province in China in January 2005 , registering 79.1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year ; the total population was 104,303,132 in the 2010 census , accounting for 7.79 percent of Mainland China 's population . This makes it the most populous first-level administrative subdivision of any country outside of South Asia , as its population is surpassed only by those of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the Indian states of Bihar , Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh . Its population increase since the census has been modest , the province registering 108,500,000 people in 2015 . Most of the historical Guangdong Province is administered by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . However , the archipelagos of Pratas in the South China Sea are controlled by the Republic of China ( ROC , a.k.a ."}]}, {'value': '李强', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Qiang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Qiang_(politician,_born_1959)', 'summary': 'Li Qiang ( Chinese : 李强 ; born July 1959 ) is a Chinese politician and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China . He is the current Party Secretary of Shanghai , and formerly served as Governor of Zhejiang ( 2012-2016 ) and Party Secretary of Jiangsu ( 2016-2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Party Secretary of Shanghai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': '李鸿忠', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Hongzhong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Hongzhong', 'summary': 'Li Hongzhong ( Chinese : 李鸿忠 ; born August 1956 ) is a Chinese politician , serving as Communist Party Secretary of Tianjin and a member of the 19th Politburo of the Communist Party of China . Born in Shenyang , Li spent much of his early career in Guangdong province , most notably as mayor , then party secretary of Shenzhen . He was transferred to Hubei province in 2007 ; he would go on to serve as Governor and party secretary there . During his term in Hubei , Li generated controversy after grabbing a recording pen from the hand of a journalist .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Party Secretary of Tianjin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': '胡春华', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hu Chunhua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hu_Chunhua', 'summary': "Hu Chunhua ( Chinese : 胡春华 ; born April 1963 ) is a Chinese politician , a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China , and a Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China . He worked in Tibet for much of his career and ascended the party ranks partly through the Communist Youth League . He is popularly known as little Hu due to the similarities of his career with that of former Party General Secretary Hu Jintao ( no relation ) . He became China 's youngest governor when he took the position in Hebei province in 2008 . He was then promoted to Party Secretary of Inner Mongolia in 2009 . In 2012 , he was named Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong and entered the Politburo ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Premier of the State Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '杨洁篪', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yang Jiechi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Jiechi', 'summary': "Yang Jiechi ( Chinese : 杨洁篪 ; born 1 May 1950 ) is a high-ranking Chinese politician and diplomat . Since 2013 , he has served as director of the Office of Foreign Affairs of the Communist Party of China under Party General Secretary Xi Jinping . He is generally regarded as one of the foremost contemporary architects of China 's foreign policy . Yang served as the tenth Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China between 2007 and 2013 . He joined the inner circle of the State Council in 2013 , as a State Councilor under Premier Li Keqiang . Yang spent much of his professional life in the United States , where he served as Chinese Ambassador from 2001 to 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of the Office of Foreign Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission', 'summary': "The Central Foreign Affairs Commission ( simplified Chinese : 中央外事工作委员会 ; traditional Chinese : 中央外事工作委員會 ; pinyin : Zhōngyāng Wàishì Gōngzuò Wěiyuánhuì ) , formerly known as the Central Foreign Affairs Leading ( Small ) Group ( FALG or FALSG ; simplified Chinese : 中央外事工作领导小组 ; traditional Chinese : 中央外事工作領導小組 ; pinyin : Zhōngyāng Wàishì Gōngzuò Lǐngdǎo Xiǎozǔ ) is a commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that exercises general oversight on matters related to foreign affairs . It is currently chaired by Party General Secretary and President Xi Jinping , who is assisted by its office director and Premier Li Keqiang is deputy director . Politburo member Yang Jiechi , and its membership includes officials of minister-rank and above . The FALG became much more important in the 1990s as the PRC leadership became much more institutionalized and less focused on factional and informal politics . Since 1993 the leader of the group had also served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People 's Republic of China . The main execution body of the FALG is the Foreign Affairs Office . In March 2018 , the leading group was redesignated the Central Foreign Affairs Commission ."}]}, {'value': '杨晓渡', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yang Xiaodu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Xiaodu', 'summary': 'Yang Xiaodu ( Chinese : 杨晓渡 ; pinyin : Yáng Xiǎodù ; born October 1953 ) is a Chinese politician , the Director of the National Supervisory Commission , and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China . He has served in Shanghai and Tibet during his early political career . Since 2014 , he has also been a Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( CCDI ) , the leading anti-graft body of the Communist Party of China .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of the National Supervisory Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission', 'summary': "National Supervisory Commission of the People 's Republic of China is the highest anti-corruption agency of the People 's Republic of China , at the same administrative ranking as Supreme People 's Court and Supreme People 's Procuratorate . Its operations are merged with the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China . The National Supervision Commission was formed at the first session of the 13th National People 's Congress in 2018 . The Commission includes the director , deputy director , and ordinary members and the director is appointed by the National People 's Congress ."}]}, {'value': '张又侠', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Youxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Youxia', 'summary': "Zhang Youxia ( Chinese : 张又侠 ; born July 1950 ) is a general in the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) of China and current the second-ranked Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Central Military Commission ( CMC ) . He previously served as Head of the CMC Equipment Development Department , and its predecessor , the PLA General Armaments Department , from 2012 to 2017 . He is the son of General Zhang Zongxun . He is a veteran of the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War and one of the few serving generals in China with war experience ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '§', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission', 'urls': []}, {'value': '陈希', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chen Xi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chen_Xi_(politician)', 'summary': 'Chen Xi ( Chinese : 陈希 ; born September 1953 ) is a Chinese politician currently serving as the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China . Since 2017 , Chen has also been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and a Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China , and President of the Central Party School . A graduate from Tsinghua University , Chen served as the party chief of the prestigious institution from 2002 to 2008 . Thereafter he served as a vice-minister of education and Vice Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Head of the Organization Department', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China', 'summary': "The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( simplified Chinese : 中国共产党中央委员会组织部 ; traditional Chinese : 中國共產黨中央委員會組織部 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zǔzhībù ) is a human resource management department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that controls staffing positions within the CPC . The Organization Department is one of the most important organs of the CPC . It is a secretive and highly trusted agency , and forms the institutional heart of the Leninist party system . It controls the more than 70 million party personnel assignments throughout the national system , and compiles detailed and confidential reports on future potential leaders of the Party . Because the People 's Republic of China is a one party state , the Organization Department has an enormous amount of control over personnel within the PRC . The Organization Department is indispensable to the CPC 's power , and the key to its hold over personnel throughout every level of government and industry . It is one of the key agencies of the Central Committee , along with the Central Propaganda Department and International Liaison Department ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Constitutional Mechanism', 'section_text': "Constitutional power in the People 's Republic of China is held by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party ( CCCPC ) . Although this group of approximately 300 members does not have power in the same way as a traditional legislative body , the most important and senior officials of the Chinese government are all members . Within the CCCPC is the Politburo of the Communist Party of China . This body is a group of 25 individuals ( currently 23 men and two women ) who govern the Communist Party of China ( CCP ) . Theoretically , the Politburo is elected by the CCCPC ; however , in practice any new member of the Politburo is chosen by the current members . Politburo members hold positions in China 's national government and regional positions of power simultaneously thereby consolidating the CCP ’ s power . In the case of key policy decisions , topics are addressed in the Politburo which then determines actions to be taken by the national and local government . The policy direction for the entire country rests in the hands of these 25 individuals who meet together once a month . Admission into the Politburo is extremely difficult . Tight control over the body is exercised by current members who vet potential members carefully to maintain the balance of power . Good political relationships within the Politburo are essential for admittance into the group . All members of the Politburo are elected for five year terms . [ 4 ] 18th Politburo In stroke order of surnames :", 'uid': "Succession_of_power_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_0", 'intro': "The succession of power in China takes place in the context of a single party system. Despite the guarantee of universal franchise in the constitution, the appointment of the Paramount Leader lies largely in the hands of his predecessor and the powerful factions that control the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The appointment of the leader of the worlds most populous country occurs after two five year terms in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China."} | null | null | What is the year of birth of the leader who is believed to have been one of the principal architects behind the official political ideologies of three paramount leaders ? | 1955 |
0526128b55b9b653 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cairnlea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairnlea_FC', 'summary': "Albion Rovers FC is a football ( soccer ) club based in Cairnlea , Victoria , Australia . The club was formed by the amalgamation of Royal Park Soccer Club and Albion Rovers Soccer Club in 1985 . Since this time , the club has enjoyed success playing at the highest levels in Victorian football including finals campaigns in the Victorian Premier League ( VPL ) , a host of Victorian State League titles and many League Cups . A combined five league titles between the Men and Women 's team have given the club the most successful record of any Turkish backed club in Australian history . Currently the club 's Senior Men team play in the Victorian State League Division 2 N/W competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Cairns FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairns_FC', 'summary': 'Cairns FC , previously known as FNQ FC Heat , is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in the regional city of Cairns , in the far north of Queensland . Founded in 2012 , the club was awarded a licence to compete in the National Premier Leagues Queensland in the 2018 season , with matches played from Barlow Park . The club relinquished their licence at the end of the 2018 due to financial issues .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland', 'summary': "The National Premier League Queensland , run by Football Queensland , is the top tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in Queensland . The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues . The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams . Each team will be expected to field a senior team , five junior men 's teams from under-12 to under-20 starting in 2013 and women 's junior teams in under-13 , under-15 , and under-17 starting in 2014 . Each club has been granted a 5-year licence and there is no promotion or relegation from the league during this period . It was announced on December 16 , 2016 that there would be promotion and relegation to the FQPL as of the 2018 season and that the league would be expanded to 14 teams . This announcement came with the addition of the Football Queensland Premier League , a new tier immediately below the National Premier League . Peninsula Power and Eastern Suburbs were the first two teams promoted to the NPL from the FQPL for the 2019 season . No teams were relegated in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cairns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairns', 'summary': 'Cairns ( /ˈkɛərnz/ , locally /ˈkænz/ ( listen ) ) [ note 1 ] is a city in the Cairns Region , Queensland , Australia . It is on the east coast of Far North Queensland . The city is the 5th-most-populous in Queensland and ranks 14th overall in Australia . Cairns was founded in 1876 and named after Sir William Wellington Cairns , Governor of Queensland from 1875 to 1877 . It was formed to serve miners heading for the Hodgkinson River goldfield , but declined when an easier route was discovered from Port Douglas . It later developed into a railhead and major port for exporting sugar cane , gold and other metals , minerals and agricultural products from surrounding coastal areas and the Atherton Tableland region . The population of the Cairns urban area at June 2018 was 152,729 , having grown on average 1.1% year-on-year over the preceding five years . Based on 2015 data , the associated local government area has experienced an average annual growth rate of 2.3% over the last 10 years . Cairns is a popular tourist destination because of its tropical climate and access to both nearby tropical rainforest and the Great Barrier Reef , one of the seven natural wonders of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Camden Tigers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Campbellfield Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Campbelltown City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbelltown_City_SC', 'summary': "Campbelltown City Soccer Club is a soccer club based in Adelaide , South Australia . Campbelltown City is a participant in the NPL South Australia . They play home matches at Newton Village Sports Complex and are the local club of the Campbelltown-Newton area in Adelaide 's north-east suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_South_Australia', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues South Australia ( often abbreviated to NPL South Australia or NPL SA ) is a semi-professional football competition in the Australian state of South Australia . The league is a subdivision of the second tier National Premier Leagues , which sits below the A-League on the national pyramid . The competition is controlled by Football Federation South Australia , the governing body for the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide', 'summary': "Adelaide ( /ˈædəleɪd/ ( listen ) AD-ə-layd ) is the capital city of the state of South Australia , and the fifth-most populous city of Australia . The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide . Adelaide is situated on the Adelaide Plains north of the Fleurieu Peninsula , between the Gulf St Vincent in the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east . Its metropolitan area extends 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the coast to the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges , and stretches 96 km ( 60 mi ) from Gawler in the north to Sellicks Beach in the south . Named in honour of Queen Adelaide , consort to King William IV , the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia . Colonel William Light , one of Adelaide 's founding fathers , designed the city centre and chose its location close to the River Torrens , in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people and known as Tarndanyangga ( place of the red kangaroo ) . Light 's design , now listed as national heritage , set out the city centre in a grid layout , interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares , and entirely surrounded by parklands . Early colonial Adelaide was shaped by the diversity and wealth of its free settlers , in contrast to the convict history of other Australian cities . Until the post-war era , it was Australia 's third-largest city . It has been noted for its leading examples of religious freedom and progressive political reforms , and became known as the City of Churches due to its diversity of faiths . Today , Adelaide is noted for its many festivals and sporting events , its food and wine , its coastline and hills , and its large defence and manufacturing sectors . Adelaide 's quality of life has ranked consistently highly in various measures through the 21st century ."}]}, {'value': 'Canberra City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra_City_FC', 'summary': 'Canberra City Football Club , also known for some time as the Canberra Arrows , is a semi-professional soccer club based in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . It currently participates in the Capital Footballs Division One competition and competed in the National Soccer League from 1977 to 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Football_State_League', 'summary': 'The Capital Football State League is an amateur soccer league system based in the Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . The league system is organised and run by Capital Football and represents levels two and below in the ACT league pyramid beneath the National Premier Leagues Capital Football for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Canberra FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra_FC', 'summary': 'Canberra Croatia Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in the suburb of Deakin in the south of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . Founded in 1958 the club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Capital Football . Since 1960 , Canberra Croatia has always competed in the top level of ACT soccer either side of a brief stint in the top level of NSW soccer between 1988 and 1994 . CFC is also the most successful soccer club in ACT history with 23 league premierships and 18 finals championships and ACT Federation Cups collected .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Capital Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Capital_Football', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Capital Football 1 ( also known as NPL ACT 1 or simply NPL1 ) is an soccer competition contested by clubs affiliated to Capital Football . The league is the highest level ( level 1 ) competition in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . It is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and sits in Level 2 in the overall Australian league system .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Canberra Olympic FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra_Olympic_FC', 'summary': "Canberra Olympic FC is an Australian semi-professional Association football club based in the suburb of O'Connor in the north of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . The club was founded in 1956 , and currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Capital Football ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Capital Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Capital_Football', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Capital Football 1 ( also known as NPL ACT 1 or simply NPL1 ) is an soccer competition contested by clubs affiliated to Capital Football . The league is the highest level ( level 1 ) competition in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . It is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and sits in Level 2 in the overall Australian league system .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Canberra White Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra_White_Eagles_FC', 'summary': 'Canberra White Eagles FC ( commonly known simply as White Eagles ) is an Australian amateur association football club based in the Woden Valley region of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . Founded in 1992 by the Canberra Serbian community , the club currently competes in the ACT Capital League .'}]}, {'value': 'Capital League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Football_State_League', 'summary': 'The Capital Football State League is an amateur soccer league system based in the Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . The league system is organised and run by Capital Football and represents levels two and below in the ACT league pyramid beneath the National Premier Leagues Capital Football for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Canning City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canning_City_SC', 'summary': 'Canning City Soccer Club is a football ( soccer ) club , based in Willetton , Western Australia , who play their home games at the Willetton Sports Club . They were originally established as Canning Corinthians in 1972 , that entity dissolving in 1992 , before returning to the Western Australia State League in 2001 as Canning City Soccer Club . The club currently ( 2019 ) competes in the Football West State League Division 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Football West State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_West_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia . The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football West , the governing body of the sport in the state . The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perth', 'summary': "Perth ( /ˈpɜːrθ/ ( listen ) PURTH ) is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia ( WA ) . It is named after the city of Perth , Scotland and is Australia 's fourth-most populous city , with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River at Guildford , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both later founded downriver . Captain James Stirling founded Perth in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray , then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Italy , Greece , and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for several large mining operations . As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are in the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Capalaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capalaba_FC', 'summary': 'Capalaba Football Club ( formerly the Capalaba Bulldogs Soccer Club ) is a semi-professional Australian soccer club based in Capalaba , Queensland , a suburb of Brisbane , who plays in the Football Queensland Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Football Queensland Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_Queensland_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Football Queensland Premier League is a football competition contested by clubs in Queensland , Australia . It is administered by Football Queensland and is the second tier of soccer in Queensland , behind the National Premier Leagues Queensland , to which the top two teams each season are promoted . The Premier League was founded in 2017 , with the first season held in 2018 ; previously there was no second-tier statewide competition .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Casey Comets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Victorian State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Victoria . The league is divided in two divisions : North-West and South-East . It sits at Level 3 on the Victorian league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Casey Panthers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Casuarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casuarina_FC', 'summary': 'Casuarina Football Club is an Australian soccer club based in Darwin , the Northern Territory . Casuarina currently competes in the NorZone Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'NorZone Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NorZone_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The NorZone Premier League is one of three top tier state-level soccer competition in the Northern Territory of Australia . It comprises teams within the NorZone region , centred in Darwin and the surrounding rural areas . The league is conducted by the state administrative body , Football Federation Northern Territory .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Caulfield United Cobras', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock City Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cessnock_City_Hornets_FC', 'summary': 'Cessnock City Hornets FC is a semi-professional soccer club based in Cessnock in the Hunter Region , New South Wales . The Hornets currently compete in the NewFM Division with teams in First Grade , Under 23s and Under 19 divisions . The NewFM Division is the 2nd tier of Football in Northern New South Wales Football below the NBN State Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern NSW State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_NSW_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Northern NSW State League Division 1 ( known as the NEWFM Northern League One for sponsorship reasons ) is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 2 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Northern NSW Football , the governing body of the sport in the northern region of the state ( the southern region governed by Football NSW ) . Prior to 2014 , the league was formally known as the Northern NSW Football League Division 2 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Cessnock is a city in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , about 52 km ( 32 mi ) by road west of Newcastle . It is the administrative centre of the City of Cessnock LGA and was named after an 1826 grant of land called Cessnock Estate , which was owned by John Campbell . The local area was once known as The Coalfields , and it is the gateway city to the vineyards of the Hunter Valley , which includes Pokolbin , Mount View , Lovedale , Broke , Rothbury , and Branxton .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlestown City Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlestown_City_Blues_FC', 'summary': 'Charlestown Azzurri FC ( formerly Charlestown City Blues FC ) is an Australian soccer club based in Whitebridge , a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales . The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Northern NSW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Northern_NSW', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Northern NSW is a regional Australian Professional association football league comprising teams from Northern New South Wales . As a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues , the league sits at Level 1 on the Northern New South Wales league system ( Level 2 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Northern NSW Football , the governing body of the sport in the northern region of the state ( the southern region governed by Football NSW ) . Prior to 2014 , the league was formerly known as the Northern NSW State Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_United_FC', 'summary': "Clarence Zebras Football Club is an amateur soccer soccer club based in the City of Clarence , Tasmania , which was formed in September of 2019 as a result of the amalgamation of Clarence United FC and Hobart Zebras FC . They compete in the NPL Tasmania , the second tier of the sport in the country below the A-League . The club also has women 's teams , including in the highest division in Tasmania the Women 's Super League , and teams in all youth divisions . Founded in 1978 the club spent much of its early history competing in lower divisions , where it has been reasonably successful , winning several lower division titles and cups . Despite this , Clarence United had struggled for many years to attain success at the highest level within the state , although Clarence United was finally crowned state champions for the first time in 2009 . Clarence United play their home games at Wentworth Park , an impressive multiple pitch venue located alongside Howrah Beach in the Clarence , Tasmania with good quality playing surfaces and club facilities ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Tasmania', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Tasmania is an Australian semi-professional soccer league covering all regions of Tasmania . The league is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and commenced in 2013 with eight teams , expanding to nine teams in 2019 . Nationally the league sits below the A-League and above the Tasmanian regional championship competitions ( with whom promotion and relegation will exist from the 2019 season onwards ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifton Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Clifton_Hill', 'summary': 'FC Clifton Hill also known as Clifton Hill FC or Clifton Hill United are an association football club which currently plays in the Victorian State League Division 1 , the 3rd tier of Association football in Victoria and the 4th tier in Australia . [ citation needed ] They were founded in 1975 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Victorian State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Victoria . The league is divided in two divisions : North-West and South-East . It sits at Level 3 on the Victorian league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- C', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'} | null | null | What leagues did the Victorian State League Division 5 replace in 2013 ? | Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League |
052637309f2d78fd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'title': 'Indonesia at the 2010 Asian Beach Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asrelawandi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bodybuilding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodybuilding_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': "Bodybuilding at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held in Muscat , Oman from 10 December to 11 December 2010 . The competition included only men 's events for six different weight categories . All events were held at Qurum City Auditorium ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's -60kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodybuilding_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': "Bodybuilding at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held in Muscat , Oman from 10 December to 11 December 2010 . The competition included only men 's events for six different weight categories . All events were held at Qurum City Auditorium ."}]}, {'value': '10 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syafrizaldy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bodybuilding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodybuilding_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': "Bodybuilding at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held in Muscat , Oman from 10 December to 11 December 2010 . The competition included only men 's events for six different weight categories . All events were held at Qurum City Auditorium ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's -75kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodybuilding_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': "Bodybuilding at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held in Muscat , Oman from 10 December to 11 December 2010 . The competition included only men 's events for six different weight categories . All events were held at Qurum City Auditorium ."}]}, {'value': '11 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aero Sutan Aswar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aero_Sutan_Aswar', 'summary': "Aero Sutan Aswar ( born 4 December 1994 ) is an Indonesian male jet skier . His younger brother Aqsa Sutan Aswar is also a jet skier who competes for Indonesia in international arena . He claimed a silver medal in the men 's runabout limited during the 2018 Asian Games while his younger brother Aqsa Sutan Aswar also claimed a bronze medal in the relevant event ."}]}, {'value': 'Jet Ski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jet_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Jet ski at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Runabout Endurance Open", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jet_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Jet ski at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '16 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yessy Yosaputera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_swimming_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Marathon swimming at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 11 December , 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10km", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_swimming_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Marathon swimming at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 11 December , 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '11 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Team Ahris Sumariyanto Bambang Sulistyo Kriswantoro Masrun Martius Bungan Sutarno", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beach Woodball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodball_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Woodball at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 10 December to 13 December , 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_woodball_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Woodball at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 10 December to 13 December , 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '13 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beach Sepaktakraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '11 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beach Sepaktakraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '11 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Water Ski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Water skiing at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 15 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': 'Trick Skiing Team Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Water skiing at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 15 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '14 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maliki Zulkarnain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Water Ski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Water skiing at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 15 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Individual Trick Skiing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_ski_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Water skiing at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 14 December to 15 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '15 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Regu", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beach Sepaktakraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Regu", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_sepaktakraw_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach sepak takraw at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 9 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman .'}]}, {'value': '15 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beach Kabaddi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_kabaddi_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 12 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman . Competitions were held at the North Al-Hail .'}]}, {'value': 'Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_kabaddi_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games', 'summary': 'Beach kabaddi at the 2010 Asian Beach Games was held from 12 December to 16 December 2010 in Muscat , Oman . Competitions were held at the North Al-Hail .'}]}, {'value': '15 Dec', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Indonesia_at_the_2010_Asian_Beach_Games_0', 'intro': 'Indonesia competed at the 2010 Asian Beach Games held in Muscat, Oman from December 8, 2010 to December 16, 2010. Indonesia sent 110 athletes, 67 men and 43 women, who competed in 12 sports.'} | null | null | Who is the brother of the athlete who won gold for mens runabout ? | Aqsa Sutan Aswar |
052644be37ebf294 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_men's_soccer_season", 'title': "2013 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men's soccer season", 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Canisius Golden Griffins', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Canisius College Golden Griffins are composed of 16 teams representing Canisius College in intercollegiate athletics . These teams include men 's and women 's basketball , cross country , track , lacrosse , soccer , and swimming and diving . Men 's sports include baseball , ice hockey , and golf . Women 's sports include volleyball , soccer , and softball . The Golden Griffins compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) for most sports , excluding men 's ice hockey which competes in Atlantic Hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': 'Demske Sports Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demske_Sports_Complex', 'summary': "The Rev . James M. Demske Sports Complex is a baseball , soccer , lacrosse , and softball venue in Buffalo , New York , United States . It is home to the Canisius Golden Griffins baseball , men 's and women 's soccer , men 's and women 's lacrosse , and softball teams of the NCAA Division I Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) . Built in 1989 , the venue has a capacity of 1,200 spectators . The building is named for Rev . James Demske , who served as the President of Canisius College from 1966 until 1993 . It is located behind the Koessler Athletic Center on Canisius ' campus . To save space and money in the college 's urban setting , the 14-acre facility is home to six Canisius athletic programs . From 1989 to 2008 , the facility had an AstroTurf 12 surface . In 2008 , renovations installed 123,000 ft.² of A-Turf , which lessens the impact on athletes who play on the surface . Also in 2008 , new scoreboard and baseball dugouts were added . The facility also features stadium lighting and locker rooms ."}]}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield Stags', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull , Easton , Weston , and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 59,404 . In September 2014 , Money magazine ranked Fairfield the 44th best place to live in the United States and the best place to live in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'Lessing Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lessing_Field', 'summary': "Lessing Field is a multi-purpose lacrosse and soccer stadium on the campus of Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut . It is home to the Fairfield Stags men 's and women 's lacrosse and soccer teams . Previously named Varsity Field it was renovated in 2002 including the installation of high-durability sod , a new irrigation and drainage systems , new lights for night games and new stands with capacity for 600 fans . Lessing Field is named in honor of Stephen Lessing '76 , a former member of the Fairfield Stags men 's tennis team and current member of the Fairfield University Board of Trustees whose generosity allowed for the stadium renovations ."}]}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iona Gaels', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Iona_Gaels_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Iona Gaels are the athletics teams of Iona College , in New Rochelle , New York . They compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) and participate in 21 NCAA Division I programs . Other members of the MAAC include Canisius College , Fairfield University , Manhattan College , Marist College , Monmouth University , Niagara University , Quinnipiac University , Rider University , Saint Peter 's University , and Siena College ."}]}, {'value': 'New Rochelle , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York', 'summary': "New Rochelle /rəˈʃɛl/ is a city in Westchester County , New York , United States , in the southeastern portion of the state . In 2007 , the city had a population of 73,260 , making it the seventh-largest in the state of New York . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population had increased to 77,062 . In November 2008 Business Week magazine listed New Rochelle as the best city in New York State , and one of the best places nationally , to raise children . In 2014 , based on analysis of 550 U.S. cities , New Rochelle was voted the 13th best city to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'Mazzella Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazzella_Field', 'summary': "Mazzella Field is a 2,400 seat soccer-specific stadium on the campus of Iona College in New Rochelle , New York . It is home to the Iona College Gaels soccer , rugby , and lacrosse teams , as well as the Women 's New York Magic of United Women 's Soccer . First opened in 1989 , it was originally used as a multi-purpose stadium that also hosted the school 's football team until the program was disbanded in 2008 . The field was the site of the 2008 Empire State Games men 's lacrosse championships . In June 2017 , Mazzella Field received a new FieldTurf surface striped for soccer and lacrosse ."}]}, {'value': '2,440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manhattan Jaspers', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Manhattan_Jaspers_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Manhattan Jaspers soccer program represents Manhattan College in all NCAA Division I men 's college soccer competitions . Founded in 1967 , the Jaspers compete in the Ivy League . The Jaspers are coached by Jorden Scott , who has coached the program since 2012 . The Jaspers plays their home matches at Gaelic Park , near the Manhattan campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverdale , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx', 'summary': "Riverdale is a residential neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx , a borough in New York City . Riverdale , which has a population of 47,850 as of the 2000 United States Census , contains the northernmost point in New York City . Riverdale 's boundaries are disputed , but it is commonly agreed to be bordered by Yonkers to the north , Van Cortlandt Park and Broadway to the east , the Kingsbridge neighborhood to the southeast , the Harlem River or the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood to the south , and the Hudson River to the west . Riverdale Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Riverdale . The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community District 8 , and its ZIP Codes include 10463 and 10471 . The area is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the New York City Police Department ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaelic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaelic_Park', 'summary': "The Gaelic Park Sports Centre ( Irish : Páirc na nGael ) , often abbreviated Gaelic Park , is a multi-purpose outdoor athletics facility , located at West 240th Street and Broadway in Riverdale , Bronx , in New York City in the U.S. state of New York . Since 1926 the grounds has been used as the venue for Gaelic games in New York , and since its purchase by Manhattan College in 1991 it has hosted numerous American college athletic events . Located just west of Broadway and south and west of Van Cortlandt Park in the northernmost part of the Bronx just south of the city border with Westchester County , Gaelic Park was purchased in 1926 by the Gaelic Athletic Association of Greater New York . It has been given a few different names over time including Innisfail Park , but since the 1950s it has gone by its current name , Gaelic Park , a reflection of the park 's decidedly Irish flavor . The park includes a playing field and dance hall . In addition to hurling and football matches , a number of other sporting events take place at Gaelic Park . There are also concerts and dances that feature Irish music both old and new . Beginning with Summer '69 and continuing into the early 1970s , rock concerts were also held there , including the Association , Beach Boys , Gary Puckett and the Union Gap , Eagles , Pete Seeger , Rascals , Irish Rovers , Four Tops , Grateful Dead , Chicago , Edgar Winter , Johnny Winter , Jefferson Airplane , Black Oak Arkansas , Allman Brothers Band , Ten Years After , Yes , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Mountain , Humble Pie and Deep Purple . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist Red Foxes', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's soccer team represents Marist College ( Poughkeepsie , New York ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': 'Poughkeepsie , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Poughkeepsie ( /pəˈkɪpsi , poʊ-/ ) , officially the Town of Poughkeepsie , is a town in Dutchess County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 43,341 . The name is derived from the native term Uppuqui ( oo-POO-kee ) meaning lodge-covered , plus ipis meaning little water , plus ing meaning place , all of which translates to the reed-covered lodge by the little water place , or Uppuqui-ipis-ing . This later evolved into Apokeepsing , then into Poughkeepsing , and finally Poughkeepsie . The area includes a large IBM campus noted for its ongoing development and manufacturing of IBM mainframes .'}]}, {'value': 'Tenney Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenney_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tenney Stadium at Leonidoff Field is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Poughkeepsie , New York . It is home to the Marist College Red Foxes football team . The field was named after Dr. Alex Leonidoff , a local physician and avid Marist Athletics supporter . The facility opened in 1968 . At the conclusion of the 2006 football season , the existing grandstand was removed to make way for a more modern , updated facility including modern press boxes , luxury suites , home and away locker rooms , an athletic training room as well as a new concession stand . Additionally , the grass natural turf surface was replaced with Field Turf synthetic surface .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monmouth Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Monmouth Hawks men 's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Monmouth University in West Long Branch , New Jersey , United States . The team is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. Monmouth 's first men 's soccer team was fielded in 1982 . The team plays its home games at Hesse Field in West Long Branch , New Jersey . The Hawks are coached by Robert McCourt ."}]}, {'value': 'West Long Branch , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Long_Branch,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "West Long Branch is a borough in Monmouth County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 8,097 , reflecting a decline of 161 ( -1.9% ) from the 8,258 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 568 ( +7.4% ) from the 7,690 counted in the 1990 Census . It is the home of Monmouth University ."}]}, {'value': 'The Great Lawn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Purple Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Niagara Purple Eagles men 's soccer team is the men 's college soccer team that represent Niagara University ( Lewiston , New York , United States ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Purple Eagles play their home games at Niagara Field on the campus of Niagara University . The team colors are purple PMS 268 and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Lewiston , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lewiston is a town in Niagara County , New York United States . The population was 16,262 at the 2010 census . The town and its contained village are named after Morgan Lewis , a governor of New York . The Town of Lewiston is on the western border of the county . The Village of Lewiston is within the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac Bobcats', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Quinnipiac Bobcats men 's soccer program represents the Quinnipiac University in all NCAA Division I men 's college soccer competitions . Founded in 1962 , the Bobcats compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . The Bobcats are coached by Eric Da Costa , who has coached the program since 2005 . The Bobcats plays their home matches at Quinnipiac Soccer Stadium , on the QU campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamden , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hamden is a town in New Haven County , Connecticut , United States . The town 's nickname is The Land of the Sleeping Giant . The population was 60,960 at the 2010 census . Hamden is a suburb of the city of New Haven . The town of Hamden ranked # 53 in the CNN Money list of America 's best small cities in 2012 . In 2008 , Fortune Magazine and CNN Money picked Hamden as # 33 on their Best Place to Live and Launch list , citing Hamden 's great blend of urban and suburban lifestyles . The article also pointed out Hamden 's exceptional education system as well as its New England Charm ."}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac Soccer Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rider Broncs', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rider_Broncs_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Rider Broncs are the athletic teams of Rider University , a private nonsectarian university in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , United States . The school is a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , and its athletes compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) . Rider is the only member that is not a Catholic institution . For wrestling only , Rider is an affiliate member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . The intercollegiate sports program at Rider was started by coach Clair Bee in the 1920s . Two of the school 's most famous athletic alumni are former Notre Dame basketball coach and current ESPN sportscaster Digger Phelps , who played basketball at Rider from 1959 to 1963 and Jason Thompson who played basketball at Rider from 2004 to 2008 and was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 12th pick of the 2008 NBA Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrenceville , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrenceville,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Lawrenceville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) located within Lawrence Township in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the CDP 's population was 3,887 . Lawrenceville is located roughly halfway between Princeton and Trenton . Lawrenceville is also known as the village of Lawrenceville . Its core is the Main Street Historic District , which was listed in the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places in 1972 , one of the first registered historic districts in New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Rider Campus Soccer Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Peter 's Peacocks", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Peter's_Peacocks_soccer", 'summary': "The Saint Peter 's Peacocks are composed of the 16 teams representing Saint Peter 's University in intercollegiate athletics . The Peacocks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Jersey City , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey , after Newark . It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county 's largest city . As of 2018 , the Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City 's population was 265,549 , with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010 , an increase of about 9.4% from the 2010 United States Census , when the city 's population was at 247,597 , ranking the city the 78th-most-populous in the nation . Part of the New York metropolitan area , Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay . A port of entry , with 30.7 miles ( 49.4 km ) of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity , the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey . Jersey City shares significant mass transit connections with Manhattan . Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to the district being nicknamed Wall Street West . After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census , the city 's population saw a half-century-long decline to a nadir of 223,532 in the 1980 Census . Since then , the city 's population has rebounded , with the 2010 population reflecting an increase of 7,542 ( +3.1% ) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 11,518 ( +5.0% ) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph J. Jaroschak Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siena Saints', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Siena_Saints_men's_soccer", 'summary': 'The Siena Saints ( formerly the Siena Indians ) are composed of 18 teams representing Siena College in intercollegiate athletics . The Saints compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Loudonville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loudonville,_New_York', 'summary': 'Loudonville is a hamlet in the town of Colonie , in Albany County , New York , United States . Loudonville was a census-designated place in the 1970 , 1980 , and 1990 US Census , but ceased to be in the 2000 Census , but became a CDP again in 2020 . The area is not precisely defined . In general , the area is known for the strict zoning regulations the town of Colonie has made that have prevented commercial development and tree-clearing .'}]}, {'value': 'Siena Turf Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "2013_Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_men's_soccer_season_0", 'intro': "The 2013 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men's soccer season will be the 21st season of men's varsity soccer in the conference. The defending regular season champions, the Loyola Greyhounds, left the MAAC for the Patriot League. The defending tournament champions are the Niagara Purple Eagles."} | null | null | When was the building where the Stags play renovated ? | 2002 |
0526964d9a7e6f5e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_players_with_1000_assists', 'title': 'List of NHL players with 1000 assists', 'header': ['Player', 'Team ( at time of 1,000th assist )', 'GP', 'G', 'A', 'Pts'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wayne Gretzky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky', 'summary': "Wayne Douglas Gretzky CC ( /ˈɡrɛtski/ ; born January 26 , 1961 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former head coach . He played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for four teams from 1979 to 1999 . Nicknamed The Great One , he has been called the greatest hockey player ever by many sportswriters , players , and the NHL itself . Gretzky is the leading scorer in NHL history , with more goals and assists than any other player . He garnered more assists than any other player scored total points , and is the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season - a feat he accomplished four times . In addition , Gretzky tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons , 14 of them consecutive . At the time of his retirement in 1999 , he held 61 NHL records : 40 regular season records , 15 playoff records , and 6 All-Star records . Born and raised in Brantford , Ontario , Canada , Gretzky honed his skills at a backyard rink and regularly played minor hockey at a level far above his peers . Despite his unimpressive stature , strength and speed , Gretzky 's intelligence and reading of the game were unrivaled . He was adept at dodging checks from opposing players , and consistently anticipated where the puck was going to be and executed the right move at the right time . Gretzky became known for setting up behind his opponent 's net , an area that was nicknamed Gretzky 's office . In 1978 , Gretzky signed with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , where he briefly played before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': '1487', 'urls': []}, {'value': '894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Francis', 'summary': "Ronald Michael Francis Jr. ( born March 1 , 1963 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre . He is the general manager of the upcoming Seattle NHL team that plans to play its first season in 2021 . Drafted fourth overall in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft , Francis played 23 seasons in the NHL for the Hartford Whalers , Pittsburgh Penguins , Carolina Hurricanes and Toronto Maple Leafs . Upon retiring from professional ice hockey in 2004 , Francis stood second all-time in career assists ( 1,249 ) , behind only Wayne Gretzky ; fifth in career points ( 1,798 ) ; third in games played ( 1,731 ) ; and 27th in career goals ( 549 ) . In 2014 , Francis was named as the general manager for the Hurricanes , replacing Jim Rutherford , who had been with the franchise ever since the team 's move to Raleigh , North Carolina . Two years before , Francis had become a minority owner of the team as part of the five-man investor group , Playmakers Management . In March 2018 , he was promoted to the president of hockey operations role . His Hurricanes contract was terminated on April 30 , 2018 . On July 18 , 2019 , he was hired as the first general manager of the Seattle NHL expansion team . In 2017 , Francis was named one of the hundred greatest NHL players in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': '1731', 'urls': []}, {'value': '549', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1249', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1798', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Messier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Messier', 'summary': "Mark John Douglas Messier OC ( /ˈmɛsieɪ/ ; born January 18 , 1961 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey center of the National Hockey League and former special assistant to the president and general manager of the New York Rangers . He played a quarter of a century in the NHL ( 1979-2004 ) with the Edmonton Oilers , New York Rangers , and Vancouver Canucks . He also played professionally with the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) 's Indianapolis Racers and Cincinnati Stingers . He was the last former WHA player to be active in professional hockey , and the last active player who had played in the NHL in the 1970s . Messier is considered one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time . He is second on the all-time career lists for playoff points ( 295 ) and regular season games played ( 1756 ) , and is third for regular season points ( 1887 ) . He is a six-time Stanley Cup champion - five with the Oilers and one with the Rangers - and is the only player to captain two professional teams to championships . His playoff leadership while in New York , which ended a 54-year Stanley Cup drought in 1994 , earned him the nickname The Messiah , a play on his name . He was also known , over the course of his career , as The Moose for his aggression and strength . He twice won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's most valuable player , in 1990 and 1992 , and in 1984 he won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . He is a 15-time NHL All-Star . In 2007 , he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , in his first year of eligibility ."}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': '1756', 'urls': []}, {'value': '694', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1193', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Bourque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Bourque', 'summary': "Raymond Jean Bourque ( born December 28 , 1960 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He currently holds records for most career goals , assists , and points by a defenceman in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's best defensemen five times , while finishing second for that trophy a further six times . He also twice finished second in the voting for the Hart Memorial Trophy , a rarity for a defenceman . He was named to the end-of-season All-Star teams 19 times , 13 on the first-team and six on the second-team . Bourque was also an Olympian with Canada and became nearly synonymous with the Boston Bruins franchise , for which he played 21 seasons and became Boston 's longest-serving captain . Bourque finished his career with the Colorado Avalanche , with whom he won his only Stanley Cup in his final NHL game . In 2017 , he was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': '1612', 'urls': []}, {'value': '410', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1169', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1579', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaromir Jagr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaromír_Jágr', 'summary': "Jaromír Jágr ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjaromiːr ˈjaːɡr̩ ] ( listen ) ; born 15 February 1972 ) is a Czech professional ice hockey right winger for HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga ( ELH ) . He has previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Pittsburgh Penguins , Washington Capitals , New York Rangers , Philadelphia Flyers , Dallas Stars , Boston Bruins , New Jersey Devils , Florida Panthers and Calgary Flames , serving as captain of the Penguins and the Rangers . After leaving the Rangers in 2008 , he played three seasons in the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) with Avangard Omsk . He returned to the NHL in 2011 with the Flyers and remained in the league for seven more years before being assigned by the Flames in 2018 to HC Kladno , which he owns . Jágr has the second-most points in NHL history , after Wayne Gretzky . He is the most productive European player who has ever played in the NHL and is considered one of the greatest professional hockey players of all time . In 1990 , at age 18 , he was the youngest player in the NHL . Until his transfer , at age 45 , he was the oldest player in the NHL , and is the oldest player to record a hat-trick . In 2017 , Jágr was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history . Jágr was the fifth overall selection in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft . He won consecutive Stanley Cups in the 1991 and 1992 seasons with the Penguins . Individually , he has won the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL scoring champion five times ( four times in a row ) , the Lester B. Pearson Award for the NHL 's outstanding player as voted by the NHL Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) three times and the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's most valuable player once , while finishing second four times ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1733', 'urls': []}, {'value': '766', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Coffey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Coffey', 'summary': "Paul Douglas Coffey ( born June 1 , 1961 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for nine teams in the National Hockey League . Known for his speed and scoring prowess , Coffey ranks second all-time among NHL defence-men in goals , assists , and points , behind only Ray Bourque . He won the Norris Trophy as the NHL 's best defenceman three times and was voted to eight end-of-season All-Star Teams ( four First-Team and four Second-Team ) . He holds the record for the most goals by a defencemen in one season , 48 in 1985-86 , and is the only defencemen to have scored 40 goals more than once , also doing it in 1983-84 . He is also one of only two defencemen to score 100 points in a season more than one time , as he did it five times ; Bobby Orr did it six times . Paul Coffey holds or shares 33 NHL records in the regular season and playoffs . Coffey was born in Weston , Ontario , but grew up in Malton , Ontario . The city of Mississauga renamed Malton Arena to Paul Coffey Arena and renamed Wildwood Park to Paul Coffey Park in a ceremony on September 23 , 2016 . In 2017 Coffey was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1409', 'urls': []}, {'value': '396', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1531', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Oates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Oates', 'summary': 'Adam Robert Oates ( born August 27 , 1962 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player , former co-head coach for the New Jersey Devils and former head coach for the Washington Capitals . He played 19 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues , Boston Bruins , Washington Capitals , Philadelphia Flyers , Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Edmonton Oilers . Known as an elite playmaker , his career total of 1,079 assists was the fifth-highest total in NHL history at the time of his 2004 retirement . After retiring as a player , he served as an assistant coach for the Tampa Bay Lightning and New Jersey Devils prior to joining the Capitals as their head coach for two seasons between 2012 and 2014 . In 2017 , Oates was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history . As a college player , Oates was a standout forward for the RPI Engineers . He set single-season school records for assists and points and was named an Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) all-star and National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) All-American in both 1984 and 1985 . He was named a tournament all-star in helping RPI win the 1985 national championship , and in 1990-91 , the NHL included him in its Second All-Star Team ; he played in five All-Star Games . He holds the record for most points all-time of any NHL player who also played NCAA Hockey . Oates was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 12 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1337', 'urls': []}, {'value': '341', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1079', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Thornton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Thornton', 'summary': "Joseph Eric Thornton ( born July 2 , 1979 ) is a Canadian-American professional ice hockey centre and alternate captain for the San Jose Sharks . He was selected first overall by the Boston Bruins in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play seven seasons with the club , three as its captain . During the 2005-06 season , he was traded to the Sharks . Splitting the campaign between the two teams , he received the Art Ross and Hart Memorial Trophies as the league 's leading point-scorer and most valuable player , respectively . Thornton 's on-ice vision , strength on the puck , deft passing ability and power forward style of play have led to him becoming one of the league 's premier top line centres . He is widely regarded as one of the best passers of all-time , and is one of only 13 players in history with 1,000 NHL assists . Listed at 6-foot-4 and 220 pounds , he received the nickname Jumbo Joe or Jumbo due to his size and Jumbo the elephant who was killed in 1885 in St. Thomas , Ontario , where Thornton was raised ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': '1566', 'urls': []}, {'value': '413', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1065', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Yzerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Yzerman', 'summary': "Stephen Gregory Yzerman ( /ˈaɪzərmən/ ; born May 9 , 1965 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player who spent his entire National Hockey League ( NHL ) playing career with the Detroit Red Wings and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame . After his retirement as a player , he served in the front office of the Red Wings , and then as general manager of the Tampa Bay Lightning , while also being executive director for Team Canada in two Olympics . He currently serves as the executive vice president and general manager of the Red Wings . Prior to the 1986-87 season , at age 21 , Yzerman was named captain of the Red Wings and continuously served for the next two decades ( dressing as captain for over 1,300 games ) , retiring as the longest-serving captain of any team in North American major league sports history . Once voted to be the most popular athlete in Detroit sports history , locals often simply refer to Yzerman as Stevie Y or The Captain . Yzerman led the Wings to five first-place regular season finishes and three Stanley Cup championships ( 1997 , 1998 and 2002 ) . Yzerman won numerous awards during his career , including the Lester B. Pearson Award ( Most outstanding player ) in the 1988-89 season , the Conn Smythe Trophy ( Most Valuable Player of the Stanley Cup playoffs ) in 1998 , the Selke Trophy as the league 's best defensive forward in 2000 and the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for perseverance in 2003 . He was a ten-time NHL All-Star , a First Team All-Star in 2000 and a member of the All-Rookie Team in 1984 . On July 3 , 2006 , Yzerman officially retired from professional hockey , finishing his career ranked as the seventh all-time leading scorer in NHL history , having scored a career-high 155 points ( 65 goals and 90 assists ) in 1988-89 , which has been bettered only by Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux . Yzerman 's # 19 jersey was retired on January 2 , 2007 , during a pre-game ceremony at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit . On November 4 , 2008 , he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame . He also became an honoured member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009 , his first year of eligibility , inducted alongside 2001-02 Red Wing teammates Brett Hull and Luc Robitaille ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1514', 'urls': []}, {'value': '692', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1063', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1755', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordie Howe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordie_Howe', 'summary': "Gordon Howe OC ( March 31 , 1928 - June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr. Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he held many of the sport 's career scoring records until they were broken in the 1980s by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howe 's legacy . He continues to hold NHL records for most games and seasons played . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950-51 to 1953-54 , then again in 1956-57 and 1962-63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHL 's most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1767', 'urls': []}, {'value': '801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1049', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcel Dionne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Dionne', 'summary': "Marcel Elphège Little Beaver Dionne ( born August 3 , 1951 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings , Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers . Marcel Dionne was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992 . In 2017 Dionne was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': '1348', 'urls': []}, {'value': '731', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1040', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1771', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Lemieux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lemieux', 'summary': "Mario Lemieux OC CQ ( /ləˈmjuː/ ; French : [ ləmjø ] ; born October 5 , 1965 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He played parts of 17 National Hockey League ( NHL ) seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins from 1984 to 2006 , assuming ownership in 1999 . Nicknamed The Magnificent One or Le Magnifique ( as well as Super Mario ) , he is widely acknowledged to have been one of the greatest players of all time . A gifted playmaker and fast skater despite his large size , Lemieux often beat defencemen with fakes and dekes . Lemieux led Pittsburgh to consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992 . Under his ownership , the Penguins won additional titles in 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . He is the only man to have his name on the Cup as both a player and an owner . He also led Team Canada to an Olympic gold medal in 2002 , a championship at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey , and a Canada Cup in 1987 . He won the Lester B. Pearson Award as the most outstanding player voted by the players four times , the Hart Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player ( MVP ) during the regular season three times , the Art Ross Trophy as the league 's points leader six times , and the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoffs MVP in 1991 and 1992 . He is the only player to score one goal in each of the five possible situations in a single NHL game , a feat he accomplished in 1988 . At the time of his retirement , he was the NHL 's seventh-highest career points scorer with 690 goals and 1,033 assists . He ranks second in NHL history with a 0.754 career goals-per-game average , behind only Mike Bossy ( 0.762 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': '915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '690', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1033', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1723', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Sakic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Sakic', 'summary': "Joseph Steven Sakic ( /ˈsækɪk/ ; born July 7 , 1969 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player . He played his entire 21-year National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche franchise . Named captain of the team in 1992 ( after serving as a co-captain in 1990-91 ) , Sakic is regarded as one of the greatest team leaders in league history and was able to consistently motivate his team to play at a winning level . Sakic led the Avalanche to Stanley Cup titles in 1996 and 2001 , being named the most valuable player of the 1996 playoffs , and honoured as the MVP of the NHL in 2001 by the hockey writers and his fellow players . He is one of six players to participate in both of the team 's Stanley Cup victories . Sakic was also named to play in 13 NHL All-Star Games and selected to the NHL First All-Star Team at centre three times . Over the course of his career , Sakic was one of the most productive forwards in the game , having twice scored 50 goals and earning at least 100 points in six different seasons . His wrist shot , considered one of the best in the NHL , was the source of much of his production as goalies around the league feared his rapid snap-shot release . At the conclusion of the 2008-09 NHL season , he was the eighth all-time points leader in the NHL , as well as 14th in all-time goals and 11th in all-time assists . During the 2002 Winter Olympics , Sakic helped lead Team Canada to its first ice hockey gold medal in 50 years , and was voted as the tournament 's most valuable player . He represented the team in six other international competitions , including the 1998 and 2006 Winter Olympics . Sakic retired from the NHL on July 9 , 2009 , and had his jersey number retired prior to the Avalanche 's 2009-10 season opener on October 1 , 2009 , at Pepsi Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': '1378', 'urls': []}, {'value': '625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1641', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of ice hockey players who have recorded 1,000 assists in the National Hockey League . [ 1 ] All of the players listed below are honoured in the Hockey Hall of Fame , except Joe Thornton , who is active with the San Jose Sharks , and Jaromir Jagr , who is active in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League . Jagr is also the only non-Canadian player with 1,000 career assists . Wayne Gretzky Ray Bourque Steve Yzerman', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_players_with_1000_assists_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of ice hockey players who have recorded 1,000 assists in the National Hockey League. All of the players listed below are honoured in the Hockey Hall of Fame, except Joe Thornton, who is active with the San Jose Sharks, and Jaromir Jagr, who is active in the 1st Czech Republic Hockey League. Jagr is also the only non-Canadian player with 1,000 career assists.'} | null | null | How tall was the player who played 1566 games in the NHL ? | 6-foot-4 |
05275c9f27414ead | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_in_Guitar_Hero_II', 'title': 'List of songs in Guitar Hero II', 'header': ['Year', 'Song title', 'Artist'], 'data': [{'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arterial Black', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Single_Drop_of_Red', 'summary': "A Single Drop of Red is the first EP and second release overall by the hard rock/electronica duo Anarchy Club , released in December 2007 . The EP features the two already released tracks Collide ( from Guitar Hero II in 2006 ) , and Blood Doll ( from Rock Band in 2007 ) , three all new unreleased songs , and six new remixes to six of the songs from the band 's debut LP , The Way and Its Power ."}]}, {'value': 'Anarchy Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anarchy_Club', 'summary': 'Anarchy Club is an alternative rock/electronica duo from Boston , Massachusetts . The band consists of vocalist/guitarist Keith Smith , who is a former member of the band C60 , and Adam von Buhler , who plays guitar ( including all solos ) , bass , drums , and other instruments , and is a former member of the band Splashdown .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drink Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ounce of Self', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ounce_of_Self', 'summary': 'Ounce of Self is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California , gaining most of their fame from performances at The Knitting Factory in New York City , as well from featuring one of their songs , Drink Up in the Xbox 360 version of the music video game Guitar Hero II . The Guitar Hero II version of Drink Up was remade due to the content in the lyrics . On their home page , the band claims several influences as Black Sabbath , Pantera , Alice in Chains and Megadeth .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant Bones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'That Handsome Devil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/That_Handsome_Devil', 'summary': "That Handsome Devil , often shortened to THD , is an American rock band from Brooklyn , New York , by way of Boston , Massachusetts . The band mixes genres such as rock , funk , jazz , jive , blues , surf , R & B , reggae , rockabilly , rap , and psychedelic . Their sound has also been described as equal parts Screamin Jay Hawkins , bizarre electronica , creepy hip hop and in-your-face gonzo rock . Gypsy jazz has been used in description of the band , while frontman Godforbid describes the band 's music as fringe pop ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fall of Pangea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legend_of_the_World', 'summary': 'Legend of the World is the third studio album by the American rock band Valient Thorr , released in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Valient Thorr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valient_Thorr', 'summary': 'Valient Thorr is an American Southern rock/heavy metal band from Greenville , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FTK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VAGIANT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tijuana_Sweetheart', 'summary': 'Tijuana Sweetheart ( formerly known as VAGIANT and VAGIANT Boston ) was an American all-female punk rock band from Boston , Massachusetts . The band was initially formed in 2005 by four employees of the gaming company Harmonix after Helen McWilliams ( stage name Hellion ) sent around an email to the entire company . One of these original members was Elena Siegman . Since forming , the band has gone under several member changes leaving McWilliams and LoWreck as the only remaining original members . Most of their notoriety has come from the inclusion of Fuck the Kells ( censored FTK ) in Guitar Hero II and Seven in Rock Band .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gemini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Kahanek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_(Buckethead_composition)', 'summary': 'Jordan is a musical composition by American musician Buckethead . Originally featured as a playable track on the 2006 music video game Guitar Hero II , Jordan was officially released as a downloadable single via iTunes on August 18 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Buckethead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckethead', 'summary': "Brian Patrick Carroll ( born May 13 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Buckethead , is an American multi-instrumental musician who has received critical acclaim for his innovative electric guitar playing . His music spans many genres , including progressive metal , funk , blues , bluegrass , ambient , and avant-garde music . He performs primarily as a solo artist , though he has collaborated extensively with a wide variety of high-profile artists such as Bill Laswell , Bootsy Collins , Bernie Worrell , Iggy Pop , Les Claypool , Serj Tankian , Bill Moseley , Mike Patton , Viggo Mortensen , That 1 Guy , Bassnectar , and was a member of Guns N ' Roses from 2000 to 2004 . He has released 306 studio albums , four special releases , and one EP . He has also performed on more than 50 other albums by other artists . When performing , Buckethead wears a KFC bucket on his head , emblazoned with an orange bumper sticker reading FUNERAL in block letters , and an expressionless plain white mask inspired by Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . At one point , he changed to a plain white bucket without a KFC logo , but subsequently reverted to his emblematic KFC bucket , but without the funeral sticker . He also incorporates nunchaku and robot dancing into his stage performances . Buckethead has been voted number 8 on a list in GuitarOne magazine of the Top 10 Fastest Guitar Shredders of All Time as well as being included in Guitar World 's lists of the 25 all-time weirdest guitarists and the 50 fastest guitarists of all time . Buckethead has written and performed music for major motion pictures , including Saw II , Ghosts of Mars , Beverly Hills Ninja , Mortal Kombat , Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , Last Action Hero , and contributed lead guitar to the track Firebird featured on the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie soundtrack ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kicked to the Curb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noble Rot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laughtrack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acro-Brats The Acro-Brats', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Less Talk More Rokk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freezepop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freezepop_(band)', 'summary': "Freezepop is an American electronic band from Boston , Massachusetts , formed in 1999 by Liz Enthusiasm , Sean T. Drinkwater , and The Duke of Pannekoeken ( an alias for Kasson Crooker ) . Since December 2009 , the current lineup includes Enthusiasm , Drinkwater , Robert John Bananas Foster , and Christmas Disco-Marie Sagan . The band is named after the frozen snack , and they have described their music as sweet and cold and fruity and plastic-y . Several of the band 's songs have appeared in video games , including the Harmonix titles Frequency , Amplitude , Karaoke Revolution , Phase , the Guitar Hero series , the Rock Band series , and Neon FM . Their music has also been included in Downhill Domination and Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 3 . Freezepop songs continue to appear in certain Harmonix titles . Former member Kasson Crooker currently works as a senior producer at Harmonix . The group is popular with college students in Boston and has become part of the US synthpop scene ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr . Fix It', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amazing Crowns The Amazing Crowns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazing_Crowns', 'summary': 'The Amazing Crowns ( formerly Amazing Royal Crowns ) are a punk rockabilly band that began in Providence , Rhode Island in 1993 . The lineup of the Crowns consists of vocalist Jason King Kendall , bassist Jack the Swinger Hanlon , guitarist J.D . Burgess , and drummer Judd Williams .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One for the Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breaking Wheel The Breaking Wheel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parasite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neighborhoods The Neighborhoods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Neighborhoods', 'summary': "The Neighborhoods are a Boston rock band formed in 1978 . The band earned local fame by playing regularly at Boston venues such as The Rat and winning the WBCN Rock ' n ' Roll Rumble in 1979 ( beating out La Peste , Mission of Burma , among others ) . Their 1980 debut single , Prettiest Girl ( b/w No Place Like Home ) was a local hit . The band broke up for a short time between 1980-1981 , but reformed in 1982 with bassist Lee Harrington and went on to release 5 albums between 1984-1991 . In 1987 they opened for David Bowie on his Glass Spider tour at Sullivan Stadium in Foxborough , MA and later toured with the Ramones in '87 , Cheap Trick in '90 and Tin Machine in '91 . In 1992 they decided to disband and played what was supposed to be their farewell show at The Rat . A recording of that show was released in 2010 as a double live CD with Brad Whitford of Aerosmith guesting on 2 songs . Whitford produced the band 's 1990 and 1991 albums . The band reformed in 2003 with Minehan , Harrington and Johnny Rock Lynch ( Avoid One Thing ) and continues to play shows today . In 2005 , the band was inducted into the Boston Music Awards Hall of Fame and in 2006 , their song Parasite was featured on the Guitar Hero 2 game and soundtrack . The band is currently working on a new studio album at David Minehan 's Woolly Mammoth Sound Studios in Waltham , MA ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Push Push ( Lady Lightning )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Camaro_(album)', 'summary': 'Bang Camaro is the debut album by Boston rock band Bang Camaro , released on February 19 , 2007 under Black Sword Records . Push Push ( Lady Lightning ) is featured as a bonus track in the game Guitar Hero II for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 and is available for download on the Rock Band Network . In addition , the songs Swallow the Razor , Bang Camaro and Nightlife Commando are also available for purchase through the Rock Band Network . The song Pleasure ( Pleasure ) is in the game Rock Band as a bonus track . The song Nightlife Commando is featured in the video game Phase . Rock Rebellion was available for subscribers and buyers of Official Xbox Magazine issue # 80 as a playable song on Rock Band which was later released as download content for both Xbox 360 and PS3 as of April 8 . Rock of Mages references the main theme from the game Titan Quest , and was used as background music for the credits of the same game . A untitled track is hidden in the pregap of the album .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Camaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Camaro', 'summary': 'Bang Camaro is an American hard rock band from Boston , Massachusetts . Founded by guitarists Bryn Bennett and Alex Necochea in 2005 , it is composed of members of various indie rock bands from the area . In 2009 , the group is signed with Black Sword Records , 8th Impression Music , and Fontana/Universal .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radium Eyes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Count Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Count_Zero_(band)', 'summary': 'Count Zero is a band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1996 by former members of the electronic band Think Tree . The band is led by guitarist and vocalist Peter Moore . Their music has been featured on both Guitar Hero and Rock Band games .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raw Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_the_Deal_(album)', 'summary': "Seal the Deal is the second full-length album by the Chicago based hard rock band The Last Vegas , released on April 10 , 2006 . It was the band 's second and last release on Get Hip Records before the split from the label . It was also the band 's last release with bassist Anthony Rubino . The album 's 7th track , Raw Dog , was featured as a bonus track for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero II ."}]}, {'value': 'Last Vegas The Last Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Vegas', 'summary': 'The Last Vegas are a hard rock band from Chicago whose style draws from glam , punk , and sleaze metal . Composed of Chad Cherry ( lead vocals ) , John Wator ( guitar ) , Adam Arling ( guitar ) , Danny Smash ( bass ) , and Nate Arling ( drums ) , the band released the album Whatever Gets You Off , in April 2009 , on Eleven Seven Music . The album was produced by Nikki Sixx , Sixx : A.M. guitarist DJ Ashba , as well as Marti Frederiksen .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Lottery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megasus_(album)', 'summary': 'Megasus is the debut album of Megasus .'}]}, {'value': 'Megasus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megasus', 'summary': 'Megasus is a heavy metal band formed in Providence , Rhode Island in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fall_of_Ideals', 'summary': "The Fall of Ideals is the third studio album by metalcore band All That Remains , released on July 11 , 2006 . Three music videos were created for the songs This Calling , Not Alone and The Air That I Breathe . It is the only All That Remains release with drummer Shannon Lucas and the band 's first album to feature bassist Jeanne Sagan . Musically , the album features a more metalcore sound , while still featuring some elements of the band 's melodic death metal sound featured prominently on their first two albums ."}]}, {'value': 'All That Remains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_That_Remains_(band)', 'summary': "All That Remains is an American heavy metal band from Springfield , Massachusetts , formed in 1998 . They have released nine studio albums , a live CD and DVD , and have sold over a million records worldwide . The group currently consists of vocalist Philip Labonte , rhythm guitarist Mike Martin , former Diecast drummer Jason Costa , bassist Aaron Patrick , and lead guitarist Jason Richardson , with Labonte being the last remaining original member . In spite of this , the band 's line-up had remained consistent from the release of 2008 's Overcome until 2015 's The Order of Things , spanning four albums . This line-up changed , however , in September 2015 , when long-time bassist Jeanne Sagan left the band , with Patrick taking her place and then again on February 5 , 2019 , when the band confirmed that Jason Richardson would be joining the band to replace the deceased lead guitarist and original member , Oli Herbert ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soy Bomb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honest Bob and the Factory-to-Dealer Incentives', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Game disc songs -- Bonus songs', 'section_text': "There are 24 bonus songs in the PlayStation 2 version of Guitar Hero II [ 9 ] and 2 additional songs for the Xbox 360 version . [ 5 ] All bonus songs are unlockable by using in-game money within the game 's store . Once purchased , they are playable in quick play , competitive , and co-operative modes . The song `` Raw Dog '' by The Last Vegas was selected as part of the `` Be a Guitar Hero '' contest for the release of Guitar Hero II . [ 8 ] All bonus songs are master recordings , and where marked , include rhythm guitar rather than bass guitar tracks .", 'uid': 'List_of_songs_in_Guitar_Hero_II_1', 'intro': "Guitar Hero II is a music video game developed by Harmonix and distributed by RedOctane, and is a sequel to Guitar Hero. The game was released first to PlayStation 2 in 2006, but later released for the Xbox 360 in 2007. Guitar Hero II challenges players to recreate the lead guitar portions of many rock music songs using a specially designed guitar-shaped controller, based on either a Gibson SG for the PlayStation 2 version, a Gibson Explorer for the Xbox 360 version, or else a standard console controller. As notes scroll down the screen towards the player, the player must hit both the fret buttons on the guitar controller and the strum bar at the same time in order to successfully hit the notes. Successfully hitting notes improves the player's performance in the game and also raises their score, while missing notes will reduce the player's performance, and a poor performance may end the song prematurely. Each song can be played at one of four difficulty levels: Easy, Medium, Hard and Expert. These levels reflect the number of fret buttons used and the number and frequency of the notes to be performed. There are 64 songs total in the PlayStation 2 version while there are 74 songs total for the later Xbox 360 version. The Xbox 360 version adds an additional 24 downloadable songs via Xbox Live Marketplace, bringing the total to 98 songs."} | null | null | What is the year of the song whose artist gained most of its fame from performances at The Knitting Factory in New York City ? | 2006 |
052802ed18b41d47 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people', 'title': 'List of awards named after people', 'header': ['Award', 'Named after', 'Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sakharov Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakharov_Prize', 'summary': "The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought , commonly known as the Sakharov Prize , honours individuals and groups of people who have dedicated their lives to the defense of human rights and freedom of thought . Named after Russian scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov , the prize was established in December 1988 by the European Parliament . A shortlist of nominees is drawn up annually by the European Parliament 's Committee on Foreign Affairs and Committee on Development . The MEPs who make up those committees then select a shortlist in September . Thereafter , the final choice is given to The European Parliaments Conference of Presidents ( President and political groups leaders ) and the laureate 's name is announced late in October . The prize is awarded in a ceremony at the Parliaments Strasbourg hemicycle ( round chamber ) in December . The prize includes a monetary award of €50,000 . The first prize was awarded jointly to South African Nelson Mandela and Russian Anatoly Marchenko . The 1990 award was given to Aung San Suu Kyi , but she could not receive it until 2013 as a result of her political imprisonment in Burma . The prize has also been awarded to organisations , the first being the Argentine Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 1992 . Five Sakharov laureates were subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize : Nelson Mandela , Aung San Suu Kyi , Malala Yousafzai , Denis Mukwege , and Nadia Murad . Razan Zaitouneh ( 2011 ) was kidnapped in 2013 and is still missing ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrei Sakharov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov', 'summary': "Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov ( Russian : Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов ; 21 May 1921 - 14 December 1989 ) was a Russian nuclear physicist , dissident , Nobel laureate , and activist for disarmament , peace and human rights . He became renowned as the designer of the Soviet Union 's RDS-37 , a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons . Sakharov later became an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union , for which he faced state persecution ; these efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975 . The Sakharov Prize , which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms , is named in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Human rights', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakurai Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakurai_Prize', 'summary': 'The J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics , is presented by the American Physical Society at its annual April Meeting , and honors outstanding achievement in particle physics theory . The prize , considered one of the most prestigious in physics [ by whom ? ] , consists of a monetary award ( $ 10,000 USD ) , a certificate citing the contributions recognized by the award , and a travel allowance for the recipient to attend the presentation . The award is endowed by the family and friends of particle physicist J. J. Sakurai . The prize has been awarded annually since 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'J. J. Sakurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._J._Sakurai', 'summary': 'Jun John Sakurai ( 桜井 純 , Sakurai Jun , January 31 , 1933 - November 1 , 1982 ) was a Japanese-American particle physicist and theorist . While a graduate student at Cornell University , Sakurai independently discovered the V-A theory of weak interactions . He authored the popular graduate text Modern Quantum Mechanics ( 1985-posthumous ) and other texts such as Invariance Principles and Elementary Particles ( 1964 ) and Advanced Quantum Mechanics ( 1967 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Theoretical particle physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. A. Sargent Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._A._Sargent_Medal', 'summary': 'The M. A. Sargent Medal is awarded by Engineers Australia for longstanding eminence in science or the practice of electrical engineering . It is named in honour of Michael Anthony ( Mike ) Sargent , an outstanding Australian electrical engineer . The medal is the highest award of the Electrical College board of Engineers Australia ,'}]}, {'value': 'M. A. Sargent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salimbeni Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salimbeni_Prize', 'summary': "The Salimbeni Prize ( Il Premio Salimbeni per la Storia e la Critica d'Arte ) is awarded by the Fondazione Salimbeni per le Arti Figurative of San Severino Marche to honour excellence in the writing of art history on an Italian subject . The Premio Salimbeni was established in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo and Jacopo Salimbeni', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Sarnoff Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IEEE_David_Sarnoff_Award', 'summary': 'The IEEE David Sarnoff Award was a Technical Field Award presented in 1959-2016 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) . It was awarded annually for exceptional contributions to electronics . The award was established in 1959 by the RCA Corporation ; in 1989 the Sarnoff Corporation became its sponsor . It consisted of a bronze medal , certificate and honorarium , and was presented each year to an individual or small team ( up to three people ) . The award was discontinued in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Sarnoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Sarnoff', 'summary': "David Sarnoff ( February 27 , 1891 - December 12 , 1971 ) was a Russian-American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television . Throughout most of his career he led the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970 . He ruled over an ever-growing telecommunications and media empire that included both RCA and NBC , and became one of the largest companies in the world . Named a Reserve Brigadier General of the Signal Corps in 1945 , Sarnoff thereafter was widely known as The General . Sarnoff is credited with Sarnoff 's law , which states that the value of a broadcast network is proportional to the number of viewers ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eiji Sawamura Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiji_Sawamura_Award', 'summary': 'The Eiji Sawamura Award ( 沢村栄治賞 , Sawamura Eiji-shō ) , commonly known as the Sawamura Award , is an honor bestowed upon the top starting pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball each year . The award was originally established by Japanese magazine Nekkyū in 1947 to honor the career of Eiji Sawamura , a power pitcher who enjoyed an illustrious career for the Tokyo Giants before being killed in combat during World War II . It is a special award that is independent of the official Most Valuable Pitcher award that is presented to one pitcher in each league ( Central and Pacific ) each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Eiji Sawamura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiji_Sawamura', 'summary': 'Eiji Sawamura ( 沢村 栄治 ; February 1 , 1917 - December 2 , 1944 , born in Ujiyamada ( present : Ise ) , Mie prefecture , Japan ) was a Japanese professional baseball player . A right-handed pitcher , he played in Japan for the Yomiuri Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigi_Schmid_Coach_of_the_Year_Award', 'summary': "The Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award is given by Major League Soccer to the best coach in any given season . The award has been given since the league 's inception in 1996 and is determined by a vote from players , club personnel , and members of the media . Bruce Arena and Bob Bradley have won the award three times , more than any other coach . The award was renamed in January 2019 for Sigi Schmid , the manager with the most league regular season wins and two-time award winner , shortly after his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigi Schmid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigi_Schmid', 'summary': 'Siegfried Sigi Schmid ( German : [ ˈziːkfʀiːt ˈziːɡiː ʃmiːt ] ; March 20 , 1953 - December 25 , 2018 ) was a German-American soccer coach who had the most wins in the history of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Born in Tübingen , West Germany , he moved to the United States with his family when he was a child . He played college soccer from 1972 to 1975 at the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he was a starting midfielder in each of his four years . He coached his former college team , the UCLA Bruins , between 1980 and 1999 . During that period , he became one of the most successful collegiate coaches of all time , leading the Bruins to a record of 322-63-33 ( wins-losses-draws ) . The team made 16 consecutive playoff appearances from 1983 to 1998 , winning the national championship in 1985 , 1990 , and 1997 . Schmid also worked with U.S. Soccer throughout the 1990s . Schmid coached the Los Angeles Galaxy and the Columbus Crew in MLS , before becoming the head coach of Seattle Sounders in 2009 . Despite never having played soccer at a professional level , he has the most coaching wins in MLS history and was the recipient of the MLS Coach of the Year Award in 1999 and 2008 . Throughout his career , Schmid received praise from critics for his ability to identify new talent . His defensive tactics were also highly regarded in the press and often cited as a factor in his success . However , their deployment in his final two seasons with Los Angeles led directly to the termination of his contract .'}]}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schneider Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schneider_Trophy', 'summary': "The Coupe d'Aviation Maritime Jacques Schneider , commonly called the Schneider Trophy or Schneider Prize ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Schneider Cup , a different prize ) , was a trophy awarded annually ( and later , biennially ) to the winner of a race for seaplanes and flying boats . The Schneider Trophy is now held at the Science Museum , South Kensington , London . Announced in 1912 by Jacques Schneider , a French financier , balloonist and aircraft enthusiast , the competition offered a prize of approximately £1,000 . The race was held twelve times between 1913 and 1931 . It was intended to encourage technical advances in civil aviation but became a contest for pure speed with laps over a ( usually ) triangular course ( initially 280 km , later 350 km ) . The contests were staged as time trials , with aircraft setting off individually at pre-agreed times , usually 15 minutes apart . The contests were very popular and some attracted crowds of over 200,000 spectators . An earlier trophy , also presented by Jacques Schneider in 1910 , in France , was the Schneider Cup , which is now in the possession of the RAF College Cranwell . If an aero club won three races in five years , they would retain the trophy and the winning pilot would receive 75,000 francs for each of the first three wins . Each race was hosted by the previous winning country . The races were supervised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and the aero club in the hosting country . Each club could enter up to three competitors with an equal number of alternatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Schneider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Schneider', 'summary': 'Jacques P. Schneider ( 25 July 1879 - 1 May 1928 ) was the French financier , balloonist and aircraft enthusiast , who created the Schneider Trophy .'}]}, {'value': 'Aviation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rolf Schock Prizes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_Schock_Prizes', 'summary': 'The Rolf Schock Prizes were established and endowed by bequest of philosopher and artist Rolf Schock ( 1933-1986 ) . The prizes were first awarded in Stockholm , Sweden , in 1993 and , since 2005 , are awarded every three years . Each recipient currently receives SEK 400,000 ( ca . US $ 60,000 ) . A similar prize is the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy , established by the Inamori Foundation . It is considered the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Philosophy . The Prizes are awarded in four categories and decided by committees of three of the Swedish Royal Academies :'}]}, {'value': 'Rolf Schock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_Schock', 'summary': "Rolf Schock ( /ˈrɔːlf , ˈrɒlf ˈʃɒk/ ; 5 April 1933 - 5 December 1986 ) was Swedish-American philosopher and artist , born in Cap-d'Ail , France of German parents ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Schottky Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Prize', 'summary': '{ single source|date=January 2020 } } The Walter Schottky Prize is a scientific prize awarded by the German Physical Society for outstanding research work of young academics in the field of solid-state physics . Since 1973 the prize is generally awarded annually . The endowment of the prize with 10,000 euros is contributed by Infineon Technologies AG and Robert Bosch GmbH . The prize is dedicated to Walter Schottky , a physicist and pioneer of electronics .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Schottky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Schottky', 'summary': 'Walter Hans Schottky ( 23 July 1886 - 4 March 1976 ) was a German physicist who played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena , invented the screen-grid vacuum tube in 1915 while working at Siemens , co-invented the ribbon microphone and ribbon loudspeaker along with Dr. Erwin Gerlach in 1924 and later made many significant contributions in the areas of semiconductor devices , technical physics and technology .'}]}, {'value': 'Solid-state physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Schwartzwalder Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Schwartzwalder_Trophy', 'summary': 'The Syracuse-West Virginia football rivalry is an American college football rivalry [ citation needed ] between the Syracuse Orange football team of Syracuse University and West Virginia Mountaineers football team of West Virginia University .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Schwartzwalder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Schwartzwalder', 'summary': 'Floyd Benjamin Schwartzwalder ( June 2 , 1909 - April 28 , 1993 ) was a Hall of Fame football coach at Syracuse University , where he trained future National Football League stars such as Jim Brown , Larry Csonka , Floyd Little and Ernie Davis , the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy . Schwartzwalder played center at West Virginia University , despite weighing only 146 pounds , and was an all-campus wrestler in 1930 in the 155-pound weight class . He was captain of the football team in 1933 .'}]}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn T. Seaborg Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg_Medal', 'summary': 'The Glenn T. Seaborg Medal was first awarded in 1987 by the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry to Nobel Prize-winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg , a UCLA alumnus . The purpose of the award is to honor persons who have made exceptional scientific contributions in the fields of chemistry or biochemistry . It is awarded annually by an executive committee of the UCLA Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry .'}]}, {'value': 'Glenn T. Seaborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg', 'summary': "Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( /ˈsiːbɔːrɡ/ ; April 19 , 1912 - February 25 , 1999 ) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis , discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a share of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . His work in this area also led to his development of the actinide concept and the arrangement of the actinide series in the periodic table of the elements . Seaborg spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the University of California , Berkeley , serving as a professor , and , between 1958 and 1961 , as the university 's second chancellor . He advised ten US Presidents - from Harry S. Truman to Bill Clinton - on nuclear policy and was Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1971 , where he pushed for commercial nuclear energy and the peaceful applications of nuclear science . Throughout his career , Seaborg worked for arms control . He was a signatory to the Franck Report and contributed to the Limited Test Ban Treaty , the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . He was a well-known advocate of science education and federal funding for pure research . Toward the end of the Eisenhower administration , he was the principal author of the Seaborg Report on academic science , and , as a member of President Ronald Reagan 's National Commission on Excellence in Education , he was a key contributor to its 1983 report A Nation at Risk . Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements : plutonium , americium , curium , berkelium , californium , einsteinium , fermium , mendelevium , nobelium and element 106 , which , while he was still living , was named seaborgium in his honor . He also discovered more than 100 isotopes of transuranium elements and is credited with important contributions to the chemistry of plutonium , originally as part of the Manhattan Project where he developed the extraction process used to isolate the plutonium fuel for the second atomic bomb . Early in his career , he was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and discovered isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases , including iodine-131 , which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease . In addition to his theoretical work in the development of the actinide concept , which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table , he postulated the existence of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Segrave Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Segrave_Trophy', 'summary': "The Segrave Trophy is awarded to the British national who demonstrates Outstanding Skill , Courage and Initiative on Land , Water and in the Air . The trophy is named in honour of Sir Henry Segrave , the first person to hold both the land and water speed records simultaneously . The award was established by Segrave 's wife , Lady Doris , who was determined to carry on his legacy . The trophy , designed by sculptor Gilbert Bayes , is awarded by the Royal Automobile Club . It has been awarded in most years since 1930 ; it is not presented if , in the opinion of the committee , no achievement has been sufficient to deserve the award . Past sponsors of the trophy include Castrol , Ford Motor Company and Aston Martin . The inaugural recipient of the Segrave Trophy was Australian-born Charles Kingsford Smith who flew solo from Ireland to Newfoundland , across the Atlantic , in just over 31 hours . He also won the 1930 England to Australia air race , covering the distance solo in 13 days . British aviatrix Amy Johnson became the first female recipient of the trophy in 1932 when she was cited for her flight from London to Cape Town in a de Havilland Puss Moth . Since then , just four other women have won the award : Jean Batten ( 1936 ) for her solo 11-day flight from England to New Zealand , Fiona Gore ( 1980 ) for travelling in excess of 100 miles per hour ( 160 km/h ) on water , Eve Jackson ( 1987 ) for her solo microlight flight from London to Sydney , and Louise Aitken-Walker ( 1990 ) for her victory in the short-lived World Rally Championship Ladies Cup . The Segrave Trophy has been presented posthumously on four occasions , to Geoffrey de Havilland Jr. ( 1946 ) , Donald Campbell ( 1966 ) , Bruce McLaren ( 1969 ) and Joey Dunlop ( 2000 ) . The 2018 winner of the Segrave Trophy was the double amputee driver Billy Monger , who at the age of 20 , is the youngest recipient of the award ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Segrave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Segrave', 'summary': "Sir Henry O'Neal de Hane Segrave ( 22 September 1896 - 13 June 1930 ) was an early British pioneer in land speed and water speed records . Segrave , who set three land and one water record , was the first person to hold both titles simultaneously and the first person to travel at over 200 miles per hour ( 320 km/h ) in a land vehicle . He died in an accident in 1930 shortly after setting a new world water speed record on Windermere in the Lake District , England . The Segrave Trophy was established to commemorate his life ."}]}, {'value': 'Transportation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank J. Selke Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Trophy', 'summary': "The Frank J. Selke Trophy is awarded annually to the National Hockey League forward who demonstrates the most skill in the defensive component of the game . The winner is selected by a poll of the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association following the regular season . Named after Frank J. Selke , former general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens , the trophy has been awarded 35 times to 23 different players since the 1977-78 NHL season . The current holder is Ryan O'Reilly of the St. Louis Blues ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank J. Selke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_J._Selke', 'summary': 'Francis Joseph Aloysius Frank Selke ( /ˈsɛlki/ ; May 7 , 1893 - July 3 , 1985 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey executive in the National Hockey League . He was a nine-time Stanley Cup champion with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens and a Hockey Hall of Fame inductee .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seve Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Trophy', 'summary': 'The Seve Trophy was a biennial golf tournament between teams of professional male golfers ; one team representing Great Britain and Ireland , the other team representing Continental Europe . The tournament was played in years when there is no Ryder Cup . The competition was held eight times from 2000 to 2013 . The Trophy was named after five times major winner Seve Ballesteros , the most successful golfer ever from Continental Europe who was one of the key instigators of the tournament . He made an exceptional contribution to the European Ryder Cup successes of the 1980s and 1990s , and came to be regarded as an exceptionally keen team man in a usually individualistic sport . A sponsorship deal with the French media conglomerate Vivendi meant that the 2009 was known as The Vivendi Trophy with Seve Ballesteros , the 2011 event was the Vivendi Seve Trophy and the 2013 event was known as the Seve Trophy by Golf+ .'}]}, {'value': 'Seve Ballesteros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros', 'summary': "Severiano Ballesteros Sota ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seβeˈɾjano βaʎesˈteɾos ] ; 9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011 ) was a Spanish professional golfer , a World No . 1 who was one of the sport 's leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A member of a gifted golfing family , he won 90 international tournaments in his career , including five major championships between 1979 and 1988 : the Open Championship three times and the Masters Tournament twice . He gained attention in the golfing world in 1976 , when at the age of 19 , he finished second at The Open . He played a leading role in the re-emergence of European golf , helping the European Ryder Cup team to five wins both as a player and captain . He is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time . [ citation needed ] Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles . He won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992 . His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open . Largely because of back-related injuries , Ballesteros struggled with his form during the late 1990s . Despite this , he continued to be involved in golf , creating the Seve Trophy and running a golf course design business . Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive professional golf in 2007 because of continued poor form ."}]}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Sheene Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Sheene_Medal', 'summary': "The Barry Sheene Medal is an annual award honouring the achievements of a driver in the Supercars Championship , an Australian touring car series . Tony Cochrane , the chairman of the championship 's organising body Australian Vee Eight Supercar Company ( AVESCO ) , [ a ] instigated the award in 2003 . The medal is named after the two-time Grand Prix motorcycle world champion and motor racing television commentator Barry Sheene . It is presented to the driver adjudged to have displayed outstanding leadership , media interaction , character , personality , fan appeal and sportsmanship throughout the season . A panel of motor racing journalists individually award three drivers scores of three , two and one points after every event of a season . The results are announced at the championship 's end-of-season gala in Sydney . Drivers consider it the second-most prestigious award after the drivers ' championship , and it is frequently likened to Australian rules football 's Brownlow Medal and rugby league 's Dally M Medal . The inaugural recipient was the Stone Brothers Racing driver Marcos Ambrose in 2003 . He won his first drivers ' championship title that year . Ambrose claimed a second championship title the following year and earned a second medal win . Since then , four drivers have won the award more than once : Craig Lowndes , Jamie Whincup , Scott McLaughlin and David Reynolds . Australian drivers have earned the medal fourteen times and New Zealanders three times ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Sheene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Sheene', 'summary': "Barry Steven Frank Sheene MBE ( 11 September 1950 - 10 March 2003 ) was a British professional motorcycle racer . He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing and was a two-time world champion , winning consecutive 500cc titles in 1976 and 1977 . Sheene 's 1977 title remained as Britain 's last solo motorcycle world championship until Danny Kent in 2015 in the Moto3 category . After a racing career stretching from 1968 to 1984 he retired from competition and relocated to Australia , working as a motorsport commentator and property developer ."}]}, {'value': 'Auto racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shaw Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaw_Prize', 'summary': 'The Shaw Prize is an annual award first presented by the Shaw Prize Foundation in 2004 . Established in 2002 in Hong Kong , it honours'}]}, {'value': '邵逸夫 Run Run Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_Run_Shaw', 'summary': 'Sir Run Run Shaw GBM CBE ( November 1907 - 7 January 2014 ) , also known as Shao Yifu and Siu Yat-fu , was a Hong Kong entertainment mogul and philanthropist . He was one of the most influential figures in the Asian entertainment industry . He founded the Shaw Brothers Studio , one of the largest film production companies in Hong Kong , and TVB , the dominant television company in Hong Kong . A well-known philanthropist , Shaw donated billions of Hong Kong dollars to educational institutions in Hong Kong and mainland China . More than 5,000 buildings on Chinese college campuses bear his name , as does Shaw College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong . He also established the Shaw Prize for Astronomy , Life Science & Medicine and Mathematical Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Science', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude E. Shannon Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon_Award', 'summary': 'The Claude E. Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society was created to honor consistent and profound contributions to the field of information theory . Each Shannon Award winner is expected to present a Shannon Lecture at the following IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory . It is a prestigious prize in information theory , covering technical contributions at the intersection of mathematics , communication engineering , and theoretical computer science . It is named for Claude E. Shannon , who was also the first recipient .'}]}, {'value': 'Claude Shannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Shannon', 'summary': "Claude Elwood Shannon ( April 30 , 1916 - February 24 , 2001 ) was an American mathematician , electrical engineer , and cryptographer known as the father of information theory . Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper , A Mathematical Theory of Communication , that he published in 1948 . He is also well known for founding digital circuit design theory in 1937 , when - as a 21-year-old master 's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) - he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship . Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II , including his fundamental work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications ."}]}, {'value': 'Information theory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Information_theory', 'summary': 'Information theory studies the quantification , storage , and communication of information . It was originally proposed by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression , in a landmark paper titled A Mathematical Theory of Communication . Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space , the invention of the compact disc , the feasibility of mobile phones , the development of the Internet , the study of linguistics and of human perception , the understanding of black holes , and numerous other fields . The field is at the intersection of mathematics , statistics , computer science , physics , neurobiology , information engineering , and electrical engineering . The theory has also found applications in other areas , including statistical inference , natural language processing , cryptography , neurobiology , human vision , the evolution and function of molecular codes ( bioinformatics ) , model selection in statistics , thermal physics , quantum computing , linguistics , plagiarism detection , pattern recognition , and anomaly detection . Important sub-fields of information theory include source coding , channel coding , algorithmic complexity theory , algorithmic information theory , information-theoretic security , Grey system theory and measures of information . Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression ( e.g . ZIP files ) , lossy data compression ( e.g . MP3s and JPEGs ) , and channel coding ( e.g . for DSL ) . Information theory is used in information retrieval , intelligence gathering , gambling , statistics , and even in musical composition . A key measure in information theory is entropy .'}]}, {'value': 'Shewhart Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shewhart_Medal', 'summary': 'The Shewhart Medal , named in honour of Walter A. Shewhart , is awarded annually by the American Society for Quality for .outstanding technical leadership in the field of modern quality control , especially through the development to its theory , principles , and techniques . The first medal was awarded in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter A. Shewhart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart', 'summary': 'Walter Andrew Shewhart ( pronounced like shoe-heart , March 18 , 1891 - March 11 , 1967 ) was an American physicist , engineer and statistician , sometimes known as the father of statistical quality control and also related to the Shewhart cycle . W. Edwards Deming said of him :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinmura Izuru Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinmura_Izuru_Prize', 'summary': 'The Shinmura Izuru Prize ( 新村出賞 ) is an award presented by the Shinmura Izuru Foundation ( 新村出記念財団 ) for contributions to linguistics . The prize has been awarded since 1982 and is named after Shinmura Izuru , known for his many contributions to Japanese linguistics and lexicography .'}]}, {'value': 'Izuru Shinmura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Izuru_Shinmura', 'summary': 'Shinmura Izuru ( 新村 出 , October 4 , 1876 - August 17 , 1967 ) was a Japanese linguist and essayist . He is best known for his many contributions to Japanese linguistics and lexicography . In honor of him , the Shinmura Izuru Prize is annually awarded for contributions to linguistics .'}]}, {'value': 'Linguistics', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'S', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_prizes_named_after_people_16', 'intro': 'This is a list of awards that are named after people.'} | null | null | What field is the award named after the co-invented the ribbon microphone and ribbon loudspeaker awarded in ? | Solid-state physics |
052837692cae1bc1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb', 'title': '2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'Total Points', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shion Kokubun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shion_Kokubun', 'summary': 'Shion Kokubun ( 國分 紫苑 , Kokubun Shion ) ( born December 24 , 1991 in Hokkaido , Japan ) is a former Japanese figure skater . She won the 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '144.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Kozyreva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Kozyreva', 'summary': 'Ekaterina Vladimirovna Kozireva ( Russian : Екатерина Владимировна Козырева , born 16 February 1993 ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . She won silver at the 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb and bronze at the 2006 ISU Junior Grand Prix event held in Miercurea Ciuc , Romania . She was the second alternate to the 2006 Junior Grand Prix Final .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '143.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katarina Gerbolt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katarina_Gerbolt', 'summary': 'Katarina Alexandrovna Gerboldt ( Russian : Катарина Александровна Гербольдт ; born 28 March 1989 ) is a Russian figure skater . In single skating , her best result at an ISU Championship was sixth at the 2009 European Championships . In 2010 , she switched to pair skating , teaming up with Alexander Enbert . They appeared at one ISU Championship , the 2011 European Championships where they placed fourth .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '137.98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuğba Karademir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuğba_Karademir', 'summary': 'Tuğba Karademir ( born on March 17 , 1985 ) is a Turkish former competitive figure skater . She won silver medals at the 2008 International Challenge Cup and 2008 Ondrej Nepela Memorial . She qualified to the free skate at two Winter Olympics ( 2006 Turin and 2010 Vancouver ) , two World Championships ( 2006 Calgary , 2009 Los Angeles ) , and seven European Championships ( 2004-2010 ) . She served as the flag-bearer for Turkey at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '130.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamar Katz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamar_Katz', 'summary': 'Tamar Katz ( Hebrew : תמר כץ , born September 26 , 1989 ) is an Israeli former competitive figure skater . She is the 2005 , 2007 , and 2008 Israeli national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '126.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anette Dytrt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anette_Dytrt', 'summary': 'Annette Dytrt , also Dytrtová , ( born 7 September 1983 ) is a German figure skater who also competed internationally for the Czech Republic . She is the 1999 Czech national champion and the 2003-06 German national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '116.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teodora Poštič', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teodora_Poštič', 'summary': "Teodora Poštič ( born 25 September 1984 ) is a Slovenian figure skater . She is a four-time ( 2006-09 ) Slovenian national champion and reached the free skate at four ISU Championships - three Europeans and one Junior Worlds . By placing fifth at the 2009 Nebelhorn Trophy , she qualified a spot for Slovenia in the ladies ' figure skating event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . She placed 27th at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': '101.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonia Radeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonia_Radeva', 'summary': 'Sonia Radeva ( Bulgarian : Соня Радева , born March 11 , 1985 in Sofia ) is a Bulgarian former competitive figure skater . She is a three-time Bulgarian national champion and reached the free skate at two ISU Championships - the 2005 European Championships in Turin , Italy , and the 2006 European Championships in Lyon , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '98.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Seeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Seeh', 'summary': 'Marina Seeh ( Serbian Cyrillic : Марина Сех ; born July 31 , 1986 in Bergisch Gladbach ) is a Serbian figure skater . She is a two-time ( 2010-2011 ) Serbian national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': '93.74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirna Libric', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '87.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherina Hadford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherina_Hadford', 'summary': 'Katherine Kati Hadford ( born 24 July 1989 ) is a Hungarian-American figure skater who skates internationally for Hungary . She is the 2008 and 2010 Hungarian national silver medalist and three time ( 2006 , 2007 , 2009 ) bronze medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '83.71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Dikanovic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '74.59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Stanukova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Stanukova', 'summary': 'Manuela Stanukova ( Bulgarian : Мануела Станукова ) ( born February 5 , 1989 in Vraca ) is a Bulgarian figure skater . She is the 2006 Bulgarian national bronze medalist . She is a one-time competitor at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '70.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleur Maxwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleur_Maxwell', 'summary': 'Fleur Maxwell ( born 5 August 1988 ) is a Luxembourgian figure skater . She has won nine senior international medals . She reached the free skate at the 2006 Winter Olympics and at six ISU Championships , achieving her highest result , 14th , at the 2005 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ksenija Jastsenjski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ksenija_Jastsenjski', 'summary': 'Ksenija Jastsenjski ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ксенија Јастсењски ; born 2 September 1982 in Belgrade ) is a Serbian figure skater . She is a seven-time national champion . She formerly represented Serbia and Montenegro and FR Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Muniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Muniz', 'summary': 'Victoria Muniz ( born January 25 , 1989 , Agana Heights , Guam ) is an American figure skater who skated internationally for Puerto Rico . She qualified to the free skate at three ISU Championships - 2007 Junior Worlds , 2011 Four Continents , and 2012 Four Continents . She is a four-time Puerto Rican national champion , having won the title in 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , and 2011 . Muniz competed on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit for two seasons . She made her senior debut at the 2008 World Championships in Gothenburg , Sweden , and went on to compete in the 2009 World Championships in Los Angeles , her training town . Muniz was the first skater to represent Puerto Rico at an ISU Championship , doing so at the 2006 World Junior Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Ladies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb_1', 'intro': "The 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb (Croatian: Zlatna pirueta Zagreba) was the Golden Spin of Zagreb competition for the 2009-2010 figure skating season. It was the 42nd edition of the Golden Spin of Zagreb to be held. The Golden Spin of Zagreb is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Zagreb, Croatia. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The 2009 competition was held in the Dom Sportova on December 10-12, 2009. The compulsory dance was the Tango Romantica."} | null | null | Of the three skaters in top 3 , which one is the oldest ? | Katarina Gerbolt |
0528f3333be88368 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFL_season', 'title': '2010 AFL season', 'header': ['Club', 'Award name', 'Player'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Malcolm Blight Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Blight_Medal', 'summary': 'The Malcolm Blight Medal is a post-season award given to the best and fairest player for the Adelaide Football Club . The medal was first awarded in 1991 , and later named after former Adelaide Crows coach Malcolm Blight . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving each player a ranking from zero to four after each match . Players can receive a maximum of 20 votes for a game .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Douglas_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Richard Joseph Edwin Douglas ( born 6 February 1987 ) is a former professional Australian rules football player who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was drafted by Adelaide with pick 16 in the 2005 national draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Lions', 'summary': "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ."}]}, {'value': 'Merrett-Murray Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merrett-Murray_Medal', 'summary': 'The Merrett-Murray Medal has been awarded annually since 1997 , to the player adjudged the Brisbane Lions club champion over the immediately preceding Australian Football League ( AFL ) season . It is named after Roger Merrett and Kevin Murray . Merrett was a champion at the Brisbane Bears , while Murray was a legend at the Fitzroy Lions , the two clubs which merged to form the Brisbane Lions . The voting system , as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of the senior coach and assistant coaches scoring players based on their overall performance , influence on the game , team contribution and compliance with team values . The most votes a player can receive in a single game is twelve .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Rischitelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Rischitelli', 'summary': 'Michael Rischitelli ( born 8 January 1986 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He previously played for the Brisbane Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Nicholls Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Nicholls_Medal', 'summary': 'The John Nicholls Medal ( formerly the Robert Reynolds Trophy from 1934-2003 ) is an Australian rules football award given to the player ( s ) adjudged best and fairest for the Carlton Football Club for the season . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of four coaches giving each player a ranking from one to four after each match . Players can receive a maximum of 16 votes for a game . John Nicholls was a champion ruckman who won the award five times from 1959 to 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Judd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Judd', 'summary': "Christopher Dylan Judd ( born 8 September 1983 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer and captain of both the West Coast Eagles and Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Widely regarded as one of the best footballers in the modern game , Judd twice won the league 's highest individual honour , the Brownlow Medal , and was a dual Leigh Matthews Trophy winner as the AFL Players Association most valuable player . He was also a premiership captain , having captained the West Coast Eagles to the 2006 AFL Premiership . Consistently recognised as one of the game 's premier midfielders , Judd was selected in the All-Australian team six times , including as captain in 2008 . At a representative level , he played for Australia in the 2002 International Rules Series and for Victoria in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match in 2008 . Judd is recognised as a great at two clubs : West Coast and Carlton . During his 134 games with West Coast he captained the club for two seasons and won two Club Champion Awards . After returning to Melbourne to captain the Carlton Football Club , Judd won the John Nicholls Medal as the club 's Best and Fairest three times , and become the fourth player in AFL history to win a Brownlow Medal at more than one club ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Copeland Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copeland_Trophy', 'summary': "The E.W . Copeland Trophy is an Australian rules football award given by the Collingwood Football Club to the player adjudged best and fairest for Collingwood during the year . The Copeland Shield , as it was formerly known , was donated by Ern Copeland , the secretary who came to the club in 1895 and led the club through the 1890s depression , saving it from financial ruin . He remained an employee of Collingwood for 29 years , finally retiring in 1924 . The trophy was unveiled in 1932 , with the best and fairest award winners from the previous five years engraved on the trophy . Along with the Copeland Trophy , the R.T . Rush Trophy is awarded to the second best and fairest player , the J.J. Joyce Trophy is awarded to the third placed player , the Jock McHale Trophy to the fourth placed player , and the Jack Regan Trophy to the fifth placed player . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches awarding 22 votes per match , with no specific distribution required . If two players are tied at the end of the season , the player with the highest average votes-per-game is awarded the winner . If they are still tied , the player with the highest number of 'high value ' votes is awarded the winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Dane Swan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dane_Swan', 'summary': "Dane Swan ( born 25 February 1984 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Swan was drafted with pick 58 in the 2001 AFL draft , and made his debut in his second season . Despite having a slow start to his career , being unable to hold down a spot in the side for the bulk of his first three seasons , Swan has since become recognised as one of the greatest midfielders in the modern era . Since his breakout season in 2007 , Swan has become a premiership player , a Brownlow Medallist , a three-time Copeland Trophy recipient , and a five-time All-Australian , and in 2010 , won the Leigh Matthews Trophy as the league 's most valuable player . Known as a prolific ball-winner , Swan averaged almost 27 disposals per game over his career . Swan was runner-up in the 2017 I 'm A Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! , on Network Ten ."}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': 'Crichton Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crichton_Medal', 'summary': 'The Crichton Medal is the name given to the best and fairest award for the Australian rules football team , the Essendon Football Club . The naming of the award is in honour of Wally Crichton , a former administrator for Essendon ( who was a committeeman from 1926-1931 , vice-president from 1932-1940 , and president from 1941-1959 ) . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving each player a ranking from zero to five after each match . Players can receive a maximum of 25 votes for a game . The best and fairest award has been awarded since 1897 , although before 1921 records of winners are insufficient . The award was suspended during World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Jobe Watson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jobe_Watson', 'summary': "Jobe Watson ( born 8 February 1985 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Watson , the son of three-time Essendon premiership champion Tim Watson , was drafted by Essendon under the father-son rule in the 2002 national draft , and went on to become one of the greatest midfielders of the modern era . A dual All-Australian and three-time W. S. Crichton Medallist , he captained Essendon from 2010 to 2015 , and was the face of the Essendon playing group during the most turbulent period in the club 's history . Watson was one of thirty-four players suspended for using the banned performance-enhancing substance Thymosin beta-4 during the 2012 AFL season as part of the Essendon Football Club supplements saga . Watson originally won the Brownlow Medal during that season as the league 's best and fairest player , but he was later ruled ineligible in 2016 as a result of the suspension and announced that he would hand back the medal . He was suspended for the entire 2016 AFL season , before returning the following year ; he then played for one more season before retiring ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Doig Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doig_Medal', 'summary': "The Doig Medal is the best and fairest award given out to the player considered best and fairest during a season for the Fremantle Football Club in the AFL . It was renamed in 2000 after the legendary Fremantle footballing family , the Doigs , who have had over 17 members play league football for East Fremantle or South Fremantle in the WAFL . The most famous is George Doig who has been inducted in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . Eight different players won the award between 1995 and 2002 until Peter Bell won his second medal in 2003 . Following Bell 's third medal in 2004 , Matthew Pavlich won four consecutive medals to hold the record of six medals in total . Nat Fyfe became the third player to win multiple Doig medals when he won consecutive medals in 2013 and 2014 . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving each player a ranking from zero to five after each match . Players can receive a maximum of 25 votes for a game ."}]}, {'value': 'David Mundy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Mundy', 'summary': 'David Mundy ( born 20 July 1985 ) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He plays as a half back flanker or midfielder and began his football career at Murray Bushrangers in the TAC Cup . He was the captain of Fremantle during the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Carji Greeves Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carji_Greeves_Medal', 'summary': "The Carji Greeves Medal is a name given in recent decades to an Australian rules football award given to the player ( s ) adjudged best and fairest for the Geelong Football Club for the season . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of the senior coach , director of coaching and the assistant coaches rating each player out of 15 after every game . The combined votes are averaged to give a final score for that game . To ensure players are not disadvantaged by injury , only a player 's highest scoring 21 games count . Edward 'Carji ' Greeves was a champion Geelong footballer who won the inaugural Brownlow Medal in 1924 , for the best and fairest player in the Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Joel Selwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_Selwood', 'summary': "Joel Anthony Selwood ( born 26 May 1988 ) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A standout junior track and field athlete and footballer , Selwood entered top-level football early , joining the TAC Cup competition as a bottom-aged player . His accomplishments as a junior included Most Valuable Player awards at state and international levels , captaining Australia in the International Rules Series , and selection in the All-Australian and TAC Cup Team of the Year sides . Despite a serious knee injury during his final year of junior football , Selwood was selected with Geelong 's first pick , and seventh overall , in the 2006 AFL Draft . Selwood made his AFL debut in 2007 , winning the AFL Rising Star Award and AFLPA Best First Year Player Award . He has since become a triple premiership player , a NAB Cup winner , a six-time All-Australian - three times as captain - a triple Carji Greeves Medallist , a Michael Tuck Medallist , an AFLPA Best Captain Award winner , and a four-time recipient of the AFLPA Robert Rose Most Courageous Player Award . Selwood has also captained Australia in the International Rules Series , represented the Victorian state team as the youngest player to feature in the all-star event , and has been awarded life membership with Geelong . Selwood holds one of the highest winning-percentage records of any player in VFL-AFL history , helping the club reach three successive AFL Grand Finals from 2007 to 2009 and another in 2011 . After serving one season as the club vice-captain in 2011 , Selwood was appointed as the captain of Geelong at the beginning of 2012 following the retirement of Cameron Ling ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Crimmins Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Crimmins_Medal', 'summary': "The Peter Crimmins Medal is an Australian rules football award given to the player ( s ) from the Hawthorn Football Club deemed best and fairest for the season . Peter Crimmins was a rover for Hawthorn , playing from 1966-1975 . He died of cancer just days after the club 's 1976 premiership win . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of four coaches awarding votes after each match , players can receive a maximum of 16 votes for a game ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke Hodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Hodge', 'summary': 'Luke Hodge ( born 15 June 1984 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club and the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He played for the Hawthorn Football Club from 2002 to 2017 , captaining the club from 2011 to 2016 . In 2018 , Hodge moved to the Brisbane Lions , before retiring in 2019 . Hodge started his career playing on the half-back flank but as his career progressed he has been known to push up into the midfield . He is a four-time premiership player , three-time premiership captain and a two-time Norm Smith Medallist . Hodge is widely regarded as one of the most respected players , in particular as a captain , to have ever participated in the sport .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': "Keith 'Bluey ' Truscott Medal", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Keith_'Bluey'_Truscott_Medal", 'summary': "The Keith 'Bluey ' Truscott Trophy is an Australian rules football award presented annually to the player ( s ) adjudged the best and fairest at the Melbourne Football Club throughout the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League ( VFL/AFL ) season . The Melbourne Football Club was established in 1858 and was a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association , playing in the league from 1877 to 1896 . After the formation of the Victorian Football League in 1896 , Melbourne joined the league as a foundation club the next year and has competed in the league ever since . The inaugural Melbourne best and fairest winner was Allan La Fontaine in 1935 , and he retained it the following season . The award was known as the Melbourne best and fairest until it was renamed in 1943 in honour of Keith 'Bluey ' Truscott , a former dual premiership player and World War II fighter ace killed in service in 1943 . Allan La Fontaine and Jim Stynes have both won the award on four occasions in 1935 , 1936 , 1941 and 1942 , and 1991 , 1995 , 1996 and 1997 respectively ; the most for any recipient of the award . Jim Stynes and Nathan Jones are the only two players to have won the award in three consecutive seasons ; in the 1995-1997 seasons and 2012-2014 seasons respectively . Two players have won the Keith 'Bluey ' Truscott Trophy in the same season as winning the Brownlow Medal , which is awarded to the fairest and best player in the VFL/AFL , Jim Stynes in 1991 and Shane Woewodin in 2000 . The voting system as of the 2016 AFL season , consists of four members of the match committee giving each player a ranking out of ten after each game . Players can receive a maximum of 40 votes for a game ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Green_(footballer)', 'summary': "Brad Green ( born 13 March 1981 ) is a former Australian rules football player and current North Melbourne development coach . He played for 13 seasons with Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Drafted with the 19th selection in the 1999 AFL Draft , Green played in a losing Grand Final in his first season . In 2010 he won the club 's best and fairest award and was the club 's leading goalkicker , with many commentators stating he was unlucky to miss out on All-Australian selection . Green was named Melbourne 's captain for the next season , but the appointment was short-lived as he held the position for only one year . He also represented the Australian International rules football team in 2004 , 2010 and 2011 , captaining the side in 2011 . Green is now an assistant coach at North Melbourne , having previously been an assistant coach at the Carlton Football Club from 2013 to 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Syd Barker Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syd_Barker_Medal', 'summary': "The Syd Barker Medal is awarded to the North Melbourne Football Club player who has been judged the best and fairest of the footy season . The award has been given out continuously since 1937 . Before then it was known as the Syd Barker Memorial Trophy . The award is named after Syd Barker who was a popular captain of the North Melbourne Football Club in 1915-1919 , 1921 & 1927 . He was a brilliant ruckmen of his time , starring in North Melbourne 's 1910 , 1914 , 1915 and 1918 premiership sides , and captaining the famous Invincibles side that went undefeated in a record 58 games . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of each player earning up to 20 votes in a match , with votes from their best 20 games and finals counting towards their final total ."}]}, {'value': 'Brent Harvey and Brady Rawlings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Harvey', 'summary': "Brent Harvey ( born 14 May 1978 ) , often known by his nickname Boomer , is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He holds the record for most matches played by an individual in AFL history , breaking Michael Tuck 's previous record in 2016 . Drafted by the Kangaroos in the third round of the 1995 AFL Draft , Harvey played in his only premiership side in 1999 , following an E. J. Whitten Medal victory playing for Victoria in the State of Origin series . He won the Syd Barker Medal in 2003 , as well as the Jim Stynes Medal in the International rules series , captaining the Australian team in the 2008 International Rules Series . A highlight of his 2003 season was against Carlton at the Telstra Dome in Round 22 . Playing in his 150th game , Harvey kicked three goals in the Roos ' record-breaking 124-point victory . He was the only North Melbourne player to have played every game at Manuka Oval during North Melbourne 's nine-year stint at the venue . In 2007 Harvey polled 22 votes in the Brownlow Medal , finishing equal second and in 2008 Harvey polled 17 votes to finish in eighth place despite being one of the favourites to win the award in both years . In 2010 , the week after a career-low five possession game against St Kilda , Harvey led North Melbourne to a 25-point win over West Coast Eagles with a career-best 44 disposals , along with 11 marks , six goal scoring assists and one goal . Harvey also almost kicked a candidate for goal of the year , taking seven bounces of the ball in a run from defence before hitting the post with his shot at goal . In 2011 , playing his 312th game , he broke Glenn Archer 's all-time club record for games played . Harvey 's grandfather , Bill Harvey , played two games for North Melbourne in 1948 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brady_Rawlings', 'summary': "Brady Rawlings ( born 10 June 1981 in Devonport , Tasmania ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 245 games for the North Melbourne Kangaroos . Ahead of the 2014 season , he was appointed as the midfield coach of the West Coast Eagles.After three years in the position , Rawlings shifted from coaching to the role of list manager . He is the younger brother of former AFL footballer , and Richmond 2009 caretaker coach , Jade . Rawlings was recruited to the Kangaroos in the 1998 AFL Draft , with the 15th selection . Rawlings completed year 12 ( final year of school ) whilst in his first year at the club ( 1999 ) . Rawlings made a name for himself becoming one of the league 's best taggers , but as his game grew in 2003 he started to win much more of his own ball , to hurt the opposition defensively and offensively . In 2004 , he had his best season to date , gaining selection for the International rules series and taking out the Syd Barker Medal for the North Melbourne best and fairest . In 2005 , Rawlings had another solid year , albeit not as good as the previous , but 2006 saw him recapture the career-best form to take out his second Syd Barker Medal . Rawlings was a solid contributor in 2007 and 2008 , but after some retirements , he was forced to be played in a variety of different roles . In 2009 , a rebuilding year for the club , he spent much time playing in defense shutting down some of the game 's most eluding players in Cyril Rioli and Aaron Davey . Rawlings played his 200th AFL game in North Melbourne 's five point win over St Kilda in round 21 . He continued in this defensive role in 2010 , but was also able to get the ball himself , having a career high 623 possessions and sharing his third Syd Barker Medal with Brent Harvey ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'John Cahill Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cahill_Medal', 'summary': "The John Cahill Medal , named after the Port Adelaide Football Club 's ten time premiership coach and inaugural AFL coach John Cahill , is awarded to the club player adjudged best and fairest for the season . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of each member of the coaching committee giving each player a ranking from zero to five after each match ."}]}, {'value': 'Kane Cornes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kane_Cornes', 'summary': 'Kane Graham Cornes ( born 5 January 1983 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Dyer Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Dyer_Medal', 'summary': "The Jack Dyer Medal is an Australian rules football award given each season to the player or players adjudged best and fairest for the Richmond Football Club . The award is now named in honour of Jack Dyer , a champion ruckman who won the award five times from 1937 to 1946 . He was one of the inaugural Legends inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996 . Other multiple winners have been Kevin Bartlett ( five times ) ; Wayne Campbell and dual Brownlow Medallist Roy Wright ( four times each ) ; Ron Branton , Neville Crowe , Geoff Raines , Brownlow Medallist Bill Morris , and Trent Cotchin ( three times each ) . Basil McCormack , Jack Titus , Leo Merrett , Des Rowe , Dave Cuzens , Royce Hart , Maurice Rioli , Dale Weightman , Matthew Knights , Tony Free , Joel Bowden , Brett Deledio , Dustin Martin , and most recently Jack Riewoldt have all won the award twice . Bill Morris , Roy Wright , Ian Stewart , Trent Cotchin and Dustin Martin all won the best and fairest in the same years that they won their Brownlow Medals at Richmond , while Stan Judkins , Brownlow Medallist in 1930 , never won the club 's award . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of each player receiving a ranking from zero to five after each match by the coaching panel . In November 2019 it was announced that research into the history of the award has discovered that many of the awards before 1937 were not actually presented at the time , but were incorrectly retrospectively added in 1988 and 1991 without evidence . Controversially , this resulted in Jack Dyer 's tally of six medals being reduced to five , and several other players having their tallies removed completely"}]}, {'value': 'Jack Riewoldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Riewoldt', 'summary': "Jack Riewoldt ( /ˈriːvoʊlt/ REE-volt ; born 31 October 1988 ) is a professional Australian rules footballer currently playing for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He is a two-time premiership player , a three-time Coleman Medallist , a three-time All-Australian , a nine-time Richmond club leading goalkicker and a two-time Jack Dyer Medallist . He also serves as the club 's co-vice captain and has done so since 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Trevor Barker Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Barker_Award', 'summary': 'The Trevor Barker Award is an Australian rules football award for the player voted the St Kilda Football Club best and fairest player during the home and away season in the Australian Football League by a voting panel . It has been awarded since 1914 but has only been known as the Trevor Barker Award since the late 1990s , in honour of former St Kilda player and reserves coach Trevor Barker , who died , aged 39 , in April 1996 . Nick Riewoldt has won the most awards with six between 2002 and 2014 . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving an undetermined number of players a ranking from one to four after each match . Players can receive a maximum of 20 votes for a game .'}]}, {'value': 'Lenny Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Hayes', 'summary': "Lenny Hayes ( born 14 January 1980 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) from 1999 to 2014 . Growing up in Sydney , Hayes played TAC Cup football for the NSW/ACT Rams . He was recruited by St Kilda with the 11th pick in the 1998 National Draft and made his senior debut in round five of the 1999 season . He was nominated for the AFL Rising Star Award later in the year as well . Hayes was a first-choice player for St Kilda for virtually his whole career , other than in two seasons ( 2006 and 2011 ) where he would require knee reconstructions . After playing 297 games and kicking 95 goals , he retired midway through the 2014 season . Hayes would establish himself as one of the best midfielders in the league . He was named in the All-Australian team three times ( in 2003 , 2005 and 2009 ) and placed third in the 2009 Brownlow Medal ( behind Gary Ablett and Chris Judd ) . Hayes was a three-time winner of the Trevor Barker Award as St Kilda 's best and fairest player ( in 2003 , 2010 and 2012 ) . He also spent two seasons as St Kilda 's captain - in 2004 as sole captain and in 2007 as co-captain , alongside both Luke Ball and Nick Riewoldt . Hayes played in three Grand Finals without tasting premiership success , but won the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the drawn 2010 AFL Grand Final ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Skilton Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Skilton_Medal', 'summary': 'The Bob Skilton Medal is an annual Australian rules football award presented to the player ( s ) adjudged the best and fairest at the Sydney Swans ( formerly the South Melbourne Football Club ) throughout the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League ( VFL/AFL ) season . It is named after Bob Skilton , who won the award a record nine times from 1958 to 1968 . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving an undetermined number of players up to ten votes each after every match . Players can receive a maximum of 50 votes for a game .'}]}, {'value': 'Kieren Jack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kieren_Jack', 'summary': 'Kieren Jack ( born 28 June 1987 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was the co-captain of the Sydney Swans , alongside Jarrad McVeigh from 2013 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Club Champion Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Worsfold_Medal', 'summary': "The John Worsfold Medal is an Australian rules football award presented annually to the player ( s ) adjudged the best and fairest at the West Coast Eagles throughout the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League ( VFL/AFL ) season . Sixteen individual players have won the West Coast best and fairest since the award was introduced for West Coast 's inaugural 1987 season . The record of the most Club Champion Awards by an individual player is four which is held by Glen Jakovich and Ben Cousins . Both players also share the record for the most consecutive best and fairests , having both won three consecutive awards . The Club Champion Award was renamed the John Worsfold Medal in 2013 , after former premiership-winning captain and coach John Worsfold ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark LeCras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_LeCras', 'summary': "Mark LeCras ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was predominantly used as a small forward , though he has occasionally played in the midfield . He won an AFL Premiership with West Coast in 2018 , his last season . His father played senior football for East Fremantle in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) , and his brother , Brent LeCras , played for North Melbourne in the AFL . His cousins , Toby , Ashley and Cory McGrath , also played senior football in the WAFL and AFL . He made his debut for West Coast late in the 2005 season , and played his first full season in 2007 . LeCras kicked 58 goals in 2009 and 63 goals in 2010 , leading the club goalkicking in both years . He won the club best and fairest in 2010 , and was also named in the All-Australian team . In 2017 , LeCras broke Phil Matera 's club record for the most career goals by a small forward . In the same season he also became just the third West Coast player to kick 400 career goals , after Peter Sumich and Josh Kennedy ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Sutton Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Sutton_Medal', 'summary': "The Charles Sutton Medal is awarded to the player adjudged best and fairest for the Western Bulldogs . Scott West holds the record at the club , winning seven medals , followed by Gary Dempsey , with six . It is named after 1950 winner Charlie Sutton , who was the Bulldogs ' 1954 premiership captain-coach . The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season , consists of five coaches giving each player a ranking from one to three after each match ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Griffen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Griffen', 'summary': 'Ryan Leigh Griffen ( born 27 July 1986 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs and the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Griffen was born in Goolwa , a South Australian port town near the mouth of the Murray River and began his football career with South Adelaide . The Western Bulldogs chose Griffen in the 2004 AFL national draft at number 3 as a priority pick . He managed 17 games in his debut season and came second in the AFL Rising Star Medal count .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Awards -- Best and fairest', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_AFL_season_0', 'intro': "The 2010 Australian Football League season commenced on 25 March 2010 and concluded on 2 October 2010. It was the 114th season of the elite Australian rules football competition and the 21st under the name 'Australian Football League', having switched from 'Victorian Football League' after 1989. The premiership was won by Collingwood, who defeated St Kilda by 56 points in the Grand Final Replay, which was played after the first Grand Final was drawn. Collingwood's win marked the 15th VFL/AFL premiership in the club's history. The 2010 AFL season had a total attendance of 7,146,738 people and an average attendance of 38,423 per game, both of which were the highest in league history (breaking the previous records set in 2008). The record for total attendance was broken in 2017, but the record for average attendance still stands. It was the 16th and final season to be played with sixteen teams. An expansion of the league occurred over the following two seasons, with Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney joining in 2011 and 2012 respectively."} | null | null | The 16th pick of the 2005 national draft for the AFL received an award for the Fairest Player , that was renamed after who ? | former Adelaide Crows coach Malcolm Blight |
052a745ff185cb55 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_main_battle_tanks_by_generation', 'title': 'List of main battle tanks by generation', 'header': ['Name', 'In service from', 'Origin', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'T-80', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-80', 'summary': 'The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank ( MBT ) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union . When it entered service in 1976 , it was the first MBT in the world to feature a powerful multifuel turbine engine as its main propulsion engine . The T-80U was last produced in a factory in Omsk , Russia , while the T-80UD and further-developed T-84 continue to be produced in Ukraine . The T-80 and its variants are in service in Belarus , Cyprus , Egypt , Kazakhstan , Pakistan , Russia , South Korea , and Ukraine . The chief designer of the T-80 was the Soviet engineer Nikolay Popov .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': "World 's first turbine engine equipped tank . Though the Swedish Stridsvagn 103 that entered service in 1960s used a turbine engine alongside a diesel . However , T-80 in Hilmes 's book is very different to a T-80 in real world , and early models of the T-80 offer no big differences compared to T-64A in overall performance . So models prior to the T-80B should be regarded as Second generation intermediate", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stridsvagn_103', 'summary': 'The Stridsvagn 103 ( Strv 103 ) , [ Note 1 ] also known as the S-Tank , [ Note 2 ] is a Swedish post-World War II main battle tank . It is known [ by whom ? ] for its unconventional design : it is turretless with a fixed gun traversed by engaging the tracks and elevated by adjusting the hull suspension . While turretless armoured fighting vehicles are usually classified as assault guns or tank destroyers , despite its unique gun laying process the Strv 103 is considered a tank because its designated combat role matched those of other tanks within contemporary Swedish doctrine . It is the only mass-produced tank since World War II to dispense with a turret . [ citation needed ] The Strv 103 was designed and manufactured in Sweden . It was developed in the 1950s and was the first main battle tank to use a turbine engine . [ citation needed ] The result was a very low-profile design with an emphasis on survivability and heightened crew protection level . Strv 103s formed a major portion of the Swedish armoured forces from the 1960s to the 1990s , when , along with the Centurions , it was replaced by the Stridsvagn 121 and the Stridsvagn 122 , variants of the Leopard 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T-80', 'summary': 'The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank ( MBT ) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union . When it entered service in 1976 , it was the first MBT in the world to feature a powerful multifuel turbine engine as its main propulsion engine . The T-80U was last produced in a factory in Omsk , Russia , while the T-80UD and further-developed T-84 continue to be produced in Ukraine . The T-80 and its variants are in service in Belarus , Cyprus , Egypt , Kazakhstan , Pakistan , Russia , South Korea , and Ukraine . The chief designer of the T-80 was the Soviet engineer Nikolay Popov .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T-80', 'summary': 'The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank ( MBT ) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union . When it entered service in 1976 , it was the first MBT in the world to feature a powerful multifuel turbine engine as its main propulsion engine . The T-80U was last produced in a factory in Omsk , Russia , while the T-80UD and further-developed T-84 continue to be produced in Ukraine . The T-80 and its variants are in service in Belarus , Cyprus , Egypt , Kazakhstan , Pakistan , Russia , South Korea , and Ukraine . The chief designer of the T-80 was the Soviet engineer Nikolay Popov .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T-80', 'summary': 'The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank ( MBT ) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union . When it entered service in 1976 , it was the first MBT in the world to feature a powerful multifuel turbine engine as its main propulsion engine . The T-80U was last produced in a factory in Omsk , Russia , while the T-80UD and further-developed T-84 continue to be produced in Ukraine . The T-80 and its variants are in service in Belarus , Cyprus , Egypt , Kazakhstan , Pakistan , Russia , South Korea , and Ukraine . The chief designer of the T-80 was the Soviet engineer Nikolay Popov .'}]}, {'value': 'Leopard 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leopard_2', 'summary': 'The Leopard 2 is a main battle tank developed by Krauss-Maffei in the 1970s for the West German Army . The tank first entered service in 1979 and succeeded the earlier Leopard 1 as the main battle tank of the German Army . It is armed with a 120 mm smoothbore cannon , and is powered by a V-12 twin-turbo diesel engine . Various versions have served in the armed forces of Germany and 12 other European countries , as well as several non-European nations , including Canada , Chile , Indonesia , Singapore , and Turkey . The Leopard 2 was used in Kosovo with the German Army , and has seen action in Afghanistan with the Dutch , Danish and Canadian contributions to the International Security Assistance Force , as well as seeing action in Syria with the Turkish Armed Forces against ISIS and the YPG . There are two main development batches of the tank : the original models up to Leopard 2A4 , which have vertically faced turret armour , and the improved batch , namely the Leopard 2A5 and newer versions , which have angled arrow-shaped turret appliqué armour together with other improvements . All models feature digital fire control systems with laser rangefinders , a fully stabilised main gun and coaxial machine gun , and advanced night vision and sighting equipment ( first vehicles used a low-light level TV system or LLLTV ; thermal imaging was introduced later on ) . The tank has the ability to engage moving targets while moving over rough terrain .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Replaced Leopard 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leopard_1', 'summary': 'The Leopard ( or Leopard 1 ) is a main battle tank designed and produced by Porsche in West Germany that first entered service in 1965 . Developed in an era when HEAT warheads were thought to make conventional heavy armour of limited value , the Leopard focused on firepower in the form of the German-built version of the British L7 105-mm gun , and improved cross-country performance that was unmatched by other designs of the era . The design started as a collaborative project during the 1950s between West Germany and France , and later joined by Italy , but the partnership ended shortly after and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr , with full-scale production starting in 1965 . In total , 6,485 Leopard tanks have been built , of which 4,744 were battle tanks and 1,741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants , not including 80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles . The Leopard quickly became a standard of European forces , and eventually served as the main battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide , with West Germany , Italy and the Netherlands being the largest operators until their retirement . Since 1990 , the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to secondary roles in most armies . In the German Army , the Leopard 1 was completely phased out in 2003 by the Leopard 2 , while Leopard 1-based vehicles are still widely used in utility roles . The Leopard 2 has replaced the Leopard 1 in service with many other nations as well , with derived vehicles using the Leopard 1 hull still seeing service . Currently , the largest operators are Greece , with 520 vehicles , Turkey , with 397 vehicles and Brazil with 378 vehicles . Most of these vehicles have been upgraded with various improvements to armour , firepower and sensors to maintain their ability to engage modern threats .'}]}, {'value': 'MBT-80', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MBT-80', 'summary': 'The FV4601 MBT-80 [ e ] was a British experimental third-generation main battle tank , designed in the late 1970s to replace the Chieftain tank . It was eventually ( and later controversially ) cancelled in favour of the Challenger 1 , itself an evolution of the Chieftain design . [ f ]'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Prototype , never entered service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M1 Abrams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M1_Abrams', 'summary': 'The M1 Abrams is a third-generation American main battle tank designed by Chrysler Defense ( now General Dynamics Land Systems ) . Conceived for modern armored ground warfare and now one of the heaviest tanks in service at nearly 68 short tons ( almost 62 metric tons ) , it introduced several innovative features , including a multifuel turbine engine , sophisticated Chobham composite armor , a computer fire control system , separate ammunition storage in a blow-out compartment , and NBC protection for crew safety . Initial models of the M1 were armed with a licensed-produced 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 gun , while later variants feature a licensed Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 . The M1 Abrams was developed from the failure of the MBT-70 project to replace the obsolescent M60 Patton . There are three main operational Abrams versions , the M1 , M1A1 , and M1A2 , with each new iteration seeing improvements in armament , protection , and electronics . Efforts to develop an M1A3 version were first publicly disclosed in 2009 . [ needs update ] Extensive improvements have been implemented to the latest M1A2C and D ( formerly designated M1A2 System Enhancement Package version 3 or SEPv3 and M1A2 SEPv4 , respectively ) versions such as improved composite armor , better optics , digital systems and ammunition . The Abrams was due to be replaced by the Future Combat Systems XM1202 but due its cancellation , the U.S. military has opted to continue maintaining and operating the M1 series for the foreseeable future by upgrading with improved optics , armor and firepower . The M1 Abrams entered service in 1980 and currently serves as the main battle tank of the United States Army and Marine Corps . The export version is used by the armies of Egypt , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Australia , and Iraq . The Abrams was first used in combat in the Persian Gulf War and has seen combat in both the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War under U.S. service , while Iraqi Abrams tanks have seen action in the war against ISIL and have seen use by Saudi Arabia during the Yemeni Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced M60 Patton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M60_Patton', 'summary': "The M60 is an American second generation main battle tank ( MBT ) . It was officially standardized as the Tank , Combat , Full Tracked : 105-mm Gun , M60 in March 1959 . Although developed from the M48 Patton , the M60 series was never officially classified as a member of the Patton tank family , but as a product-improved descendant of the Patton tank 's design . The United States fully committed to the Main Battle Tank doctrine in 1963 when the Marine Corps retired the last ( M103 ) heavy tank battalion . The M60 tank series became America 's primary main battle tank during the Cold War . Over 15,000 M60s were built by Chrysler . Hull production ended in 1983 , but 5,400 older models were converted to the M60A3 variant ending in 1990 . It reached operational capability with fielding to US Army units in Europe beginning in December 1960 . The first combat usage of the M60 was with Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War where it saw service under the Magach 6 designation , performing well in combat against comparable tanks such as the T-62 . In 1982 the Israelis once again used the M60 during the 1982 Lebanon War , equipped with upgrades such as explosive reactive armor to defend against guided missiles that proved very effective at destroying tanks . The M60 also saw use in 1983 with Operation Urgent Fury , supporting US Marines in an amphibious assault into Grenada . M60s delivered to Iran also served in the Iran-Iraq War ."}]}, {'value': 'FV4030/4 Challenger 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Challenger_1', 'summary': 'The FV4030/4 Challenger 1 is a British main battle tank ( MBT ) used by the British Army from 1983 to the mid-1990s , when it was superseded by the Challenger 2 . It is also currently used by the Royal Jordanian Army as its main battle tank , after heavy modifications . The variants for the Jordanian military are to be upgraded using the unmanned Falcon turret .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced FV 4201 Chieftain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FV_4201_Chieftain', 'summary': "The FV4201 Chieftain was the main battle tank of the United Kingdom during the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . A development of the Centurion , the Chieftain introduced the supine ( reclining ) driver position to British design allowing a heavily sloped hull with reduced height . A new powerpack and improved transmission gave it higher speed than the Centurion despite being heavier due to major upgrades to armour protection and the armament : this allowed it to replace both the Conqueror and Centurion while performing their roles effectively . It remained in service until replaced by the Challenger 1 which shared a large number of the Chieftain 's features ."}]}, {'value': 'AMX-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AMX-40', 'summary': 'The AMX-40 was a French prototype main battle tank developed by GIAT during the latter stages of the Cold War as an export tank to replace the failed AMX-32 . Designed to be an inexpensive tank orientated towards militaries with smaller defence budgets , the AMX-40 featured a lightly armoured hull and good mobility reminiscent of previous French MBTs with a powerful 120 mm cannon . It however failed to attract interest and sales , rendering the project a failure , being discontinued in 1990 .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Prototype , never acquired by the French Army', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-84', 'summary': 'The M-84 is a Yugoslav third generation main battle tank , a variant of the Soviet T-72 . The M-84 is still in service in Serbia , Kuwait , Croatia , Slovenia and other countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina use a minimal number .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': 'A Yugoslav variant of the soviet T-72', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-72', 'summary': 'The T-72 is a family of Soviet main battle tanks that first entered production in 1971 . About 20,000 T-72 tanks were built , The T-72A version introduced in 1979 is considered a second-generation main battle tank . It was widely exported and saw service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts . The T-72B3 version introduced in 2010 is considered a third-generation main battle tank .'}]}, {'value': 'EE-T1/EE-T2 Osório', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EE-T1_Osório', 'summary': "The Engesa EE-T1 Osório was a Brazilian main battle tank prototype . It was developed as a privately funded venture by Engesa , with little government support . It was intended to be sold first to Arab and other Third World countries , jump-starting production - and enabling the Brazilian Army to later place its own orders without having to fund development costs . However macro-political events including the Gulf War and American political pressure led to the tank 's demise , and the tank was never acquired by the Brazilian Army ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazilian_military_government', 'summary': "The Brazilian military government , also known in Brazil as the Fifth Brazilian Republic , was the authoritarian military dictatorship that ruled Brazil from 1 April 1964 to 15 March 1985 . It began with the 1964 coup d'état led by the Armed Forces against the administration of President João Goulart - who , having been vice-president , had assumed the office of president upon the resignation of the democratically elected president Jânio Quadros - and ended when José Sarney took office on 15 March 1985 as President . The military revolt was fomented by Magalhães Pinto , Adhemar de Barros , and Carlos Lacerda ( who had already participated in the conspiracy to depose Getúlio Vargas in 1945 ) , then governors of the states of Minas Gerais , São Paulo , and Guanabara , respectively . The coup was planned and executed by the most forefront commanders of the Brazilian Army and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military , along with conservative elements in society , like the Catholic Church and anti-communists civil movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes . Internationally , it was supported by the State Department of the United States through its embassy in Brasilia . The military dictatorship lasted for almost twenty-one years ; despite initial pledges to the contrary , the military government , in 1967 , enacted a new , restrictive Constitution , and stifled freedom of speech and political opposition . The regime adopted nationalism , economic development , and anti-communism as its guidelines . The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the 1970s with the so-called Brazilian Miracle , even as the regime censored all media , and tortured and exiled dissidents . João Figueiredo became President in March 1979 ; in the same year he passed the Amnesty Law for political crimes committed for and against the regime . While combating the hardliners inside the government and supporting a re-democratization policy , Figueiredo could not control the crumbling economy , chronic inflation and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America . Amid massive popular demonstrations in the streets of the main cities of the country , the first free elections in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982 . In 1985 , another election was held , this time to elect ( indirectly ) a new president , being contested between civilian candidates for the first time since the 1960s , which was won by the opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Prototype , never acquired by the Brazilian Army', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K1 88-Tank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K1_88-Tank', 'summary': "The K1 is a South Korean main battle tank in use with the Republic of Korea Armed Forces , developed by Hyundai Precision ( later Hyundai Rotem ) . The vehicle 's early design work was based on General Dynamics ' M1 Abrams , with some noticeable differences including a combined system of hydropneumatic suspension and torsion bars , and a river-crossing fording kit , to meet the required operational capability that was specific to combat operations in the mountainous and swampy terrain of the Korean Peninsula . The K1A1 entered service in 1999 , upgraded with a 120mm smoothbore gun , and outfitted with more modern electronics , ballistic computers , and fire control systems developed by Samsung Electronics . Hyundai Rotem produced 1,511 K1 and K1A1 tanks between 1985 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States / South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'First Main Battle Tank in use with the Republic of Korea Armed Forces , developed by Hyundai Precision ( later Hyundai Rotem )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces', 'summary': "The Republic of Korea Armed Forces ( Korean : 대한민국 국군 ) , also known as the ROK Armed Forces , are the armed forces of South Korea . The ROK Armed Forces is one of the largest standing armed forces in the world with a reported personnel strength of 3,699,000 in 2018 ( 599,000 active and 3,100,000 reserve ) . South Korea has one of the highest defense budgets in the world , ranking 10th globally in 2019 , with a budget of more than $ 43 billion U.S. dollars . The South Korean military is ranked as the 6th most powerful military force in the world as of 2020 . The Republic of Korea Armed Forces were founded in 1948 , following the establishment of the South Korean government after Korea 's liberation from the Empire of Japan . South Korea 's military forces are responsible for maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state , and also engage in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian , disaster-relief efforts worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem', 'summary': 'Hyundai Rotem is a South Korean company manufacturing rolling stock , defense products and plant equipment . It is part of the Hyundai Motor Group . Its name was changed to the current one from Rotem in December 2007 to reflect its parent company .'}]}, {'value': 'Merkava Mark III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merkava', 'summary': "The Merkava ( Hebrew : מרכבה , [ mɛʁkaˈva ] ( listen ) , chariot ) is a main battle tank used by the Israel Defense Forces . The tank began development in 1970 , and entered official service in 1979 . Four main variants of the tank have been deployed . It was first used extensively in the 1982 Lebanon War . The name Merkava was derived from the IDF 's initial development program name . Design criteria include rapid repair of battle damage , survivability , cost-effectiveness and off-road performance . Following the model of contemporary self-propelled howitzers , the turret assembly is located closer to the rear than in most main battle tanks . With the engine in front , this layout is intended to grant additional protection against a frontal attack , so as to absorb some of the force of incoming shells , especially for the personnel in the main hull , such as the driver . It also creates more space in the rear of the tank that allows increased storage capacity and a rear entrance to the main crew compartment allowing easy access under enemy fire . This allows the tank to be used as a platform for medical disembarkation , a forward command and control station , and an infantry fighting vehicle . The rear entrance 's clamshell-style doors provide overhead protection when off- and on-loading cargo and personnel ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': 'As of 2016 , the Merkava III is by far the most numerous tank in frontline IDF service . Compared to the Merkava II , it has upgrades to the drivetrain , powertrain , armament , and electronic systems . The most prominent addition was the incorporation of the locally developed IMI 120 mm gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMI_120_mm_gun', 'summary': "The IMI 120 mm gun is an L44 smoothbore tank gun designed and produced by Israeli Military Industries ( IMI ) . It is widely confused as a licensed production of the Rheinmetall L44 tank gun , however it was developed by IMI from 1983 to 1988 , to meet the requirements of the Israel Defense Forces ' Merkava Mark III main battle tank , i.e . a narrower mount like in the M-60 , both tanks designed around a 105mm gun . It was first revealed in 1989 when it was shown to be the main armament of the Merkava Mark III . In 1990 the Israel Defense Prize was awarded to Israeli Military Industries for this development , which gave Israel the means to produce tank guns independently ."}]}, {'value': 'Type 90 Kyū-maru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Type_90_Kyū-maru', 'summary': 'The Type 90 tank ( 90式戦車 , Kyū-maru-shiki-sensha ) is a main battle tank ( MBT ) of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force ( JGSDF ) . It was designed and built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries as a replacement for all deployed Type 61 and Type 74 tanks , and entered service in 1990 . It is to be superseded by the Type 10 tank .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced Type 74', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Type_74', 'summary': 'The Type 74 ( 74式戦車 , nana-yon-shiki-sensha ) is a main battle tank ( MBT ) of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force ( JGSDF ) . It was built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries as a replacement for the earlier Type 61 . It was based on the best features of a number of contemporary designs , placing it in the same class as the US M60 or German Leopard 1 . Like these designs , it mounts the Royal Ordnance L7 rifled 105 mm gun . The design did not enter widespread use until 1980 , by which point other Western forces had introduced more capable designs . It was followed by the heavier Type 90 .'}]}, {'value': "Ch'onma-ho 215/216", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pokpung-ho', 'summary': "The P'okp'ung-ho or spelled Pokpung-ho ( Korean : 폭풍호 ) is a North Korean main battle tank ( MBT ) developed in the 1990s . The tank may incorporate technology found in the T-62 , T-72 , and Ch'onma-ho MBTs . Outside parties codename the tank M-2002 because the tank went through performance trials on February 16 , 2002 ( therefore being officially confirmed by outside sources ) , although the tank may have been in existence since 1992 . The P'okp'ung-ho is only known to be used in North Korea ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': "A further development of Ch'onma-Ho", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ch'onma-Ho", 'summary': "The Ch'ŏnma-ho or spelled as Chonma-ho ( Chosŏn'gŭl : 천마호 ; Hanja : 天馬號 ) is one of North Korea 's secretive indigenous main battle tank designs . The tank is also known by the name of 천리마 전차 ( 千里馬 or the Chollima Tank ) . The original Ch'ŏnma-ho is based on the Soviet T-62 . There are at least five different operational versions of the Ch'ŏnma-ho . Since its inception , the Ch'ŏnma-ho has apparently undergone several extensive upgrades . Little public information is available about this tank , and its most recent public appearance was the 65th Anniversary Parade held in Pyongyang , North Korea , on 10 October 2010 , celebrating the 65th anniversary of North Korea 's ruling party ."}]}, {'value': 'AMX Leclerc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leclerc_tank', 'summary': "The Leclerc tank ( French : char Leclerc ) is a main battle tank ( MBT ) built by GIAT , now Nexter of France . It was named in honour of General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque , who led the French element of the drive towards Paris while in command of the Free French 2nd Armoured Division ( 2e DB ) in World War II . The designation AMX-56 - while very popular - is not used officially . The Leclerc is in service with the French Army and the United Arab Emirates Army . In production since 1991 , the Leclerc entered French service in 1992 , replacing the AMX 30 as the country 's main armoured platform . With production now complete , the French Army has 406 Leclercs and the United Arab Emirates Army has 388 . The price in 2011 was €9.3 million , which made it the most expensive tank in history at the time ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced AMX 30', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AMX_30', 'summary': "The AMX-30 is a main battle tank designed by Ateliers de construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux ( AMX , then GIAT ) and first delivered to the French Army in 1966 . The first five tanks were issued to the 501st Régiment de Chars de Combat ( Tank Regiment ) in August of that year . The production version of the AMX-30 weighed 36 metric tons ( 40 short tons ) , and sacrificed protection for increased mobility . The French believed that it would have required too much armour to protect against the latest anti-tank threats , thereby reducing the tank 's maneuverability . Protection , instead , was provided by the speed and the compact dimensions of the vehicle , including a height of 2.28 metres . It had a 105 mm gun , firing a then advanced high explosive anti-tank warhead known as the Obus G. The Obus G used an outer shell , separated from the main charge by ball bearings , to allow the round to be spin stabilized by the gun without affecting the warhead inside . Mobility was provided by the 720 horsepower ( 540 kW ) HS-110 diesel engine , although the troublesome transmission adversely affected the tank 's performance . In 1979 , due to issues caused by the transmission , the French Army began to modernize its fleet of tanks to AMX-30B2 standards , which included a new transmission , an improved engine and the introduction of a new fin-stabilized kinetic energy penetrator . Production of the AMX-30 also extended to a number of variants , including the AMX-30D armored recovery vehicle , the AMX-30R anti-aircraft gun system , a bridge-layer , the Pluton tactical nuclear missile launcher and a surface-to-air missile launcher . It was preceded by two post-war French medium tank designs . The first , the ARL 44 , was an interim tank . Its replacement , the AMX 50 , was cancelled in the mid-1950s in favor of adopting the M47 Patton tank ."}]}, {'value': 'Zulfiqar I/II/III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zulfiqar_(tank)', 'summary': 'Zulfiqar ( ذوالفقار ) is an Iranian main battle tank , conceived by Brigadier General Mir-Younes Masoumzadeh , deputy ground force commander for research and self-sufficiency of the armed forces . It is named after Zulfiqar , the legendary sword of Ali the fourth Caliph and the first Shiite Imam . The test prototypes of the tank were evaluated in 1993 . Six semi-industrial prototypes of the tank were produced and tested in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': 'Iranian tank derived from T-72 and M60 Patton . Zulfiqar III is the most advanced variant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-72', 'summary': 'The T-72 is a family of Soviet main battle tanks that first entered production in 1971 . About 20,000 T-72 tanks were built , The T-72A version introduced in 1979 is considered a second-generation main battle tank . It was widely exported and saw service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts . The T-72B3 version introduced in 2010 is considered a third-generation main battle tank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/M60_Patton', 'summary': "The M60 is an American second generation main battle tank ( MBT ) . It was officially standardized as the Tank , Combat , Full Tracked : 105-mm Gun , M60 in March 1959 . Although developed from the M48 Patton , the M60 series was never officially classified as a member of the Patton tank family , but as a product-improved descendant of the Patton tank 's design . The United States fully committed to the Main Battle Tank doctrine in 1963 when the Marine Corps retired the last ( M103 ) heavy tank battalion . The M60 tank series became America 's primary main battle tank during the Cold War . Over 15,000 M60s were built by Chrysler . Hull production ended in 1983 , but 5,400 older models were converted to the M60A3 variant ending in 1990 . It reached operational capability with fielding to US Army units in Europe beginning in December 1960 . The first combat usage of the M60 was with Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War where it saw service under the Magach 6 designation , performing well in combat against comparable tanks such as the T-62 . In 1982 the Israelis once again used the M60 during the 1982 Lebanon War , equipped with upgrades such as explosive reactive armor to defend against guided missiles that proved very effective at destroying tanks . The M60 also saw use in 1983 with Operation Urgent Fury , supporting US Marines in an amphibious assault into Grenada . M60s delivered to Iran also served in the Iran-Iraq War ."}]}, {'value': 'T-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-90', 'summary': "The T-90 is a third-generation Russian battle tank that entered service in 1993 . The tank is a modern variation of the T-72B and incorporates many features found on the T-80U . Originally called the T-72BU , but later renamed to T-90 , it is an advanced tank in service with Russian Ground Forces and the Naval Infantry . The T-90 uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun , the 1A45T fire-control system , an upgraded engine , and gunner 's thermal sight . Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour , smoke grenade dischargers , Kontakt-5 explosive-reactive armour and the Shtora infrared ATGM jamming system . It was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod , in Nizhny Tagil , Russia ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Updated version of the T-72 ; originally introduced into service on October 1992 as T-72BU , but simultaneously renamed as the T-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-72', 'summary': 'The T-72 is a family of Soviet main battle tanks that first entered production in 1971 . About 20,000 T-72 tanks were built , The T-72A version introduced in 1979 is considered a second-generation main battle tank . It was widely exported and saw service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts . The T-72B3 version introduced in 2010 is considered a third-generation main battle tank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T-90', 'summary': "The T-90 is a third-generation Russian battle tank that entered service in 1993 . The tank is a modern variation of the T-72B and incorporates many features found on the T-80U . Originally called the T-72BU , but later renamed to T-90 , it is an advanced tank in service with Russian Ground Forces and the Naval Infantry . The T-90 uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun , the 1A45T fire-control system , an upgraded engine , and gunner 's thermal sight . Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour , smoke grenade dischargers , Kontakt-5 explosive-reactive armour and the Shtora infrared ATGM jamming system . It was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod , in Nizhny Tagil , Russia ."}]}, {'value': 'PT-91 Twardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PT-91_Twardy', 'summary': 'The PT-91 Twardy ( Hard ) is a Polish main battle tank . A development of the T-72M1 , it first entered service in 1995 . The PT-91 was designed at the OBRUM ( OBRUM for Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych - Polish for Research and Development Centre for Mechanical Appliances ) and is produced by the Bumar Łabędy company , a part of the Bumar Group , a Polish technical military consortium . Changes from the T-72 include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system , reactive armour , a more powerful engine , transmission and new automatic loader . Unlike many other T-72 upgrades , the Polish Army PT-91s are upgraded using elements created almost exclusively by domestic companies , including a new engine , the fire control system and all communication system elements . Many of those elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries including the Czech Republic ( T-72M4 CZ ) , Georgia ( T-72SIM-1 ) , and India ( T-72 Ajeya Mk . 2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'A development of the T-72 M1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-72', 'summary': 'The T-72 is a family of Soviet main battle tanks that first entered production in 1971 . About 20,000 T-72 tanks were built , The T-72A version introduced in 1979 is considered a second-generation main battle tank . It was widely exported and saw service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts . The T-72B3 version introduced in 2010 is considered a third-generation main battle tank .'}]}, {'value': 'C1 Ariete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariete', 'summary': 'The C1 Ariete is the main battle tank of the Italian Army , developed by Consorzio Iveco Oto Melara ( CIO ) , a consortium formed by Iveco and Oto Melara . The chassis and engine were produced by Iveco , while the turret and fire-control system were supplied by Oto Melara . The vehicle carries the latest optical and digital-imaging and fire-control systems , enabling it to fight day and night and to fire on the move . Six prototypes were developed by 1988 , which were subject to intensive testing the following year during which the vehicles travelled a combined 16,000 km . Deliveries were first planned for 1993 , but in fact took place in 1995 due to delays . Final delivery occurred 7 years later in August 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Replaced american tanks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TR-85', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TR-85', 'summary': 'The TR-85 is a main battle tank designed for the armed forces of Romania . Based on the TR-77-580 , the TR-85 tank was developed from 1978 to 1985 and produced from 1986 until 1990 . A modernization program was initiated in March 1994 in order to upgrade the TR-85 tanks to NATO standards . The result was the TR-85M1 main battle tank , currently the most modern tank in service with the Romanian Land Forces . Although a further development of the T-55 , the TR-85M1 uses a T-block powerpack ( similar to the one used in the Leopard 1 ) based on a V8 German 830 hp diesel engine , an improved turret , a locally-designed Ciclop fire control system ( with cross-wind sensor , laser rangefinder and night vision ) , new 100 mm BM-412 Sg APFSDS-T projectiles and a completely redesigned suspension with 6 road wheels on each side , protected by metal side skirts . Combat weight is 50 tons .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'First built in 1985 , the modernised TR-85M1 Bizonul ( the bison ) variant was updated in 1996 , as an effort to bring it up to date with other NATO countries . The project was a cooperative effort between Aerospatiale-Matra , Sagem , Kolmorgen-Artus , Racal and Romanian factories , such as ROMARM , METRA , I.O.R . and Aerostar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NATO', 'summary': "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/ ; French : Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord , OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries . The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . NATO 's Headquarters are located in Evere , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . Since its founding , the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , North Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total . Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aerospatiale-Matra', 'summary': 'Aérospatiale-Matra was a French missile and aircraft manufacturer . It was formed in 1999 by the merger of French companies Aérospatiale and Matra Haute Technologie . It was short-lived as a company ; on July 10 , 2000 , it merged with DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG ( DASA ) of Germany and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA ( CASA ) of Spain to form Airbus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sagem', 'summary': "SAGEM ( Société dApplications Générales de lÉlectricité et de la Mécanique , translated as Company of General Applications of Electricity and Mechanics ) was a major French company involved in defense electronics , consumer electronics and communication systems . Founded in 1924 , SAGEM initially specialised in mechanical engineering and tool manufacture . Early on , it decided to enter the defense sector . The company made its first foray into telecommunications in 1942 with the first telex printer , although it was principally a defense-orientated company during the first few decades of the post-war era . This majority focus upon the military sector continues for several years after the departure of Marcel Môme , SAGEM 's founder . During the 1980s , SAGEM 's response to the newly-developed fax machines by distributing Japanese fax machines while developing its own technology allowed it to quickly innovate and gain marketshare as a major player in telecommunications . Such products comprised a growing share of SAGEM 's revenues over traditional defense sector . During the 1990s , the firm went into automotive systems , becoming a large supplier of this sector . Starting in 1997 , the sales of mobile phones grew enormously ; SAGEM rapidly became one of the world 's leading manufacturers of GSM telephones , as well as the undisputed leader of the French market , at one point holding roughly 50 percent of the market . By the turn of the century , SAGEM was a highly profitable company , seeing net profits nearing the FFr 1 billion mark during 1999 . In 2005 , SAGEM and SNECMA merged to form Safran . Together , the companies focus mainly on aeronautics , defense and security ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Racal', 'summary': 'Racal Electronics plc was a British electronics company , founded in 1950 . Listed on the London Stock Exchange and once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index , Racal was a diversified company , offering products including voice loggers and data recorders , point of sale terminals , laboratory instruments and military electronics , including radio and radar . At its height it was the third largest British electronics firm ; it operated throughout 110 countries worldwide and employed over 30,000 people . It was the parent company of Vodafone , before the mobile telephony provider was sold in 1991 . Racal was purchased by Thomson-CSF ( now Thales Group ) in 2000 , thereby giving the French firm access to the lucrative UK defence and armaments market .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ROMARM', 'summary': "ROMARM is a Romanian state owned defense company and Romania 's main supplier for defense technique and services . The company owns 15 factories and a research institute ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I.O.R.', 'summary': 'Întreprinderea Optică Română ( Romanian Optical Enterprise ) , often abbreviated by the acronym IOR , is a major optics company established in 1936 in Bucharest , Romania . IOR produces military and civilian grade optics and associated equipment for export and domestic production . The company is known in North America particularly for its rifle scopes ( the LPS 4x6° TIP2 ) , binoculars and other optics , which often accompany Romanian military equipment sold on the North-American market , such as the PSL rifle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aerostar', 'summary': 'Aerostar S.A. is an aeronautical manufacturing company based in Bacău , Romania .'}]}, {'value': 'Stridsvagn 122', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stridsvagn_122', 'summary': 'Stridsvagn 122 ( Strv 122 ) ( IPA : [ ˈstrɪ̂tːsvaŋn ] ; [ Note 1 ] is a Swedish main battle tank based on the German Leopard 2 Improved variant , just like the German Leopard 2A5 , utilizing newer technology such as command- , control- , and fire-control systems , as well as reinforced armour and long-term combat capacity . Externally , the vehicle can be distinguished from the Leopard 2A5 by the French GALIX smoke dispensers , different storage bins , and the thicker crew hatches . The Strv 122B , has been equipped with modular AMAP composite armor from IBD Deisenroth to give 360° protection against threats such as explosively formed penetrators , rocket propelled grenades and improvised explosive devices .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the German Leopard 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leopard_2', 'summary': 'The Leopard 2 is a main battle tank developed by Krauss-Maffei in the 1970s for the West German Army . The tank first entered service in 1979 and succeeded the earlier Leopard 1 as the main battle tank of the German Army . It is armed with a 120 mm smoothbore cannon , and is powered by a V-12 twin-turbo diesel engine . Various versions have served in the armed forces of Germany and 12 other European countries , as well as several non-European nations , including Canada , Chile , Indonesia , Singapore , and Turkey . The Leopard 2 was used in Kosovo with the German Army , and has seen action in Afghanistan with the Dutch , Danish and Canadian contributions to the International Security Assistance Force , as well as seeing action in Syria with the Turkish Armed Forces against ISIS and the YPG . There are two main development batches of the tank : the original models up to Leopard 2A4 , which have vertically faced turret armour , and the improved batch , namely the Leopard 2A5 and newer versions , which have angled arrow-shaped turret appliqué armour together with other improvements . All models feature digital fire control systems with laser rangefinders , a fully stabilised main gun and coaxial machine gun , and advanced night vision and sighting equipment ( first vehicles used a low-light level TV system or LLLTV ; thermal imaging was introduced later on ) . The tank has the ability to engage moving targets while moving over rough terrain .'}]}, {'value': 'M-95 Degman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-95_Degman', 'summary': "The M-95 Degman is a prototype Croatian main battle tank , developed by the Đuro Đaković company . It is a modernization of the Yugoslav M-84 tank , which is , in turn , a variant of the Soviet T-72 . The Đuro Đaković factory is best known for its principal role in the production of M-84 in the Yugoslav era . The principal improvement over its predecessor M-84 is the application of spaced composite/laminate armor on top of which explosive reactive armor was added , hull front and side skirts are covered giving that extra protection against HEAT shaped-charge munitions . A separate ammunition bustle compartment at the back of the turret adds protection for the crew if tank is hit from behind , and added protection is given by additional slat armor in form of wire mesh with chains , main purpose being to prevent any rocket propelled grenades that might be used to penetrate weakest points at the back of the tank . Đuro Đaković thermal imaging allows enhanced night activity and optional 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) engine , which increases the power-to-weight ratio to approximately 27 hp/t . There are numerous smaller changes in fire control , communications equipment , track etc . The Degman 's autoloader is 15% faster meaning 9 shells can be fired in a single minute instead of 8 shells , which is M84 norm . The Degman M-95 has not entered serial production yet , however two prototypes were ordered by the Croatian Government , a M-95 model and the other M-84D sample ( for export ) . Đuro Đaković is going to be producing the export version the M-84D ( essentially an M-84A4 with significant upgrades ) for Kuwait and other potential buyers . The Kuwaiti Army has confirmed interest in modernizing its 149 dated M-84 to the new M-84D standard , as well as the procurement of an additional 66 new M-84D 's ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatian development of the prototype Yugoslav M-91 Vihor', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Third generation', 'section_text': 'The third generation of main battle tanks is characterized by composite armour and computerized stabilized fire control systems , which allow firing on the move as well as very high first hit probability on targets up to 2,000 meters away .', 'uid': 'List_of_main_battle_tanks_by_generation_2', 'intro': "Main battle tanks are often classified as belonging to a particular generation, although the actual definition and membership in these generations is not clearly defined. Soviet and Russian military planners organize tanks with first generation of tanks up to 1945, and four generations of main battle tanks[Note 1] while Canadian strategists organize main battle tanks into three generations. [Note 2] The military of the People's Republic of China also recognizes three generations of its own tanks. In 1983, Rolf Hilmes saw three tank generations and three intermediate generations, which consisted mainly of upgraded vehicles. The first generation of main battle tanks were based on or influenced by designs of World War II, most notably the T-34 and the Panther tank. The second generation was equipped with NBC protection (only sometimes), IR night vision devices, a stabilized main gun and at least a mechanical fire control system. The third generation is determined by the usage of thermal imagers, digital fire control systems and special (composite) armour. However, Hilmes acknowledged that tanks cannot be definitively grouped by generations, as each tank-producing country develops and introduces its tanks in tune with its own ideas and needs. He also states that breakdown of postwar tanks by generations is based on timeframe and technical factors, as a basis for further discussion."} | null | null | What company designed the tank that went into service in 1980 ? | Chrysler Defense ( now General Dynamics Land Systems ) |
052b4b3d45f45aec | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations', 'title': 'United Nations', 'header': ['No', 'Acronym', 'Agency', 'Headquarters', 'Head', 'Established in'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FAO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Food and Agriculture Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization', 'summary': 'The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) [ Note 1 ] is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security . Its Latin motto , fiat panis , translates to let there be bread . Founded in October 1945 , the FAO is the oldest existing agency of the U.N . The FAO is headquartered in Rome , Italy and maintains regional and field offices around the world , operating in over 130 countries . It helps governments and development agencies coordinate their activities to improve and develop agriculture , forestry , fisheries , and land and water resources . It also conducts research , provides technical assistance to projects , operates educational and training programs , and collects data on agricultural output , production , and development . Composed of 197 member states , the FAO is governed by a biennial conference representing each member country and the European Union , which elects a 49-member executive council . The Director-General , currently Qu Dongyu of China , serves as the chief administrative officer . There are various committees governing matters such as finance , programs , agriculture , and fisheries .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'José Graziano da Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Graziano_da_Silva', 'summary': "José Graziano da Silva ( born November 17 , 1949 ) is a Brazilian American agronomist and writer . As a scholar , he has authored several books about the problems of agriculture in Brazil . Between 2003 and 2004 , Graziano served in the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva cabinet as Extraordinary Minister for Food Security , being responsible for implementing the Fome Zero ( Zero Hunger ) program , which was a focal point of the Lula Administration 's cash transfer program Bolsa Familia . On June 26 , 2011 , Graziano was elected director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , becoming the first Latin American ever to hold the position . After his first term from 1 January 2012 to 31 July 2015 , Graziano da Silva was re-elected for a second 4 year-term ( 1 August 2015 to 31 July 2019 ) during FAO 's 39th Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IAEA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Atomic Energy Agency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency', 'summary': "The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy , and to inhibit its use for any military purpose , including nuclear weapons . The IAEA was established as an autonomous organisation on 29 July 1957 . Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty , the IAEA Statute , the IAEA reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council . The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna , Austria . The IAEA has two Regional Safeguards Offices which are located in Toronto , Canada , and in Tokyo , Japan . The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City , United States , and in Geneva , Switzerland . In addition , the IAEA has laboratories and research centers located in Seibersdorf , Austria , in Monaco and in Trieste , Italy . The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide . The programs of the IAEA encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear energy , science and technology , provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials , and promote nuclear safety ( including radiation protection ) and nuclear security standards and their implementation . The IAEA and its former Director General , Mohamed ElBaradei , were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 . The Director General is Rafael Grossi , an Argentinian diplomat previously served as an IAEA 's chief of cabinet , whose appointment was approved at the special session of the IAEAs General Conference on 2 December 2019 , as the successor of Yukiya Amano , who died in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Yukiya Amano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukiya_Amano', 'summary': 'Yukiya Amano ( Japanese : 天野 之弥 , Hepburn : Amano Yukiya , 9 May 1947 - 18 July 2019 ) was a Japanese diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) ( July 2009 - 2019 ) . Amano previously served as an international civil servant for the United Nations and its subdivisions . On 22 July 2019 , IAEA announced that Amano had died .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICAO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Civil Aviation Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization', 'summary': "The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ; French : Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale ; Chinese : 国际民航组织 ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations . It changes the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth . Its headquarters is located in the Quartier International of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation , its infrastructure , flight inspection , prevention of unlawful interference , and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation . ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation that are followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation . The Air Navigation Commission ( ANC ) is the technical body within ICAO . The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners , nominated by the ICAO 's contracting states and appointed by the ICAO Council . Commissioners serve as independent experts , who although nominated by their states , do not serve as state or political representatives . International Standards And Recommended Practices are developed under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels . Once approved by the Commission , standards are sent to the Council , the political body of ICAO , for consultation and coordination with the Member States before final adoption . ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations , particularly because it alone is vested with international authority ( among signatory states ) : other organizations include the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) , a trade association representing airlines ; the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization ( CANSO ) , an organization for Air navigation service providers ( ANSPs ) ; and the Airports Council International , a trade association of airport authorities ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Fang Liu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fang_Liu', 'summary': "Fang Liu ( born 1962 ) ( Chinese : 柳芳 , Hanyu pinyin : Liǔ Fāng ) is a Chinese attorney who is the twelfth and current Secretary General of the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . She is the first woman to hold this position . Prior to joining ICAO , Liu served the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China ( CAAC ) , where over the course of twenty years she eventually became responsible for China 's international air transport policy and regulations , bilateral and multilateral relations with international and regional organizations including ICAO , the World Trade Organization , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the European Union , and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . During her career with the CAAC , Liu was elected chair of the Aviation Group of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) and was nominated by China to sit on the Air Transport Regulation Panel in ICAO . She also served as an expert on mediation and dispute resolution . She was chief negotiator for the Chinese government for bilateral and multilateral air transport agreements with foreign countries ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Fund for Agricultural Development', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development', 'summary': 'The International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ; French : Fonds international de développement agricole ( FIDA ) ) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations that works to address poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Kanayo F. Nwanze', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ILO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Labour Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Labour_Organization', 'summary': "The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social justice and promote decent work by setting international labour standards . It was the first specialised agency of the UN . The ILO has 187 member states : 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO . The tripartite structure is unique to the ILO where representatives from the government , employers and employees openly debate and create labour standards . The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization . It is the focal point for International Labour Organization 's overall activities , which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General . The ILO employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in Geneva , and in around 40 field offices around the world . Among these officials , 900 work in technical cooperation programmes and projects . In 1969 , the ILO received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving fraternity and peace among nations , pursuing decent work and justice for workers , and providing technical assistance to other developing nations . Fifty years later to mark the organisation 's centenary , it convened a Global Commission on the Future of Work , whose report , published in January 2019 , made ten recommendations for governments to meet the unprecedented challenges of a changing world of work . Those included a universal labour guarantee , social protection from birth to old age and an entitlement to lifelong learning . The International Labour Organization has developed a system of international labour standards aimed at promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work , in conditions of freedom , equity , security and dignity ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Ryder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Ryder', 'summary': 'Guy Ryder CBE ( born 3 January 1956 ) is a British political scientist and union organiser who is the tenth and current Director-General of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . He was previously General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) ( 2006-2010 ) and previous to that position , Ryder was General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( ICFTU ) ( 2002-2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1946 ( 1919 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Maritime Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) ( French : Organisation Maritime Internationale ( OMI ) ) , known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ( IMCO ) until 1982 , is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping . The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference held in Geneva in 1948 and the IMO came into existence ten years later , meeting for the first time in 1959 . Headquartered in London , United Kingdom , the IMO currently has 174 member states and three associate members . The IMO 's primary purpose is to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes safety , environmental concerns , legal matters , technical co-operation , maritime security and the efficiency of shipping . IMO is governed by an assembly of members and is financially administered by a council of members elected from the assembly . The work of IMO is conducted through five committees and these are supported by technical subcommittees . Other UN organisations may observe the proceedings of the IMO . Observer status is granted to qualified non-governmental organisations . IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of the organisation 's members . The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by the assembly , and various divisions such as those for marine safety , environmental protection and a conference section ."}]}, {'value': 'London , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Kitack Lim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitack_Lim', 'summary': "Kitack Lim ( Korean : 임기택 ; born 22 January 1956 ) is the current South Korean secretary general of the International Maritime Organization . Lim was born in Masan , Gyeongsangnam-do , a major port city in South Korea . He majored in nautical science at the Korea Maritime and Ocean University ( KMOU ) , Busan , graduating in 1977 . He worked on ships as a Republic of Korea Navy officer and for Sanko Shipping Co . He joined the Korea Maritime and Port Administration in 1985 , while continuing with further studies at the Graduate School of Administration , Yonsei University , obtaining a master 's degree in 1990 . He then studied maritime administration with a major in navigation at the World Maritime University ( WMU ) , graduating with a master 's degree . From 1995 he attended a doctoral programme for international law at KMOU , completing course work in 1998 . Lim began attending IMO meetings as part of the South Korean delegation in 1986 , actively participating in maritime safety and environmental protection issues . From 1992 , he engaged in activities to promote maritime safety through effective implementation of IMO conventions in his country and other IMO member states in the Asian region . He was elected Chairman of the Tokyo Memorandum on Port State Control in 2004 . In 2006 , Lim was appointed as Maritime Attaché , minister-counsellor at the Embassy of South Korea , London and led all IMO work for South Korea , serving as Deputy Permanent Representative to IMO up to August 2009 . Lim was then appointed as Director General for Maritime Safety Policy Bureau at the Headquarters of the Ministry of Land , Transport and Maritime Affairs ( MLTM ) ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Monetary Fund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund', 'summary': "The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international organization headquartered in Washington , D.C. , consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources . Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money . As of 2016 [ update ] , the fund had XDR 477 billion ( about US $ 667 billion ) . Through the fund and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis , surveillance of its members ' economies , and the demand for particular policies , the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries . The organization 's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are : to promote international monetary co-operation , international trade , high employment , exchange-rate stability , sustainable economic growth , and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty . IMF funds come from two major sources : quotas and loans . Quotas , which are pooled funds of member nations , generate most IMF funds . The size of a member 's quota depends on its economic and financial importance in the world . Nations with larger economic importance have larger quotas . The quotas are increased periodically as a means of boosting the IMF 's resources in the form of special drawing rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C. , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Christine Lagarde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christine_Lagarde', 'summary': "Christine Madeleine Odette Lagarde ( French : [ kʁistin madlɛn ɔdɛt laɡaʁd ] ; née Lallouette , IPA : [ laluɛt ] ; born 1 January 1956 ) is a French politician and lawyer serving as President of the European Central Bank since November 2019 . Between July 2011 and November 2019 , she served as chair and managing director ( MD ) of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Lagarde previously held various senior ministerial posts in the Government of France : she was Minister of the Economy , Finance and Industry ( 2007-2011 ) , Minister of Agriculture and Fishing ( 2007 ) and Minister of Commerce ( 2005-2007 ) . Lagarde was the first woman to become finance minister of a G8 economy ( and the only woman as of 2020 ) and is the first woman to head the ECB or the IMF . A noted antitrust and labour lawyer , Lagarde was the first female chair of major international law firm Baker & McKenzie , between 1999 and 2004 . On 16 November 2009 , the Financial Times ranked her the best finance minister in the Eurozone . On 5 July 2011 , Lagarde replaced Dominique Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF for a five-year term . Her appointment was the 11th consecutive appointment of a European to head the IMF . She was reelected by consensus for a second five-year term , starting 5 July 2016 , being the only candidate nominated for the post . In December 2016 , a French court found her guilty of negligence relating to her role in the Bernard Tapie arbitration , but did not impose a penalty . In 2019 , Forbes ranked her number two on its World 's 100 Most Powerful Women list ."}]}, {'value': '1945 ( 1944 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Telecommunication Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union', 'summary': 'The International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ; French : Union Internationale des Télécommunications or UIT ) , originally the International Telegraph Union ( French : Union Télégraphique Internationale ) , is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies . It is the oldest global international organization . The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum , promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits , works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world , and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards . The ITU is also active in the areas of broadband Internet , latest-generation wireless technologies , aeronautical and maritime navigation , radio astronomy , satellite-based meteorology , convergence in fixed-mobile phone , Internet access , data , voice , TV broadcasting , and next-generation networks .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Houlin Zhao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houlin_Zhao', 'summary': 'Houlin Zhao ( Chinese : 赵厚麟 ) is the Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . He was elected at the 2014 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference . ITU is the specialized United Nations Agency for ICT services and technologies promotion , collaboration , and standardization .'}]}, {'value': '1947 ( 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNESCO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNESCO', 'summary': "The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; French : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) based in Paris , France . Its declared purpose is to contribute to promoting international collaboration in education , sciences , and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice , the rule of law , and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter . It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members . Most of its field offices are cluster offices that cover three or more countries ; national and regional offices also exist . UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs : education , natural sciences , social/human sciences , culture and communication/information . Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy , technical , and teacher-training programs , international science programs , the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press , regional and cultural history projects , the promotion of cultural diversity , translations of world literature , international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage ( World Heritage Sites ) and to preserve human rights , and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . UNESCO 's aim is to contribute to the building of peace , the eradication of poverty , sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education , the sciences , culture , communication and information . Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning , addressing emerging social and ethical challenges , fostering cultural diversity , a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication . The broad goals and objectives of the international community - as set out in the internationally agreed development goals , including the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) - underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Audrey Azoulay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audrey_Azoulay', 'summary': "Audrey Azoulay ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ o.dʁɛ a.zu.lɛ ] ; born 4 August 1972 ) is a French civil servant and politician who served as France 's Minister of Culture from 2016 to 2017 . She was nominated on 13 October 2017 and , on 10 November 2017 , appointed as the Director-General of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) , becoming the second female leader of the organization ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNIDO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations Industrial Development Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization', 'summary': 'The United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI , is a specialized agency in the United Nations system , headquartered in Vienna , Austria . The mission of UNIDO , as described in the Lima Declaration adopted at the fifteenth session of the UNIDO General Conference in 2013 , is to promote and accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial development ( ISID ) in Member States . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Li Yong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Yong_(politician)', 'summary': 'Li Yong ( Chinese : 李勇 ; born October 1951 ) is the former Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Finance of China and current Director General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNWTO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Tourism Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization', 'summary': "The World Tourism Organization ( 'UNWTO ) is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the promotion of responsible , sustainable and universally accessible tourism . It is the leading international organization in the field of tourism , which promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth , inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide . It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism knowledge . It encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to maximize the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development , while minimizing its possible negative impacts , and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , geared towards eliminating poverty and fostering sustainable development and peace worldwide . UNWTO generates market knowledge , promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and instruments , fosters tourism education and training , and works to make tourism an effective tool for development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world . UNWTOs membership includes 158 countries , 6 territories and over 500 affiliate members representing the private sector , educational institutions , tourism associations and local tourism authorities . Its headquarters are in Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Madrid , Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Taleb Rifai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taleb_Rifai', 'summary': "Taleb Rifai ( born 1949 ) is a Jordanian who was the Secretary-General of the United Nations ' World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid , Spain , until the 31st of December 2017 , having held the post since being unanimously elected in 2010 . The first Jordanian to hold a UN agency Secretary General position ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UPU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal Postal Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union', 'summary': "The Universal Postal Union ( UPU , French : Union postale universelle ) , established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874 , is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) that coordinates postal policies among member nations , in addition to the worldwide postal system . The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress , the Council of Administration ( CA ) , the Postal Operations Council ( POC ) and the International Bureau ( IB ) . It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service ( EMS ) cooperatives . Each member agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties . The UPU 's headquarters are located in Bern , Switzerland ."}]}, {'value': 'Bern , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bern', 'summary': "Bern or Berne ( German : Bern [ bɛrn ] ( listen ) ; Alemannic German : Bärn [ b̥æːrn ] ; French : Berne [ bɛʁn ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Berna [ ˈbɛrna ] ; Romansh : Berna [ ˈbɛrnɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their federal city , in German Bundesstadt , French ville fédérale , and Italian città federale . [ note 1 ] With a population of about 140,000 ( as of 2019 ) , Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland . The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406,900 in 2014 . The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000 . Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern , the second-most populous of Switzerland 's cantons . The official language in Bern is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the most-spoken language is an Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Bernese German . In 1983 , the historic old town ( in German : Altstadt ) in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishar Abdirahman Hussein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947 ( 1874 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WBG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Bank Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Bank_Group', 'summary': "The World Bank Group ( WBG ) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries . It is the largest and most well-known development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development Group . The bank is headquartered in Washington , D.C. in the United States . It provided around $ 61 billion in loans and assistance to developing and transition countries in the 2014 fiscal year . The bank 's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity . Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $ 117 billion . Its five organizations are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , the International Development Association ( IDA ) , the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) , the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) . The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as the World Bank . The World Bank 's ( the IBRD and IDA 's ) activities are focused on developing countries , in fields such as human development ( e.g . education , health ) , agriculture and rural development ( e.g . irrigation and rural services ) , environmental protection ( e.g . pollution reduction , establishing and enforcing regulations ) , infrastructure ( e.g ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C. , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'David Malpass ( President ) Kristalina Georgieva ( CEO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Malpass', 'summary': 'David Robert Malpass ( born March 8 , 1956 ) is an American economic analyst and former government official serving as President of the World Bank Group since 2019 . Malpass previously served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs under Donald Trump , Deputy Assistant Treasury Secretary under Ronald Reagan , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush . He served as Chief Economist at Bear Stearns for the six years preceding its collapse . During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Malpass served as an economic advisor to Donald Trump , and in 2017 , he was nominated and confirmed as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs at the Treasury Department . Malpass was elected President of the World Bank on April 4 , 2019 , having been nominated to the position in February 2019 by the Trump Administration . He formally took office on April 9 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva', 'summary': 'Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( Bulgarian : Кристалина Иванова Георгиева-Кинова ; born 13 August 1953 ) is an Bulgarian economist , who is the current Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund . She worked as the Chief Executive of the World Bank from January 2017 to 1 October 2019 . She served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its Vice President and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to hold this office .'}]}, {'value': '1945 ( 1944 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WFP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Food Programme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Food_Programme', 'summary': "The World Food Programme [ a ] ( WFP ) is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world 's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security . According to the WFP , it provides food assistance to an average of 91.4 million people in 83 countries each year . From its headquarters in Rome and from more than 80 country offices around the world , the WFP works to help people who can not produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'David Beasley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Beasley', 'summary': 'David Muldrow Beasley ( born February 26 , 1957 ) is an American politician who is the Executive Director of the United Nations World Food Programme . Beasley , a member of the Republican Party , served one term as the 113th Governor of South Carolina from 1995 until 1999 ; he was defeated by Democrat Jim Hodges in the 1998 election . Beasley , a native of Lamar , South Carolina , began his political career as a member of the Democratic Party , but switched to the Republican Party in September 1991 , three years before his election as governor . His first run for public office came in 1978 , when , as a 21-year-old junior attending Clemson University , he unexpectedly won a seat in the South Carolina House of Representatives . He later graduated from the University of South Carolina and the University of South Carolina School of Law .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WHO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Health Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Health_Organization', 'summary': "The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with world public health . It was established on 7 April 1948 , and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Its predecessor , the Health Organisation , was an agency of the League of Nations . The WHO constitution was signed by 61 countries ( all 51 member countries and 10 others ) on 22 July 1946 , with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly concluding on 24 July 1948 . It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organisation . Since its establishment , it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV/AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health , development , and aging ; nutrition , food security and healthy eating ; occupational health ; substance abuse ; and driving the development of reporting , publications , and networking . The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey , and World Health Day . The current Director-General of the WHO , Tedros Adhanom , served as Ethiopian Health Minister from 2005 to 2012 and as Ethiopian Foreign Minister from 2012 to 2016 . Adhanom started his five-year term on 1 July 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Tedros Adhanom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom', 'summary': "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ( Ge'ez : ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ ; born March 3 , 1965 ) is an Ethiopian politician , academic , who has been Director-General of the World Health Organization since 2017 . He served in the Government of Ethiopia as Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016 . Tedros joined the Ministry of Health in 1986 , after graduating from the University of Asmara . An internationally recognized malaria researcher , as Minister of Health , Tedros received praise for a number of innovative and system-wide health reforms that substantially improved access to health services and key outcomes . Amongst them were hiring and training roughly 40,000 female health extension workers , cutting infant mortality from 123 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2006 to 88 in 2011 , and increasing the hiring of health cadres including medical doctors and midwives . In July 2009 , he was elected Board Chair of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria for a two-year term . Tedros was elected as Director-General of the World Health Organization by the World Health Assembly on 23 May 2017 . He took office for a five-year term on 1 July 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WIPO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Intellectual Property Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization', 'summary': 'The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ; French : Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle ( OMPI ) ) is one of the 15 specialized agencies [ notes 1 ] of the United Nations ( UN ) . WIPO was created in 1967 to encourage creative activity , to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world . WIPO currently has 192 member states , administers 26 international treaties , and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The current Director-General of WIPO is Francis Gurry , who took office on 1 October 2008 . 188 of the UN member states as well as the Cook Islands , Holy See and Niue are members of WIPO . Non-members are the states of Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Palau and South Sudan . Palestine has permanent observer status .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Gurry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Gurry', 'summary': 'Francis Gurry ( born 17 May 1951 ) is an Australian national and the fourth and current Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) . He is also Secretary-General of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants ( UPOV ) . Gurry previously served as a Deputy Director General of WIPO from 2003 to 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WMO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Meteorological Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization', 'summary': 'The World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories . The President of the World Meteorological Congress , its supreme body , is Gerhard Adrian as a successor of David Grimes . The Organization is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . It followed on from the International Meteorological Organization , founded in 1873 , a non-governmental organization . Reforms of status and structure were proposed from the 1930s , culminating in the World Meteorological Convention signed on 11 October 1947 which came into force on 23 March 1950 . It formally became the World Meteorological Organization on 17 March 1951 , and was designated as a specialized agency of the United Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Petteri Taalas ( Secretary-General ) Michel Jarraud ( President )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petteri_Taalas', 'summary': 'Petteri Taalas ( born 3 July 1961 in Helsinki , Finland ) is the Secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization , headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . Appointed in 2015 by the World Meteorological Congress , the supreme body of the Organization , he took up the four-year Secretary-General term on 1 January 2016 , and was re-elected to a second four year term on 13 June 2019 . He was director general of the Finnish Meteorological Institute from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 to 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1950 ( 1873 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Structure -- Specialized agencies', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties . [ 113 ] Some best-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Food and Agriculture Organization , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Bank , and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies . Examples include mass vaccination programmes ( through WHO ) , the avoidance of famine and malnutrition ( through the work of the WFP ) , and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people ( for example , by UNHCR ) . [ 114 ]', 'uid': 'United_Nations_0', 'intro': "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main offices are in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague. The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; this number grew to 193 in 2011, representing the vast majority of the world's sovereign states. The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping."} | null | null | What is the scientific discipline of the head of the Food and Agriculture Organization ? | agronomist |
052c42d4ab0f9734 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_video_games', 'title': '1996 in video games', 'header': ['Release', 'Title', 'System', 'Developer / Publisher', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'January 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guardian Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guardian_Heroes', 'summary': "Guardian Heroes [ a ] is a 2D side-scrolling beat 'em up video game in the vein of Final Fight or Golden Axe , but with RPG elements . The development team called it a fighting RPG . Guardian Heroes was developed by Treasure and released in 1996 for the Sega Saturn video game console . A sequel was released in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance entitled Advance Guardian Heroes . The game allows players to alter the storyline through their actions , such as choosing between a number of branching paths , leading to multiple endings , and killing civilians and enemies , leading to changes in the Karma meter . The music was composed by Hideki Matsutake , a former member of electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra , and Nazo Suzuki . It is considered a cult classic of the beat 'em up genre ."}]}, {'value': 'Sat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treasure / Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treasure_(company)', 'summary': "Treasure Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo known for its action , platform , and shoot 'em up games . The company was founded in 1992 by former Konami employees seeking to explore original game concepts and free themselves from Konami 's reliance on sequels . Their first game , Gunstar Heroes ( 1993 ) on the Sega Genesis , was a critical success and established a creative and action-oriented design style that would continue to characterize their output . Treasure 's philosophy in game development has always been to make games they enjoy , not necessarily those that have the greatest commercial viability . Treasure grew a cult following for their action games developed during the 1990s , and though initially exclusive to Sega platforms , they expanded to other platforms in 1997 . The company earned recognition from critics , being called one of the best Japanese indie studios and 2D game developers . The company 's output decreased in the 2010s , with their last release being Gaist Crusher God in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'a beat-em-up game developed by Treasure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mystaria : The Realms of Lore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mystaria:_The_Realms_of_Lore', 'summary': 'Mystaria : The Realms of Lore , released as Riglord Saga in Japan , is a tactical role-playing game for the Sega Saturn . In late 1996 it was re-released as Blazing Heroes in North America . Its graphics consist of pre-rendered sprites and polygonal backgrounds . Its sequel , Riglord Saga 2 , was released in Japan only in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Micro Cabin / Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Micro_Cabin', 'summary': 'Microcabin Corporation ( 株式会社マイクロキャビン ) , sometimes written as Micro Cabin , was a Japan-based video game developer and publisher incorporated in 1982 , who grew from the Ōyachi Electrics Microcomputer Club . Known for their Xak series and its spinoff Fray in Magical Adventure , and games such as Illusion City and Mystaria : The Realms of Lore . Other games include Mystery House , Guardian War , and the Koutetsu no Houkou series . They also developed the Sega Saturn port of Tunnel B1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'a tactical RPG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tactical_RPG', 'summary': 'Tactical role-playing games ( abbreviated as TRPG ) are a genre of video game which incorporates elements of traditional role-playing video games with that of tactical games , emphasizing tactics rather than high-level strategy . The format of a tactical RPG video game is much like a traditional tabletop role-playing game in its appearance , pacing and rule structure . Likewise , early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames like Chainmail , which were primarily concerned with combat .'}]}, {'value': 'January 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duke Nukem 3D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D', 'summary': "Duke Nukem 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by 3D Realms . It is a sequel to the platform games Duke Nukem and Duke Nukem II , published by 3D Realms . Duke Nukem 3D features the adventures of the titular Duke Nukem , voiced by Jon St. John , who fights against an alien invasion on Earth . Along with Wolfenstein 3D and Doom , Duke Nukem 3D is considered to be responsible for popularizing first-person shooters , and was released to major acclaim . Reviewers praised the interactivity of the environments , gameplay , level design , and unique risqué humor , a mix of pop-culture satire and lampooning of over-the-top Hollywood action heroes . The game 's violent nature , erotic elements , and portrayal of women incited controversy . The shareware version of the game was originally released on January 29 , 1996 , while the full version was released on April 19 , 1996 as version 1.3d . The Plutonium PAK , an expansion pack which updated the game to version 1.4 and added a fourth eleven-level episode , was released in November 1996 . The Atomic Edition , a standalone version of the game that included the content from the Plutonium PAK and updated the game to version 1.5 , was later released ; the original version of Duke Nukem 3D has since been discontinued . An official fifth episode was released on October 11 , 2016 with 20th Anniversary World Tour published by Gearbox Software . After fifteen years in development hell , a direct sequel was released in 2011 called Duke Nukem Forever ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3D Realms / GT Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3D_Realms', 'summary': 'Apogee Software , Ltd. , doing business as 3D Realms since 1996 , is an American video game developer and publisher based in Garland , Texas . The company is best known for popularizing the shareware distribution model for video games in the 1980s and 90s , as well as for creating game franchises , such as Duke Nukem . 3D Realms was founded by Scott Miller in 1987 as Apogee Software Productions , in preparation for the release of Kingdom of Kroz . Apogee Software adopted the trading name 3D Realms in 1996 , and the rights to the former name and logo were eventually sold to Terry Nagy in 2008 , using which he established Apogee Software , LLC . Following two extensively delayed games , 3D Realms laid off significant portions of their staff and underwent a corporate restructure . From that point on , they would only participate in smaller projects , acting as the producing and publishing entity . In March 2014 , the company was acquired by SDN Invest , a Danish holding company and part-owner of Interceptor Entertainment , a Danish development studio and partner of 3D Realms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GT_Interactive', 'summary': "Atari , Inc. was founded in 1993 as GT Interactive Software Corp . In 1999 , Infogrames Entertainment , SA acquired a controlling interest in GT Interactive , renaming it Infogrames , Inc. As part of Infogrames Entertainment 's company-wide re-branding in May 2003 , Infogrames , Inc. finally became known as Atari , Inc. On October 11 , 2008 , Infogrames completed its acquisition of Atari , Inc. , making it a wholly owned subsidiary . On January 21 , 2013 , Atari , Inc. filed for bankruptcy , with President Jim Wilson stating plans to split off from parent Atari , SA ."}]}, {'value': 'a popular first person shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_person_shooter', 'summary': "First-person shooter ( FPS ) is a video game genre centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective ; that is , the player experiences the action through the eyes of the protagonist . The genre shares common traits with other shooter games , which in turn makes it fall under the heading action game . Since the genre 's inception , advanced 3D and pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development , and multiplayer gaming has been integral . The first-person shooter genre has been traced as far back as Maze War , development of which began in 1973 , and 1974 's Spasim . Later , and after more playful titles like MIDI Maze in 1987 , the genre coalesced into a more violent form with 1992 's Wolfenstein 3D , which has been credited with creating the genre 's basic archetype upon which subsequent titles were based . One such title , and the progenitor of the genre 's wider mainstream acceptance and popularity , was Doom , one of the most influential games in this genre ; for some years , the term Doom clone was used to designate this genre due to Doom 's influence . Corridor shooter was another common name for the genre in its early years , since processing limitations of the era 's hardware meant that most of the action in the games had to take place in enclosed areas , such as in cramped spaces like corridors and tunnels . 1998 's Half-Life - along with its 2004 sequel Half-Life 2 - enhanced the narrative and puzzle elements . In 1999 , the Half-Life mod Counter-Strike was released and , together with Doom , is perhaps one of the most influential first-person shooters . GoldenEye 007 , released in 1997 , was a landmark first-person shooter for home consoles , while the Halo series heightened the console 's commercial and critical appeal as a platform for first-person shooter titles . In the 21st century , the first-person shooter is the most commercially viable video game genre , and in 2016 , shooters accounted for over 27% of all video game sales . Several first-person shooters have been popular games for esports and competitive gaming competitions as well ."}]}, {'value': 'January 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mega Man X3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mega_Man_X3', 'summary': "Mega Man X3 , known as Rockman X3 ( ロックマンX3 ) in Japan , is a video game released by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The game was originally released in Japan on December 1 , 1995 and later in North American and PAL regions in 1996 . It is the third game in the Mega Man X series and the last to appear on the SNES . Mega Man X3 takes place in a fictional future in which the world is populated by humans and intelligent robots called Reploids . Like their human creators , some Reploids involve themselves in destructive crime and are labelled as Mavericks . After twice defeating the Maverick leader Sigma , the heroes Mega Man X and Zero must battle a Reploid scientist named Dr. Doppler and his utopia of Maverick followers . Mega Man X3 follows in the tradition of both the original Mega Man series and the Mega Man X series as a standard action-platform game . The player traverses a series of eight stages in any order while gaining various power-ups and taking the special weapon of each stage 's end boss . Mega Man X3 is the first game in the series in which Zero is a playable character ( albeit in limited form ) in addition to X . Like its predecessor , Mega Man X2 , X3 features the Cx4 chip to allow for some limited 3D vector graphics and transparency effects . A 32-bit version of Mega Man X3 was released on the PlayStation , Sega Saturn , and Windows in various countries . This version was included on the North American Mega Man X Collection in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'third X installment in popular Mega Man franchise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahamut Lagoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahamut_Lagoon', 'summary': 'Bahamut Lagoon ( バハムート ラグーン ) is a Japanese tactical role-playing game developed and published by Square for the Super Famicom and released on February 9 , 1996 . Bahamut Lagoon was released on the Virtual Console in Japan on September 29 , 2009 for the Wii and on February 5 , 2014 for the Wii U .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SquareSoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SquareSoft', 'summary': "Square Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuwea ) was a Japanese video game company founded in September 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto . It merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix . The company also used SquareSoft as a brand name to refer to their games , and the term is occasionally used to refer to the company itself . In addition , Square Soft , Inc was the name of the company 's American arm before the merger , after which it was renamed to Square Enix , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Tactical RPG spin-off in the Final Fantasy series , before Final Fantasy Tactics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Front Mission : Gun Hazard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Front_Mission:_Gun_Hazard', 'summary': 'Front Mission Series : Gun Hazard ( フロントミッションシリーズ ガンハザード ) is a 1996 video game developed by Omiya Soft . The game is the second entry in the Front Mission series , and is a side-scrolling role-playing shooter .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SquareSoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SquareSoft', 'summary': "Square Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuwea ) was a Japanese video game company founded in September 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto . It merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix . The company also used SquareSoft as a brand name to refer to their games , and the term is occasionally used to refer to the company itself . In addition , Square Soft , Inc was the name of the company 's American arm before the merger , after which it was renamed to Square Enix , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Sequel to strategy Super Famicom RPG Front Mission', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pokémon Red and Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pokémon_Red_and_Blue', 'summary': "Pokémon Red Version and Pokémon Blue Version are role-playing video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy and Game Boy Color . They are the first installments of the Pokémon video game series . They were first released in Japan in 1996 as Pocket Monsters Red [ a ] and Pocket Monsters Green , [ b ] with the special edition Pocket Monsters Blue [ c ] being released in Japan later that same year . The games were later released as Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue in North America and Australia in 1998 and Europe in 1999 . Pokémon Yellow , a special edition version , was released in Japan in 1998 and in other regions in 1999 and 2000 . Remakes of Pokémon Red and Green for the Game Boy Advance , Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen , were released in 2004 . Pokémon Red , Blue , and Yellow ( in addition to Green in Japan ) were re-released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service as a commemoration of the franchise 's 20th anniversary in 2016 . The player controls the protagonist from an overhead perspective and navigates him throughout the fictional region of Kanto in a quest to master Pokémon battling . The goal of the games is to become the champion of the Indigo League by defeating the eight Gym Leaders and then the top four Pokémon trainers in the land , the Elite Four . Another objective is to complete the Pokédex , an in-game encyclopedia , by obtaining the 150 available Pokémon . Red and Blue utilize the Game Link Cable , which connects two Game Boy systems together and allows Pokémon to be traded or battled between games . Both titles are independent of each other but feature the same plot , and while they can be played separately , it is necessary for players to trade between both games in order to obtain all of the original 150 Pokémon ."}]}, {'value': 'GB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'launched a wildly popular game series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civilization II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civilization_II', 'summary': "Sid Meier 's Civilization II is a turn-based strategy video game in the Civilization series , developed and published by MicroProse . It was released in 1996 for the PC and later ported to the PlayStation by Activision . Civilization II was a commercial hit , with sales around 3 million units by 2001 , and has won numerous awards and placements on best games of all time lists ."}]}, {'value': 'Win', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MicroProse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MicroProse', 'summary': "MicroProse Software Inc. was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 . It developed and published numerous games , many of which are regarded as groundbreaking , classics and cult titles , including starting the Civilization and X-COM series . Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games . In 1993 , the company lost most of their UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte . Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996 , as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin , Texas . In 1998 , following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive Software , the struggling MicroProse ( Spectrum HoloByte ) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda , California and Chapel Hill , North Carolina were closed the following year . In 2001 , MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment , SA . MicroProse UK 's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002 , followed by the company 's former headquarters in Hunt Valley , Maryland in 2003 . The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive , formerly Infogrames . The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics . Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018 , which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey ."}]}, {'value': 'acclaimed sequel to the highly influential 1991 4X game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4X', 'summary': "4X is a genre of strategy-based video and board games in which players control an empire and eXplore , eXpand , eXploit , and eXterminate . The term was coined by Alan Emrich in his September 1993 preview of Master of Orion for Computer Gaming World . Since then , others have adopted the term to describe games of similar scope and design . 4X computer games are noted for their deep , complex gameplay . Emphasis is placed upon economic and technological development , as well as a range of non-military routes to supremacy . Games can take a long time to complete since the amount of micromanagement needed to sustain an empire increases as the empire grows . 4X games are sometimes criticized for becoming tedious for these reasons , and several games have attempted to address these concerns by limiting micromanagement , with varying degrees of success . The earliest 4X games borrowed ideas from board games and 1970s text-based computer games . The first 4X computer games were turn-based , but real-time 4X games are not uncommon . Many 4X computer games were published in the mid-1990s , but were later outsold by other types of strategy games . Sid Meier 's Civilization is an important example from this formative era , and popularized the level of detail that later became a staple of the genre . In the new millennium , several 4X releases have become critically and commercially successful ."}]}, {'value': 'February 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ripper ( video game )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ripper_(video_game)', 'summary': "Ripper is a 1996 interactive movie point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Take-Two Interactive for DOS and Macintosh . The game has a cast that includes celebrities such as Christopher Walken , Paul Giamatti , Karen Allen , Burgess Meredith ( in his final performance before his death the following year ) and John Rhys-Davies . It also featured the Blue Öyster Cult song ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper . There is no definite canonical answer on who the villain of the game is , since this is decided by the game at random , out of four main characters . A limited number of the clues and puzzles , plus a single line of dialogue in the ending , change according to the villain 's identity . In 1996 home ports for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation were announced , but both were eventually cancelled ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Take Two Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take_Two_Interactive', 'summary': "Take-Two Interactive Software , Inc. is an American video game holding company based in New York City . The company owns two major publishing labels , Rockstar Games and 2K , which operate internal game development studios . Take-Two 's portfolio includes numerous successful video game series across personal computer and video game consoles , including BioShock , Borderlands , Civilization , Grand Theft Auto , NBA 2K , Red Dead , and XCOM . As of March 2018 , it is the third-largest publicly traded game company in the Americas and Europe after Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts , with an estimated market cap of US $ 13 billion . Take-Two was founded by Ryan Brant in September 1993 , looking to become a major publisher in the video game area . The company went public in April 1997 , and later acquired the publisher and developer behind Grand Theft Auto , through which it formed Rockstar Games and Rockstar North , respectively , and also leading to their long-standing label structure . From 2003 to 2005 , the company fell under investigation by the Security and Exchange Commission related to corporate and personal financial fraud after going public that led to Brant resigning by 2006 alongside the departures of other former executives and board members . As a result of this mismanagement , the company 's majority shareholders led a takeover of Take-Two in March 2007 , replacing them with Strauss Zelnick as the new Chairman and CEO . Take-Two subsequently rejected a US $ 1.9 billion buyout from Electronic Arts in 2008 . Since then , the company has continued to grow through acquisitions and creation of new studios . More recently , Take-Two created the label Private Division to support publishing from independent developers , and acquired the developer Social Point to establish itself in the mobile game market . The company also owns 50% of professional esports organization NBA 2K League ."}]}, {'value': 'Interactive movie , Point-and-click adventure Single Player game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Single_Player', 'summary': 'A single-player video game is a video game where input from only one player is expected throughout the course of the gaming session . A single-player game is usually a game that can only be played by one person , while single-player mode is usually a game mode designed to be played by a single-player , though the game also contains multi-player modes . Most modern console games and arcade games are designed so that they can be played by a single player ; although many of these games have modes that allow two or more players to play ( not necessarily simultaneously ) , very few actually require more than one player for the game to be played . The Unreal Tournament series is one example of such .'}]}, {'value': 'February 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rise 2 : Resurrection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rise_2:_Resurrection', 'summary': "Rise 2 : Resurrection [ a ] is a fighting game developed by Mirage Media and published by Acclaim Entertainment in 1996 . The game is a sequel to Rise of the Robots , and improves on the first game 's graphics , rendering and animation ; hits give off metal scraps and electrical arcs progressively run over the bodies of damaged robots . The in-game music features hard-rock themed music by Tom Grimshaw at Mirage , and a theme by Queen 's guitarist Brian May entitled Cyborg ."}]}, {'value': 'Win , Sat , PS1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirage / Acclaim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirage_Technologies_(Multimedia)_Ltd.', 'summary': 'Mirage Technologies ( Multimedia ) Ltd , Also known as Mirage Media , was a privately owned video game developer and publisher based in the Cardiff , United Kingdom . It was directed by Peter Jones , which continues to operate as a separate company . In 1997 , it was announced the company was closed due to low sales of Rise of the Robots and Rise 2 : Resurrection . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Acclaim Entertainment , Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Glen Cove , New York . Originally formed by Greg Fischbach , Robert Holmes and Jim Scoroposki out of an Oyster Bay storefront in 1987 , the company established a worldwide development team through a series of acquisitions in the late 1990s and early 2000s . After poor financial returns in their 2003 fiscal year , Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 2004 . Properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties .'}]}, {'value': 'the sequel to the fighting game , Rise of the Robots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rise_of_the_Robots', 'summary': "Rise of the Robots is a fighting game released by Time Warner Interactive in 1994 . Originally developed for the Amiga and PC DOS computers by Mirage 's Instinct Design , it was ported to various video game consoles , including the Super NES , the Mega Drive , and the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer . The game includes a single-player mode in which the player assumes the role of the ECO32-2 Cyborg , as he attempts to stop the Supervisor who takes over Electrocorp 's facilities in Metropolis 4 . Developed by a team of five people , including former Bitmap Brothers member Sean Griffiths , Rise of the Robots was intended to use a high level of artificial intelligence that was never seen in any other fighting games at the time . The game features music from Queen 's lead guitarist Brian May , although it only uses The Dark and Resurrection , a track taken from his solo album Back to the Light , while the in-game music was done by Richard Joseph . The contemporary and retrospective reviews towards Rise of the Robots were negative , with much of the criticism targeted its crippling gameplay and controls , despite being praised for its good graphics . The sequel , Rise 2 : Resurrection , was released in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terra Nova : Strike Force Centauri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terra_Nova:_Strike_Force_Centauri', 'summary': "Terra Nova : Strike Force Centauri is a 1996 tactical first-person shooter video game developed and published by LookingGlass Technologies . Set in a science-fictional depiction of the 24th century , the game follows a faction of humans who colonize the Alpha Centauri star system to escape from the Hegemony , a totalitarian Earth government . The player assumes the role of Nikola ap Io , the leader of an Alpha Centauri military unit , and undertakes missions against pirates and the Hegemony . Terra Nova has been cited as one of the first squad-oriented games with three-dimensional ( 3D ) graphics ; the player is often assisted by artificially intelligent teammates who may be given tactical commands . Conceived by Looking Glass after the completion of their first game , Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss , Terra Nova was subject to a long and difficult development process , caused in part by the production of its full motion video cutscenes . The game 's TED engine can render 3D outdoor environments and simulate physics ; the latter enables such effects as procedural animation . Terra Nova 's critical reception was highly positive . Reviewers praised its tactical elements , and several compared it to the 1995 video game MechWarrior 2 : 31st Century Combat . However , reception of its graphics was mixed , and many noted the game 's steep system requirements . Despite critical acclaim and sales in excess of 100,000 units , the game was a commercial failure : it did not recoup its development costs . While it was intended to be the first in a series , its low sales led the company to cancel plans for a sequel ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Glass Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Glass_Studios', 'summary': "Looking Glass Studios , Inc. ( formerly Blue Sky Productions and LookingGlass Technologies , Inc. ) was an American video game developer based in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The company was founded by Paul Neurath with Ned Lerner as Blue Sky Productions in 1990 , and merged with Lerner 's Lerner Research in 1992 to become LookingGlass Technologies . Between 1997 and 1999 , the company was part of AverStar , where it was renamed Looking Glass Studios . Following financial issues at Looking Glass , the studio shut down in May 2000. Notable productions by Looking Glass include the Ultima Underworld , System Shock and Thief series ."}]}, {'value': 'critically acclaimed FPS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zork : Nemesis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zork:_Nemesis', 'summary': 'Zork Nemesis : The Forbidden Lands is a 1996 graphic adventure game developed by Zombie LLC and published by Activision . It is the eleventh game in the Zork series , and the first such title not to appear under the Infocom label . It features a darker , less comical story within the Zork setting . The story focuses on players investigating the sudden disappearance of four prominent figures and their children to the hands of a mysterious being known as the Nemesis , and uncovering a sinister plot during their investigations that they must thwart . The game was released for Windows 95 , and ported to MS-DOS and Macintosh by Quicksilver Software . The MS-DOS version has since been released by GOG on their website , who made it compatible for use with Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , and Windows 10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Win', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Activision', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Activision', 'summary': "Activision Publishing , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica , California . It currently serves as the publishing business for its parent company , Activision Blizzard , and consists of several subsidiary studios . Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 . The company was founded as Activision , Inc. in October 1979 in Sunnyvale , California , by former Atari game developers , upset at how they were treated at Atari , to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console . Activision was the first independent , third-party , console video game developer . The 1983 video game crash , in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision 's footsteps without the expertise of Activision 's founders , hurt Activision 's position in console games , forcing them to diversify into games for home computers , including the acquisition of Infocom . After a management shift , with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis , the company renamed itself as Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications . Mediagenic quickly fell into debt , and the company was bought for around US $ 500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 . Kotick instituted a full rework of the company to cover its debts : dismissing most of its staff , moving the company to Los Angeles , and reverting to the Activision name . Building on existing assets , the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and , after recovering from the former debt , started acquiring numerous studios and intellectual properties over the 1990s and 2000s , among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series . A holding company was formed as Activision 's parent company to manage the internal and acquired studios . In 2008 , this holding merged with Vivendi Games ( the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment ) and formed Activision Blizzard , with Kotick as its CEO ."}]}, {'value': '11th game in the Zork series , employing 360-degree views of environment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario RPG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_RPG', 'summary': "Super Mario RPG : Legend of the Seven Stars [ a ] is a role-playing video game ( RPG ) developed by Square and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1996 . It is the first RPG in the Mario franchise , with major elements drawn from Square 's RPG franchises and action-based gameplay reminiscent of the Super Mario series . Super Mario RPG was directed by Yoshihiko Maekawa and Chihiro Fujioka and produced by Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto . Yoko Shimomura composed the score , which was released on a soundtrack album in Japan . The story focuses on Mario and his party as they seek to eliminate Smithy , who has stolen the seven star pieces of Star Road . The game features five playable characters . It was not released in PAL regions such as Europe . Super Mario RPG was well-received and particularly praised for its humor and 3D-rendered graphics ; it appears on lists of the greatest video games of all time . It was followed by the Paper Mario and Mario & Luigi series , spiritual sequels which reuse some gameplay elements . Nintendo published Super Mario RPG to the Wii Virtual Console service in 2008 and the Wii U Virtual Console service in 2016 . It was also re-released with the Super NES Classic Edition in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SquareSoft/Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'beginning of the long-running series of Mario RPGs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_role-playing_games', 'summary': "The Mario franchise has inspired a variety of Mario role-playing video games to be released on multiple Nintendo video game consoles . All the games feature Mario as the protagonist , who is often accompanied by one or more playable characters , including existing Mario characters and original characters introduced in each game . The first game to introduce role-playing elements into the Mario franchise was Super Mario RPG , developed by Square and released in 1996 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game does not have a direct sequel . Considered to be its thematic and spiritual sequels , two successive role-playing-themed Mario series , the Paper Mario series and the Mario & Luigi series , followed conventions established in the original . The Paper Mario games were developed by Intelligent Systems and are renowned for their distinctive visual styles , and Mario & Luigi games were developed by AlphaDream , all of which appeared solely on handheld consoles . The most recent entries in each series are Paper Mario : Color Splash for Wii U and the Nintendo 3DS game Mario & Luigi : Bowser 's Inside Story + Bowser Jr. 's Journey ."}]}, {'value': 'March 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby Super Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_Super_Star', 'summary': "Kirby Super Star , [ a ] released as Kirby 's Fun Pak in PAL regions , is a 1996 platforming video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , part of the Kirby series of platforming video games by HAL Laboratory . The game was advertised as featuring eight games : seven short subsections with the same basic gameplay , and two minigames . The game was later released for the Wii and Wii U Virtual Consoles . An enhanced remake titled Kirby Super Star Ultra was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008 . Nintendo re-released Kirby Super Star in Japan , the United States and Europe in September 2017 as part of the company 's Super NES Classic Edition . The game was released on the Nintendo Switch Online service on December 12 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HAL Labs / Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HAL_Labs', 'summary': 'HAL Laboratory , Inc. is a Japanese video game developer founded on February 21 , 1980 . While it is officially independent , it has been closely affiliated with Nintendo throughout its history . The company is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and it also has a building at Kai , Yamanashi . The company got its name because each letter put them one step ahead of IBM . The company is most famous for their work on the Kirby and Mother series , as well as the first Super Smash Bros. game . The logo , Inutamago ( Japanese : 犬たまご Dog Eggs ) depicts a dog incubating eggs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'considered to be one of the best games in the Kirby franchise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resident Evil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)', 'summary': "Resident Evil [ b ] is a survival horror video game developed and released by Capcom originally for the PlayStation in 1996 , and is the first game in the Resident Evil series . The game 's plot follows Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine , members of an elite task force known as S.T.A.R.S. , as they investigate the outskirts of Raccoon City following the disappearance of their team members . They soon become trapped in a mansion infested with zombies and other monsters . The player , having selected to play as Chris or Jill at the start of the game , must explore the mansion to uncover its secrets . Conceived by producer Tokuro Fujiwara as a remake of his earlier horror game Sweet Home ( 1989 ) , the development of Resident Evil was led by Shinji Mikami . It went through several redesigns , initially conceived as a Super NES game in 1993 , then as a fully 3D first-person PlayStation game in 1994 , and then finally a third-person game with pre-rendered backdrops . Gameplay consists largely of third-person action with added emphasis on inventory management , exploration , and puzzle solving . Resident Evil establishes many conventions seen later in the series , including the control scheme , inventory system , save system , and use of 3D models superimposed over pre-rendered backgrounds . Resident Evil was very well received critically and commercially , and is often credited for defining the survival horror genre . Beyond video games , Resident Evil has been credited with re-popularising zombies in mainstream popular culture from the late 1990s onwards ( along with The House of the Dead ) , leading to a renewed interest in zombie films during the 2000s . Resident Evil has since been hailed as one of the greatest video games of all time . Its success has spawned a multimedia franchise including video games , films , comics , novels , and other merchandise ."}]}, {'value': 'PS1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'one of the foundational games in the survival horror genre , for a time it held the record for best-selling PlayStation game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Survival_horror', 'summary': "Survival horror is a subgenre of video games inspired by horror fiction that focuses on survival of the character as the game tries to frighten players with either horror graphics or scary ambience . Although combat can be part of the gameplay , the player is made to feel less in control than in typical action games through limited ammunition , health , speed and vision , or through various obstructions of the player 's interaction with the game mechanics . The player is also challenged to find items that unlock the path to new areas and solve puzzles to proceed in the game . Games make use of strong horror themes , like dark mazelike environments and unexpected attacks from enemies . The term survival horror was first used for the original Japanese release of Resident Evil in 1996 , which was influenced by earlier games with a horror theme such as 1989 's Sweet Home and 1992 's Alone in the Dark . The name has been used since then for games with similar gameplay , and has been retroactively applied to earlier titles . Starting with the release of Resident Evil 4 in 2005 , the genre began to incorporate more features from action games and more traditional first person and third-person shooter games . This has led game journalists to question whether long-standing survival horror franchises and more recent franchises have abandoned the genre and moved into a distinct genre often referred to as action horror ."}]}, {'value': 'March 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panzer Dragoon II Zwei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panzer_Dragoon_II_Zwei', 'summary': "Panzer Dragoon II Zwei [ a ] is a 1996 rail shooter video game for the Sega Saturn , published by Sega and developed by Sega 's Team Andromeda studio . It is the second entry in the Panzer Dragoon series , and a prequel to the first game . The game follows Jean-Luc Lundi , who raises and later rides a dragon he names Lagi . The player moves an aiming reticle ( representing the dragon 's laser and Lundi 's gun ) and shoots enemies while the dragon flies or runs through 3D environments on predetermined tracks . Zwei began development in early 1995 alongside Panzer Dragoon Saga ( 1998 ) , with a staff of twenty people and little assistance from Sega . In response to player criticism , the team lowered the overall difficulty and expanded the story elements . The music , composed by Yayoi Wachi , would go on to influence the musical direction of later entries . Panzer Dragoon II Zwei released to positive reviews from journalists , with many praising it as superior to the original Panzer Dragoon in its gameplay , graphics and narrative . A remake for the Nintendo Switch is currently in development , handled by Forever Entertainment under license from Sega ."}]}, {'value': 'Sat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Andromeda / Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Andromeda', 'summary': "Sega Sports R & D ( also known as Sega Sports Japan ) was a Japanese video game development division of Sega . The studio was responsible for creating and producing the Let 's Make a , 90 Minutes , Sega Worldwide Soccer , Virtua Pro Football , and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games series . In 2016 , the division was merged with CS1 R & D and ceased to exist . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'an acclaimed rail shooter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Ball Z : Hyper Dimension', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Hyper_Dimension', 'summary': "The Dragon Ball video game series are based on the manga and anime series of the same name created by Akira Toriyama . The series follows the adventures of Goku as he trains in martial arts and explores the world in search of the seven wish-granting orbs known as the Dragon Balls . The games are of various genres , mostly role-playing , platform and fighting games , although the latter have become the most prominent . Since 1986 , many video games based on the property have been released in Japan , with the majority being produced by Bandai . Most of the Dragon Ball Z games from the 16-bit and 32-bit eras were also localized and released in European countries like France , Spain and Portugal because of the strong following the series already had in those countries . Up until 1997 's Dragon Ball GT : Final Bout , none of the Dragon Ball games were localized for the North American market , with the exception of Dragon Power which was graphically altered due to the lack of a license for the franchise . In 2000 , Infogrames acquired the license to produce and release Dragon Ball games for the North American and international market . With the release of their first two titles in the franchise , 2002 's Dragon Ball Z : The Legacy of Goku and Dragon Ball Z : Budokai , Infogrames more than doubled their sales . In January 2004 , Atari paid $ 10 million for the exclusive US rights until January 2010 . In 2008 , Atari announced that over 12.7 million video game units based on the series had been sold since May 2002 . Dragon Ball was Atari 's top-earning licensed property , earning $ 85 million in 2005 and accounting for over 49% of their annual revenue in 2008 . However , with the expiration of the Atari deal in 2009 , Namco Bandai Games assumed the North American and European distribution rights , starting with the 2009 releases of Dragon Ball Z : Attack of the Saiyans , Dragon Ball : Raging Blast and Dragon Ball : Revenge of King Piccolo ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TOSE / Bandai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TOSE', 'summary': "Tose Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社トーセ , Kabushiki-gaisha Tōse ) ( TYO : 4728 ) ( also called Tose Software ) is a video game development company based in Kyoto , Japan . It is mostly known for developing Nintendo 's Game & Watch Gallery series , various Dragon Ball games , as well as other Nintendo products . Tose has developed or co-developed over 1,000 games since the company 's inception in 1979 , but is virtually never credited in the games themselves ( an exception to this is Game & Watch Gallery 4 and The Legendary Starfy series , as Tose shares the copyright with Nintendo ) . We 're always behind the scenes , said Masa Agarida , Vice President of Tose 's U.S. division . Our policy is not to have a vision . Instead , we follow our customers ' visions . Most of the time we refuse to put our name on the games , not even staff names . As such , Tose has gained a reputation for being a ghost developer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bandai', 'summary': "Bandai Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社バンダイ , Kabushiki-gaisha Bandai ) is a Japanese toy maker and a producer of many plastic model kits as well as a former video game company . It was the world 's third-largest producer of toys in 2008 after Mattel and Hasbro . Some ex-Bandai group companies produce anime and tokusatsu programs . Its headquarters is located in Taitō , Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': 'the last Super Famicom game in the Dragon Ball Z franchise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbie Fashion Designer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbie_Fashion_Designer', 'summary': "Barbie Fashion Designer is a dress-up computer game developed by Digital Domain and published by Mattel Media for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS in 1996 . The game allows players to design clothing and style outfits . Players can then print off their designs and create clothing for their real-world Barbie dolls . Barbie Fashion Designer was the first commercially successful video game made for girls . After its success , many other girl games would be made , leading to the girls ' games movement ."}]}, {'value': 'Win', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital Domain / Mattel Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_Domain', 'summary': 'Digital Domain is an American visual effects and digital production company based in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California . The company is known for creating digital imagery for feature films , advertising and games , from its locations in California and Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , including its own virtual production studio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattel', 'summary': "Mattel , Inc. ( /məˈtɛl/ ) is an American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo , California . The products and brands it produces include Fisher-Price , Barbie , Monster High , Ever After High , Polly Pocket , Hot Wheels , Matchbox , Masters of the Universe , American Girl , Thomas & Friends , and WWE . In the early 1980s , Mattel produced video game systems , under its own brands and under license from Nintendo . The company has presence in 40 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 countries . The company operates through three business segments : North America , international , and American Girl . It is the world 's second largest toy maker in terms of revenue , after The Lego Group . In 2019 , it ranked # 575 on the Fortune 500 list . On January 17 , 2017 , Mattel named former Google executive Margo Georgiadis as CEO . Georgiadis stepped down as CEO of Mattel on April 19 , 2018 . Her last day was on April 26 , 2018 . Ynon Kreiz is now the new CEO of Mattel . The name Mattel is a portmanteau of Harold Matt Matson and Elliot Handler , two of the company 's founders ."}]}, {'value': "The game 's strong sales sparked a renewed interest in developing games targeting girls", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jumping Flash ! 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jumping_Flash!_2', 'summary': 'Jumping Flash ! 2 : Big Trouble in Little Muu ( Japanese : ジャンピングフラッシュ ! 2 アロハ男爵大弱りの巻 , Hepburn : Janpingu Furasshu ! Tsū : Aroha Danshaku Ō Yowari no Maki ) is a first-person shooter platform video game developed by Exact and MuuMuu and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation in 1996 . It is the direct sequel to Jumping Flash ! , which was released the previous year . It was later re-released for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable via the PlayStation Network in 2009 . The game revolves around the robotic rabbit Robbit as he searches for lost MuuMuus , which are scattered throughout different levels in the game by Captain Kabuki . Robbit must explore each expansive new world to recapture all the lost MuuMuus . As with its predecessor , the game is presented in a first-person perspective . Much of the interface was transferred from the first Jumping Flash ! to the second in order to save time during development . New features include a much longer draw distance , updated enemy AI and a meter displaying whether or not Robbit can triple-jump .'}]}, {'value': 'PS1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exact / SCEA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exact_(company)', 'summary': 'Exact is a Dutch software company that offers accounting , ERP , and other software for small and medium enterprises . Exact develops cloud-based and on-premises software for industries such as accountancy , wholesale distribution , professional services and manufacturing , serving more than 400,000 companies . Exact , founded in 1984 , has its headquarters in Delft . It has subsidiaries and offices in Europe , North America and Asia . The company was listed on Euronext until March 2015 , when it was bought up by a group of investors led by Apax and in 2019 by investor KKR .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment', 'summary': "Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) is a multinational video game and digital entertainment company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation , managed through Sony 's American hub , Sony Corporation of America . Its main headquarters is Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC ( SIE LLC ) , based in San Mateo , California , United States , while Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. ( SIE Inc. ) is based in Tokyo , Japan . SIE Inc. was founded as Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) in Tokyo in November 1993 to handle Sony 's venture into video game development for the PlayStation systems , while SIE LLC was founded in San Mateo in April 2016 . Since the launch of the original PlayStation console in 1994 , the company has been developing PlayStation home video game consoles , accessories and services lineup . Expanding into North America and Europe , the company quickly became Sony 's main resource for research and development in video games and interactive entertainment . In April 2016 , SCE and Sony Network Entertainment International was restructured and reorganized into Sony Interactive Entertainment , carrying over the operations and primary objectives from both companies . The same year , SIE moved its headquarters from Tokyo to San Mateo , California . Sony Interactive Entertainment handles the research and development , production , and sales of both hardware and software for the PlayStation video game systems . SIE is also a developer and publisher of video game titles , and operates several subsidiaries in Sony 's largest markets : North America , Europe and Asia . By August 2018 , the company had sold more than 525 million PlayStation consoles worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Sequel to the first true 3D platformer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Oasis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Oasis', 'summary': "The Legend of Oasis , released as The Story of Thor 2 in Europe and as Thor ~Chronicles of the Elemental King~ [ a ] in Japan , is a 1996 action role-playing game developed by Ancient and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn . It is the successor and prequel to the 1994 title Beyond Oasis for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis . The player takes the role of Leon , who must find the six elemental spirits and use their powers to fight the evil wizard Agito and his legions of creatures . The game was first announced under the title Legend of Thor . It was originally planned for the 32X add-on shortly after the release of its predecessor , however the idea was scrapped before the game 's development , according to an official statement and documents from Ancient ."}]}, {'value': 'Sat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sega / Ancient', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ancient_(company)', 'summary': 'Ancient Corp. ( 株式会社エインシャント , Kabushiki-gaisha Einshanto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on April 1 , 1990 , by video game music composer Yuzo Koshiro and his family . The company was co-founded by his mother , Tomo Koshiro , while his sister , Ayano , also works at the company as a character and graphic designer . In addition to developing , planning , and producing games , Ancient ( by the way of Yuzo Koshiro ) contributes music to other games not directly worked by the company .'}]}, {'value': 'Prequel to the Genesis Zelda-style action game Beyond Oasis', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable releases', 'section_text': 'Video game platforms DOS MS-DOS GB Game Boy N64 Nintendo 64 Neo Neo Geo NeoCD Neo-Geo CD Pippin Apple Bandai Pippin 3DO 3DO PS1 PlayStation Sat Sega Saturn SNES Super Nintendo Entertainment System / Super Famicom Win Microsoft Windows SMD Sega Genesis / Mega Drive', 'uid': '1996_in_video_gaming_0', 'intro': '1996 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Blazing Heroes, Super Mario 64, NiGHTS into Dreams., Crash Bandicoot, Resident Evil, Dead or Alive, Duke Nukem 3D and Tomb Raider.'} | null | null | What is the subtitle of the first game released in March ? | Legend of the Seven Stars |
052ed5882269b9d5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Austria', 'title': 'List of football stadiums in Austria', 'header': ['#', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Club', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernst Happel Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Happel_Stadion', 'summary': "The Ernst-Happel-Stadion ( Ernst-Happel-Stadion ( help·info ) ) , known as Praterstadion until 1992 , sometimes also called Wiener-Stadion , is a football stadium in Leopoldstadt , the 2nd district of Austria 's capital Vienna . With 50,865 seats , it is the largest stadium in Austria . It was built between 1929 and 1931 for the second Workers ' Olympiad to the design of German architect Otto Ernst Schweizer . The stadium was renamed in honour of Austrian footballer Ernst Happel following his death in 1992 . The stadium hosted seven games in UEFA Euro 2008 , including the final which saw Spain triumph over Germany . The stadium is owned by the City of Vienna ( Municipal Department 51 - Sports of the City of Vienna ) . It is managed by the Wiener Stadthalle Betriebs und Veranstaltungsgesellschaft m.b.H. , a subsidiary of Wien Holding . It is a UEFA Category 4 stadium , and as such , it is the home of the Austrian national team . It also hosts the Viennese clubs ' games in Europa League . The stadium is served by Stadion station on the U2 metro line ."}]}, {'value': '50,865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'national team , FK Austria Wien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Austria national football team ( German : Österreichische Fußballnationalmannschaft ) is the football team that represents Austria in international competition and is controlled by the Austrian Football Association ( German : Österreichischer Fußballbund ) . Austria has qualified for seven FIFA World Cups , most recently in 1998 . The country played in the UEFA European Championship for the first time in 2008 , when it co-hosted the event with Switzerland , and most recently qualified in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien', 'summary': "Fußballklub Austria Wien ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaʊ̯stri̯aː ˈviːn ] ; known in English as Austria Vienna , and usually shortened to Austria in German-speaking countries ) , is an Austrian association football club from the capital city of Vienna . It has won the most national titles of any Austrian club from the top flight . It has won 24 Austrian Bundesliga titles and is one of only two sides that have never been relegated from the Austrian top flight . With 27 victories in the Austrian Cup and six in the Austrian Supercup , Austria Wien is also the most successful club in each of those tournaments . The club reached the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final in 1978 , and the semi-finals of the European Cup the season after . The club plays at the Franz Horr Stadium , known as the Generali Arena since a 2010 naming rights deal with an Italian insurance company ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypo-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hypo-Arena', 'summary': 'Wörthersee Stadion ( Wörtherseestadion ( help·info ) ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Klagenfurt , Austria . It is the home ground of Austria Klagenfurt . The stadium is situated within the Sportpark Klagenfurt campus of several other sports venues . Its name refers to the nearby Wörthersee lake .'}]}, {'value': '32,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SK Austria Klagenfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Austria_Klagenfurt_(2007)', 'summary': 'SK Austria Klagenfurt is an Austrian football club , based in the Carinthian capital Klagenfurt , currently playing in the Austrian Football Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'Klagenfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klagenfurt', 'summary': "Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ( German : [ ˌklaːɡn̩fʊʁt ʔam ˈvœʁtɐzeː ] ( listen ) ; Slovene : Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru ; Italian : Clanforte ; Friulian : Clanfurt ) , usually known as just Klagenfurt ( English : /ˈklɑːɡənfʊərt/ KLAH-gən-foort ) , is the capital of the federal state of Carinthia in Austria . With a population of 101.403 ( 1 January 2020 ) , it is the sixth-largest city in the country . The city is the bishop 's seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk-Klagenfurt and home to the University of Klagenfurt , the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences and the Gustav Mahler University of Music ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Bull Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Salzburg)', 'summary': 'Red Bull Arena ( [ ɹɛt ˈbʊl ʔaˌʁeːna ] , known for UEFA Euro 2008 as the EM-Stadion Wals-Siezenheim [ eːˈʔɛmˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ˌvalsˈziːtsn̩haɪ̯m ] and during UEFA club football events as Stadion Salzburg ) is a football stadium in Wals-Siezenheim , a municipality in the suburbs of Salzburg , Austria . It was officially opened in March 2003 and is the home ground of FC Red Bull Salzburg . Previously , the club played at Stadion Lehen .'}]}, {'value': '31,895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Bull Salzburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg', 'summary': "FC Red Bull Salzburg is an Austrian football club based in Wals-Siezenheim . Their home ground is the Red Bull Arena . Due to sponsorship restrictions , the club is known as FC Salzburg and wears a modified crest when playing in UEFA competitions . The club was known as SV Austria Salzburg , and had several sponsored names , before being bought by Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed the club and changed its colours from its traditional violet and white to red and white . The change resulted in some of the team 's fans forming a new club , SV Austria Salzburg . Founded in 1933 , and refounded in 2005 as Red Bull Salzburg , the club won its first Bundesliga title in 1994 , which was the first of three in the span of four seasons which also saw them reach the 1994 UEFA Cup final . The club has won thirteen league titles and six Austrian Cups , all six of which came as doubles and also three Austrian Supercups ."}]}, {'value': 'Salzburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salzburg', 'summary': "Salzburg ( German : [ ˈzaltsbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ; [ note 1 ] literally Salt Fortress ) is the capital city of the State of Salzburg and with 154,211 inhabitants the fourth-largest city in Austria . The town is located on the site of the former Roman settlement of Iuvavum . Salzburg was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became a seat of the archbishop in 798 . Its main sources of income were salt extraction and trade and , at times , gold mining . The fortress of Hohensalzburg , one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe , dates from the 11th century . In the 17th century , Salzburg became a centre of the Counter-Reformation , where monasteries and numerous Baroque churches were built . Salzburg 's historic centre ( German : Altstadt ) is thus renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the Alps , with 27 churches . It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 . The city has three universities and a large population of students . Tourists also visit Salzburg to tour the historic centre and the scenic Alpine surroundings . Salzburg was the birthplace of the 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Because of its history , culture , and attractions , Salzburg has been labeled Austria 's most inspiring city ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allianz Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allianz_Stadion', 'summary': 'The Allianz Stadion is a football stadium which is built on the site of the former Gerhard Hanappi Stadium as the new home of SK Rapid Wien . In international matches the stadium has the no-commercial name Weststadion . Demolition of the old stadium began in early October 2014 , after a ceremonial farewell with thousands of fans . By January 2015 almost nothing was left of the old stadium , which allowed foundation works for the new arena . The stadium was officially unveiled when Rapid Wien hosted Chelsea in a pre-season friendly on 16 July 2016 . The first competitive match took place in the new stadium on 23 July 2016 when Rapid Vienna hosted SV Ried in the first round of the Austrian Football Bundesliga . Christoph Schößwendter scored the first competitive goal in the newly opened stadium in a 5-0 victory .'}]}, {'value': '28,345', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SK Rapid Wien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien', 'summary': "Sportklub Rapid Wien ( German pronunciation : [ ʁaˈpiːt ˈviːn ] ) , commonly known as Rapid Vienna , is an Austrian football club playing in the country 's capital city of Vienna . Rapid has won the most Austrian championship titles ( 32 ) , including the first ever title in the season 1911-12 , as well as a German championship in 1941 during Nazi rule . Rapid twice reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 and 1996 , losing on both occasions . The club is often known as Die Grün-Weißen ( The Green-Whites ) for its team colours or as Hütteldorfer , in reference to the location of the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium , which is in Hütteldorf , part of the city 's 14th district in Penzing ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linzer Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linzer_Stadion', 'summary': 'Linzer Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium , in Linz , Austria . Originally built in 1952 , the stadium was last modified in 2012 and now has a capacity of 21,005 . The 2012 modifications included the installation of rail seats for safe standing . The stadium was opened on 28 July 1952 , on the grounds of the former Froschberg-Brickworks . The stadium is also known as Auf der Gugl , the name of the hill on which it is situated . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts most matches of FC Blau-Weiß Linz and top matches of LASK Linz .'}]}, {'value': '25,138', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LASK Linz , FC Blau-Weiß Linz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LASK_Linz', 'summary': "Linzer Athletik-Sport-Klub , commonly known as LASK Linz ( German pronunciation : [ lask lɪnʦ ] ( listen ) ) or simply LASK , is an Austrian association football club , from the Upper-Austrian state capital Linz . It is the oldest football club hailing from that region , and plays in the Austrian Football Bundesliga , the top tier of Austrian football . The club 's colours are black and white . The women 's football department plays in the second highest division of Austrian women 's football . LASK was founded on 7 August 1908 . In 1965 , the club became the first team outside Vienna to win the Austrian football championship . This is also its only championship to date . The club currently plays its league fixtures at the Waldstadion in Pasching , however plays at the 14,000 capacity Linzer Stadion in UEFA competitions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Blau-Weiß_Linz', 'summary': 'FC Blau-Weiß Linz are an Austrian association football club playing in the Second League in the current 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Linz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linz', 'summary': 'Linz ( /lɪnts , lɪnz/ , German : [ ˈlɪnts ] ; Czech : Linec ) is the third-largest city of Austria and capital and largest city of the state of Upper Austria ( German : Oberösterreich ) . It is in the north centre of Austria , approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of the Czech border , on both sides of the river Danube . The population of the city is 205,726 , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about 789,811 . In 2009 Linz , together with the Lithuanian capital Vilnius , was chosen as the European Capital of Culture . Since 1 December 2014 Linz is a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities ( UCCN ) network as a City of Media Arts . Cities receive this title for enriching the urban lifestyle through the sponsorship and successful integration of media art and involving society in these electronic art forms . Linz is well known for the Linzer torte , which is said to be the oldest cake in the world , with its first recipe dating from 1653 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Generali Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Horr_Stadium', 'summary': "The Generali Arena ( Viola Park for international matches ) is a football stadium in the south of Vienna , Austria . It has been the home ground of FK Austria Wien since 1973 . The stadium was built in 1925 as the new home of Czech immigrants ' club SK Slovan Vienna and had a capacity of 10,850 . Named after another Czech football club which owned the ground , the stadium was called České srdce ( Czech heart ) ground . Largely destroyed during World War II , each of the four stands has been reconstructed several times since . The stadium was renamed Franz-Horr-Stadion in honour of the Wiener Fußball-Verband 's ( Vienna Football Association ) president Franz Horr who died in 1974 . The latest renovation was the complete reconstruction of the East Stand in 2008 . It is now a transformable standing/seating two-tier stand . After these modifications , the stadium 's maximum capacity is now 17,656 . In January 2011 , the stadium was renamed Generali Arena , as part of a sponsorship deal between FK Austria Wien and the insurance group Generali . Since UEFA does not recognize sponsored stadium names , the venue is referred to as Viola Park in European competitions , including in their upcoming stage of 2020 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final ."}]}, {'value': '17,656', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Austria Wien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien', 'summary': "Fußballklub Austria Wien ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaʊ̯stri̯aː ˈviːn ] ; known in English as Austria Vienna , and usually shortened to Austria in German-speaking countries ) , is an Austrian association football club from the capital city of Vienna . It has won the most national titles of any Austrian club from the top flight . It has won 24 Austrian Bundesliga titles and is one of only two sides that have never been relegated from the Austrian top flight . With 27 victories in the Austrian Cup and six in the Austrian Supercup , Austria Wien is also the most successful club in each of those tournaments . The club reached the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final in 1978 , and the semi-finals of the European Cup the season after . The club plays at the Franz Horr Stadium , known as the Generali Arena since a 2010 naming rights deal with an Italian insurance company ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tivoli Neu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tivoli_Neu', 'summary': 'Tivoli-Neu ( help·info ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Innsbruck , Austria . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Wacker Innsbruck and Swarco Raiders Tirol . The stadium capacity was 17,400 when it was built in 2000 . For the UEFA Euro 2008 the stadium was temporarily expanded to 30,000 people . The North Stand is fitted with rail seats for safe standing .'}]}, {'value': '17,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Wacker Tirol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Wacker_Tirol', 'summary': 'FC Wacker Innsbruck is an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck . The club was formed in June 2002 as FC Wacker Tirol , and plays their home games at Tivoli-Neu . The club regard themselves as the spiritual continuation of the team FC Tirol Innsbruck , which went bankrupt in 2002 as well as the original FC Wacker Innsbruck which had been founded in 1913 . In honour of this heritage , FC Wacker Tirol was renamed FC Wacker Innsbruck in 2007 . However , legally it is a distinct and separate club , and is not entitled to claim the honours won by its predecessors .'}]}, {'value': 'Innsbruck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innsbruck', 'summary': "Innsbruck ( German : [ ˈɪnsbʁʊk ] ; Bavarian : [ ˈɪnʃprʊk ] ) is the capital city of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria . It is in the Inn valley , at its junction with the Wipp valley , which provides access to the Brenner Pass some 30 km ( 18.6 mi ) to the south . Located in the broad valley between high mountains , the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps ( Hafelekarspitze , 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet ) to the north , and the Patscherkofel ( 2,246 m or 7,369 ft ) and Serles ( 2,718 m or 8,917 ft ) to the south . Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre ; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics . Innsbruck also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 . The name translates as 'Bridge over the River Inn ' ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pappelstadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pappelstadion', 'summary': 'Pappelstadion is a multi-use stadium in Mattersburg , Austria . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SV Mattersburg . The stadium holds 15,700 spectators since its most recent renovation and is named for the numerous populus trees surrounding the stands . Coordinates : 47°44′21″N 16°24′23″E / 47.73917°N 16.40639°E / 47.73917 ; 16.40639'}]}, {'value': '15,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SV Mattersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SV_Mattersburg', 'summary': 'SV Mattersburg is an Austrian association football club from Mattersburg , Burgenland . For sponsorship reasons , the club is currently also known as SV Bauwelt Koch Mattersburg . The club was formed in 1922 and currently plays its home games at the 17,100 capacity Pappelstadion . The club has played in the Bundesliga since the 2003-04 season . SV Mattersburg draws large crowds , with the average crowd for the 2004-05 season being the second highest in Austria , even though the town of Mattersburg has only 6,300 inhabitants . In the 2006-07 season , Mattersburg finished third in the Bundesliga , the highest position in their history .'}]}, {'value': 'Mattersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mattersburg', 'summary': 'Mattersburg ( formerly Mattersdorf , Hungarian : Nagymarton , Croatian : Materštof ) is a town in Burgenland , Austria . It is the administrative center of the District of Mattersburg and home to a Bundesliga football team , SV Mattersburg .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UPC-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UPC-Arena', 'summary': 'The Liebenauer Stadium , sponsored as the Merkur-Arena ( formerly known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium and UPC-Arena ) is in Graz , Styria , Austria . The ground is the home of the football clubs SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK .'}]}, {'value': '15,312', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SK Sturm Graz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz', 'summary': 'Sportklub Sturm Graz is an Austrian association football club , based in Graz , Styria , playing in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . The club was founded in 1909 . Its colours are black and white . In its history , Sturm Graz has won the Austrian football championship three times , in 1998 , 1999 and 2011 , and participated several times in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Their biggest rivals are Graz neighbours Grazer AK .'}]}, {'value': 'Graz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graz', 'summary': "Graz ( /ɡrɑːts/ GRAHTS , German : [ ɡʁaːts ] ( listen ) ; Slovene : Gradec ) is the capital city of Styria and Austria 's second-largest city after Vienna . As of 1 January 2019 , Graz had a population of 328,276 ( 292,269 of whom had principal-residence status ) . In 2015 , the population of the Graz larger urban zone ( LUZ ) stood at 633,168 , based on principal-residence status . Graz has a long tradition as a seat of higher education . It has four colleges and four universities with more than 60,000 students . Its historic centre ( Altstadt ) is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe . For centuries , Graz was more important to Slovenes and Croats , both politically and culturally , than the capitals of Ljubljana , Slovenia and Zagreb , Croatia ; it remains influential to this day . In 1999 , the city 's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010 the designation was expanded to include Eggenberg Palace ( German : Schloss Eggenberg ) on the western edge of the city . Graz was designated the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003 and became a City of Culinary Delights in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bundesstadion Südstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bundesstadion_Südstadt', 'summary': 'The BSFZ-Arena ( new official name ) is a multi-use stadium in Maria Enzersdorf - Südstadt , Austria ( Johann Steinböck-Straße ) . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of VfB Admira Wacker Mödling . The stadium holds 10,600 . Coordinates : 48°05′51″N 16°18′39″E / 48.09750°N 16.31083°E / 48.09750 ; 16.31083'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VfB Admira Wacker Mödling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VfB_Admira_Wacker_Mödling', 'summary': 'FC Admira Wacker Mödling , also known as simply Admira , is a football club from Mödling , Austria . The club was originally formed in 1905 as SK Admira Wien in the Austrian capital . Mergers in 1971 with SC Wacker Wien , in 1997 with VfB Mödling and in 2008 with SK Schwadorf led to its current name . The club were promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga for the 2011-12 season after gaining promotion at the end of the 2010-11 First League season and finished 3rd in their first season .'}]}, {'value': 'Maria Enzersdorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Enzersdorf', 'summary': 'Maria Enzersdorf is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria . There are several castles and ruins in the forests surrounding Maria Enzersdorf , including Liechtenstein Castle and the Schwarzer Turm ( Black Tower ) in the surrounding forest and Schloss Hunyadi in the town itself .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franz Fekete Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Fekete_Stadium', 'summary': 'Franz Fekete Stadion is a multipurpose stadium in Kapfenberg , Austria . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Kapfenberger SV . The stadium was constructed in 1950 , and currently holds 10,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kapfenberger SV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapfenberger_SV', 'summary': 'Kapfenberger SV is an Austrian association football club from Kapfenberg . They won the 2007-08 Austrian Football First League and advanced to the Austrian Bundesliga . The club was founded in 1919 as Kapfenberger SC . The club was renamed into Kapfenberger SV in 1947 and currently play in the Austrian Second League , the second level of Austrian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Kapfenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapfenberg', 'summary': "Kapfenberg [ ˈkapfənbɛʁk ] , with around 23,059 inhabitants , is the third largest city in Styria , Austria , near Bruck an der Mur . The town 's landmark is Burg Oberkapfenberg . Its main employer is the steel manufacturer Böhler . The town has a swimming complex , a football stadium ( Franz Fekete Stadium ) used by the club Kapfenberger SV , and an ice rink . The Kapfenberg Bulls is a team in the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga , the highest professional basketball league in Austria . In 1970 , Kapfenberg hosted the European Team Chess Championship , which was won by the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ImmoAgentur Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SC Bregenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Bregenz', 'summary': 'SC Bregenz is an Austrian association football club from Austria , based in the town of Bregenz , which was founded in 1919 . They play their home games at the Casino Stadium . They currently participate in the Vorarlbergliga . They participated in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and 2004 , exiting in the Second and First rounds respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Bregenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bregenz', 'summary': 'Bregenz ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbʁeːgɛnt͡s ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Vorarlberg , the westernmost state of Austria . The city is on the eastern shores of Lake Constance , the third-largest freshwater lake in Central Europe , between Switzerland in the west and Germany in the northwest . The city is on a plateau falling in a series of terraces to the lake at the foot of Pfänder mountain . It is a junction of the arterial roads from the Rhine valley to the German Alpine foothills , with cruise ship services on Lake Constance . It is famous for the annual summer music festival Bregenzer Festspiele as well as the dance festival Bregenzer Spring .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stadion Birkenwiese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Dornbirn 1913', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dornbirn_1913', 'summary': 'FC Dornbirn 1913 is an Austrian association football club based in Dornbirn , Vorarlberg . It is currently playing in the 2 . Liga , which is the 2nd level in Austrian football . For many years FC Dornbirn played in the second level of professional football . In 1970/71 season they played in the Nationalliga , the highest class in football at this time .'}]}, {'value': 'Dornbirn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dornbirn', 'summary': 'Dornbirn [ ˈdɔʁnbɪʁn ] is a city in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg . It is the administrative centre for the district of Dornbirn , which also includes the town of Hohenems , and the market town Lustenau . Dornbirn is the largest city in Vorarlberg and the tenth largest in Austria . It is an important commercial and shopping centre .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sepp-Doll-Stadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kremser SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kremser_SC', 'summary': "Kremser SC is an Austrian association football club located in Krems , Austria . It currently plays in Austrian 2 . Landesliga . The team 's colors are white and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Krems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau', 'summary': 'Krems an der Donau ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkʁɛms ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈdoːnaʊ̯ ] ; Czech : Kremže ) is a town of 23,992 inhabitants [ when ? ] in Austria , in the federal state of Lower Austria . It is the fifth-largest city of Lower Austria and is approximately 70 kilometres ( 43 miles ) west of Vienna . Krems is a city with its own statute ( or Statutarstadt ) , and therefore it is both a municipality and a district .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vorwärts Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vorwärts_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vorwärts Stadium , also known as the EK Kammerhofer Arena , is a multi-purpose stadium in Steyr , Austria . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SK Vorwärts Steyr . The stadium holds 6,000 people and was built in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '9,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vorwärts Steyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vorwärts_Steyr', 'summary': 'SK Vorwärts Steyr is an Austrian association football club based in Steyr . It was founded in 1919 . They play at the Vorwärts Stadium . Currently the club has about 300 members . The club is one of the oldest football clubs in Upper Austria . In 1999 the club went bankrupt and reformed in lower leagues later in 2001 . In 2011 Vorwärts was promoted to the Regional League ( Middle ) which is part of the third division of Austrian league football . In 2018 they were promoted to the Austrian Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'Steyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steyr', 'summary': "Steyr ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʃtaɪ̯ɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a statutory city , located in the Austrian federal state of Upper Austria . It is the administrative capital , though not part of Steyr-Land District . Steyr is Austria 's 12th most populated town and the 3rd largest town in Upper Austria . The city has a long history as a manufacturing center and has given its name to several manufacturers headquartered there , such as the former Steyr-Daimler-Puch conglomerate and its successor Steyr Motors ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reichshofstadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reichshofstadion', 'summary': 'Planet Pure Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Lustenau , Austria , built in 1953 . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SC Austria Lustenau and FC Lustenau 07 . The stadium holds 8,800 people . Coordinates : 47°25′16″N 9°39′10″E / 47.42111°N 9.65278°E / 47.42111 ; 9.65278'}]}, {'value': '8,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SC Austria Lustenau , FC Lustenau 07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Austria_Lustenau', 'summary': 'SC Austria Lustenau is an Austrian association football club based in Lustenau . It was founded in 1914 . They play at the Reichshofstadion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Lustenau_07', 'summary': 'FC Lustenau 07 is an Austrian association football club from Lustenau . Until the 2012-13 they played in the Erste Liga . Although the club has never had much domestic success , it played a pivotal role in the development of European club football prior to UEFA-sanctioned competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Lustenau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lustenau', 'summary': "Lustenau ( [ ˈluːstənaʊ ] ; Alemannic : Luschnou ) is a town in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg in the district of Dornbirn . It lies on the river Rhine , which forms the border with Switzerland . Lustenau is Vorarlberg 's fourth largest town ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stadion Schnabelholz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadion_Schnabelholz', 'summary': 'The CASHPOINT Arena is a multi-use stadium in Altach , Austria . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SC Rheindorf Altach . The stadium holds 8,500 and was built in 1990 . Coordinates : 47°21′14″N 9°38′12″E / 47.35389°N 9.63667°E / 47.35389 ; 9.63667'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SC Rheindorf Altach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Rheindorf_Altach', 'summary': 'SCR Altach is an Austrian association football team based in Altach , Vorarlberg . It plays in the Austrian Football Bundesliga . The club is currently also known as CASHPOINT SCR Altach due to sponsorship of Austrian sports betting company Cashpoint .'}]}, {'value': 'Altach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altach', 'summary': 'Altach is a municipality in Feldkirch district in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NV Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NV_Arena', 'summary': 'The NV Arena is a football stadium located in Sankt Pölten , Lower Austria , Austria . It is the home stadium of SKN St. Pölten . It was built from January 2011 to July 2012 , and opened on 7 July 2012 . The capacity is 8,000 ( extendible to 13,000 spectators ) .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKN St. Pölten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SKN_St._Pölten', 'summary': 'Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is an Austrian association football club from Sankt Pölten , capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria . St. Pölten play in the Austrian Bundesliga , which is the top tier of the Austrian football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Sankt Pölten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sankt_Pölten', 'summary': 'Sankt Pölten ( German pronunciation : [ zaŋkt ˈpœltn̩ ] ( listen ) ) , mostly abbreviated to the official name St. Pölten , is the capital and largest city of the State of Lower Austria in northeast Austria , with 52,716 inhabitants as of 1 January 2015 . St Pölten is a city with its own statute ( or Statutarstadt ) and therefore it is both a municipality and a district in the Mostviertel .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportklub Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportklub_Stadium', 'summary': 'Wiener Sport-Club Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Vienna , Austria . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Wiener Sport-Club . The stadium holds 7,828 people . Coordinates : 48°13′34″N 16°18′39″E / 48.2260°N 16.3109°E / 48.2260 ; 16.3109'}]}, {'value': '7,828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wiener Sport-Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiener_Sport-Club', 'summary': "The Wiener Sport-Club , sometimes abbreviated as WSC , was established in 1883 in Vienna , Austria and is one of the country 's oldest athletics clubs . Their traditional home is in the Dornbach quarter of the city ( 17th district ) . At various times throughout its history the club has had departments for fencing , boxing , wrestling , cycling , handball , track and field , field hockey , tennis , squash , football and water polo . The football team enjoyed success in Austria National Championship in 1922 , 1958 and 1959 . Their 1958 season included an impressive 7-0 victory over Juventus in European Champions Cup . Two bankruptcies in the 1990s eventually led the team to slip into the lower leagues . In 2001 the football section split off as Wiener Sportklub due to financial troubles and was re-integrated back into WSC in 2017 . The first squad currently plays in the Austrian Regional League East ( 3rd Division ) . The club 's home ground Wiener Sport-Club Stadium ( or Wiener Sport-Club Platz in German ) dates back to 1904 and is considered as Austria 's oldest actively used football field . Player and coach Erich Hof is known as the club 's legend ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lavanttal-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavanttal-Arena', 'summary': 'Lavanttal-Arena is a football stadium in Wolfsberg , Austria .'}]}, {'value': '7,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfsberger AC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfsberger_AC', 'summary': "Wolfsberger AC is an Austrian association football club from Wolfsberg , Carinthia . The club competed twenty seasons on the second level of the Austrian football pyramid . Between the 2007-08 and 2011-12 seasons , Wolfsberger AC entered a cooperation with SK St. Andrä , competing under the name WAC/St . Andrä during that period . The team is currently called RZ Pellets WAC for sponsorship reasons . After having played the majority of its existence in the lower leagues , Wolfsberger AC finished their 2011-12 season as champions of the 2011-12 Austrian Football First League and earned promotion to the Austrian Bundesliga for the first time in the club 's history , in which they finished 5th at the end of the 2012-13 Austrian Football Bundesliga . Wolfsberger finished third in the 2018-19 Austrian Football Bundesliga which qualified them to the 2019-20 UEFA Europa League group stage . They finished in fourth place in the UEFA Europa League in the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Wolfsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfsberg,_Carinthia', 'summary': 'Wolfsberg [ ˈvɔlfsbɛʁk ] ( Slovene : Volšperk ) is a town in Carinthia , Austria , the capital of Wolfsberg District .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of football stadiums in Austria , ordered by capacity . Currently all stadiums with a capacity of 7,000 or more are included .', 'uid': 'List_of_football_stadiums_in_Austria_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of football stadiums in Austria, ordered by capacity. Currently all stadiums with a capacity of 7,000 or more are included.'} | null | null | When was the building that holds 8,000 people opened ? | 7 July 2012 |
053333fb3fb6e720 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2009', 'title': 'List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2009', 'header': ['Position', 'Nationality', 'Artist', 'Weeks # 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Lady Gaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Gaga', 'summary': "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( /ˈstɛfəni ˌdʒɜːrməˈnɒtə/ STEF-ən-ee JUR-mə-NOT-ə ) ( born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . She is known for reinventing herself throughout her career and for her versatility in numerous areas of the entertainment industry . Gaga began performing as a teenager , singing at open mic nights and acting in school plays . She studied at Collaborative Arts Project 21 , through New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , before dropping out to pursue a music career . When Def Jam Recordings canceled her contract , she worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing , where Akon helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own label KonLive Distribution in 2007 . She rose to prominence the following year with her debut album , the electropop record The Fame , and its chart-topping singles Just Dance and Poker Face . The follow-up EP The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , along with the singles Bad Romance , Telephone and Alejandro , were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , explored electronic rock and techno-pop and debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with more than one million copies sold . Its title track became the fastest-selling song on the iTunes Store with over a million downloads in less than a week . Gaga experimented with EDM on her third studio album , Artpop ( 2013 ) , which included the single Applause . Her collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett , Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) , and her soft rock-influenced fifth studio album , Joanne ( 2016 ) , continued to top the US charts . During this period , Gaga ventured into acting , playing leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story : Hotel ( 2015-2016 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , and the critically acclaimed musical drama film A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitbull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)', 'summary': "Armando Christian Pérez ( born January 15 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Pitbull , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . Pérez began his career in the early 2000s , recording reggaeton , latin hip hop and crunk music under a multitude of labels . In 2004 , he released his debut album M.I.A.M.I . under TVT Records and the executive production of Lil Jon . Pitbull later released his second album El Mariel , in 2006 and his third , The Boatlift , in 2007 . His fourth album , Rebelution ( 2009 ) , included his breakthrough hit single I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) , which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart . After rebranding himself as a pop artist , Pitbull 's next English-language album , Planet Pit , featured his first US number one single Give Me Everything . His 2013 track from Global Warming : Meltdown , titled Timber , topped the charts in twenty nations , and hit # 1 in fifteen countries , including the US and UK . He performed the song We Are One ( Ole Ola ) along with Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte , which served as the official theme of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Pitbull 's music has sold over 100 million records worldwide , as well as number # 1 singles in 15 different countries . Pitbull 's other ventures include brand ambassadorship and for various entities , activism and philanthropy in the Latino American community , and a radio station ( Pitbull 's Globalization ) on Sirius XM Radio . As of May 2019 , Pitbull has won 35 Billboard Latin Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Milow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milow_(singer)', 'summary': "Jonathan Ivo Gilles Vandenbroeck ( Dutch : [ ˈjoːnɑtɑn vɑndənˈbruk ] ; born 14 July 1981 in Borgerhout ) , known professionally as Milow , is a Belgian singer-songwriter . Milow released his debut album , The Bigger Picture , in 2006 on his own label Homerun Records . The fourth single from that album , You Do n't Know , became one of the biggest hit singles of the year in Belgium in 2007 , and The Bigger Picture stayed on the Belgian album chart for 110 weeks . However , it was not until his second self-released album Coming of Age in 2008 ( in 2009 renamed and repackaged as Milow ) , that Milow achieved major commercial success all over mainland Europe . The album peaked at number three on the German Album Top 50 chart , at number four in the Swiss Album Top 100 , and peaked in the top twenty of many European charts . The album reached platinum in Germany and Switzerland , it reached gold in France , The Netherlands , and Belgium , and it sold over 500,000 copies in mainland Europe and Canada . Milow 's international breakthrough came with the release of the single Ayo Technology , a song originally written and recorded by 50 Cent , Justin Timberlake and Timbaland , from the album Milow . The single peaked at number one in The Netherlands , Sweden , Denmark , Switzerland , Belgium , peaked at number two in Germany , Spain , Austria , and peaked in the top ten in France , Italy and Finland . The song was a huge commercial success , receiving a platinum certification in Germany , Sweden , Switzerland , Belgium , Austria , Denmark and gold certification in Spain and The Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hordijk', 'summary': 'Lisa Lois ( born 22 June 1987 as Lisa Hordijk ) is a Dutch singer who rose to prominence after winning the second season of talent show X Factor . In 2009 , she changed her stage name to Lisa Lois and released her debut album Smoke .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Anouk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anouk_(singer)', 'summary': "Anouk Teeuwe ( Dutch pronunciation : [ aːˈnuk ˈteːuʋə ] ; born 8 April 1975 ) , professionally known by the mononym Anouk , is a Dutch singer-songwriter . After her breakthrough in 1997 with the single Nobody 's Wife , she had numerous hit singles in the Dutch and Belgian charts , such as R U Kiddin ' Me , Michel , Girl , Lost , Modern World , Three Days in a Row , and Woman . Anouk has released eleven studio albums to date , the most recent one being Fake It Till We Die , released on 21 October 2016 . She represented the Netherlands at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , with the song Birds . Her song made it to the final - the first since 2004 for the Netherlands ; and finished 9th with 114 points ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Robbie Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Williams', 'summary': 'Robert Peter Williams ( born 13 February 1974 ) is an English singer-songwriter and entertainer . He found fame as a member of the pop group Take That from 1989 to 1995 , but achieved greater commercial success with his solo career , beginning in 1997 . Williams has released seven UK number one singles and eleven out of his twelve studio albums have reached number one in the UK . He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America . Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom-four albums in the top 60-and in 2006 he entered the Guinness Book of World Records for selling 1.6 million tickets of his Close Encounters Tour in a single day . Williams has received a record eighteen Brit Awards - winning Best British Male Artist four times , two awards for Outstanding Contribution to Music and the 2017 Brits Icon for his lasting impact on British culture , and three MTV European Music Awards . In 2004 , he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted the Greatest Artist of the 1990s . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Williams has been certified for 19.9 million albums and 7.2 million singles in the UK as a solo artist . He is also one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold 75 million records worldwide . Williams also topped the 2000-2010 UK airplay chart . His three concerts at Knebworth in 2003 drew over 375,000 people , the UKs biggest music event to that point . In 2014 , he was awarded the freedom of his home town of Stoke-on-Trent , as well as having a tourist trail created and streets named in his honour .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suriname', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suriname', 'summary': "Suriname ( /ˈsjʊərɪnæm/ , US also /-nɑːm/ , sometimes spelled Surinam ) , officially known as the Republic of Suriname ( Dutch : Republiek Suriname [ reːpyˌblik syːriˈnaːmə ] ) , is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , French Guiana to the east , Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south . At just under 165,000 square kilometers ( 64,000 square miles ) , it is the smallest sovereign state in South America . [ note 1 ] Suriname has a population of approximately 575,990 , most of whom live on the country 's north coast , in and around the capital and largest city , Paramaribo . Suriname was long inhabited by various indigenous people before being invaded and contested by European powers from the 16th century , eventually coming under Dutch rule in the late 17th century . As the chief sugar colony during the Dutch colonial period , it was primarily a plantation economy dependent on African slaves and , following the abolition of slavery in 1863 , indentured servants from Asia . Suriname was ruled by the Dutch-chartered company Society of Suriname between 1683 and 1795 . In 1954 , Suriname became one of the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . On 25 November 1975 , the country of Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become an independent state , nonetheless maintaining close economic , diplomatic , and cultural ties to its former colonizer . Suriname is considered to be a culturally Caribbean country , and is a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . While Dutch is the official language of government , business , media , and education , Sranan Tongo , an English-based creole language , is a widely used lingua franca . Suriname is the only sovereign nation outside Europe where Dutch is spoken by a majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Damaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damaru_(singer)', 'summary': 'Dino Orpheo Canterburg ( born 2 July 1986 , in Paramaribo ) , better known by his stage name Damaru , is a Surinamese singer and rapper . He is best known for his song Mi Rowsu ( Tuintje In Mijn Hart ) with Dutch singer Jan Smit .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Smit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Smit_(singer)', 'summary': "Jan Smit ( born 31 December 1985 ) is a Dutch singer , television host , actor and football director . Smit mostly sings Dutch songs in a genre known as Volendam music . In addition to his solo career , in 2015 Smit joined the schlager trio KLUBBB3 , and in 2017 The Toppers . As a TV presenter , he has worked on programs like the best singers in the Netherlands and Music Festival on the square . Since 1999 , Smit has been serving as an ambassador for the SOS Children 's Villages , and is member of the board for the football club FC Volendam ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Snow Patrol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snow_Patrol', 'summary': "Snow Patrol are a Northern Irish-Scottish rock band , formed in Dundee , Scotland in 1994 , consisting of Gary Lightbody ( vocals , guitar ) , Nathan Connolly ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Paul Wilson ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , Jonny Quinn ( drums ) , and Johnny McDaid ( piano , guitar , backing vocals ) . Initially an indie rock band , the band rose to prominence in the early-mid 2000s as part of the post-Britpop movement . The band were founded at the University of Dundee in 1994 by Lightbody , Mark McClelland , and Michael Morrison as Shrug . After briefly using the name Polarbear , releasing the EP Starfighter Pilot ( 1997 ) and losing Morrison as a member , the band became Snow Patrol in 1997 and added Quinn to its line-up . Their first two studio albums , Songs for Polarbears ( 1998 ) and When It 's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up ( 2001 ) , were commercially unsuccessful and were released by the independent record label Jeepster Records . The band then signed to the major record label Polydor Records in 2002 . Connolly joined Snow Patrol in 2002 , and after their major-label debut album , Final Straw , the following year , the band rose to national fame . The album was certified 5× platinum in the UK and eventually sold over 3 million copies worldwide . Their next studio album , Eyes Open ( 2006 ) , and its hit single , Chasing Cars - the most widely played song of the 21st century on UK radio - propelled the band to greater international fame . The album topped the UK Albums Chart and was the best-selling British album of the year , selling over 6 million copies worldwide . In 2008 , the band released their fifth studio album , A Hundred Million Suns ; then , in 2009 , they released their first compilation album , Up to Now ; and , in 2011 , released their sixth studio album , Fallen Empires . The band released their seventh album , Wildness , on 25 May 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Katy Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katy_Perry', 'summary': 'Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson ( born October 25 , 1984 ) , known professionally as Katy Perry , is an American singer , songwriter , and television judge . After singing in church during her childhood , she pursued a career in gospel music as a teenager . Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001 , which was commercially unsuccessful . She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into secular music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard , Dr. Luke , and Max Martin . After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records , she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007 . Perry rose to fame in 2008 with her second album , One of the Boys , a pop rock record containing the singles I Kissed a Girl and Hot n Cold . The former track also sparked controversy for its themes of lesbianism . Her third album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , ventured into disco , and was her first record to top the U.S . Billboard 200 . It peaked at number one on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 with the singles California Gurls , Teenage Dream , Firework , E.T. , and Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F . ) , while The One That Got Away reached number three on the chart .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Cidinho & Doca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cidinho_and_Doca', 'summary': "Cidinho and Doca ( in Portuguese Cidinho e Doca , also as Cidinho & Doca ) is a Rio de Janeiro-based Brazilian rap duo made up of Sidney da Silva ( MC Cidinho ) and Marcos Paulo de Jesus Peizoto ( MC Doca ) , two prominent proibidão rappers . Proibidão refers to songs whose airplay is legally prohibited [ in Brazil ] due to alleged crime apology and promotion of drugs and arms usage . The duo are famous internationally for their rendition Rap das Armas ( English : Rap of Weapons ) , a 1990s song originally by Junior e Leonardo , a song that also appeared on the soundtrack of the film Elite Squad ( in Portuguese Tropa de Elite ) , the highest-grossing film of 2007 in Brazil . The song illustrates the daily invasion of favelas by the elite squad of the Brazilian police in order to fight crime and drug trafficking . Despite its popularity , Rap das Armas was never played on the Brazilian radio and was removed from the film 's soundtrack album two weeks after its release , because it allegedly praises fireweapons and lawlessness . Cidinho and Doca became very popular internationally through a series of remixes of their song Rap das Armas . Originally a hit in Portugal in 2008 , it became a hit all over Europe . A remix made by DJ Quintino reached the number-one spot in both the Dutch Singles Chart in February 2009 . The song also reached the top of the Swedish Singles Chart in summer of 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Colby O'Donis", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Colby_O'Donis", 'summary': "Colby O'Donis Colón ( born March 14 , 1989 ; /oʊdɒˈnɪs/ ) is an American singer , songwriter , and record producer . He is perhaps best known as the featured artist in the Lady Gaga single Just Dance , which spent more than eleven months on the Billboard Hot 100 . He is also well known for his lead single on his debut album Colby O titled What You Got featuring Akon , which peaked at number 14 on the Hot 100 , and being featured on Akon 's song Beautiful , which peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Ilse DeLange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilse_DeLange', 'summary': 'Ilse Annoeska de Lange ( born 13 May 1977 ) , better known as Ilse DeLange , is a Dutch country and pop rock singer-songwriter . As a member of The Common Linnets , she finished in second place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Madcon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madcon', 'summary': 'Madcon is a Norwegian musical duo formed in 1992 by Yosef Wolde-Mariam and Tshawe Baqwa . To date , they have released six albums .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Black Eyed Peas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas', 'summary': "Black Eyed Peas ( also known as The Black Eyed Peas ) is an American musical group , consisting of rappers will.i.am , apl.de.ap , and Taboo . Originally an alternative hip hop group , they subsequently changed their musical sound to pop and dance-pop music . Although the group was founded in Los Angeles in 1995 , it was not until the release of their third album , Elephunk , in 2003 , that they achieved high record sales . Since that time , the group has sold an estimated 75 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling groups of all time . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the Black Eyed Peas were the second-best-selling artist/group of all time for downloaded tracks , behind Rihanna , with over 42 million sales . [ citation needed ] Their first major hit was the 2003 single Where Is the Love ? from Elephunk , which topped the charts in 13 countries , including the United Kingdom , where it spent seven weeks at number one and went on to become Britain 's biggest selling single of 2003 . Another European hit single from the album was Shut Up . Their fourth album , Monkey Business , was an even bigger worldwide success , certified 4× Platinum in the U.S. , and spawning four singles , Do n't Phunk with My Heart , Do n't Lie , My Humps , and Pump It . In 2009 , the group became one of only 11 artists to have simultaneously held the No . 1 and No . 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 , with their singles Boom Boom Pow and I Got ta Feeling , which topped the chart for an unprecedented 26 consecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Cascada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cascada', 'summary': "Cascada ( /kəˈskɑːdə/ ; Spanish for Waterfall ) is a German dance music act founded in 2004 by singer Natalie Horler , DJ Manian and DJ Yanou . They are best known for their hit singles Everytime We Touch , What Hurts the Most , Evacuate the Dancefloor and Miracle . Cascada have sold over 30 million albums worldwide in addition to an estimated 15 million digital downloads . Cascada represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden . While being one of the most successful acts of the dance music genre itself , Cascada was named the 3rd most successful German act of the 21st century . In 2010 , Cascada 's music was the most downloaded of all time in the dance category after David Guetta . In 2018 , Cascada had more than a billion views on YouTube including over 100 million views for their hit Everytime We Touch ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Maya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Maya', 'summary': 'Eduard Marian Ilie ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈedu.ard mariˈan iˈli.e ] ; born 29 June 1986 ) , better known by his stage name Edward Maya , is a Romanian DJ , musician , record producer , performer and singer-songwriter , most famous for his 2009 smash hit single Stereo Love .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Vika Jigulina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vika_Jigulina', 'summary': 'Vika Jigulina ( born Victoria Corneva ; February 18 , 1986 ) is a Moldovan-born Romanian music producer , singer , and DJ .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Owl City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owl_City', 'summary': "Owl City is an American electronica project created in 2007 in Owatonna , Minnesota ; it is one of several projects by singer , songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Adam Young . Young created the project while experimenting with music in his parents ' basement . Owl City developed a following on the social networking site MySpace , like many musicians who achieved success in the late 2000s , before signing with Universal Republic Records , now Republic Records , in 2008 . After two independent releases , Owl City gained mainstream popularity with the 2009 major label debut album Ocean Eyes , which includes the six-time Platinum single Fireflies . The album was certified Platinum in the United States in April 2010 . In June 2011 , Owl City released its third studio album , All Things Bright and Beautiful , which was followed by The Midsummer Station in August 2012 . Owl City has recorded songs for several animated films , including Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole , Wreck-It Ralph , The Croods and The Smurfs 2 . Owl City also has released several charting singles , most notably Good Time and Fireflies ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number-one artists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2009_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2009. The Dutch Top 40 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the Netherlands. Published by radio station Radio 538.'} | null | null | What is the difference in Weeks # 1 between the artist born on June 29th , 1986 and the artist based in Rio de Janeiro ? | 0 |
053379984d1c8d68 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2012', 'title': 'List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2012', 'header': ['Position', 'Nationality', 'Artist', 'Weeks # 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Gusttavo Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gusttavo_Lima', 'summary': 'Nivaldo Batista Lima ( born September 3 , 1989 ) , better known by his stage name Gusttavo Lima , is a Brazilian singer . He is known in his country for many hits , and gained international fame and success through the song Balada . He is often compared to the sertanejo singers Luan Santana and Michel Teló .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Teló', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Teló', 'summary': "Michel Teló ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ miˈʃɛw teˈlɔ ] ) ; born January 21 , 1981 ) is a Brazilian sertanejo singer-songwriter and actor . Before his solo act , he was a lead singer in various bands , most notably Grupo Tradição . His biggest national and international hit is Ai Se Eu Te Pego , a number one in most European countries and Latin America . Teló 's artistic career began in 1987 when , as a six-year-old , he made his first solo performance in his school choir , singing a piece by Roberto Carlos and Erasmo Carlos . At ten , his musical talent blossomed when his father gave him an accordion . At age 12 , upon encouragement by neighbors , school friends and his brothers , he formed a young band for playing traditional music , which was called Guri and served to strengthen Teló taste in music in a professional organized manner . He was the band 's lead singer and composer . Besides his love for the harmonica , Teló also took piano lessons for five years . He was also dancer and played the accordion , harmonica , and guitar ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Triggerfinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triggerfinger', 'summary': 'Triggerfinger is a Belgian rock band from Lier , Belgium , formed in 1998 . The band consists of vocalist and guitarist Ruben Block , bassist Paul Van Bruystegem and Mario Goossens ( formerly of Winterville ) as drummer .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': 'Asaf Avidan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asaf_Avidan', 'summary': "Asaf Avidan ( Hebrew : אסף אבידן ; born March 23 , 1980 ) is an Israeli singer-songwriter . From 2006 to 2011 , he was part of the group Asaf Avidan & the Mojos , independently releasing three studio albums . The Reckoning , their debut record , was certified Gold in Israel and became one of the best-selling independent albums there . After disbanding in 2011 , a 2012 remix of Asaf Avidan & the Mojos ' single Reckoning Song ( 2008 ) by German disc jockey Wankelmut - retitled into One Day / Reckoning Song - attained widespread commercial success throughout Europe . It topped the charts in several countries and was certified Gold and Platinum . In 2012 , Avidan started a solo career , eventually releasing three studio albums to moderate success in European countries ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Adele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adele', 'summary': "Adele Laurie Blue Adkins MBE ( /əˈdɛl/ ; born 5 May 1988 ) is an English singer-songwriter . After graduating from the BRIT School in 2006 , Adele signed a recording contract with XL Recordings . In 2007 , she received the Brit Awards Critics ' Choice Award and won the BBC Sound of 2008 poll . Her debut album , 19 , was released in 2008 to commercial and critical success . It is certified eight times platinum in the UK , and three times platinum in the US . The album contains her first song , Hometown Glory , written when she was 16 , which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London . An appearance she made on Saturday Night Live in late 2008 boosted her career in the US . At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 , Adele received the awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . Adele released her second studio album , 21 , in 2011 . The album was critically well received and surpassed the success of her debut , earning numerous awards in 2012 , among them a record-tying six Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year ; two Brit Awards , including British Album of the Year ; and three American Music Awards , including Favorite Pop/Rock Album . The album has been certified 17 times platinum in the UK , and is overall the fourth best-selling album in the nation . In the US , it has held the top position longer than any album since 1985 , and is certified diamond ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Psy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psy_(rapper)', 'summary': "Park Jae-sang ( Korean : 박재상 ; Hanja : 朴載相 , IPA : [ pɐk̚.t͡ɕεsɐŋ ] ; born December 31 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Psy ( 싸이 ; /saɪ/ SY ; Korean : [ s͈ai ] ) , stylized in all caps , is a South Korean singer , rapper , songwriter , and record producer . Psy is known domestically for his humorous videos and stage performances , and internationally for his hit single Gangnam Style . The song 's refrain was entered into The Yale Book of Quotations as one of the most famous quotations of 2012 . On October 23 , 2012 , Psy met United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the UN Headquarters where Ban expressed his desire to work with the singer because of his unlimited global reach . On December 21 , 2012 , his music video for Gangnam Style exceeded one billion views on YouTube , becoming the first video to do so in the website 's history . Psy was subsequently recognized by the media as the King of YouTube . On May 31 , 2014 , the video for Psy 's Gangnam Style hit two billion views . As of December 2019 [ update ] , it is the seventh most viewed video on YouTube , with over 3.4 billion views . In December 2012 , MTV noted Psy 's rise from being little known outside South Korea , to being hailed as the Viral Star of 2012 . On December 31 , 2012 , Psy performed in a globally televised New Year 's Eve celebration with American rapper MC Hammer on-stage in front of a live audience of over a million people in Times Square , New York City ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandra van Nieuwland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_van_Nieuwland', 'summary': 'Sandra van Nieuwland ( born February 16 , 1977 in Delft ) , also known as Sandra Newland , is a Dutch singer who gained national popularity after her participation in the third season of The Voice of Holland .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Passenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Passenger_(singer)', 'summary': "Michael David Rosenberg ( born 17 May 1984 ) , better known by his stage name Passenger , is an English singer-songwriter and musician . Previously the main vocalist and songwriter of Passenger , Rosenberg opted to keep the band 's name for his solo work after the band dissolved in 2009 . His most successful single , Let Her Go , has topped the charts in many countries . In 2014 , the song was nominated for the Brit Award for British Single of the Year , and he received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Studio Killers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Studio_Killers', 'summary': 'Studio Killers is a British-Finnish-Danish electropop virtual band made up of four animated characters : vocalist and designer Chubby Cherry ( or simply Cherry ) , keyboardist Goldie Foxx , DJ Dyna Mink , and manager Bipolar Bear .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'The Opposites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Opposites', 'summary': 'The Opposites are a Dutch rap group , consisting of rappers Willem de Bruin ( Willy ) and Twan van Steenhoven ( Big2 ) . The two started rapping when de Bruin had to write a rap for his teacher as a punishment . Willem realized his rap potential and decided to continue rapping , together with friend Twan van Steenhoven he became addicted to Hiphop , so they say . The name The Opposites is a reference to the fact that Willem is short and a person of color , whereas Twan is tall and white .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'will.i.am', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will.i.am', 'summary': 'William Adams ( born March 15 , 1975 ) , known professionally as will.i.am ( pronounced Will-I-am ) , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , DJ , actor and television personality . He is the founding and lead member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . As a solo artist , will.i.am has released four solo albums , beginning with Lost Change , released in 2001 through Atlantic Records . His second solo outing , Must B 21 , was released on September 23 , 2003 . The track Go ! was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 seasons . The third album , Songs About Girls , was released on September 25 , 2007 . He released his fourth studio album , # willpower , in 2013 . As a music producer , will.i.am has produced music for other artists including Cheryl , Michael Jackson , Justin Bieber , Kesha , Britney Spears , Miley Cyrus , David Guetta , U2 , Rihanna , Lady Gaga , Usher , Justin Timberlake , A. R. Rahman , Nicki Minaj , 2NE1 , and Baby Kaely . In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas , he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998 , and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK . In addition to his music career , will.i.am has also been a judge and mentor on the television talent show series The Voice UK ( 2012-present ) , The Voice Australia ( 2014 ) , and The Voice Kids ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Eva Simons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Simons', 'summary': 'Eva Simons ( born April 27 , 1984 ) is a Surinamese Dutch singer-songwriter from Amsterdam . She is best known for her song Policeman and collaborations with artists such as Afrojack and will.i.am . In 2012 , Simons broke through on the international stage when she featured on the will.i.am single This Is Love which reached the top of several charts . In the same year Simons received a BMI songwriting award for her songwriting on Take Over Control . During her solo career she has released 12 singles , including Bludfire which appeared in November 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Number-one artists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2012_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2012. The Dutch Top 40 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the Netherlands. It is published every week by radio station Radio 538. The chart had 51 releases in 2012. Ten acts gained their first number-one single in the Dutch Top 40 in 2012, either as lead or featured act: Studio Killers, Michel Teló, Triggerfinger, Gusttavo Lima, will.i.am, Eva Simons, Asaf Avidan, Psy, Sandra van Nieuwland and Passenger.'} | null | null | What was the most number of weeks at number one of an artist from the country that has had its current name since 1921 ? | 6 |
05344c695a46da4e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Adair_County,_Oklahoma', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Adair County, Oklahoma', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adair County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adair_County_Courthouse_(Oklahoma)', 'summary': 'The Adair County Courthouse is located in Stilwell , Oklahoma and is the central building for the county government for Adair County , Oklahoma . The current building is the fourth building in Stilwell to serve as the courthouse . From 1902 until 1908 a two-story wood-frame schoolhouse served as the courthouse . In 1908 a new brick building was built and was used until 1920 when a building of native stone was built . On December 30 , 1929 , the new stone building burned down . The current classically inspired , art deco building was built on the same site and was completed in 1930 . The building was designed by J. J. Harrelson and was built out of limestone , steel , and concrete . The cornice has molded bas-relief figures of American Indians in full headdress . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . In 1992 a marble war memorial which contained the names of all Adair County residents killed in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War was dedicated on the courthouse lawn .'}]}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1984 ( # 84002927 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division St. 35°48′51″N 94°37′43″W / 35.814167°N 94.628611°W / 35.814167 ; -94.628611 ( Adair County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stilwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stilwell,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Stilwell is a city and county seat of Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 3,949 at the 2010 , an increase of 20.5 percent from 3,276 at the 2000 census . In 1949 , the Oklahoma governor and legislature proclaimed Stilwell as the Strawberry Capital of the World . Stilwell also serves as a gateway to Lake Tenkiller and the former Adair State Park . Residents of Stilwell have a life expectancy of just 56.3 years , the lowest in the United States . As of 2017 , 49.0% of children in Stilwell and 37.2% of the general population are living in poverty .'}]}, {'value': 'art deco courthouse built in 1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballard Creek Roadbed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 9 , 2013 ( # 13000702 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Westville is a town in Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,639 at the 2010 census , an increase of 2.7 percent from 1,596 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Part of the Cherokee Trail of Tears MPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breadtown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 9 , 2014 ( # 14000296 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Westville is a town in Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,639 at the 2010 census , an increase of 2.7 percent from 1,596 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Part of the Cherokee Trail of Tears MPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffington Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffington_Hotel', 'summary': 'The Buffington Hotel is an historic hotel in Westville , Oklahoma , United States . The brick building was built in about 1910 and features an arcade of round-arch windows on the East and South facades . The hotel was the premiere hotel in Westville when the town was railway stop . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . The hotel has been greatly altered from its original form , including ; the southeast breezeway having been bricked off and a room created and the second story bay windows covered in aluminum siding . The owner as of 2014 is a Westville man named Bud Rose . The hotel had been used as multi-unit housing until 2004 , when Mr. Rose converted the entire downstairs into a personal residence . The upstairs twenty-one rooms are now vacant .'}]}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1984 ( # 84002929 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. 35°59′36″N 94°34′05″W / 35.993333°N 94.568056°W / 35.993333 ; -94.568056 ( Buffington Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Westville is a town in Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,639 at the 2010 census , an increase of 2.7 percent from 1,596 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'historic hotel built in 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rev . Jesse Bushyhead Grave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2004 ( # 04001334 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Highway 59 36°02′08″N 94°34′58″W / 36.035556°N 94.582778°W / 36.035556 ; -94.582778 ( Rev . Jesse Bushyhead Grave )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_59', 'summary': 'State Highway 59 , abbreviated SH-59 , is a 93-mile ( 150 km ) state highway in central Oklahoma . It runs from Criner , Oklahoma in McClain Co. to Wewoka .'}]}, {'value': 'Westville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Westville is a town in Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,639 at the 2010 census , an increase of 2.7 percent from 1,596 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'grave of Cherokee religious and political leader topped with 15-foot-tall ( 4.6 m ) marble monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherokee', 'summary': 'The Cherokee ( /ˈtʃɛrəkiː/ ; Cherokee : ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ , romanized : Aniyvwiyaʔi , or Cherokee : ᏣᎳᎩ , romanized : Tsalagi ) are one of the indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States . Prior to the 18th century , they were concentrated in what is now southwestern North Carolina , southeastern Tennessee , edges of western South Carolina , northeastern Georgia and northeastern Alabama . The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group . In the 19th century , James Mooney , an American ethnographer , recorded one oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region , where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples lived ; however , anthropologist Thomas R. Whyte writes that the origin of the proto-Iroquoian language was likely the Appalachian region and the split between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began 4,000 years ago . By the 19th century , European settlers in the United States classified the Cherokee of the Southeast as one of the Five Civilized Tribes , because they were agrarian and lived in permanent villages and began to adopt some cultural and technological practices of the European American settlers . Today there are three federally recognized Cherokee tribes : the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina , the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians ( UKB ) in Oklahoma , and the Cherokee Nation ( CN ) in Oklahoma . The Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 tribal members , making it the largest of the 567 federally recognized tribes in the United States . In addition , numerous groups claim Cherokee lineage , and some of these are state-recognized . A total of more than 819,000 people are estimated to claim having Cherokee ancestry on the US census , which includes persons who are not enrolled members of any tribe . Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes , the Cherokee Nation and the UKB have headquarters in Tahlequah , Oklahoma . The UKB are mostly descendants of Old Settlers , Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817 prior to Indian Removal . They are related to the Cherokee who were later forcibly relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Golda 's Mill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Golda's_Mill", 'summary': "Golda 's Mill was a historic water mill in Adair County , Oklahoma near Stilwell . It was built in about 1882 by Dr. Nicholas Bitting on the site of an older mill . It had an overshot water wheel which was 20 feet in diameter . The original wooden wheel was replaced by a steel wheel in 1908 . The mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 . The mill continued in operation until 1983 , when it was destroyed by fire ."}]}, {'value': 'November 9 , 1972 ( # 72001049 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "12 miles northwest of Stilwell 35°51′34″N 94°45′53″W / 35.859444°N 94.764722°W / 35.859444 ; -94.764722 ( Golda 's Mill )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stilwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stilwell,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Stilwell is a city and county seat of Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 3,949 at the 2010 , an increase of 20.5 percent from 3,276 at the 2000 census . In 1949 , the Oklahoma governor and legislature proclaimed Stilwell as the Strawberry Capital of the World . Stilwell also serves as a gateway to Lake Tenkiller and the former Adair State Park . Residents of Stilwell have a life expectancy of just 56.3 years , the lowest in the United States . As of 2017 , 49.0% of children in Stilwell and 37.2% of the general population are living in poverty .'}]}, {'value': 'water mill built in 1882 and operated until destroyed by fire in 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KCS Railway Depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 8 , 2015 ( # 15000577 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 S. US 59 35°48′50″N 94°37′33″W / 35.8139°N 94.6259°W / 35.8139 ; -94.6259 ( KCS Railway Depot )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Route_59', 'summary': "U.S. Route 59 ( US 59 ) is a north-south United States highway ( though it was signed east-west in parts of Texas ) . A latecomer to the U.S. numbered route system , US 59 is now a border-to-border route , part of NAFTA Corridor Highway System . It parallels U.S. Route 75 for nearly its entire route , never much more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) away , until it veers southwest in Houston , Texas . Its number is out of place since US 59 is either concurrent with or entirely west of U.S. Route 71 . The highway 's northern terminus is nine miles ( 14 km ) north of Lancaster , Minnesota , at the Canada-US border , where it continues as Manitoba Highway 59 . Its southern terminus is at the Mexico-US border in Laredo , Texas , where it continues as Mexican Federal Highway 85D ."}]}, {'value': 'Stilwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stilwell,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Stilwell is a city and county seat of Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 3,949 at the 2010 , an increase of 20.5 percent from 3,276 at the 2000 census . In 1949 , the Oklahoma governor and legislature proclaimed Stilwell as the Strawberry Capital of the World . Stilwell also serves as a gateway to Lake Tenkiller and the former Adair State Park . Residents of Stilwell have a life expectancy of just 56.3 years , the lowest in the United States . As of 2017 , 49.0% of children in Stilwell and 37.2% of the general population are living in poverty .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opera Block', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opera_Block', 'summary': 'The Opera Block was a historic building in Westville , Oklahoma . The brick building was built in 1911-1912 . It was used for multiple purposes throughout its existence , serving commercial , government and entertainment functions . For a time it served as the Westville City Hall . The second floor was configured as an opera house and auditorium . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and was demolished in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1984 ( # 84002934 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. 35°59′35″N 94°34′05″W / 35.993056°N 94.568056°W / 35.993056 ; -94.568056 ( Opera Block )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Westville is a town in Adair County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 1,639 at the 2010 census , an increase of 2.7 percent from 1,596 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'built in 1912 and demolished in 1998', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Adair_County,_Oklahoma_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Adair County, Oklahoma. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Adair County, Oklahoma, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 8 properties listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | What is the average life span of a person that lives in the city that is home to the Adair County Courthouse ? | 56.3 years |
053589e004fd8d55 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_AFL_draft', 'title': '1999 AFL draft', 'header': ['Player', 'Recruited from', 'Recruited to'], 'data': [{'value': 'Matthew Golding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Golding', 'summary': 'Matthew Golding ( born 30 December 1980 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He started his career at the Reynella Football Club and then went on to playing footy for Glenelg and then the Adelaide Crows , After leaving the AFL , Golding continued his career at his original club Glenelg and played 96 games for them , before crossing to Edwardstown in 2005 . He remained with Edwardstown until 2010 , when he joined Noarlunga .'}]}, {'value': 'Glenelg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenelg_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Glenelg Football Club is an Australian rules football team , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . The club is known as the Tigers ( or the Bays ) , and their home ground is ACH Group Stadium ( formerly Glenelg Oval ) , located in the southern coastal suburb of Glenelg East , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide Crows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Crows', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Howard_(footballer)', 'summary': "Dean Howard ( born 29 July 1976 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Howard , a midfielder , was recruited from West Adelaide but came from the Gold Coast originally . After being promoted from the rookie list , Howard made two appearances for Adelaide midway through the 1999 AFL season , against Essendon at Football Park and Fremantle at Subiaco . He did n't play any more games for Adelaide but remained in the SANFL , first with West Adelaide and then at North Adelaide for the 2006 season . Howard returned to Queensland in 2008 and began playing for his junior club , Broadbeach ."}]}, {'value': 'West Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "West Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Commonly known as The Bloods and Westies , the club 's home base is Richmond Oval ( currently known as Hisense Stadium under a sponsorship agreement ) . The Oval is located in Richmond , an inner-western suburb of Adelaide . The club has won nine SANFL premierships , the most recent coming in 2015 - breaking a thirty-two-year premiership drought dating back to 1983 ; the second longest in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide Crows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Crows', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Trent Knobel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Knobel', 'summary': "Trent Knobel ( born 23 May 1980 ) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League . Knobel , a ruckman originally from the Gold Coast , was recruited to the AFL in his home state with the Brisbane Lions onto their rookie list . He made his debut in 2000 after a rookie elevation . After getting his chance in Round 14 , Knobel held his spot for much of the season , and played in two finals matches . After a disappointing 2001 season , and with the Lions having an abundance of ruck stocks ( Keating , McLaren , McDonald , Macdonald among others ) , they traded him to St Kilda . After fairly limited seasons with the Saints in 2002 and 2003 , his 2004 season was much improved , playing all 24 games and becoming the Saints ' number one ruckman . Despite his crash and bash ruckwork and tally of 460 hitouts for the year , he was criticised for his lack of around the ground work , averaging just 6 disposals in 2004 . This led to him being traded in the 2005 pre-season draft to the Richmond Football Club . In 2005 , he missed 3 games late in the year with a hamstring injury but performed better around the ground . In 2006 , Knobel played just 3 games and found it hard for selection due to the form of All-Australian ruckman Troy Simmonds . Due to ongoing injury concerns Knobel was unable to play a senior game in 2007 and announced his retirement from AFL football on 28 August 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Broadbeach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadbeach_Football_Club', 'summary': "Broadbeach Australian Football Club , also known as the Broadbeach Cats , is an Australian rules football club representing the suburb of Broadbeach on the Gold Coast . The club competes in the Queensland Australian Football League after having previously competed in North East Australian Football League . Its home ground is Subaru Oval - Nee Merrimac Oval . In the club 's inaugural year in the QAFL the cats finished 4th but eliminated in the first round of the finals . The senior level won its first premiership in 1987 under Coach Wayne Ling And Captain Brian Rowe . The highest point of the club 's history was in 1996 when the club won 3 of the Grades , Colts , Seconds and Firsts . Some believe a three-year plan/structure built from within the licensed club manager in 1994 , the year the club was supposed to fold due to a heavy debt to the bank and private lenders ( somewhere near $ 80,000 plus unknown amount for new change rooms ) . Despite having been in existence since 1971 , the Broadbeach Football Club has only competed at the top AFLQ level since 1997 . Nevertheless , it has shown steady improvement throughout its brief involvement , and in 2004 , it won 14 of its 18 home and away matches and reached the preliminary final before losing to Morningside . In 2005 , the Cats were one of eight inaugural members of Queensland football 's new first Division set-up , and they once again reached the finals . Broadbeach has an infamous rivalry with fellow Division 1 team Southport Sharks . When the local derby is played between these two neighbouring clubs , the games are typically played in front of a larger than usual attendance due and with increased tension ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Lions', 'summary': "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ."}]}, {'value': 'Heath Culpitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heath_Culpitt', 'summary': "Heath Culpitt ( born 16 February 1978 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Australian Football League . From Castlemaine , Victoria , Culpitt played football for the Castlemaine Football Club , before being recruited to the AFL by the Carlton Football Club in 1998 . He spent four years with Carlton , playing as a utility/midfielder , and played fifteen games between 1999 and 2001 before being delisted . Since being delisted , Culpitt has played for Glenelg and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League , and for St Mary 's and Waratah in the Northern Territory Football League . While with St Mary 's in the 2005/06 NTFL season , Culpitt won the Nichols Medal as the league best and fairest . In 2005 , it was revealed that Culpitt was accused of rape in 1999 . He was not charged , although the police were criticised for losing evidence in the investigation ."}]}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlemaine_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Castlemaine Football and Netball Club , nicknamed The Magpies , is an Australian rules football and netball club based in Castlemaine , Victoria , Australia and is currently a member of the Bendigo Football League . The club is notable for several reasons . Formed in 1859 , it is the second oldest documented football club in Australia after the Melbourne Football Club and it has produced many notable Australian rules footballers .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fletcher_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': "Simon Fletcher ( born 17 August 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton and Richmond in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Fletcher was initially drafted to Geelong , from the Falcons , under the father/son rule . His father Gary did not play at VFL/AFL level but the rule was used because he was a manager at the club . A knee injury in 1997 kept him out of action and he was delisted at the end of the season . Carlton rookie listed Fletcher in 1998 and he made his senior debut late in the 1999 AFL season . He impressed enough to keep his spot for the finals series and made three appearances , but after having just five disposals in the preliminary final was replaced by Adrian Hickmott for the grand final . Fletcher , who played mostly on the wing and flanks , missed just one game in 2000 and played in another preliminary final . A former Grovedale player , he was again a regular member of the team in 2001 and put together a sequence of 28 consecutive games before it ended in 2002 . He was delisted after the 2003 season and nominated for the national draft , where he was selected by Richmond with the 79th selection . He was unable to have an impact from six games , and was delisted . He continued his playing career in the Geelong Football League with St Mary 's , playing there from 2005 until 2009 . After the 2009 season , Fletcher took the role as player development manager for the newly formed Gold Coast Football Club ; he remains in the role as of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean Rioli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Rioli', 'summary': "Dean Rioli ( born 20 May 1978 ) is an indigenous former Australian rules football player who spent his whole professional career with the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League . The nephew of Maurice Rioli , the Richmond Football Club champion of the 1980s , Rioli grew up on the Tiwi Islands in the Northern Territory , but was recruited from the South Fremantle Football Club in the 1998 Rookie Draft . He was a member of South Fremantle 's 1997 Premiership winning team . His father , Sebastian Rioli , played for South in the 1970s , and his younger brother Shannon Rioli joined South in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'South Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The South Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Bulldogs , is an Australian rules football club , based in Fremantle , Western Australia , playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) . It was formed in 1900 and plays its home games at Fremantle Oval .'}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashley Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Clancy', 'summary': 'This is the list of Fremantle Football Club league players . It documents every player to have played at least one game in the Australian Football League for Fremantle since they entered the league in 1995 . Only league games are included in the ordered list ; players who were on the Fremantle playing list but only played in pre-season or scratch matches are listed separately at the end of the list .'}]}, {'value': 'Subiaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subiaco_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Subiaco Football Club , nicknamed the Lions and known before 1973 as the Maroons , is an Australian rules football club in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . It was founded in 1896 , and admitted to the WAFL in 1901 , along with North Fremantle . The club is currently based at Leederville Oval , having previously played at Subiaco Oval ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Antoni Grover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antoni_Grover', 'summary': 'Antoni Grover ( born 11 March 1980 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played as a defender for the Fremantle Football Club . After being elevated from the rookie list in 1999 , he made his debut in round 21 against the Sydney Swans . After this he became an important and consistent performer in his defence , and also had good marking abilities ( finishing fifth in the team for general and contested marks in 2005 ) . In round 4 , 2003 , Antoni Grover was one of seven indigenous players to represent Fremantle , the most ever to play in a single AFL team . The other indigenous players playing for Fremantle that day were Troy Cook , Jeff Farmer , Des Headland , Roger Hayden , Steven Koops and Dion Woods . This game also saw Fremantle kick its then highest ever score of 25.17 167 . Grover signed a one-year extension to his contract in October 2010 that allowed him to become one of the few Fremantle players to play 200 games for the club . In 2011 he was the only Fremantle player classified as a veteran on their playing list . Grover played his 200th game against North Melbourne in round 22 2011 , becoming the fifth Docker and first indigenous player to play 200 games for the club . Grover announced his retirement in 2012 , having played 202 games for the Fremantle Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Subiaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subiaco_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Subiaco Football Club , nicknamed the Lions and known before 1973 as the Maroons , is an Australian rules football club in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . It was founded in 1896 , and admitted to the WAFL in 1901 , along with North Fremantle . The club is currently based at Leederville Oval , having previously played at Subiaco Oval ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Darren Bolton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Bolton', 'summary': 'Darren Bolton ( born 26 November 1976 ) is an Australian rules footballer . He played as a rover . Bolton was selected by Fremantle in the 1999 AFL Rookie Draft from the Peel Thunder Football Club after winning the 1998 Best and Fairest award at Peel . In 1999 he played two Games in rounds 3 and 4 . He was delisted by Fremantle at the end of the season . From 1997 until 2004 Bolton played for Peel Thunder in the WAFL as a midfielder . In 2005 he played for Waroona in the Peel League . He returned to Peel Thunder for the 2006 and 2007 seasons . He is the father of Richmond forward Shai Bolton .'}]}, {'value': 'Peel Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peel_Thunder_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Peel Thunder Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team is based in Mandurah , Western Australia , with their home ground being Rushton Park . The club joined the WAFL as an expansion team in 1997 . Since the 2014 season , Peel has served as the host club in the WAFL for the Fremantle Dockers of the Australian Football League , an arrangement which sees Fremantle 's reserve players playing for Peel ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Lindsay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Lindsay', 'summary': 'Paul Lindsay ( born 28 February 1976 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A ruckman , Lindsay was already an established player at East Fremantle before coming to Geelong . He played 45 games for East Fremantle from 1995 to 1997 and took part in the 1997 Westar Rules Grand Final , which they lost to South Fremantle . Lindsay made two appearances in the 1999 AFL season , in rounds 12 and 13 , filling in for regular ruckman Steven King . He played 153 SANFL games for Woodville-West Torrens after leaving Geelong and in 2009 returned to East Fremantle for one final season , adding 19 games to his tally .'}]}, {'value': 'East Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The East Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Sharks , is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . The team 's home ground is East Fremantle Oval . East Fremantle are the most successful club in WAFL history , winning 29 premierships since their entry into the competition in 1898 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Kent Kingsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Kingsley', 'summary': "Kent Kingsley ( born 26 September 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer for the North Melbourne Football Club , the Geelong Football Club and the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A full forward , Kingsley was recruited from South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club Woodville-West Torrens along with his twin brother Wade by Port Adelaide , but the brothers were quickly traded to North Melbourne for Paul Geister in 1996 . Elevated as a rookie in 1999 AFL season , he made his AFL debut in round 10 that season and kicked six goals against Port Adelaide . Kingsley was traded to Geelong at the end of the 2000 AFL season . During his time with Geelong , Kingsley became the side 's leading goalkicker from 2002-2005 and was a key option up forward . However , he was often maligned by fans for his inconsistency and inaccuracy in front of goal . During 2006 , Kingsley was dropped from the side midway through the season despite the Cats ' lack of other forward options . At the season 's end , Kingsley joined the Richmond Football Club via the Pre Season Draft . He played only three senior games in 2007 for Richmond , and announced his retirement from AFL football on 28 August 2007 . In 1988 AFL player and entrepreneur Kent Kingsley started his first company ( IT web development and database integration ) that was bought out by a public software company in 1999 . The same year Kent made his AFL debut playing for North Melbourne at the age of 21 . Kent 's 8 year AFL career saw him play 125 games for three clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodville-West Torrens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville-West_Torrens_Football_Club', 'summary': "Woodville-West Torrens Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . It was formed in 1990 from an amalgamation of the neighbouring Woodville and West Torrens football clubs and played its inaugural game in 1991 . Since 1993 , the Eagles have played most of their home games at Woodville 's home ground of Woodville Oval , having previously used Football Park . They also play two or three games per season at their pre-season base of Thebarton Oval , a ground which has six light towers that the club has upgraded in 2012 to allow night games at the ground for the first time since the 1983 Escort Cup Grand Final ( a game won by West Torrens ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kangaroos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kangaroos_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Glen Bowyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Bowyer', 'summary': "Glen Bowyer ( born 28 December 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn and Carlton in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Bowyer , who came from Wodonga , did not play competitive football until the age of 15 . In Melbourne he played his initial football with the Murray Bushrangers and Hawthorn reserves . He made his AFL debut in the final round of the 1999 AFL season , from the rookie list . Prior to the 2000 season he was elevated to the senior list and played 19 games for the year , including two finals . He won a Rising Star nomination , averaged 16 disposals a game over the course of the season as well as taking 120 marks , and was heralded as the club 's most courageous player . Used on the ball and as a defender , Bowyer played his 30th consecutive game during the 2001 season and commanded a regular spot in the team until injury struck : in the game best remembered for Ben Dixon 's after-the-siren game-winning goal , Bowyer broke his leg . He did not play a single senior game in 2002 due to osteitis pubis and leg problems . As Bowyer recovered from his injuries during 2002 , he struggled to cope personally with the isolation of no longer being heavily involved in the game or the club . He struggled badly with depression , and was a heavy user of alcohol and drugs during this time , engaged in self-harm , and contemplated suicide at times . Late in the year and at the height of his depression , Bowyer traveled to the Greek islands on his own , where he almost lost his life after his left arm was badly cut by glass ; the exact nature of this incident has not been publicly discussed . He was airlifted to an Athens hospital and a nine-hour operation was required to save his arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Murray Bushrangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Bushrangers', 'summary': 'The Murray Bushrangers is an Australian rules football team playing in Victorian statewide under-18s competition , presently known as the NAB League , since 1993 based in Wangaratta . The team trains on Norm Minns Oval . The team is coached by Leon Higgins . Guernsey colors are Black , Purple and Yellow , with black socks and black ( home ) or white ( away ) shorts . The Bushrangers have produced some of the current elite Australian Football League players through the AFL Draft including Daniel Cross , Brett Deledio , Steele Sidebottom , Steve Johnson , Jarrad Waite , Kayne Pettifer , Justin Koschitzke , Hamish McIntosh , Barry Hall , Fraser Gehrig , Ben Mathews , Steven King , Robert Campbell , Alipate Carlile , David Mundy & Shannon Byrnes'}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Beams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Beams', 'summary': 'Ben Beams ( born 17 August 1978 ) is an Australian rules football player who played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) between 1999 and 2001 and the Tasmanian Devils Football club in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) from 2002 until 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tassie Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tassie_Mariners', 'summary': 'The Tassie Mariners is an under-18 Australian rules football club representing the state of Tasmania . They currently play in the AFL Under 18 Championships and also played in the Victorian statewide under-18s competition ( then known as the TAC Cup ) from 1995 until 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Williams_(Australian_rules_footballer)', 'summary': "Luke Williams ( born 29 December 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Picked up in the 1998 AFL Draft , Williams was a utility who could play up forward or in the midfield . Debuting in 1999 , he had very limited opportunities at the Melbourne Football Club , and after seven seasons on the list , Williams finally notched up his 50th AFL game in 2005 . He spent most of his career with Melbourne playing in the Demons ' reserve side , the Sandringham Zebras , in the Victorian Football League . At the end of 2005 , Melbourne decided to delist Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakleigh Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_Chargers', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Bassett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Bassett', 'summary': "Scott Bassett ( born 9 October 1978 ) is a former Australian Rules Footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club and the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League , and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League . Scott was one of the inaugural members of Port Adelaide 's squad when they entered the AFL , as the team was allowed to select players from the SANFL for their starting team . He was drafted from the Norwood Football Club . He was drafted onto the rookie list for the club . He however did not play a match in the first two seasons on the Port Adelaide list , making his debut against Collingwood in Round 14 , 1999 , but did not play again in that year . At the end of the year , he was elevated off the rookie list , on to Port Adelaide 's senior list . In the next 3 years on the Port Adelaide list , he played just the 14 games , spending much time in and out of the side . He was delisted at the end of the 2002 AFL season , and nominated for the national AFL Draft , and was picked up by the Western Bulldogs at pick number 35 overall . He started the first seven games of the season in 2003 , but was sidelined by a thigh injury , and later in the year returned to the VFL . He played a total of 15 games for the Bulldogs before returning to play for Norwood in the SANFL . He finished his AFL career playing a total of 30 games and scoring 3 goals . He continued playing for Norwood in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide Magpies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Magpies', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hollands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hollands', 'summary': 'Ben Hollands ( born 12 January 1978 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Davis_(footballer)', 'summary': "Chad Davis ( born 1 June 1980 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) between 2000-2002 . Chad Davis gained notoriety in the 2002 season while playing for St Kilda 's Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate Springvale when he was bitten on the scrotum by Port Melbourne 's Peter Filandia . Filandia was subsequently suspended for 10 matches and ordered to undergo counselling before resuming playing ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakleigh Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_Chargers', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'James Gowans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Gowans_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': "James Gowans ( born 13 March 1977 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Recruited from Werribee , Gowans only made four appearances with the St Kilda senior side , mostly as a half forward flanker . In 2000 he joined his twin brother Chris at Central District . He has participated in all of the club 's nine SANFL premierships and won the Jack Oatey Medal when they claimed their first flag in 2000 . He also won a Bob Quinn Medal in 2002 and the Central District 'Best and Fairest ' award the following year ."}]}, {'value': 'Werribee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werribee_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Werribee Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is an Australian rules football club , based in Werribee . The club was formed in 1964 and currently plays in the Victorian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerrard Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerrard_Bennett', 'summary': 'Gerrard Bennett ( born 9 April 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Bennett played for the Tassie Mariners in the TAC Cup . His TFL Statewide League club was North Hobart . Geelong secured the services of Bennett in the 1996 National Draft , with pick 18 . He suffered a knee injury in 1997 and was delisted by the club without playing a senior AFL game . A defender , Bennett was given a second chance when Sydney added him to their rookie list and he played 32 games for the Swans over four seasons . When not playing at Sydney during that time he made appearances for the Port Melbourne Football Club and won their best and fairest award in 2001 . After being delisted by the Swans , Bennett played in the SANFL with South Adelaide . He made 113 appearances for the club , before retiring in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brett Kirk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Kirk', 'summary': "Brett Kirk ( born 25 October 1976 ) is a former Australian rules football player of the Sydney Swans and was the AFL 's International Ambassador . Kirk is currently serving as an assistant coach with the Sydney Swans Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'North Albury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Albury_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Albury Football Netball Club , nicknamed the Hoppers , is an Australian rules football and netball club playing in the Ovens & Murray Football League ( O & MFL ) . They are incorporated as part of the North Albury Sports Club licensed club at Bunton Park in North Albury , Albury , where they play their home matches . The club has won six O & MFL premierships . The Hoppers currently play in forest green guernseys with a gold vee and the Hopper logo on the right side . Previous guernsey designs included a dark green and gold design similar to the West Coast Eagles ' classic wingtip design ( up to 2008 ) and a gold design with two dark green vees over the yoke . The club song is a version of Join in the Chorus with some words altered from the AFL Kangaroos version ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Swans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Rookie elevation', 'section_text': 'In alphabetical order of professional clubs . This list details 1999-listed rookies who were elevated to the senior list ; it does not list players taken as rookies in the rookie draft which occurred during the 1999/2000 off-season .', 'uid': '1999_AFL_Draft_4', 'intro': 'The 1999 AFL draft consisted of a pre-season draft, a national draft, a trade period and a rookie elevation. The AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. In 1999 there were 93 picks to be drafted between 16 teams in the national draft. The Collingwood Magpies received the first pick in the national draft after finishing on the bottom of the ladder during the 1999 AFL season.'} | null | null | The player recruited from West Adelaide to the Adelaide Crows in the 1999 AFL draft was born in what year ? | 1976 |
0535ae075abab202 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'title': 'India at the 1958 Asian Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milkha Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milkha_Singh', 'summary': "Milkha Singh ( 21 November 1935 ) , [ a ] also known as The Flying Sikh , is an Indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army . He was the only Indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a Commonwealth Games until Krishna Poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games . He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . He was awarded the Padma Shri , India 's fourth-highest civilian honour , in recognition of his sporting achievements . The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games , which he had entered as one of the favourites . He led the race till the 200m mark before easing off , allowing others to pass him . Various records were broken in the race , which required a photo-finish and saw American Otis Davis being declared the winner by one-hundredth of a second over German Carl Kaufmann . Singh 's fourth-place time of 45.73 became the Indian national record and held for almost 40 years From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the Partition of India , Singh has become a sporting icon in his country . In 2008 , journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as the finest athlete India has ever produced . In July 2012 , The Independent said that India 's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser and noted the paucity of success at that time - 20 medals - achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '200 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milkha Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milkha_Singh', 'summary': "Milkha Singh ( 21 November 1935 ) , [ a ] also known as The Flying Sikh , is an Indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army . He was the only Indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a Commonwealth Games until Krishna Poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games . He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . He was awarded the Padma Shri , India 's fourth-highest civilian honour , in recognition of his sporting achievements . The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games , which he had entered as one of the favourites . He led the race till the 200m mark before easing off , allowing others to pass him . Various records were broken in the race , which required a photo-finish and saw American Otis Davis being declared the winner by one-hundredth of a second over German Carl Kaufmann . Singh 's fourth-place time of 45.73 became the Indian national record and held for almost 40 years From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the Partition of India , Singh has become a sporting icon in his country . In 2008 , journalist Rohit Brijnath described Singh as the finest athlete India has ever produced . In July 2012 , The Independent said that India 's most revered Olympian is a gallant loser and noted the paucity of success at that time - 20 medals - achieved by Indian competitors in the Olympic Games despite the country having a population in excess of one billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '400 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohinder Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohinder_Singh', 'summary': 'Mohinder Singh Rai ( 15 March 1934 - 26 May 2002 ) was an Indian triple jumper born in village Khan Khana Punjab who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parduman Singh Brar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parduman_Singh_Brar', 'summary': 'Parduman Singh Brar ( 15 October 1927 - 22 March 2007 ) was an Indian athlete who specialized in shot put and discus throw events . He was one of the few Indians to have won multiple medals at the Asian Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balkar Singh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hari Singh ( boxer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The Boxing Tournament at the 1958 Asian Games was held in Korakuen Ice Palace , Tokyo , Japan from 28 to 31 May 1958 . A total of 62 boxers from 11 nations competed . The host nation dominated the competition winning six out of ten gold medals , South Korea , Burma and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) won the remaining gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight ( 75 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stephie D'Souza", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stephie_D'Souza", 'summary': "Stephanie Stephie D'Souza , nee Sequeira ( 26 December 1936 - 11 September 1998 ) was a sportsperson who represented India in athletics and women 's hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '200 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Davenport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Davenport', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Davenport ( born October 1 , 1938 ) is an Indian athlete . She won a silver medal in the 1958 Tokyo Asian games and bronze medal in 1962 Jakarta Asian games in Javelin Throw .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India national hockey team', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/India_men's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The India men 's national field hockey team was the first non-European team to be a part of the International Hockey Federation . In 1928 , the team won its first Olympic gold medal and until 1960 , the Indian men 's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics , winning six gold medals in a row . The team had a 30-0 winning streak during this time , from their first game until losing in the 1960 gold medal final . India also won the 1975 World Cup . India 's hockey team is the most successful team ever in the Olympics , having won eight gold , one silver and two bronze medals . After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics , the team 's performance declined through the next three decades , with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup . In 2016 , the Indian men 's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years . As of 2018 , the team is ranked fifth in the world . From February 2018 , the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team , both men and women team . In a first-of-its-kind association , the state has decided to support the India 's field hockey team for next five years ."}]}, {'value': 'Hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Field hockey was contested for men only at the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo , Japan between 25 May and 30 May 1958 with five teams participating in a round robin competition . Pakistan won the gold medal , India finished second with lower goal difference and South Korea won the bronze medal .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parduman Singh Brar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parduman_Singh_Brar', 'summary': 'Parduman Singh Brar ( 15 October 1927 - 22 March 2007 ) was an Indian athlete who specialized in shot put and discus throw events . He was one of the few Indians to have won multiple medals at the Asian Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's relay team", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 1958 Asian Games in National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan from May 25 to May 29 .'}]}, {'value': '4 x 100 m relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sundar Rao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The Boxing Tournament at the 1958 Asian Games was held in Korakuen Ice Palace , Tokyo , Japan from 28 to 31 May 1958 . A total of 62 boxers from 11 nations competed . The host nation dominated the competition winning six out of ten gold medals , South Korea , Burma and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) won the remaining gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight ( 60 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's volleyball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/India_men's_national_volleyball_team", 'summary': "The India men 's national volleyball team represents India in international volleyball competitions which is managed by Volleyball Federation of India . It is currently sponsored by Sahara India Pariwar and Asics ."}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1958_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Volleyball was contested for men only at the 1958 Asian Games in Komazawa Outdoor Volleyball Court , Tokyo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball-Indoor', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'India_at_the_1958_Asian_Games_0', 'intro': 'India participated in the 1958 Asian Games - Third Asian Games, held in the Tokyo, Japan from 24 May to 1 June 1958. Indian athletes achieved total 14 medals with 5 golds and finished at the seventh spot in a medal table.'} | null | null | What team sport did the winner of silver in the 200 m athletics event of the 1958 Asian Games play ? | hockey |
0536389c1de9aaa3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabiano Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiano_Joseph', 'summary': 'Fabiano Joseph Naasi ( born December 24 , 1985 , in Babati , Manyara ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mubarak Hassan Shami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mubarak_Hassan_Shami', 'summary': 'Mubarak Hassan Shami ( Arabic : مبارك حسن شامي , born Richard Yatich on December 1 , 1980 ) is a Kenyan-born Qatari long-distance runner . He specializes in half marathon and marathon races .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yonas Kifle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonas_Kifle', 'summary': 'Yonas Andebrhan Kifle ( born 5 November 1977 ) is an Eritrean runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres , the marathon and cross-country running . He has represented Eritrea at the Olympics on four occasions ; in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 and 2012 . He has also competed at World Championship-level in cross country , road running , and on the track indoors and outdoors . He was the bronze medallist in the half marathon at the 2007 All-Africa Games and the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . His personal bests include 59:30 minutes for the half marathon and 2:07:34 hours for the marathon ( an Eritrean record ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': '1:01:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sileshi Sihine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sileshi_Sihine', 'summary': 'Sileshi Sihine ( Amharic : ስለሺ ስህኔ ; born January 29 , 1983 in Sheno ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner . Sihine won silver medals in the 10,000 metres at both the 2004 Athens Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as at the 2005 World Championships and 2007 World Championships as well as a bronze medal in 2003 . He also picked up a silver medal in the 5000 m at the 2005 World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abebe Dinkessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abebe_Dinkessa', 'summary': 'Abebe Dinkesa Negera ( born 6 March 1984 , in Ambo ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres . He came to prominence with a silver medal at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics and he won a bronze medal in the same event two years later . He is the fifth fastest ever over the 10,000 m with a best time of 26:30.74 set in 2005 . He was fourth at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and also represented Ethiopia at the World Championships in Athletics later that year . An Achilles tendon problem ruled him out entirely in 2007 and affected his later performances . He won the African Mountain Running Championships at the Obudu Ranch Race in 2010 . He also competes in road running competitions , having won at the BOclassic and Great Ethiopian Run as well as coming fifth at the World Half Marathon Championships in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Yuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Yuda_Msuri', 'summary': 'John Yuda Msuri ( born June 9 , 1979 in Dodoma ) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Mwangi Macharia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Mwangi_Macharia', 'summary': 'James Mwangi Macharia ( born 23 June 1984 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner . He finished seventh at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships , which was good enough to help Kenya finish fifth in the team competition . He competed in the marathon at the 2007 World Championships , but did not finish the race .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazuo Ietani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuo_Ietani', 'summary': 'Kazuo Ietani ( born 25 August 1977 ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon . He finished eighth at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships , which was good enough to help Japan finish third in the team competition . His personal best time is 1:02:18 hours , achieved in March 2007 in Yamaguchi . In the 10,000 metres his personal best time is 28:34.04 minutes , achieved in April 2007 in Kobe .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yared Asmeron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yared_Asmeron', 'summary': 'Yared Asmerom Tesfit ( born 4 February 1980 in Asmara ) is an Eritrean long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon races . He was born in Asmara .'}]}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': '1:02:44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman Dlomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Dlomo', 'summary': 'Norman Dlomo ( born 18 April 1975 in Vereeniging , Gauteng ) is a South African long-distance runner . Dlomo finished tenth at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships . He competed in the marathon at the 2007 World Championships , but did not finish the race .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takayuki Matsumiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takayuki_Matsumiya', 'summary': 'Takayuki Matsumiya ( Japanese : 松宮隆行 ; born 21 February 1980 in Akita ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in marathon races . He holds the Asian record and Japanese record over 25 km and 30 km . He has a twin brother , Yuko , who is also a top-level marathon runner . He made his debut over the marathon distance at the Nobeoka Marathon , which he finished in a time of 2:18:48 . He also made his global championship debut that year , competing at the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and taking 53rd place overall . He was eleventh at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships , which was good enough to help Japan finish third in the team competition . He won the Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon in 2006 , breaking a run of wins by Kenyan runners . He improved his marathon best at the Lake Biwa Marathon the month after , taking second place to José Ríos with a run of 2:10:20 . In February 2007 he broke the 30 kilometres road running world record in Kumamoto . The time was 1:28:00 hours - a mark which stood for over two years , eventually being beaten by Haile Gebrselassie in September 2009 , en route to his marathon world record run in Berlin . Matsumiya competed at the 2007 Rotterdam Marathon and was pleased despite being defeated by Joshua Chelanga as the Japanese set a personal best of 2:10:04 to finish in the runner-up spot . He represented Japan in the 5000 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics but did not manage to progress into the event final .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tesfayohannes Mesfen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tesfayohannes_Mesfen', 'summary': 'Tesfayohannes Mesfin ( born November 24 , 1974 ) is an Eritrean runner who specializes in the half marathon and cross-country running . He has several top-25 placements in global competitions . At the 2004 World Cross Country Championships he finished 22nd in the long race and also won a bronze medal with the Eritrean team . He followed up with a 20th place at the 2005 World Cross Country Championships and a ninth place at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships . He finished 21st at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships , 12th at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships ( team silver medal ) and 21st at the 2006 World Road Running Championships ( team silver medal ) . In track competitions he has a sixth place from the 10,000 metres at the 2006 African Championships . He also placed more lowly at the 2002 World Cross Country Championships , the 2003 World Cross Country Championships , the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships , the 2009 World Championships and the 2010 World Cross Country Championships . He competed but did not finish the 2008 Olympic maraton . His personal best times are 13:27.06 minutes in the 5000 metres ( Seville , 2006 ) ; 28:19.88 minutes in the 10,000 metres ( Bambous , 2006 ) ; 1:03:08 hours in the half marathon ( Edmonton , 2005 ) and 2:12:17 hours in the marathon ( Hamburg Marathon , 2008 ) . He was born in Eritrea ኤርትራ , Seraye ሰራየ , Tekhela፣ ተኸላ in the village Dibezana ፣ ድበዛና and now lives in Bodø , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': '1:03:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lishan Yegezu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lishan_Yegezu', 'summary': 'Lishan Yegezu Fanta ( born 6 October 1985 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon . He finished thirteenth at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . He thereby helped Ethiopia win a gold medal in the team competition . His personal best time is 1:01:42 hours , achieved in August 2005 in Addis Ababa ,'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilson Busienei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilson_Busienei', 'summary': 'Wilson Kipkemei Busienei ( born 18 August 1981 in Nakasongola ) is an Ugandan long-distance runner . He is best known for winning three gold medals at the 2005 Summer Universiade . He has represented his country at the World Championship level in cross country running and road running and on the track . He took part in the 2004 Summer Olympics , finishing eleventh in the 10,000 metres . Busienei has also competed at the Commonwealth Games , having taken fifth in the 10,000 m in 2006 . He ran at the 2010 Giro al Sas 10,000 m race in Italy in October and crossed the line after Edwin Soi to finish as runner-up .'}]}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Shay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Shay', 'summary': 'Ryan Shay ( May 4 , 1979 - November 3 , 2007 ) was an American professional long-distance runner . He was born in Ypsilanti , Michigan , and attended the University of Notre Dame . He was married to Alicia Craig , also an American distance runner . Shay is survived by his wife Alicia , parents Joe and Susan , and his seven siblings : Jodie , Casey , Sarah , Amie , and younger brothers Nate ( who also was a distance runner at Notre Dame ) , Elliott and Stephan . He won several USA championships titles .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Kimaiyo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takanobu Otsubo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takanobu_Otsubo', 'summary': 'Takanobu Otsubo ( 大坪 隆誠 , Otsubo Takanobu , born 15 June 1976 ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in the half marathon and ekiden . He finished seventeenth at the 2005 World Half Marathon Championships , which was good enough to help Japan finish third in the team competition . His personal best time is 1:01:55 hours , achieved in March 2005 in Yamaguchi . In the 10,000 metres his personal best time is 28:14.92 minutes , achieved in November 2005 in Hachiōji . He is a policeman from the Osaka Prefectural Police , and often referred to as the fastest running policeman in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solomon Tsige', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sultan Khamis Zaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Khamis_Zaman', 'summary': 'Onèsphore Nkunzimana ( born July 23 , 1985 in Burundi ) is a male long-distance runner His first major competition was the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics , where he finished ninth in the 5000 metres He switched from Burundi to represent Qatar and adopted a new name Sultan Khamis Zaman while competing for them . He ran under his new name and country at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He finished eighth in the short race at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and won a team silver medal with Qatar . He ran at the 2005 World Championships and the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , finishing in 16th and 19th place , respectively . He won the Eurocross meeting in 2005 and 2007 . He won the bronze medal in the 5000 m at the 2006 Asian Games . He took the 3000 metres gold medal at the 2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships . He won his second world cross country team medal shortly after with a 22nd-place finish at the 2008 World Championships . He represented Qatar at a major competition for a final time at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , but he did not progress beyond the heats . He changed his allegiance again in 2010 , returning to Burundi , and changed back to compete under his birth name , Onèsphore Nkunzimana . He won the Eurocross for a third time in February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Hartmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Hartmann', 'summary': 'Jason Hartmann ( born March 23 , 1981 ) is a NCAA coach and a former American long-distance runner who specializes in marathon races . He won the Twin Cities Marathon in 2009 . He was the top American finisher at the 2010 Chicago Marathon and was fourth at the Boston Marathon in both 2012 and 2013 . His personal record for the event is 2:11:06 . He has represented the United States on the road , grass and track , having competed at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the Pan American Games . Collegiately he ran in cross country and track for the University of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:32', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race Results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_0', 'intro': "The 14th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships were held in Edmonton, Canada on 1 October 2005. The competition was replaced by the World Road Running Championships in 2006 and 2007, but revived as IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2008. A total of 156 athletes, 87 men and 69 women, from 43 countries took part. The four and a half lap course begins and ends in Hawrelak Park. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race. Complete results were published for the men's race, for the women's race, for men's team, and for women's team."} | null | null | What city did the runner who ran a half marathon in 1:02:26 at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships achieve his personal best time in the half marathon ? | Yamaguchi |
0536cdf6cfbf728f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue_(season_2)', 'title': 'NYPD Blue (season 2)', 'header': ['Actor', 'Character', 'Main cast', 'Recurring cast'], 'data': [{'value': 'David Caruso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Caruso', 'summary': 'David Stephen Caruso ( born January 7 , 1956 ) is an American actor and producer , best known for his roles as Detective John Kelly on the ABC crime drama NYPD Blue , and Lieutenant Horatio Caine on the CBS series CSI : Miami ( 2002-2012 ) . He also appeared in the films An Officer and a Gentleman , First Blood ( both 1982 ) , Twins ( 1988 ) , Kiss of Death ( 1995 ) and Proof of Life ( 2000 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'John Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kelly_(NYPD_Blue)', 'summary': "John Kelly is a fictional character in the television series NYPD Blue , portrayed by David Caruso . The character appeared in the first season and the first four episodes of the second season . An Irish-American who was promoted to the rank of detective at the relatively early age of 28 , Kelly was a brilliant and oft-smoldering cop , whose father was a heroic cop who was murdered in the line of duty . John Kelly Sr. was a member of the previously Irish American-dominated police department who according to fellow officer Jack Hanlon would have made Chief of Detectives had he not been killed . Kelly always managed to stay just on the right side of the law , usually keeping his hotter headed partner Andy Sipowicz under control . This changed when he became involved with a uniformed cop , Janice Licalsi , who murdered a mob boss named Angelo Marino who had ordered her to kill Kelly . Licalsi did this as her father , also a cop , was on the payroll of the mob boss and she was trying to protect him . Eventually Licalsi was investigated and Kelly allowed her to destroy evidence that would have pointed to her involvement in the murder . After Licalsi confessed to killing Marino ( and his bodyguard ) she was tried and sentenced to two years in jail for manslaughter , but was only likely to serve six months -- she and Kelly had become a couple again , and parted with the understanding that they would try for a life together . It became evident to Kelly that he had no future in the job as internal affairs came after him for his role in trying to help Licalsi and his testimony on her behalf . IAB could not find any hard evidence to end his career with , but Captain Haverill , an opponent of the 15th 's detective squad commander , Lieutenant Arthur Fancy , had provoked Kelly into an act of insubordination and had demoted him to radio dispatch work until IAB could find the means to end his career . Kelly refused to accept this and resigned from the force ."}]}, {'value': 'episodes 1-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Smits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Smits', 'summary': 'Jimmy Smits ( born July 9 , 1955 ) is an American actor best known for playing attorney Victor Sifuentes on the 1980s legal drama L.A. Law , NYPD Detective Bobby Simone on the 1990s police drama NYPD Blue and Matt Santos on the political drama The West Wing . He also appeared as Bail Organa in the Star Wars prequel trilogy , and as ADA Miguel Prado in Dexter . From 2012 to 2014 , he joined the main cast of Sons of Anarchy as Nero Padilla . Smits also portrayed Elijah Strait in the NBC drama series Bluff City Law .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Simone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Simone', 'summary': "Robert Bobby Simone is a fictional character in the television series NYPD Blue . Played by Jimmy Smits he was introduced in the fifth episode of the second season remaining until the fifth episode of the sixth . Simone was introduced to the squad after Andy Sipowicz 's former partner , John Kelly , was forced to leave the NYPD in the face of an IAB witch hunt . His previous job had been as a driver for the police commissioner , a role that initially riled Sipowicz . However , Simone explained that he had asked for the job so he could spend more time with his wife as she was dying from cancer . An early bond and friendship between them was strong enough that Andy asked Simone to step in after John Kelly could n't make it back to New York for Sipowicz 's wedding to Sylvia Costas . Bobby and Andy became great friends and partners , although Bobby did not let Andy get away with making racist comments around him . It is later learned that Bobby was a quiet kid whose passion for raising racing pigeons came from his friendship with a retired boxer ( who later showed early signs of Alzheimer 's ) , and that he had a flashy older friend named Ray DiSalvo whom he idolized - which came back to haunt him when Ray became a petty criminal and tried unsuccessfully to sell Bobby out to IAB for giving him an implicit warning to avoid a drug bust . In the episode Prostrate Before The Law , season five episode 19 , Simone is dealing with a suspect who assumes he is Puerto Rican . Simone retorts that he is of French and Portuguese descent and that his parents met in Belize . Early on in his time in the squad Simone started a relationship with Diane Russell , another detective at the 15th Precinct . According to NYPD guidelines the police department did not allow such couplings for officers who worked in the same precinct , so the couple kept it quiet up until the point that they were married by a justice of the peace ( Lt Arthur Fancy also knew they were dating , but never officially notified the higher-ups about it ) ."}]}, {'value': 'episodes 5-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Franz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Franz', 'summary': 'Dennis Franz Schlachta ( /frɑːnz/ ; born October 28 , 1944 ) , known professionally as Dennis Franz , is a retired American actor best known for his role as Detective Andy Sipowicz in the ABC television series NYPD Blue ( 1993-2005 ) , a role that earned him a Golden Globe Award , three Screen Actors Guild Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards . He also portrayed Lt. Norman Buntz in the similar NBC series Hill Street Blues ( 1985-1987 ) and its short-lived spinoff , Beverly Hills Buntz ( 1987-1988 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Sipowicz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Sipowicz', 'summary': 'Andrew Sipowicz is a fictional character and protagonist on the popular ABC television series NYPD Blue . Dennis Franz portrayed the character for its entire run .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James McDaniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_McDaniel', 'summary': 'James McDaniel ( born March 25 , 1958 in Washington , D.C. ) is an American stage , film and television actor . He is best known for playing Lt. Arthur Fancy on the television show NYPD Blue . He created the role of Paul in the hit Lincoln Center play Six Degrees of Separation . He played a police officer in the ill-fated 1990 series Cop Rock , and a close advisor to the director Spike Lee regarding the activist Malcolm X in the 1992 film Malcolm X . He also played Sgt . Jesse Longford in the ABC television series Detroit 1-8-7 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Fancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Fancy', 'summary': 'Capt . Arthur Fancy is a fictional character and protagonist in the television series NYPD Blue . He was played by James McDaniel from season one through eight .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amy Brenneman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amy_Brenneman', 'summary': 'Amy Frederica Brenneman ( born June 22 , 1964 ) is an American actress , writer , and producer . Brenneman rose to prominence after her performance as Detective Janice Licalsi in the ABC police drama series NYPD Blue ( 1993-1994 ) , for which she was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards . She gained further recognition for starring in various films , including Heat ( 1995 ) , Fear ( 1996 ) , Daylight ( 1996 ) , Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her ( 2000 ) , Nine Lives ( 2005 ) , and The Jane Austen Book Club ( 2007 ) . Brenneman created and starred as Judge Amy Gray in the CBS drama series Judging Amy ( 1999-2005 ) . For her performance , she was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards . Brenneman also had starring roles as Violet Turner in the Shonda Rhimes medical drama series Private Practice ( 2007-2013 ) , and as Laurie Garvey on the HBO drama series The Leftovers ( 2014-2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Janice Licalsi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janice_Licalsi', 'summary': 'Janice Licalsi formerly Gennaro is a fictional character portrayed by Amy Brenneman on the television series NYPD Blue . She appeared in 18 episodes during the first two seasons of the show . The character was written out after technical advisor and producer Bill Clark became uneasy with the thought of having a murderous police officer as a main character .'}]}, {'value': 'episodes 1-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas Turturro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Turturro', 'summary': 'Nicholas Turturro ( born January 29 , 1962 ) is an American actor , known for his roles in New York City based films and on the television series Blue Bloods and NYPD Blue . Nicholas is the younger brother of John Turturro and the cousin of Aida Turturro .'}]}, {'value': 'James Martinez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharon Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharon_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Sharon Elizabeth Lawrence ( born June 29 , 1961 ) is an American actress , singer , and dancer . She is best known for the role of Sylvia Costas Sipowicz in the ABC drama series NYPD Blue . The role garnered her three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Sylvia Costas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvia_Costas', 'summary': 'Sylvia Costas-Sipowicz is a fictional character from the American television drama NYPD Blue , in which the character was married to Detective Andy Sipowicz , played by Dennis Franz . She was played by Sharon Lawrence .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Clapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Clapp', 'summary': 'Gordon Clapp ( born September 24 , 1948 ) is an American actor , best known for portraying the role of Det . Greg Medavoy for all 12 seasons on the television series NYPD Blue , winning an Emmy Award in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Medavoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Medavoy', 'summary': 'Gregory Medavoy is a fictional character ( as well as a protagonist ) in the television series NYPD Blue . He was played by Gordon Clapp from the third episode of the 1st season to the last episode of the series . Aside from Andy Sipowicz , he was the longest running regular character in the series .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gail O'Grady", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gail_O'Grady", 'summary': "Gail Ann O'Grady ( born January 23 , 1963 ) , an American actress and producer , is best known for her roles on television . Her roles include Donna Abandando in the ABC police drama NYPD Blue , and Helen Pryor in the NBC drama series American Dreams . O'Grady is also well known for her lead roles in a number of television movies . She has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award three times ."}]}, {'value': 'Donna Abandando', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justine Miceli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justine_Miceli', 'summary': 'Justine Avignone Miceli ( born April 30 , 1959 ) is an American actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Adrienne Lesniak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes 3-5,7,9-15,17,22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Delaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Delaney', 'summary': 'Kim Delaney ( born November 29 , 1961 ) is an American actress known for her starring role as Detective Diane Russell on the ABC drama television series NYPD Blue , for which she won an Emmy Award . Early in her career , she played the role of Jenny Gardner in the ABC daytime television drama All My Children . She later had leading roles in the short lived TV drama Philly , part of the first season of CSI : Miami , and the first six seasons of Army Wives .'}]}, {'value': 'Diane Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Russell_(NYPD_Blue)', 'summary': 'Diane Russell is a fictional character in the television series NYPD Blue . She was played by Kim Delaney in Season 2 as a recurring character , from Seasons to 3 to 8 as a primary character , and a recurring character again in Seasons 10 and 11 .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'episodes 19-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Brochtrup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Brochtrup', 'summary': 'William Bill Brochtrup Jr. ( born March 7 , 1963 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role playing PAA John Irvin , a gay police public assistant , on the ABC television drama NYPD Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'John Irvin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'episodes 17-22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Plot summary -- Main Cast', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NYPD_Blue_(season_2)_0', 'intro': 'The second season of NYPD Blue, an American television police drama set in New York City, aired as part of the 1994-95 United States network television schedule for ABC, premiering on October 11, 1994 and concluding on May 23, 1995. The show explores the internal and external struggles of the fictional 15th precinct of Manhattan. Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast. The season earned three Primetime Emmy Awards, one for Outstanding Drama Series, another for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series (Shirley Knight), and a Creative Arts Emmy for its casting. The show received an additional 10 nominations.'} | null | null | What award was won by the actor who was part of the recurring cast in episodes 19-22 ? | Emmy Award |
05374faf8bd58753 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Pastoral_Region', 'title': 'San Pedro Pastoral Region', 'header': ['Church name', 'Address', 'Community'], 'data': [{'value': 'American Martyrs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '624 15th St. 33°53′20″N 118°24′24″W / 33.88889°N 118.40667°W / 33.88889 ; -118.40667 ( American Martyrs )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manhattan Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California', 'summary': "Manhattan Beach is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County , California , United States , on the Pacific coast south of El Segundo , and north of Hermosa Beach . As of the 2010 census , the population was 35,135 , and in 2018 the population was estimated to be 35,532 . Manhattan Beach is one of the three Beach Cities , others known as Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach , that make up the South Bay region of Los Angeles County . The community is known for a long beach stretching approximately 2.1 miles ( 3.4 km ) and roughly 450 feet ( 140 m ) wide . The climate is unusually moderate because of Manhattan Beach 's proximity to the Pacific Ocean , with an average year-round high temperature of 69.1 °F ( 20.6 °C ) and an average year-round low of 56.4 °F ( 13.6 °C ) . Its schools are run independently of Los Angeles Unified School District with a separate school board based in Manhattan Beach . Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach is ranked in the top 1% of high schools nationally and has students from both Manhattan Beach and Hermosa Beach . According to a May 18 , 2017 , PropertyShark study , the City of Manhattan Beach 90266 zip code ranked as the 32nd most expensive zip code in the United States . According to a December 2017 PropertyShark study the City of Manhattan Beach had the highest median price per square foot for residential properties ( $ 943 per square foot ) of all 88 cities in L.A. County , ahead of Malibu and Beverly Hills . The residents have a median age of 44.2 years , an average household size of 2.5 , and 55.6% are married . Manhattan Beach is known for having less traffic congestion than other parts of Los Angeles , along with many fine dining options , and a casual beach culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Family', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1011 East ' L ' St. 33°47′14″N 118°15′00″W / 33.78722°N 118.25000°W / 33.78722 ; -118.25000 ( Holy Family )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilmington ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_California', 'summary': 'Wilmington is a neighborhood in the Los Angeles Harbor Region area of Los Angeles , California , covering 9.14 square miles ( 23.7 km2 ) . Featuring a heavy concentration of industry and the third-largest oil field in the continental United States , this neighborhood has a high percentage of Latino and foreign-born residents . It is the site of Banning High School , and ten other primary and secondary schools . Wilmington has six parks . Wilmington dates its history back to a 1784 Spanish land grant . It became a separate city in 1863 , and it joined the city of Los Angeles in 1909 . Places of interest include the headquarters U.S. Army for Southern California and the Drum Barracks built to protect the nascent Los Angeles harbor during the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Trinity', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209 North Hanford St. 33°44′40″N 118°18′08″W / 33.74444°N 118.30222°W / 33.74444 ; -118.30222 ( Holy Trinity )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': 'San Pedro /sænˈpiːdroʊ/ is a community within the city of Los Angeles , California . Formerly a separate city , it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909 . The Port of Los Angeles , a major international seaport , is partially located within San Pedro . The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry to become primarily a working class community within the city of Los Angeles . San Pedro is mainly pronounced as San Pee-dro by English-speaking locals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Star of the Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': '870 W. 8th St. 33°44′13″N 118°17′45″W / 33.73694°N 118.29583°W / 33.73694 ; -118.29583 ( Mary Star of the Sea )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': 'San Pedro /sænˈpiːdroʊ/ is a community within the city of Los Angeles , California . Formerly a separate city , it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909 . The Port of Los Angeles , a major international seaport , is partially located within San Pedro . The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry to become primarily a working class community within the city of Los Angeles . San Pedro is mainly pronounced as San Pee-dro by English-speaking locals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Guadalupe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '320 Massey St. 33°51′32″N 118°23′08″W / 33.85889°N 118.38556°W / 33.85889 ; -118.38556 ( Our Lady of Guadalupe )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermosa Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California', 'summary': "Hermosa Beach is a beachfront city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Its population was 19,506 at the 2010 U.S. Census . The city is located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area ; it is one of the three Beach Cities . Hermosa Beach is bordered by the other two , Manhattan Beach to the north and Redondo Beach to the south and east . Hermosa is a Spanish word meaning beautiful . The city 's beach is popular for sunbathing , beach volleyball , surfing , paddleboarding , bars , cycling and running . The city itself extends only about 15 blocks from east to west and 40 blocks from north to south , with Pacific Coast Highway running down the middle . Situated on the Pacific Ocean , Hermosa 's average temperature is 70 °F ( 22 °C ) in the summer and 55 °F ( 13 °C ) in the winter . Westerly sea breezes lessen what can be high summertime temperatures in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the county and help keep the smog away 360 days of the year . A paved path , called The Strand , runs along Hermosa 's beach from Torrance Beach in the south approximately twenty miles north to Santa Monica . The Hermosa Beach Pier is at the end of Pier Avenue , which is one of the beach community 's main shopping , eating and partying areas ."}]}, {'value': "SS . Peter and Paul 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/SS._Peter_and_Paul's_Church,_Wilmington", 'summary': 'Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church , established in 1865 in Wilmington , Los Angeles , California , is one of the oldest parishes in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles . The current church building was dedicated in 1931 . During the year 2000 Jubilee , it was proclaimed as a Pilgrimage Church and recognized as the Historic Faith Center of the San Pedro Pastoral Region .'}]}, {'value': "515 West Opp St. 33°46′58″N 118°16′04″W / 33.78278°N 118.26778°W / 33.78278 ; -118.26778 ( SS . Peter and Paul 's )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilmington ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_California', 'summary': 'Wilmington is a neighborhood in the Los Angeles Harbor Region area of Los Angeles , California , covering 9.14 square miles ( 23.7 km2 ) . Featuring a heavy concentration of industry and the third-largest oil field in the continental United States , this neighborhood has a high percentage of Latino and foreign-born residents . It is the site of Banning High School , and ten other primary and secondary schools . Wilmington has six parks . Wilmington dates its history back to a 1784 Spanish land grant . It became a separate city in 1863 , and it joined the city of Los Angeles in 1909 . Places of interest include the headquarters U.S. Army for Southern California and the Drum Barracks built to protect the nascent Los Angeles harbor during the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Andrew ( Russian-Greek Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '538 Concord St. 33°55′24″N 118°25′04″W / 33.92333°N 118.41778°W / 33.92333 ; -118.41778 ( St. Andrew )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Segundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Segundo,_California', 'summary': 'El Segundo /səˈɡʌndoʊ/ is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . El Segundo , from Spanish , means The Second . Located on the Santa Monica Bay , it was incorporated on January 18 , 1917 , and part of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments . The population was 16,654 at the 2010 census , slightly up from 16,033 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Anthony', 'urls': []}, {'value': '710 East Grand Ave. 33°55′09″N 118°24′29″W / 33.91917°N 118.40806°W / 33.91917 ; -118.40806 ( St. Anthony )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Segundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Segundo,_California', 'summary': 'El Segundo /səˈɡʌndoʊ/ is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . El Segundo , from Spanish , means The Second . Located on the Santa Monica Bay , it was incorporated on January 18 , 1917 , and part of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments . The population was 16,654 at the 2010 census , slightly up from 16,033 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Anthony of Padua', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1050 West 163rd St. 33°52′59″N 118°17′35″W / 33.88306°N 118.29306°W / 33.88306 ; -118.29306 ( St. Anthony of Padua )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gardena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gardena,_California', 'summary': 'Gardena is a city located in the South Bay ( southwestern ) region of Los Angeles County , California , United States . The population was 58,829 at the 2010 census , up from 57,746 at the 2000 census . Until 2014 , the US census cited the City of Gardena as the place with the highest percentage of Japanese Americans in California . Gardena has a large Japanese population , helping make the South Bay region of Los Angeles home to the largest concentration of Japanese companies within the mainland United States .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Catherine Laboure', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3846 W. Redondo Beach Blvd . 33°52′42″N 118°20′23″W / 33.87833°N 118.33972°W / 33.87833 ; -118.33972 ( St. Catherine Laboure )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torrance,_California', 'summary': 'Torrance is a coastal U.S. city in the South Bay ( southwestern ) region of Los Angeles County , California , in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Torrance has 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) of beaches on the Pacific Ocean . Torrance has a moderate year-round climate with warm temperatures , daily sea breezes , low humidity , and an average rainfall of 12.55 inches per year . It is immediately bordered by Lomita to the east , Gardena and Lawndale to the north , Redondo Beach and the Pacific Ocean to the west , and Rolling Hills and Palos Verdes Estates to the south . Since its incorporation in 1921 , Torrance has grown to a population at the 2010 census of 145,438 . This residential and light high-tech industries city has 90,000 street trees and 30 city parks . Known for its low crime rates , the city consistently ranks among the safest cities in Los Angeles County . Torrance is the birthplace of the American Youth Soccer Organization ( AYSO ) . In addition , it has the second-highest percentage of residents of Japanese ancestry in California ( 8.9% ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nativity', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1447 Engracia Ave. 33°50′01″N 118°19′19″W / 33.83361°N 118.32194°W / 33.83361 ; -118.32194 ( Nativity )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torrance,_California', 'summary': 'Torrance is a coastal U.S. city in the South Bay ( southwestern ) region of Los Angeles County , California , in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Torrance has 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) of beaches on the Pacific Ocean . Torrance has a moderate year-round climate with warm temperatures , daily sea breezes , low humidity , and an average rainfall of 12.55 inches per year . It is immediately bordered by Lomita to the east , Gardena and Lawndale to the north , Redondo Beach and the Pacific Ocean to the west , and Rolling Hills and Palos Verdes Estates to the south . Since its incorporation in 1921 , Torrance has grown to a population at the 2010 census of 145,438 . This residential and light high-tech industries city has 90,000 street trees and 30 city parks . Known for its low crime rates , the city consistently ranks among the safest cities in Los Angeles County . Torrance is the birthplace of the American Youth Soccer Organization ( AYSO ) . In addition , it has the second-highest percentage of residents of Japanese ancestry in California ( 8.9% ) .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Catherine of Alexandria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 Beacon St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avalon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avalon,_California', 'summary': 'Avalon is the only incorporated city on Santa Catalina Island of the California Channel Islands , and the southernmost city in Los Angeles County . The city is a resort community with the waterfront dominated by tourism-oriented businesses . The older parts of the town on the valley floor consist primarily of small houses and two and three-story buildings in various traditional architectural styles . In 1919 , William Wrigley , Jr. gained control of Avalon and oversaw much of the development of Avalon , including the construction of the landmark Catalina Casino . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , several different developers tried to develop Avalon into a resort destination community , but most before Wrigley went bankrupt . The population was 3,728 at the 2010 census . Avalon attracts about 1 million visitors a year and is frequently visited by cruise ships . Before European colonization , the island was inhabited by the Tongva people .'}]}, {'value': 'St. James', 'urls': []}, {'value': '415 Vincent St. 33°50′37″N 118°23′13″W / 33.84361°N 118.38694°W / 33.84361 ; -118.38694 ( St. James )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redondo Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Redondo Beach ( Spanish for round ) is coastal city in Los Angeles County , California , United States , located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area . It is one of three adjacent beach cities along the southern portion of Santa Monica Bay . The population was 66,748 at the 2010 census , up from 63,261 at the 2000 census . Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1785 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that later became the South Redondo area . The primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach , popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts . The western terminus of the Metro Rail Green Line is in North Redondo Beach .'}]}, {'value': 'St. John Fisher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5448 Crest Rd . 33°45′47″N 118°22′00″W / 33.76306°N 118.36667°W / 33.76306 ; -118.36667 ( St. John Fisher )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rancho Palos Verdes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rancho_Palos_Verdes,_California', 'summary': "Rancho Palos Verdes ( also known by the abbreviation RPV ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California atop the Palos Verdes Hills and bluffs of the Palos Verdes Peninsula . A suburb of Los Angeles , it is known for expensive homes amidst large tracts of open space with expansive views of the Pacific Ocean . Rancho Palos Verdes is translated as Ranch of Green Sticks , probably referring to the willows in the northeastern part of Bixby Slough ( now known as Machado Lake ) shown on earlier maps . The history of Rancho Palos Verdes dates back to the Tongva or Gabrielino Indians , who inhabited the site before the Age of Discovery . Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was credited as the first European to navigate the California Coast in 1542 , which included the hills of Rancho Palos Verdes . Rancho de los Palos Verdes was established by a Mexican land grant given in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Jose Loreto and Juan Capistrano Sepulveda . The city 's most notable geographic features are the Palos Verdes Hills and cliffs , with grand vistas of the Pacific Ocean and of Santa Catalina Island . The city incorporated on September 7 , 1973 . The population was 41,643 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Joseph', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11901 S. Acacia Ave. 33°55′30″N 118°21′05″W / 33.92500°N 118.35139°W / 33.92500 ; -118.35139 ( St. Joseph )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawthorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorne,_California', 'summary': 'Hawthorne is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County , California , United States . As of the 2010 US census , it had a population of 84,293 . In 2018 , the population was estimated at 86,965 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Lawrence Martyr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900 Prospect Ave. 33°49′04″N 118°22′35″W / 33.81778°N 118.37639°W / 33.81778 ; -118.37639 ( St. Lawrence Martyr )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redondo Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Redondo Beach ( Spanish for round ) is coastal city in Los Angeles County , California , United States , located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area . It is one of three adjacent beach cities along the southern portion of Santa Monica Bay . The population was 66,748 at the 2010 census , up from 63,261 at the 2000 census . Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1785 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that later became the South Redondo area . The primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach , popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts . The western terminus of the Metro Rail Green Line is in North Redondo Beach .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Margaret Mary Alacoque', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25511 Eshelman Ave. 33°47′29″N 118°18′54″W / 33.79139°N 118.31500°W / 33.79139 ; -118.31500 ( St. Margaret Mary Alacoque )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lomita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lomita,_California', 'summary': 'Lomita is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . The population was 20,256 at the 2010 census , up from 20,046 at the 2000 census . The word lomita is Spanish for little knoll .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Melkite ( Greek Mission )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '538 Concord St. 33°55′24″N 118°25′04″W / 33.92333°N 118.41778°W / 33.92333 ; -118.41778 ( St. Paul Melkite )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Segundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Segundo,_California', 'summary': 'El Segundo /səˈɡʌndoʊ/ is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . El Segundo , from Spanish , means The Second . Located on the Santa Monica Bay , it was incorporated on January 18 , 1917 , and part of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments . The population was 16,654 at the 2010 census , slightly up from 16,033 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Peter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '338 North Grand Ave. 33°44′44″N 118°17′23″W / 33.74556°N 118.28972°W / 33.74556 ; -118.28972 ( St. Peter )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro,_California', 'summary': 'San Pedro /sænˈpiːdroʊ/ is a community within the city of Los Angeles , California . Formerly a separate city , it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909 . The Port of Los Angeles , a major international seaport , is partially located within San Pedro . The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry to become primarily a working class community within the city of Los Angeles . San Pedro is mainly pronounced as San Pee-dro by English-speaking locals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Philomena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21900 S. Main St. 33°49′41″N 118°16′37″W / 33.82806°N 118.27694°W / 33.82806 ; -118.27694 ( St. Philomena )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson,_California', 'summary': 'Carson is a city in Los Angeles County , California , located 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles and approximately 14 miles away from the Los Angeles International Airport . Incorporated on February 20 , 1968 , Carson is the newest municipality in the South Bay region of Metropolitan Los Angeles . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 91,714 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Parishes -- Deanery 19 ( South Bay and San Pedro )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'San_Pedro_Pastoral_Region_2', 'intro': 'The San Pedro Pastoral Region is a pastoral region of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles in the Roman Catholic Church. It covers Long Beach and southern Los Angeles County. The current regional auxiliary bishop is Bishop Marc V. Trudeau . The region has 68 parishes, 10 high schools, many elementary schools, 6 hospitals, and no Spanish missions.'} | null | null | What highway runs down the middle of a city only 15 blocks east to west ? | Pacific Coast Highway |
0537a1569a4df45c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of major crimes in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'No . of Deaths', 'Location', 'Details'], 'data': [{'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Edward William Pritchard case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_William_Pritchard', 'summary': 'Edward William Pritchard ( 6 December 1825 - 28 July 1865 ) was an English doctor who was convicted of murdering his wife and mother-in-law by poisoning them . He was also suspected of murdering a servant girl , but was never tried for this crime . He was the last person to be publicly executed in Glasgow .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( + )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glasgow , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow', 'summary': "Glasgow ( /ˈɡlæzɡoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈɡlɑːzɡoʊ , ˈɡlɑːsɡoʊ/ , US : /ˈɡlæsɡoʊ , ˈɡlæskoʊ/ ; Scots : Glesga [ ˈɡlezɡə ] ; Scottish Gaelic : Glaschu [ ˈkl̪ˠas̪əxu ] ) is the most populous city in Scotland , and the third most populous city in the United Kingdom , as of the 2017 estimated city population of 621,020 . Historically part of Lanarkshire , the city now forms the Glasgow City council area , one of the 32 council areas of Scotland ; the local authority is Glasgow City Council . Glasgow is situated on the River Clyde in the country 's West Central Lowlands . It is the fifth most visited city in the UK . Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians or , informally , as Weegies . Glasgow is also known for the Glasgow patter , a distinct dialect of the Scots language that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city . Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Scotland , and tenth largest by tonnage in Britain . Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh , and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the fifteenth century , it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the eighteenth century . From the eighteenth century onwards , the city also grew as one of Great Britain 's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the West Indies . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the population and economy of Glasgow and the surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world 's pre-eminent centres of chemicals , textiles and engineering ; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering industry , which produced many innovative and famous vessels . Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period , although many cities argue the title was theirs . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Glasgow 's population grew rapidly , reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938 ."}]}, {'value': 'A doctor who was hanged for murdering his wife and mother-in-law by poisoning . He was also suspected of the murder of a servant but was never tried for it', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The George Joseph Smith case ( Brides in the Bath Murderer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Joseph_Smith', 'summary': 'George Joseph Smith ( 11 January 1872 - 13 August 1915 ) was an English serial killer and bigamist . In 1915 , he was convicted and subsequently hanged for the murders of three women , the case becoming known as the Brides in the Bath Murders . As well as being widely reported in the media , the case was significant in the history of forensic pathology and detection . It was also one of the first cases in which similarities between connected crimes were used to prove deliberation , a technique used in subsequent prosecutions .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester , East Midlands , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester', 'summary': 'Leicester ( /ˈlɛstər/ ( listen ) LEST-ər ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England , and the county town of Leicestershire . The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest . It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry , south of Nottingham , and west of Peterborough . The 2016 mid year estimate of the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 348,300 , an increase of approximately 18,500 ( 5.6% ) from the 2011 census figure of 329,839 , making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region . The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England and the 13th most populous in the United Kingdom . Leicester is at the intersection of two major railway lines - the north-south Midland Main Line and the east/west Birmingham to London Stansted CrossCountry line ; as well as the confluence of the M1/M69 motorways and the A6/A46 trunk routes . Leicester is the home to football club Leicester City and rugby club Leicester Tigers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Midlands', 'summary': 'The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Lincolnshire ( except North and North East Lincolnshire ) , Northamptonshire , Nottinghamshire and Rutland . The region has an area of 15,627 km2 ( 6,034 sq mi ) , with a population over 4.5 million in 2011 . There are six main urban centres , Derby , Leicester , Lincoln , Mansfield , Northampton and Nottingham . Others include Boston , Chesterfield , Corby , Grantham , Hinckley , Kettering , Loughborough , Newark-on-Trent , Skegness , and Wellingborough . Relative proximity to London and its position on the national motorway and trunk road networks help the East Midlands to thrive as an economic hub . Nottingham and Leicester are each classified as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The region is primarily served by East Midlands Airport , which lies between Derby , Loughborough and Nottingham .'}]}, {'value': 'George Joseph Smith , a con artist and polygamist , murdered three of his wives before being arrested and executed on 13 August 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951-1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The John Thomas Straffen case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Straffen', 'summary': 'John Thomas Straffen ( 27 February 1930 - 19 November 2007 ) was an English serial killer who was the longest-serving prisoner in British legal history . Straffen killed two young girls in the summer of 1951 . He was found to be unfit to plead and committed to Broadmoor Hospital ; during a brief escape in 1952 , he killed again . This time , Straffen was convicted of murder and sentenced to death . Reprieved because of his mental state , Straffen had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment , and he remained in prison until his death more than 55 years later .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bath , Somerset , Broadmoor , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath,_Somerset', 'summary': "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Somerset', 'summary': "Somerset ( /ˈsʌmərsɛt/ ( listen ) or locally /ˈzʌmərzɛt/ ; archaically , Somersetshire ) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north , Wiltshire to the east , Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west . It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel , its coastline facing southeastern Wales . Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon . Somerset 's county town is Taunton . Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills , the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels . There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement by the Celts , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . The county played a significant part in Alfred the Great 's rise to power , and later the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion . The city of Bath is famous for its Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital', 'summary': "Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital at Crowthorne in Berkshire , England . It is the oldest of the three high-security psychiatric hospitals in England , the other two being Ashworth Hospital near Liverpool and Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire . The hospital 's catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions : London , Eastern , South East and South West . It is managed by the West London NHS Trust ."}]}, {'value': 'John Thomas Straffen who was the longest-serving prisoner in British legal history . He killed two young girls in the summer of 1951 . He was found to be unfit to plead and committed to Broadmoor Hospital ; during a brief escape in 1952 he killed again . This time he was convicted of murder and sentenced to death . Reprieved because of his mental state , he had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment and he remained in prison until his death more than 55 years later', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unfit_to_plead', 'summary': 'In the law of England and Wales , fitness to plead is the capacity of a defendant in criminal proceedings to comprehend the course of those proceedings . The concept of fitness to plead also applies in Scots and Irish law . Its United States equivalent is competence to stand trial .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital', 'summary': "Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital at Crowthorne in Berkshire , England . It is the oldest of the three high-security psychiatric hospitals in England , the other two being Ashworth Hospital near Liverpool and Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire . The hospital 's catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions : London , Eastern , South East and South West . It is managed by the West London NHS Trust ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder', 'summary': 'Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse , especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought . This state of mind may , depending upon the jurisdiction , distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide , such as manslaughter . Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice , brought about by reasonable provocation , or diminished capacity . Involuntary manslaughter , where it is recognized , is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent , recklessness . Most societies consider murder to be an extremely serious crime , and thus that a person convicted of murder should receive harsh punishments for the purposes of retribution , deterrence , rehabilitation , or incapacitation . In most countries , a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence , possibly a life sentence ; and in a few , the death penalty may be imposed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clemency', 'summary': 'A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be relieved of some or all of the legal consequences resulting from a criminal conviction . A pardon may be granted before or after conviction for the crime , depending on the laws of the jurisdiction . Pardons can be granted in many countries when individuals are deemed to have demonstrated that they have paid their debt to society , or are otherwise considered to be deserving of them . Pardons are sometimes offered to persons who were either wrongfully convicted or who claim that they were wrongfully convicted . In some jurisdictions of some nations , accepting a pardon may implicitly constitute an admission of guilt ; the offer is refused in some cases . Cases of wrongful conviction are in recent times more often dealt with by appeal rather than by pardon ; however , a pardon is sometimes offered when innocence is undisputed in order to avoid the costs that are associated with a retrial . Clemency plays a critical role when capital punishment is applied . Pardons are sometimes seen as a mechanism for combating corruption , allowing a particular authority to circumvent a flawed judicial process to free someone that is seen as wrongly convicted . Pardons can also be a source of controversy . In extreme cases , some pardons may be seen as acts of corruption by officials in the form of granting effective immunity as political favors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment', 'summary': 'Life imprisonment ( also known as imprisonment for life , life in prison , whole-life order , a life sentence , a life term , lifelong incarceration , life incarceration or simply life ) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term . Crimes for which , in some countries , a person could receive this sentence include murder , attempted murder , conspiracy to commit murder , blasphemy , apostasy , terrorism , severe child abuse , rape , child rape , espionage , treason , high treason , drug dealing , drug trafficking , drug possession , human trafficking , severe cases of fraud , severe cases of financial crimes , aggravated criminal damage in English law , and aggravated cases of arson , kidnapping , burglary , or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm , piracy , aircraft hijacking , and in certain cases genocide , ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law . Life imprisonment ( as a maximum term ) can also be imposed , in certain countries , for traffic offenses causing death . The life sentence does not exist in all countries : Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment , in 1884 . Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence , there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time . This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence ( until that individual dies ) outside prison . Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct , possibly with certain restrictions or obligations . In contrast , when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended , the convict is free . The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary . Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted . In some countries , including Sweden , parole does not exist but a life sentence may - after a successful application - be commuted to a fixed-term sentence , after which the culprit is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed . In many countries around the world , particularly in the Commonwealth , courts have the authority to pass prison terms which may amount to de facto life imprisonment .'}]}, {'value': '1970-1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ronald Jebson Murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babes_in_the_Wood_murders_(Epping_Forest)', 'summary': 'The Babes in the Wood murders is a name which has been used in the media to refer to a child murder case in which two bodies were found concealed in woodland . The bodies of Susan Blatchford ( aged 11 ) , and Gary Hanlon ( aged 12 ) , were discovered in a thicket of trees on Lippitts Hill , Epping Forest , south-east England , after they went missing from their homes in Enfield , north London , on 31 March 1970 . The case remained unsolved for 30 years until 61-year-old Ronald Jebson , already serving a life sentence for the 1974 murder of eight-year-old Rosemary Papper , confessed to their sexual assault and murder on 9 May 2000 . Jebson , who was never paroled from his sentence and spent more than 40 years in prison , died in secrecy at University Hospital North Durham on 17 April 2015 , reportedly from kidney failure . Accounts of his death began to circulate in the UK media on 27 April 2015 . This case is not to be confused with the Wild Park Babes in the Wood murders of two nine-year-old girls , Nicola Fellows and Karen Hadaway , in Brighton , East Sussex , 16 years later .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epping Forest Greater London . England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epping_Forest', 'summary': 'Epping Forest is a 2,400-hectare ( 5,900-acre ) area of ancient woodland between Epping in Essex to the north , and Forest Gate in Greater London to the south , straddling the border between London and Essex . It is a former royal forest , and is managed by the City of London Corporation . An area of 1,728 hectares ( 4,270 acres ) is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation . It gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district , which covers part of it . The forest is approximately 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) long in the north-south direction , but no more than 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) from east to west at its widest point , and in most places considerably narrower . It lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding . It contains areas of woodland , grassland , heath , rivers , bogs and ponds , and its elevation and thin gravelly soil ( the result of glaciation ) historically made it unsuitable for agriculture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_London', 'summary': 'Greater London is a ceremonial county of England that makes up the majority of the London region . This region forms the administrative boundaries of London and is organised into 33 local government districts - the 32 London boroughs and the City of London , which is located within the region but is separate from the county . The Greater London Authority , based in Southwark , is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . The City of London Corporation is the principal local authority for the City of London , with a similar role to that of the 32 London borough councils . Administratively , Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986 . The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963 . The area was re-established as a region in 1994 . The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000 . The region covers 1,572 km2 ( 607 sq mi ) and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census . The Greater London Built-up Area is used in some national statistics and is a measure of the continuous urban area and includes areas outside the administrative region . There is about 420 parks in this region and 69 of them are at the southern region as of 2020/02/02 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Jebson killed Susan Blatchford ( 11 ) , and Gary Hanlon ( 12 ) . Their bodies were discovered in a copse on Lippitts Hill , after they went missing from their homes in Enfield , north London , in March 1970 . 30 years after the murders , Jebson confessed to the crimes ; he was already serving a life sentence for the 1974 murder of 8-year-old Rosemary Papper . Jebson remained in prison until his death in April 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The White House Farm murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House_Farm_murders', 'summary': "The White House Farm murders took place near the village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy , Essex , England , during the night of 6-7 August 1985 . Nevill and June Bamber were shot and killed inside their farmhouse , along with their daughter , Sheila Caffell , and Sheila 's six-year-old twin sons , Daniel and Nicholas Caffell . The only surviving member of June and Nevill 's immediate family was their adopted son , Jeremy Bamber , then 24 years old , who said he had been at home a few miles away when the shooting took place . The police at first believed that Sheila , diagnosed with schizophrenia , had fired the shots then turned the gun on herself . But weeks after the murders Jeremy Bamber 's ex-girlfriend told police that he had implicated himself . The prosecution argued that , motivated by a large inheritance , Bamber had shot the family with his father 's semi-automatic rifle , then placed the gun in his unstable sister 's hands to make it look like a murder-suicide . A silencer the prosecution said was on the rifle would have made it too long , they argued , for Sheila 's fingers to reach the trigger to shoot herself . Bamber was convicted of five counts of murder in October 1986 by a 10-2 majority , sentenced to a minimum of 25 years , and informed in 1994 that he would never be released . The Court of Appeal upheld the verdict in 2002 . Bamber protested his innocence throughout , although his extended family remained convinced of his guilt . Between 2004 and 2012 , his lawyers submitted several unsuccessful applications to the Criminal Cases Review Commission . They argued that the silencer might not have been used during the killings , that the crime scene may have been damaged then reconstructed , that crime-scene photographs were taken weeks after the murders , and that the time of Sheila 's death had been miscalculated ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Near Tolleshunt D'Arcy , Essex , England", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tolleshunt_D'Arcy", 'summary': "Tolleshunt D'Arcy is a village and civil parish in the county of Essex in the East of England . The parish has a parish council , and lies within the area of Maldon District Council ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Essex', 'summary': 'Essex ( /ˈɛsɪks/ ) is a county in the southeast of England , northeast of London . One of the home counties , it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north , Hertfordshire to the west , Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south , and London to the southwest . The county town is Chelmsford , the only city in the county . For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region . There are three definitions of the extent of Essex , the widest being the Ancient County , the more usual being the smaller Ceremonial County and smallest being the administrative county - the area administered by the County Council and which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea . The Ceremonial County occupies the eastern part of what was , during the Early Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Essex . As well as rural areas , the county also includes London Stansted Airport , the new towns of Basildon and Harlow , Lakeside Shopping Centre , the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea .'}]}, {'value': "The White House Farm murders took place near the village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy , Essex , on 7 August 1985 , when Neville Bamber , a farmer and magistrate , his wife June , their adoptive daughter , Sheila Caffell , and her six-year-old twin sons , were shot and killed during the night inside the Bambers ' farmhouse . After the murders , the ex-girlfriend of Neville and June 's adoptive son , Jeremy Bamber - the only surviving member of the immediate family - told police that Bamber had implicated himself . The prosecution argued that , motivated by a large inheritance , he had killed the family and placed the gun in his unstable sister 's hands to make it look like a murder-suicide , which the police had originally treated the crime as , and which had been widely reported in the media immediately afterwards", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Bamber', 'summary': "Jeremy Nevill Bamber ( born Jeremy Paul Marsham ; 13 January 1961 ) is an Englishman who was convicted of the White House Farm murders . He was found guilty in October 1986 of the August 1985 shooting of his parents , his sister , and his sister 's six-year-old twin sons at his parents ' farmhouse in Essex . Returning a majority verdict , the jury found that , after committing the murders to secure a large inheritance , Bamber had placed the rifle in the hands of his 28-year-old sister , who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia , to make the scene appear to be a murder-suicide . Bamber is serving life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . As of November 2016 he was one of 70 prisoners in the UK subject to a whole-life order , and is the only such prisoner to assert his innocence . Bamber has repeatedly applied unsuccessfully to have his conviction overturned or his whole life tariff removed ; his extended family remain convinced of his guilt . The Criminal Cases Review Commission ( CCRC ) referred the case to the Court of Appeal in 2001 , which upheld the conviction in 2002 . The Court of Appeal ordered full disclosure of evidence to the defence , but this did not take place . The appeal was rejected and the CCRC rejected further applications from Bamber in 2004 and 2012 , having not identified any new evidence or legal argument capable of raising a real possibility that the court of appeal would quash the conviction . In December 2019 Bamber 's lawyers made a further application for the disclosure of withheld evidence in relation to Bamber 's phone call to the police on the night of the killings and a silencer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder-suicide', 'summary': 'A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more people before ( or while ) killing oneself . The combination of murder and suicide can take various forms :'}]}, {'value': '1993-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Peter Bryan case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Bryan', 'summary': 'Peter Bryan is an English serial killer and cannibal who committed three murders between 1993 and 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_End_of_London', 'summary': "The East End of London , often referred to within the London area simply as the East End , is the historic core of wider East London , east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London , and north of the River Thames . It does not have universally accepted boundaries to the north and east , though the River Lea is sometimes seen as the eastern boundary . Parts of it may be regarded as lying within Central London ( though that term too has no precise definition ) . The term East of Aldgate Pump is sometimes used as a synonym for the area . The East End began to emerge in the Middle Ages with initially slow urban growth outside the eastern walls , which later accelerated , especially in the 19th century , to absorb pre-existing settlements . The first known written record of the East End as a distinct entity , as opposed its component parts , comes from John Strype 's 1720 Survey of London , which describes London as consisting of four parts : the City of London , Westminster , Southwark , and That Part beyond the Tower . The relevance of Strype 's reference to the Tower was more than geographical . The East End was the urbanised part of an administrative area called the Tower Division , which had owed military service to the Tower of London since time immemorial . Later , as London grew further , the fully urbanised Tower Division became a byword for wider East London , before East London grew further still , east of the River Lea and into Essex . The area was notorious for its deep poverty , overcrowding and associated social problems . This led to the East End 's history of intense political activism and association with some of the country 's most influential social reformers . Another major theme of East End history has been migration , both inward and outward ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Bryan is a cannibal who committed several murders between 1993 and 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ding Family murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_murder_of_the_Ding_family', 'summary': "The 2011 murder of the Ding family occurred in Wootton , a suburb of Northampton , England , in late April . Four members of the Ding family - Professor Jifeng Jeff Ding , his wife Helen Chui and their daughters Xing and Alice - were found murdered at their home in Wootton at 6:00 pm on Sunday , 1 May 2011 . They were thought to have been murdered two days earlier between about 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm on Friday , 29 April 2011 - the day of the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton which was an additional Public Holiday in the United Kingdom . Northamptonshire Police named Anxiang Du , a businessman from Coventry who had been involved in a legal dispute with the Ding family , as the prime suspect in the case . Du fled the murder scene in the Ding 's rented car ; he drove to London and travelled to Paris by coach . He continued through France , Spain and finally to Morocco , prompting a worldwide manhunt . He lived in a partly built block of flats for 14 months before he was arrested and extradited to the UK . Du was tried at Northampton Crown Court in November 2013 . He was found guilty of the murders and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 40 years ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wootton , Northamptonshire England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wootton,_Northamptonshire', 'summary': 'Wootton is a former village about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of Northampton town centre that is now part of the Northampton Borough Council area . Wootton is separated from Hardingstone by the Newport Pagnell Road the B526 , formerly part of the A50 road . Part of Wootton is alongside the A45 dual carriageway from the M1 to Wellingborough which is seen and heard from that part of the area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northamptonshire', 'summary': "Northamptonshire ( /nɔːrˈθæmptənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Northants . ) , archaically known as the County of Northampton , is a county in the East Midlands of England . In 2015 it had a population of 723,000 . The county is administered by Northamptonshire County Council and by seven non-metropolitan district councils . It is known as The Rose of the Shires . Covering an area of 2,364 square kilometres ( 913 sq mi ) , Northamptonshire is landlocked between eight other counties : Warwickshire to the west , Leicestershire and Rutland to the north , Cambridgeshire to the east , Bedfordshire to the south-east , Buckinghamshire to the south , Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east - England 's shortest administrative county boundary at 20 yards ( 19 metres ) . Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands region . Apart from the county town of Northampton , other major population centres include Kettering , Corby , Wellingborough , Rushden and Daventry . Northamptonshire 's county flower is the cowslip ."}]}, {'value': "Four members of the Ding family , Professor Jifeng Jeff Ding , his wife Helen Chui and their daughters Xing and Alice , were found murdered at their home in Wootton at 6:00 pm on 1 May 2011 . They were thought to have been murdered two days earlier between about 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm , 29 April 2011 - the day of the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton and an additional Public Holiday . Anxiang Du , a businessman from Coventry who had been involved in a legal dispute with the Ding family , was named as the prime suspect in the case . Du fled the murder scene in the Ding 's rented car ; he drove to London and travelled to Paris by coach . He continued through France , Spain and finally to Morocco , prompting a worldwide manhunt . He lived in a partly built block of flats for 14 months before he was arrested and extradited to the UK . Du was tried at Northampton Crown Court in November 2013 . He was found guilty of the murders and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 40 years", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Grindr Murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Port', 'summary': 'Stephen Port ( born 22 February 1975 ) is a British convicted serial rapist and serial killer . He is responsible for murdering at least four men and for committing multiple rapes . Port received a life sentence with a whole life order on 25 November 2016 , meaning he will not become eligible for parole and is unlikely to ever be released from prison .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barking , Essex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen John Port is a convicted serial rapist and serial killer , and is responsible for murdering at least four men and committing multiple rapes . Port received a life sentence with a whole life order on 25 November 2016 . Police announced they are now investigating at least 58 deaths connected to the use of gamma -Hydroxybutyric acid ( GHB ) in response to the Port case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serial_rapist', 'summary': 'A serial rapist is someone who commits multiple rapes , whether with multiple victims or a single victim repeatedly over a period of time . Some serial rapists target children . The terms sexual predator , repeat rape and multiple offending can also be used to describe the activities of those who commit a number of consecutive rapes , but remain unprosecuted when self-reported in research . Others will commit their assaults in prisons . In some instances , a group of serial rapists will work together . These rapists can have a pattern of behavior that is sometimes used to predict their activities and aid in their arrest and conviction . Serial rapists also differ from one time offenders because serial rapists more often involved kidnapping , verbally and physically threatening the victims , and using or threatening the use of weapons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serial_killer', 'summary': 'A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people , usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification , with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them . Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers . For example , while most authorities set a threshold of three murders , others extend it to four or lessen it to two . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders , committed as separate events , usually , but not always , by one offender acting alone . Although psychological gratification is the usual motive for serial killing , and most serial killings involve sexual contact with the victim , the FBI states that the motives of serial killers can include anger , thrill-seeking , financial gain , and attention seeking . The murders may be attempted or completed in a similar fashion . The victims may have something in common , for example , demographic profile , appearance , gender or race . A serial killer is neither a mass murderer , nor a spree killer , although there may be conceptual overlaps between serial killers and spree killers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder_in_English_law', 'summary': 'Murder is an offence under the common law of England and Wales . It is considered the most serious form of homicide , in which one person kills another with the intention to cause either death or serious injury unlawfully.The element of intentionality was originally termed malice aforethought , although it required neither malice nor premeditation . Baker ( Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law ; London : Sweet & Maxwell , 2015 ) , chapter 14 states that many killings done with a high degree of subjective recklessness were treated as murder from the 12th century right through until the 1974 decision in DPP v Hyam . Because murder is generally defined in law as an intent to cause serious harm or injury ( alone or with others ) , combined with a death arising from that intention , there are certain circumstances where a death will be treated as murder even if the defendant did not wish to kill the actual victim . This is called transferred malice , and arises in two common cases :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rape_in_English_law', 'summary': 'Rape is a statutory offence in England and Wales . According to the law , rape is sexual penetration of the vagina , anus , or mouth of another person , with or without force , by a sex organ , other body part , or foreign object , without the consent of the victim . If a victim is forcefully penetrated with an object , this is classed as Assault by Penetration ( section 2 ) . If the victim is made to penetrate another , the act can be prosecuted as Causing a person to engage in sexual activity without consent ( section 4 ) . The offence is created by section 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales', 'summary': "In England and Wales , life imprisonment is a sentence which lasts until the death of the prisoner , although in most cases the prisoner will be eligible for parole ( officially termed early release ) after a fixed period set by the judge . This period is known as the minimum term ( previously known as the whole life tariff ) , usually a few years . In some exceptionally grave cases , however , a judge may order that a life sentence should mean life by making a whole life order . Murder has carried a mandatory life sentence in England and Wales since capital punishment was suspended in 1965 . There is currently no first degree or second degree definition . However , there were two degrees of murder between 1957 and 1965 , one carrying the death penalty and one life imprisonment . Life imprisonment is only applicable to defendants aged 21 or over . Those aged between 18 and 20 are sentenced to custody for life . Those aged under 18 are sentenced to detention during Her Majesty 's pleasure for murder , or detention for life for other crimes where life imprisonment is the sentence for adults ; however , regardless of age all defendants including those under 18 sentenced to a life sentence can theoretically be held in custody for their whole life if required and a life sentence can only end if quashed by a judge or the person serving the sentence dies . In addition to the sentences mentioned above , until 2012 there were two other kinds of life sentence , imprisonment for public protection ( for those over 18 ) and detention for public protection ( for those under 18 ) . These were for defendants whose crimes were not serious enough to merit a normal life sentence , but who were considered a danger to the public and so should not be released until the Parole Board had decided that they no longer represented a risk . These sentences were abolished by the Legal Aid , Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 , although a number of prisoners remain imprisoned under the former legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whole_life_order', 'summary': "In England and Wales , life imprisonment is a sentence which lasts until the death of the prisoner , although in most cases the prisoner will be eligible for parole ( officially termed early release ) after a fixed period set by the judge . This period is known as the minimum term ( previously known as the whole life tariff ) , usually a few years . In some exceptionally grave cases , however , a judge may order that a life sentence should mean life by making a whole life order . Murder has carried a mandatory life sentence in England and Wales since capital punishment was suspended in 1965 . There is currently no first degree or second degree definition . However , there were two degrees of murder between 1957 and 1965 , one carrying the death penalty and one life imprisonment . Life imprisonment is only applicable to defendants aged 21 or over . Those aged between 18 and 20 are sentenced to custody for life . Those aged under 18 are sentenced to detention during Her Majesty 's pleasure for murder , or detention for life for other crimes where life imprisonment is the sentence for adults ; however , regardless of age all defendants including those under 18 sentenced to a life sentence can theoretically be held in custody for their whole life if required and a life sentence can only end if quashed by a judge or the person serving the sentence dies . In addition to the sentences mentioned above , until 2012 there were two other kinds of life sentence , imprisonment for public protection ( for those over 18 ) and detention for public protection ( for those under 18 ) . These were for defendants whose crimes were not serious enough to merit a normal life sentence , but who were considered a danger to the public and so should not be released until the Parole Board had decided that they no longer represented a risk . These sentences were abolished by the Legal Aid , Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 , although a number of prisoners remain imprisoned under the former legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid', 'summary': 'gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid or γ-Hydroxybutyric acid ( GHB ) , also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid , is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug . It is a precursor to GABA , glutamate , and glycine in certain brain areas . It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor . GHB has been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic and as a treatment for cataplexy , narcolepsy , and alcoholism . It is also used illegally as an intoxicant , as an athletic performance enhancer , as a date rape drug , and as a recreational drug . It is commonly used in the form of a salt , such as sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate ( Na.GHB , sodium oxybate , or Xyrem ) or potassium γ-hydroxybutyrate ( K.GHB , potassium oxybate ) . GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation , and is found in small quantities in some beers and wines , beef and small citrus fruits . Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Multiple murders', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of major crimes in the United Kingdom that received significant media coverage or led to changes in legislation. Legally each deliberate and unlawful killing of a human being is murder; there are no crimes of assassination or serial killing as such, for example.'} | null | null | What was the name of the female victim in the 1985 murder ? | June Bamber |
0538931a0a367656 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Thurman', 'title': 'Uma Thurman', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Books', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Learning_Channel's_Great_Books", 'summary': "Great Books was an hour-long documentary and biography program that aired on The Learning Channel . The series was a project co-created by Walter Cronkite and former child actor Jonathan Ward under a deal they had with their company Cronkite-Ward , The Discovery Channel , and The Learning Channel . Premiering on September 8 , 1993 to coincide with International Literacy Day , the series took in-depth looks at some of literature 's greatest fiction and nonfiction books , along with the authors who created them . Most of the narration was provided by Donald Sutherland . Episodes feature insights from historians , scholars , novelists , artists , writers , and filmmakers who were directly influenced by the books showcased and discussed ."}]}, {'value': 'Narrator ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 episode', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hysterical Blindness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hysterical_Blindness_(film)', 'summary': 'Hysterical Blindness is a 2002 American television film directed by Mira Nair and starring Gena Rowlands , Uma Thurman , Juliette Lewis and Ben Gazzara . The film premiered on HBO on August 21 , 2002 . In 2003 , Uma Thurman won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of Debby Miller . Ben Gazzara and Gena Rowlands also won Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards for their performances as Virginia Miller and Nick Piccolo at the 2003 Emmy Awards . The opening titles by Trollbäck + Company won a Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Design in 2003 . In the film Thurman plays an excitable New Jersey woman in the 1980s searching for romance . The San Francisco Chronicle review wrote , Thurman so commits herself to the role , eyes blazing and body akimbo , that you start to believe that such a creature could exist - an exquisite looking woman so spastic and needy that she repulses regular Joes . Thurman has bent the role to her will .'}]}, {'value': 'Debby Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film ; also executive producer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Television_film', 'summary': 'A television film is a feature-length motion picture that is produced and originally distributed by or to a television network , in contrast to theatrical films made explicitly for initial showing in movie theaters . Such a production has also been called a TV movie , TV film , television movie , telefilm , [ a ] telemovie , motion picture made for television , made-for-television movie , made-for-television film , direct-to-TV movie , direct-to-TV film , movie of the week , feature-length drama , single drama and original movie .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Zinc Bed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Zinc_Bed_(film)', 'summary': 'My Zinc Bed is a 2008 British television drama film directed by Anthony Page and based on the stage play of the same name by David Hare . It was commissioned by the BBC and produced in association with HBO Films .'}]}, {'value': 'Elsa Quinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:_Letters_to_Santa', 'summary': 'A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa is a 2008 NBC television special , directed by Kirk Thatcher and produced by The Muppets Studio , featuring The Muppets in a Christmas mission to personally deliver three letters to Santa , accidentally diverted by Gonzo , to the North Pole . The special , shot in Brooklyn and Midtown Manhattan , was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD .'}]}, {'value': 'Joy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smash_(American_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Smash is an American musical drama television series created by playwright Theresa Rebeck and developed by Robert Greenblatt for NBC . Steven Spielberg served as one of the executive producers . The series was broadcast in the US by NBC and produced by DreamWorks Television and Universal Television . The series revolves around a fictional New York City theater community and specifically the creation of a new Broadway musical . It features a large ensemble cast , led by Debra Messing , Jack Davenport , Katharine McPhee , Christian Borle , Megan Hilty , and Anjelica Huston . The show debuted on February 6 , 2012 , and its first season ended on May 14 , 2012 . Its second season premiered on February 5 , 2013 , and ended on May 26 , 2013 . NBC announced a change in their lineup in March 2013 and moved the show to Saturdays starting April 6 , 2013 . The series was cancelled on May 10 , 2013 . Second-season executive producer-show runner Josh Safran said the final episode of season two worked as a series finale . The series , especially the pilot episode , enjoyed critical success . The first season received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography among four nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rebecca Duvall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Dad !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dad!', 'summary': "American Dad ! is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane , Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman that originally premiered on Fox . American Dad ! is the first television series to have its inception on the network 's Animation Domination block . The series premiered on February 6 , 2005 , following Super Bowl XXXIX , with the rest of the first season airing three months later beginning May 1 , 2005 . The series is produced by Underdog Productions , Fuzzy Door Productions , and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . Creative direction of American Dad ! has largely been guided by Barker ( prior to his exit from the show in season 10 ) and Weitzman as opposed to MacFarlane , resulting in a series that is different from its counterparts . Unlike MacFarlane 's other shows , Family Guy and , to a lesser extent , The Cleveland Show , American Dad ! does not lean as heavily on the use of cutaway gags , and is less concerned with conventional setup-punchline jokes , instead deriving its humor mostly from the quirky characters , the relationships between family members , and the relatively relatable plots . While the core issues and resolutions are relatable in most episodes , the show nonetheless weaves in fantastical elements , pitching the tone of the show somewhere between observational comedy and farce . The plots are often absurd , but they are grounded by family stories and real-world issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Gwen Ling ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Now and Gwen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dad!_(season_12)', 'summary': "American Dad ! 's twelfth season debuted on October 20 , 2014 , and ended June 1 , 2015 , consisting of 15 episodes . The season premiere was given a two-day preview ahead of its linear debut , being uploaded to YouTube and Facebook on October 13 , 2014 . Guest voice actors for the show 's 12th season include Kathy Bates , Kristin Chenoweth , Ted Danson , Will Forte , Stephen Fry , Josh Groban , Stan Lee , Kate Mulgrew , Dean Norris , Carl Reiner , Mickey Rooney in his final television appearance , Sinbad , Mark Spitz , Patrick Stewart , Uma Thurman , and Robert Wuhl ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Slap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Slap_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Slap is an American family drama television miniseries , which aired on NBC from February 12 to April 2 , 2015 . It is an adaptation of the Australian series The Slap , which in turn was based on Christos Tsiolkas 's novel The Slap . Each of the show 's eight installments told the story of the aftermath of a birthday party from the perspective of a different character . Jon Robin Baitz wrote the teleplay for the series and Lisa Cholodenko directed the pilot episode ."}]}, {'value': 'Anouk Latham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imposters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imposters_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Imposters is an American dark comedy television series . The show premiered February 7 , 2017 , on the Bravo cable network with a 10-episode season . Announced in April 2015 as My So Called Wife , series follows con artist Maddie , played by Inbar Lavi , who gets involved in relationships with men and women before leaving them used and robbed of everything - including their hearts . On April 17 , 2017 , Bravo renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on April 5 , 2018 . On June 1 , 2018 , Bravo canceled the series after two seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Lenny Cohen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chambers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chambers_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Chambers is an American supernatural horror web television series created by Leah Rachel . The first season , consisting of ten episodes , premiered on Netflix on April 26 , 2019 . The series stars Uma Thurman , Tony Goldwyn , Sivan Alyra Rose , and Marcus LaVoi . On June 18 , 2019 , Netflix cancelled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Lefevre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main cast', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Uma_Thurman_1', 'intro': "Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an American actress and model. She has performed in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies. Following her appearances on the December 1985 and May 1986 covers of British Vogue, Thurman starred in Dangerous Liaisons (1988). She rose to international prominence with her performance in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award, the BAFTA Award, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Often hailed as Tarantino's muse, she reunited with the director to play the main role in Kill Bill: Volume 1 and 2 (2003, 2004), which brought her two additional Golden Globe Award nominations. Established as a leading Hollywood actress, her other notable films include Henry & June (1990), The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996), Batman & Robin (1997), Gattaca (1997), Les Misérables (1998), The Producers (2005), My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006), and Lars von Trier's Nymphomaniac (2013) and The House That Jack Built (2018). In 2011, Thurman was a member of the jury for the main competition at the 64th Cannes Film Festival, and in 2017, she was named president of the 70th edition's Un Certain Regard jury. Thurman made her Broadway debut in The Parisian Woman (2017-2018). For her performance in the made-for-HBO film Hysterical Blindness (2002), Thurman won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Film, and for her five-episode role in the NBC musical series Smash (2012), she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Thurman has starred in the miniseries The Slap (2015) and the series Imposters (2017-2018)."} | null | null | On what channel was the documentary she narrated air ? | The Learning Channel |
053a135906fdc181 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League', 'title': 'Lists of the Arab League', 'header': ['Ethnicity', 'Total', 'Estimated Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arabs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabs', 'summary': 'Arabs ( /ˈærəbz/ ; Arabic : عَرَبٌ , ISO 233 arab ; Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈʕarab ] ( listen ) ) are a population inhabiting the Arab world . They primarily live in the Arab states in Western Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and western Indian Ocean islands ( including the Comoros ) , as well as in significant numbers in the Americas , Western Europe , Indonesia , Israel , Turkey and Iran . The Arab diaspora is established around the world . The first mention of Arabs is from the mid-ninth century BCE as a tribal people in eastern and southern Syria and the north of the Arabian Peninsula . The Arabs appear to have been under the vassalage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911-612 BCE ) , and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian ( 626-539 BCE ) , Achaemenid ( 539-332 BCE ) , Seleucid , and Parthian empires . Arab tribes , most notably the Ghassanids and Lakhmids , begin to appear in the southern Syrian Desert from the mid 3rd century CE onward , during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires . Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate ( 632-661 C.E . ) , Arab referred to any of the largely nomadic and settled Semitic people from the Arabian Peninsula , Syrian Desert , and North and Lower Mesopotamia . Today , Arab refers to a large number of people whose native regions form the Arab world due to the spread of Arabs and the Arabic language throughout the region during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries and the subsequent Arabisation of indigenous populations . The Arabs forged the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and the Fatimid ( 901-1071 ) caliphates , whose borders reached southern France in the west , China in the east , Anatolia in the north , and the Sudan in the south . This was one of the largest land empires in history . In the early 20th century , the First World War signalled the end of the Ottoman Empire ; which had ruled much of the Arab world since conquering the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517 .'}]}, {'value': '295,921,955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'est.2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afars', 'summary': 'The Afar ( Afar : Qafár ) , also known as the Danakil , Adali and Odali , are an ethnic Cushitic people inhabiting the Horn of Africa . They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti , as well as the entire southern part of Eritrea . The Afar speak the Afar language , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family . Afars are the only Horners whose traditional territories borders both the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden .'}]}, {'value': '456,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amhara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amhara_people', 'summary': "Amharas ( Amharic : አማራ , Āmara ; Ge'ez : አምሐራ , ʾÄməḥära ) are a Habesha Ethiosemitic-speaking ethnic group traditionally inhabiting parts of the northwest Highlands of Ethiopia , particularly in the Amhara Region . According to the 2007 national census , Amharas numbered 19,867,817 individuals , comprising 26.9% of Ethiopia 's population and they are mostly Orthodox Christians members of Ethiopian Orthodox Church . They are also found within the Ethiopian expatriate community , particularly in North America . They speak Amharic , an Afro-Asiatic language of the Semitic branch , a member of the Ethiosemitic group , which serves as the official language of Ethiopia . Some Scholars have classified the Tigrayans and the Amhara as Abyssinians proper under an ultra-neo-conservative definition of Habesha identity postulated by a few Western scholars and Ethiopian ethno-nationalist political parties but not widely accepted by the general public or by most indigenous scholars of the region ."}]}, {'value': '191,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arameans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_people', 'summary': "Assyrians ( Syriac : ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ , ʾĀṯōrāyē ; or ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ , Sūrāyē ) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia , a region in the Middle East . Some self-identify as Syriacs , Arameans , and Chaldeans . Speakers of Neo-Aramaic branch of Semitic languages as well as the primary languages in their countries of residence , modern Assyrians are Syriac Christians who claim descent from Assyria , one of the oldest civilizations in the world , dating back to 2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia . The tribal areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq ( Nineveh Plains and Dohuk Governorate ) , southeastern Turkey ( Hakkari and Tur Abdin ) , northwestern Iran ( Urmia ) and , more recently , northeastern Syria ( Al-Hasakah Governorate ) . The majority have migrated to other regions of the world , including North America , the Levant , Australia , Europe , Russia and the Caucasus during the past century . Emigration was triggered by events such as the Massacres of Diyarbakır , the Assyrian Genocide ( concurrent with the Armenian and Greek Genocides ) during World War I by the Ottoman Empire and allied Kurdish tribes , the Simele Massacre in Iraq in 1933 , the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , Arab Nationalist Ba'athist policies in Iraq and Syria , the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) and its takeover of most of the Nineveh Plains . Assyrians are predominantly Christian , mostly adhering to the East and West Syrian liturgical rites of Christianity . The churches that constitute the East Syrian rite include the Assyrian Church of the East , Ancient Church of the East , and Chaldean Catholic Church , whereas the churches of the West Syrian rite are the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church . Both rites use Classical Syriac as their liturgical language . Most recently , the post-2003 Iraq War and the Syrian Civil War , which began in 2011 , have displaced much of the remaining Assyrian community from their homeland as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic extremists . Of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the United Nations to have fled Iraq since the occupation , nearly 40% were Assyrians even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war Iraqi demography . According to a 2013 report by a Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council official , it is estimated that only 300,000 Assyrians remain in Iraq ."}]}, {'value': '75,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenians', 'summary': "Armenians ( Armenian : հայեր , hayer [ hɑˈjɛɾ ] ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia . Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Artsakh . There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia . The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia , the United States , France , Georgia , Iran , Germany , Ukraine , Lebanon , Brazil and Syria . With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states , the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide . Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church , a non-Chalcedonian church , which is also the world 's oldest national church . Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus ' death , due to the efforts of two of his apostles , St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew . In the early 4th century , the Kingdom of Armenia became the first state to adopt Christianity as a state religion . Armenian is an Indo-European language . It has two mutually intelligible and written forms : Eastern Armenian , today spoken mainly in Armenia , Artsakh , Iran , and the former Soviet republics ; and Western Armenian , used in the historical Western Armenia and , after the Armenian Genocide , primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities . The unique Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots ."}]}, {'value': '260,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assyrians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assyrian_people', 'summary': "Assyrians ( Syriac : ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ , ʾĀṯōrāyē ; or ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ , Sūrāyē ) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia , a region in the Middle East . Some self-identify as Syriacs , Arameans , and Chaldeans . Speakers of Neo-Aramaic branch of Semitic languages as well as the primary languages in their countries of residence , modern Assyrians are Syriac Christians who claim descent from Assyria , one of the oldest civilizations in the world , dating back to 2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia . The tribal areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq ( Nineveh Plains and Dohuk Governorate ) , southeastern Turkey ( Hakkari and Tur Abdin ) , northwestern Iran ( Urmia ) and , more recently , northeastern Syria ( Al-Hasakah Governorate ) . The majority have migrated to other regions of the world , including North America , the Levant , Australia , Europe , Russia and the Caucasus during the past century . Emigration was triggered by events such as the Massacres of Diyarbakır , the Assyrian Genocide ( concurrent with the Armenian and Greek Genocides ) during World War I by the Ottoman Empire and allied Kurdish tribes , the Simele Massacre in Iraq in 1933 , the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , Arab Nationalist Ba'athist policies in Iraq and Syria , the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) and its takeover of most of the Nineveh Plains . Assyrians are predominantly Christian , mostly adhering to the East and West Syrian liturgical rites of Christianity . The churches that constitute the East Syrian rite include the Assyrian Church of the East , Ancient Church of the East , and Chaldean Catholic Church , whereas the churches of the West Syrian rite are the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church . Both rites use Classical Syriac as their liturgical language . Most recently , the post-2003 Iraq War and the Syrian Civil War , which began in 2011 , have displaced much of the remaining Assyrian community from their homeland as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic extremists . Of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the United Nations to have fled Iraq since the occupation , nearly 40% were Assyrians even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war Iraqi demography . According to a 2013 report by a Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council official , it is estimated that only 300,000 Assyrians remain in Iraq ."}]}, {'value': '222,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beja_people', 'summary': 'The Beja people ( Beja : Oobja , Arabic : البجا , Tigre : በጃ ) are ethnic Cushitic peoples inhabiting Sudan , Egypt , and Eritrea . In recent history , they have lived primarily in the Eastern Desert . They number around 1,237,000 people . Majority of Beja people speak the Beja language as a mother tongue , which belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family . In Eritrea and southeastern Sudan , many members of the Beni Amer grouping speak Tigre . While many secondary sources identify the Ababda as an Arabic-speaking Beja tribe due to their cultural links with the Bishaari , this is a misconception : The Ababda do not consider themselves Beja , nor are they so considered by other Beja peoples .'}]}, {'value': '2,779,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berber_people', 'summary': 'Berbers , or Amazighs , ( Berber languages : ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ , ⵎⵣⵗⵏ , romanized : Imaziɣen ; singular : Amaziɣ , ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵣⵗ ) , are an ethnic group of several nations mostly indigenous to North Africa and some northern parts of West Africa . Berbers mostly live in Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Mauritania , northern Mali , northern Niger , and a small part of western Egypt . Berber nations are distributed over an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River in West Africa . Historically , Berber nations spoke the Berber language , which is a branch of the Afroasiatic language family . The Berbers of Algeria were independent of outside control during the period of Ottoman Empire rule in North Africa . They lived primarily in three different Nations : the Kingdom of Ait Abbas , Kingdom of Kuku , and the principality of Aït Jubar . The Kingdom of Ait Abbas is a Berber nation of North Africa , controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century . It is referred to in the Spanish historiography as reino de Labes ; [ full citation needed ] sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family , the Mokrani , in Berber At Muqran , in Arabic أولاد مقران ( Ouled Moqrane ) . Its capital was the Kalâa of Ait Abbas , an impregnable citadel in the Biban mountain range .'}]}, {'value': '16,364,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherkes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherkes', 'summary': 'Cherkess , or Cherkes ( /tʃərˈkɛs/ ; Russian : Черкесы , Cherkesy ; Adyghe : Чэркэс/Шэрджэс , Čerkes/Šerdžes ) , is a term derived from the Russian-language name for the Circassians , a people of the North Caucasus . While the term was traditionally applied to all Circassians before Soviet times , it has since usually referred only to the Circassians living in northern Karachay-Cherkessia , a federal subject of Russia , where they are indigenous and formed just under 12% of the population in 2010 . These Circassians are mostly Besleney Kabardians who speak the Cherkess , i.e . Circassian , language . They also inhabit the villages of Khodz , Blechepsin , Koshekhabl and Ulyap in nearby Adygea . The Cherkess generally call themselves Adyge ( Адыгэ ) , as do most Circassians . The name of the Cherkess was given to Cherkessk , formerly called Batalpashinskaya , the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia .'}]}, {'value': '229,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Europeans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe', 'summary': 'The indigenous peoples of Europe are the focus of European ethnology , the field of anthropology related to the various indigenous groups that reside in the nations of Europe . Groups may be defined by common genetic ancestry , common language , or both . According to the German monograph Minderheitenrechte in Europa co-edited by Pan and Pfeil ( 2002 ) there are 87 distinct peoples of Europe , of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state , while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities . The total number of national or linguistic minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people , or 14% of 770 million Europeans . There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms ethnic group and nationality . In the context of European ethnography in particular , the terms ethnic group , people , nationality and ethno-linguistic group , are used as mostly synonymous , although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe .'}]}, {'value': '853,950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greeks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeks', 'summary': 'The Greeks or Hellenes ( /ˈhɛliːnz/ ; Greek : Έλληνες , Éllines [ ˈelines ] ) are an ethnic group native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania , Italy , Turkey , Egypt and , to a lesser extent , other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea . They also form a significant diaspora , with Greek communities established around the world . Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age . Until the early 20th century , Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula , the western coast of Asia Minor , the Black Sea coast , Cappadocia in central Anatolia , Egypt , the Balkans , Cyprus , and Constantinople . Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization . The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens , Thessalonica , Alexandria , Smyrna , and Constantinople at various periods . In recent times , most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus . The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor . Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries . Today , most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church . Throughout history , Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture , visual arts , exploration , theatre , literature , philosophy , politics , architecture , music , mathematics , medicine , science , technology , commerce , cuisine and sports .'}]}, {'value': '89,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gypsies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romani_people', 'summary': 'The Romani ( also spelled Romany /ˈroʊməni/ , /ˈrɒ-/ ) , colloquially known as Roma , are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group , traditionally itinerant , living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent , from the Rajasthan , Haryana , and Punjab regions of modern-day India . Genetic findings appear to confirm that the Romani came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago . Genetic research published in the European Journal of Human Genetics revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma . They are a dispersed people , but their most concentrated populations are located in Europe , especially Central , Eastern and Southern Europe ( including Turkey , Spain and Southern France ) . The Romani arrived in Mid-West Asia and Europe around 1,000 years ago . They have been associated with another Indo-Aryan group , the Dom people : the two groups have been said to have separated from each other or , at least , to share a similar history . Specifically , the ancestors of both the Romani and the Dom left North India sometime between the 6th and 11th century . The Romani are widely known among English-speaking people by the exonym Gypsies ( or Gipsies ) , which is considered by some Roma people to be pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity . Beginning in 1888 , the Gypsy Lore Society started to publish a journal that was meant to dispel rumors about their lifestyle . Since the 19th century , some Romani have also migrated to the Americas . There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States ; and 800,000 in Brazil , most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from Eastern Europe . Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from people deported by the Portuguese Empire during the Portuguese Inquisition .'}]}, {'value': '1,260,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Han_Chinese', 'summary': "The Han Chinese , Hanzu , Han people ( UK : /hæn/ ; US : /hɑːn/ ; simplified Chinese : 汉人 ; traditional Chinese : 漢人 ; pinyin : Hànrén ; literally : 'Han people ' or simplified Chinese : 汉族 ; traditional Chinese : 漢族 ; pinyin : Hànzú ; literally : 'Han ethnicity ' ) , are an East Asian ethnic group and nation native to China . They constitute the world 's largest ethnic group , making up about 18% of the global population . The estimated 1.3 billion Han Chinese people are mostly concentrated in mainland China , where they make up about 92 percent of the total population . In Taiwan they make about 95% of the population . People of Han Chinese descent also make up around 75% of the total population of Singapore . The Han Chinese trace a common ancestry to the Huaxia , a name for the initial confederation of agricultural tribes living along the Yellow River . The term Huaxia represents the collective Neolithic confederation of agricultural tribes Hua and Xia who settled along the Central Plains around the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in northern China . The two tribes were the ancestors of the modern Han Chinese people that gave birth to Chinese civilization . In addition , the term Huaxia ( literally the civilized Xia people ) was distinctively used to represent a civilized ethnic group in contrast to what was perceived as barbaric peoples around them . In many overseas Chinese communities , the term Hua Ren ( 华人 ; 華人 ; Huárén ) , Hua Qiao ( 华侨 ; 華僑 ; Huáqiáo ) or Hua Zu ( 华族 ; 華族 ; Huázú ) may be used for people of Han Chinese ethnicity as distinct from Zhongguo Ren ( 中国人 ; 中國人 ) which also refers to citizens of China , including people of non-Han ethnicity . Han people ( 汉人 ; 漢人 ; Hànrén ) may also be used for people of ethnic Chinese descent around the world . The Han Chinese are bound together with a shared history inhabiting an ancient ancestral territory for over four thousand years , deeply rooted with many different cultural traditions and customs ."}]}, {'value': '105,590', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demographics_of_India', 'summary': "India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world 's population . According to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects population stood at 1,352,642,280 . During 1975-2010 , the population doubled to 1.2 billion . The Indian population reached the billion mark in 1998 . India is projected to be the world 's most populous country by 2024 , surpassing the population of China . It is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5 billion people by 2030 , and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050 . Its population growth rate is 1.13% , ranking 112th in the world in 2017 . India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35 . It is expected that , in 2020 , the average age of an Indian will be 29 years , compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan ; and , by 2030 , India 's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4 . India has more than two thousand ethnic groups , and every major religion is represented , as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European , Dravidian , Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ( Kashmir ) ) . 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and 700,000 Westerners from the United States are living in India . They represent over 0,1% of the total population of India ."}]}, {'value': '228,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somali_people', 'summary': 'The Somali ( Somali : Soomaalida ) are an ethnic group belonging to the Cushitic peoples native to Greater Somalia . The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic ( formerly Hamito-Semitic ) family . They are predominantly Sunni Muslim . Ethnic Somalis number around 28-30 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia ( around 18 million ) , Ethiopia ( 8.5 million ) , , Kenya ( 2.4-3 million ) , and Djibouti ( 534,000 ) . Somali diasporas are also found in parts of the Middle East , North America , Western Europe , African Great Lakes region , Southern Africa and Oceania .'}]}, {'value': '14,882,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jews', 'summary': "Jews or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation , originating from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah . Jewish ethnicity , nationhood , and religion are strongly interrelated , as Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people , while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance . Jews originated as an ethnic and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE , in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel . The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE ( Late Bronze Age ) . The Israelites , as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population , consolidated their hold with the emergence of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah . Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews ' . Though few sources mention the exilic periods in detail , the experience of diaspora life , from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant , to Assyrian captivity and exile , to Babylonian captivity and exile , to Seleucid Imperial rule , to the Roman occupation and exile , and the historical relations between Jews and their homeland thereafter , became a major feature of Jewish history , identity and memory . Prior to World War II , the worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million , representing around 0.7% of the world population at that time . Approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust . Since then the population has slowly risen again , and as of 2018 [ update ] was estimated at 14.6-17.8 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank , less than 0.2% of the total world population . [ note 1 ] The modern State of Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population . It defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state in the Basic Laws , Human Dignity and Liberty in particular , which is based on the Declaration of Independence ."}]}, {'value': '9,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurds', 'summary': 'Kurds ( Kurdish : کورد , Kurd ) are an ethnic group native to a mountainous region of Western Asia known as Kurdistan , which spans southeastern Turkey , northwestern Iran , northern Iraq , and northern Syria . There are also exclaves of Kurds in central Anatolia and Khorasan . Additionally , there are significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey , in particular Istanbul , while a Kurdish diaspora has developed in Western Europe , primarily in Germany . Numerically , the Kurds are estimated to number between 30 and 45 million . Kurds speak the Kurdish languages and the Zaza-Gorani languages , which belong to the Western Iranian branch of the Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family . A majority of Kurds belong to the Shafii school of Sunni Islam , but significant numbers practise Shia Islam and Alevism , while some are adherents of Yarsanism , Yazidism , Zoroastrianism and Christianity . After World War I and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire , the victorious Western allies made provision for a Kurdish state in the 1920 Treaty of Sevres . However , that promise was nullified three years later , when the Treaty of Lausanne set the boundaries of modern Turkey and made no such provision , leaving Kurds with minority status in their respective countries . This fact has led to numerous genocides and rebellions , along with the current ongoing armed guerrilla conflicts in Turkey , Iran , and Syria / Rojava . Kurds have an autonomous region in Iraq named the Kurdistan Region , while Kurdish nationalist movements continue to pursue greater cultural rights , autonomy , and independence throughout Greater Kurdistan .'}]}, {'value': '6,216,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)', 'summary': 'Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .'}]}, {'value': '516,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nubians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nubians', 'summary': 'Nubians ( /ˈnuːbiənz , ˈnjuː-/ ) are an ethnolinguistic group of Africans indigenous to present-day Sudan and southern Egypt who originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley , believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization . They speak Nubian languages , part of the Northern Eastern Sudanic languages . Early Neolithic settlements from prehistoric Egypt have been found in the central Nubian region dating back to 7000 BC , with Wadi Halfa believed to be the oldest settlement in the central Nile valley . Parts of Nubia , such as Ta-Seti ( the first nome or administrative region of ancient Egypt ) , were continuously a part of ancient Egypt throughout the dynastic era . Other parts of Nubia , particularly Lower or Upper Nubia , were at times a part of ancient Pharaonic Egypt and at other times a rival state representing parts of Meroë or the Kingdom of Kush . However , by the Twenty-fifth Dynasty , all of Nubia was united with Egypt , extending down to what is now Khartoum . Towards the end of the dynastic era , Upper Nubia broke off from Egypt proper . During that time , the Nubians founded a dynasty that ruled Upper and Lower Egypt in the eighth century BC . As warriors , the ancient Nubians were famous for their skill and precision with the bow and arrow . In the medieval period the Nubians converted to Christianity and established three kingdoms : Nobatia in the north , Makuria in the center and Alodia in the south . Today , Africans of Nubian descent primarily live in southern Egypt , especially in the Luxor and Aswan area , and in northern Sudan , particularly in the region between the city of Wadi Halfa on the Egyptian-Sudanese border and al Dabbah . Additionally , several groups known as the Hill Nubians live in the northern Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan state , Sudan .'}]}, {'value': '1,132,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Persians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Persian_people', 'summary': "The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran . They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language , as well as languages closely related to Persian . The ancient Persians were originally an ancient Iranian people who migrated to the region of Persis , corresponding to the modern province of Fars in southwestern Iran , by the ninth century BC . Together with their compatriot allies , they established and ruled some of the world 's most powerful empires , well-recognized for their massive cultural , political , and social influence covering much of the territory and population of the ancient world . Throughout history , Persians have contributed greatly to art and science . Persian literature is one of the world 's most prominent literary traditions . In contemporary terminology , people of Persian heritage native specifically to present-day Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan are referred to as Tajiks , whereas those in the Caucasus ( primarily in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian federal subject of Dagestan ) , albeit heavily assimilated , are referred to as Tats . However , historically , the terms Tajik and Tat were used as synonymous and interchangeable with Persian . Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside Iran 's present-day borders to the northeast in Central Asia and Afghanistan and to a lesser extent to the northwest in the Caucasus proper . In historical contexts , especially in English , Persians may be defined more loosely to cover all subjects of the ancient Persian polities , regardless of ethnic background ."}]}, {'value': '1,192,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demographic Lists -- Ethnicities', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lists_of_the_Arab_League_7', 'intro': 'All lists and statistics of the Arab League'} | null | null | What is the total number with the ethnicity that referred to any of the largely nomadic and settled Semitic people from the Arabian Peninsula , Syrian Desert , and North and Lower Mesopotamia ? | 295,921,955 |
053b04f46b24a0f9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_South_Carolina_people', 'title': 'List of University of South Carolina people', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Weston Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Adams_(ambassador)', 'summary': 'Weston Adams II born September 16 , 1938 is an American diplomat , politician , and lawyer in Columbia , South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Ambassador to the Republic of Malawi ; member of the South Carolina House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Ambassador', 'summary': "Ambassadors of the United States are persons nominated as ambassadors by the President to serve as United States diplomats to individual nations of the world , to international organizations , and as ambassadors-at-large . Their appointment needs to be confirmed by the United States Senate . An ambassador can be appointed during a recess , but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed . Ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the President , meaning they can be dismissed at any time . Appointments change regularly for various reasons , such as reassignment or retirement . An ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer ( career diplomat - CD ) or a political appointee ( PA ) . In most cases , career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years per ambassadorship whereas political appointees customarily tender their resignations upon the inauguration of a new president . As embassies fall under the State Department 's jurisdiction , ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State . The United States Department of State provides lists of ambassadors which are updated periodically . ( A recent list was issued on December 4 , 2018 . A further 24 nominees were confirmed on January 2 , 2019 , and a number of ambassadorships remain vacant . ) A listing by country of past chiefs of mission is maintained by the Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Malawi', 'summary': "Malawi ( /məˈlɔːwi/ , /məˈlɑːwi/ or /ˈmæləwi/ ; Chichewa : [ maláβi ] or [ maláwi ] ) , officially the Republic of Malawi , is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland . It is bordered by Zambia to the west , Tanzania to the north and northeast , and Mozambique surrounding on the east , south and southwest . Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 ( 45,747 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 18,143,217 ( as of July 2018 ) . Lake Malawi takes up about a third of Malawi 's area . Its capital is Lilongwe , which is also Malawi 's largest city ; the second largest is Blantyre , the third largest is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba . The name Malawi comes from the Maravi , an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area . The country is nicknamed The Warm Heart of Africa because of the friendliness of the people . The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century . Centuries later in 1891 the area was colonised by the British . In 1953 Malawi , then known as Nyasaland , a protectorate of the United Kingdom , became a protectorate within the semi-independent Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . The Federation was dissolved in 1963 . In 1964 the protectorate over Nyasaland was ended and Nyasaland became an independent country under Queen Elizabeth II with the new name Malawi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Atwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Atwater', 'summary': 'Harvey LeRoy Lee Atwater ( February 27 , 1951 - March 29 , 1991 ) was an American political consultant and strategist for the Republican Party . He was an adviser to US presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and chairman of the Republican National Committee . Atwater aroused controversy through his aggressive campaign tactics .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'political consultant /strategist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Political_consultant', 'summary': 'Political consulting is a form of consulting that consists primarily of advising and assisting political campaigns . Although the most important role of political consultants is arguably the development and production of mass media ( largely television and direct mail ) , consultants advise campaigns on many other activities , ranging from opposition research and voter polling , to field strategy and get out the vote efforts .'}]}, {'value': 'André Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Bauer', 'summary': 'Rudolph Andreas André Bauer ( born March 20 , 1969 ) was the 87th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 2003 to 2011 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Bauer was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives ( 1996-1999 ) and a member of the South Carolina State Senate ( 1999-2003 ) . In 2016 , he became a CNN political analyst , supporting the presidential campaign of Donald Trump . CNN dismissed Bauer in February 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the Governor of South Carolina . Other than the responsibility to act or serve as governor in the event of the office 's vacancy , the duties of the lieutenant governor are chiefly ceremonial . The current lieutenant governor is Pamela Evette , who took office on January 9 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen K. Benjamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_K._Benjamin', 'summary': "Stephen Keith Benjamin ( born December 1 , 1969 ) is an American politician and businessman serving as the 36th mayor of Columbia , South Carolina since July 2010 . He is the first African American mayor in the city 's history . Before serving as mayor , he worked in the Columbia metropolitan area as an attorney and served on various charitable organizations . On November 8 , 2017 , Benjamin won re-election for a third term as mayor with no votes because no other candidate filed . Benjamin was declared re-elected . Mayor Benjamin previously served as the 76th President of the United States Conference of Mayors ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Columbia , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor', 'summary': 'In many countries , a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town . Worldwide , there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated . Depending on the system chosen , a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government , may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power , or may play a solely ceremonial role . Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public , or selection by an elected governing council or board .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'John E. Courson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_E._Courson', 'summary': 'John E. Courson is a former American politician . He served as a Republican member of the South Carolina Senate , representing the 20th District from 1985 to 2018 . He resigned after pleading guilty to a common law misconduct charge in office .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican member , South Carolina Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate', 'summary': 'The South Carolina Senate is the upper house of the South Carolina General Assembly , the lower house being the South Carolina House of Representatives . It consists of 46 senators elected from single member districts for four-year terms at the same time as United States Presidential elections . The South Carolina Constitution of 1895 provided for each county to elect one senator for a four-year term . The election of senators was staggered so that half of the state Senate was elected every two years . After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1964 for the case Reynolds v. Sims , the state Senate was reapportioned in 1966 as a temporary measure into 27 districts with 50 members for two-year terms . In 1967 , the state Senate was again reapportioned , this time into 20 districts with 46 members for four-year terms . The number of districts was reduced to 16 in 1972 and in 1984 , they were eliminated with the creation of single member districts . The annual session of the General Assembly convenes at the State Capitol Building in Columbia on the second Tuesday of January of each year . However , after convening , either the House or the Senate may call for itself a 30-day recess by a majority vote , or a longer recess by a two-thirds vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Allison Dahle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allison_Dahle', 'summary': "Allison Anne Dahle ( born March 25 , 1964 ) is a Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the State 's 11th House district ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic member , North Carolina House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly . The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House , who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate . In the 2019-2020 session , the Republican Party holds a 65-55 majority over the Democratic Party , compared to a 75-45 Republican majority in the 2017-2018 session . The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution : Each Representative , at the time of his election , shall be a qualified voter of the State , and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election . Elsewhere , the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution , and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God , although the latter provision is no longer enforced . Prior to the Constitution of 1868 , the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons .'}]}, {'value': 'Julie Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Emerson', 'summary': 'Julie Cathryn Emerson ( born 1988 ) is an American small business owner and politician . She is from Carencro , Louisiana . She is a Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 39 in Lafayette and St. Landry parishes in South Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican member , Louisiana House of Representatives , beginning 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The Louisiana House of Representatives ( French : Chambre des Représentants de Louisiane ) is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature , the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana . The House is composed of 105 representatives , each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people ( 2000 figures ) . Members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms ( twelve years ) . The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term , as opposed to the near-universal two-year term . The House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Ervin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Ervin', 'summary': 'Thomas Jonathan Ervin ( born May 14 , 1952 ) is an American attorney , former judge , one-time politician and former radio station owner . A past member of the Republican Party , he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1979 through 1983 . He had been running for Governor of South Carolina in the 2014 gubernatorial election as an Independent , but in late October he dropped out and endorsed Democratic nominee Vincent Sheheen .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican member , South Carolina House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Greene', 'summary': "Alvin Michael Greene ( born August 30 , 1977 ) is an American political candidate from the state of South Carolina . He was the Democratic Party 's nominee in the 2010 United States Senate election in South Carolina . He was defeated by incumbent Republican Sen. Jim DeMint by a margin of 61.46% to 27.65% . He is the first African-American to be nominated for U.S. Senate by a major party in South Carolina . Greene is notable for the suspicions among members of his own party regarding the legitimacy of his 2010 primary victory , for his strange , well-documented behavior on the campaign trail , for the intense media attention he received , and for pursuing his 2010 Senate bid despite having been indicted . He also ran for Congress in a February 2011 special election , receiving 37 votes ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic nominee , United States Senate , 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Solomon Blatt , Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solomon_Blatt,_Sr.', 'summary': 'Solomon Blatt ( February 27 , 1895 - May 14 , 1986 ) was a long time Democratic legislator of South Carolina from Barnwell County during the middle of the 20th century . He was a principal member of the so-called Barnwell Ring .'}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former longtime Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_(politics)', 'summary': 'The speaker of a deliberative assembly , especially a legislative body , is its presiding officer , or the chair . The title was first used in 1377 in England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Solomon Blatt , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solomon_Blatt,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Solomon Sol Blatt Jr. ( /blɒt/ ; August 20 , 1921 - April 20 , 2016 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina and trustee of the University of South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former District Court judge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina ( in case citations , D.S.C . ) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of South Carolina . Court is held in the cities of Aiken , Anderson , Beaufort , Charleston , Columbia , Florence , Greenville , and Spartanburg . Appeals from the District of South Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Card', 'summary': "Andrew Hill Card Jr. ( born May 10 , 1947 ) is an American politician who was White House Chief of Staff under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006 , as well as head of Bush 's White House Iraq Group . Card served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush from 1992 to 1993 . Card announced his resignation as Chief of Staff on March 28 , 2006 , effective April 14 , 2006 . Card was the Acting Dean of The Bush School of Government and Public Service , at Texas A & M University while Ryan Crocker fulfilled his U.S . Ambassador to Afghanistan responsibilities before stepping down in July 2013 . In 2014 , he became the president of Franklin Pierce University in Rindge , New Hampshire , serving until he retired from that post in the summer of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former White House chief of staff for President George W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House_chief_of_staff', 'summary': "The White House Chief of Staff position is the successor to the earlier role of the President 's private secretary . The role was formalized as the assistant to the president in 1946 and acquired its current title in 1961 . The current official title is Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff . The chief of staff is a political appointee of the president who does not require Senate confirmation , and who serves at the pleasure of the president . While not a legally required role , all presidents since Harry Truman have appointed chiefs of staff . In the administration of Donald Trump , the current acting chief of staff is Mick Mulvaney , who succeeded John Kelly on January 2 , 2019 , who himself had replaced Reince Priebus as chief of staff on July 31 , 2017 . On December 8 , 2018 , President Trump announced that Kelly would be stepping down from his post by the end of the year . On December 14 , Trump announced on Twitter that Office of Management and Budget director Mick Mulvaney would become the new acting chief of staff ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilbur Cave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilbur_Cave', 'summary': 'Wilbur Cave is an American politician , former sheriff and philanthropist from South Carolina , USA .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former member of the South Carolina House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Katon Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katon_Dawson', 'summary': 'Katon Edwards Dawson ( born February 29 , 1956 ) is an American politician from the state of South Carolina , former chairman of the South Carolina Republican Party and was a 2009 candidate for chairman of the Republican National Committee .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Republican Party chairman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party', 'summary': 'The South Carolina Republican Party and the South Carolina Democratic Party are the two major political parties within the U.S. state of South Carolina . The South Carolina Republican Party is an affiliate of the national Republican Party and has been the most influential political party within South Carolina since the late 1900s .'}]}, {'value': 'Terry Haskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Haskins', 'summary': 'Terry Edward Haskins ( January 31 , 1955 - October 24 , 2000 ) was a South Carolina Republican politician who served as the Speaker pro-tempore of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1995 until his death five years later .'}]}, {'value': '1981 Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1986 until his death in 2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenn F. McConnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_F._McConnell', 'summary': 'Glenn Fant McConnell ( born December 11 , 1947 ) served as the president of the College of Charleston from 2014 to 2018 . He was the 89th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from March 13 , 2012 to June 18 , 2014 . He also had been a member of the South Carolina Senate , representing the 41st District from 1981 to March 13 , 2012 , when he ascended to the office of lieutenant governor , as he was the incumbent Senate President Pro Tempore . The office of lieutenant governor had become vacant because of the resignation of Ken Ard on March 9 , 2012 due to his indictment by a state Grand Jury for ethics violations . On March 22 , 2014 , he was chosen as the 22nd president of the College of Charleston , a selection which was criticized by some of the students , faculty , and community due to his support for the Confederate flag and a widely circulated photo of him dressed as a Confederate general .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Senate president pro tempore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate', 'summary': 'The South Carolina Senate is the upper house of the South Carolina General Assembly , the lower house being the South Carolina House of Representatives . It consists of 46 senators elected from single member districts for four-year terms at the same time as United States Presidential elections . The South Carolina Constitution of 1895 provided for each county to elect one senator for a four-year term . The election of senators was staggered so that half of the state Senate was elected every two years . After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1964 for the case Reynolds v. Sims , the state Senate was reapportioned in 1966 as a temporary measure into 27 districts with 50 members for two-year terms . In 1967 , the state Senate was again reapportioned , this time into 20 districts with 46 members for four-year terms . The number of districts was reduced to 16 in 1972 and in 1984 , they were eliminated with the creation of single member districts . The annual session of the General Assembly convenes at the State Capitol Building in Columbia on the second Tuesday of January of each year . However , after convening , either the House or the Senate may call for itself a 30-day recess by a majority vote , or a longer recess by a two-thirds vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Edgar L. McGowan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_L._McGowan', 'summary': 'Edgar L. Ed McGowan ( June 1 , 1920 - February 20 , 2004 ) was the first and longest serving Commissioner of the South Carolina Department of Labor . He served as Commissioner of Labor from February 7 , 1971 , to June 30 , 1989 .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioner of Labor of South Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melvin Purvis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melvin_Purvis', 'summary': "Melvin Horace Purvis II ( October 24 , 1903 - February 29 , 1960 ) was an American law enforcement official and Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agent . Given the nickname Little Mel because of his short , 5 ft 4 in ( 163 cm ) frame , Purvis became noted for leading the manhunts that captured bank robbers such as Baby Face Nelson , John Dillinger , and Pretty Boy Floyd , but his high public profile was resented by local law enforcement . Purvis asserted he had killed Floyd single-handed , others variously claimed that Floyd had been already wounded , or even that Purvis had ordered Floyd summarily shot dead for refusing to provide information . Purvis had the reputation of using very tough methods against recalcitrant interviewees . Roger Touhy , a minor-league gangster who was arrested as Purvis fought the huge Capone organisation during Prohibition , alleged he suffered the loss of 25 lbs of body weight and several teeth plus broken vertebrae due to being beaten every time he fell asleep during weeks of questioning by Purvis 's men . Purvis became the FBI 's golden boy , having captured more of designated public enemies than any other agent , but found himself sidelined after he began to enjoy better press than J. Edgar Hoover ."}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FBI agent who helped capture 1930s gangsters John Dillinger , Pretty Boy Floyd , and Baby Face Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBI', 'summary': "The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice , the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence . A leading U.S. counter-terrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . Although many of the FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB . Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad , the FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation . At an FBI field office , a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence . Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache ( LEGAT ) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe . These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries . The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies . The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation , the BOI or BI for short . Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 1935 . The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building , located in Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph O. Rogers , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_O._Rogers,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Joseph Oscar Joe Rogers Jr. ( October 8 , 1921 - April 6 , 1999 ) , was an American lawyer from Manning , South Carolina , who served as a Democrat in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1955 to 1966 , when he switched allegiance to the Republican Party . Rogers was the first serious Republican gubernatorial nominee in South Carolina in ninety years , but he was handily defeated in the 1966 general election by the incumbent Democrat Robert E. McNair .'}]}, {'value': '1950 Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'member of the South Carolina House of Representatives 1955-1966 ; Republican gubernatorial nominee 1966 ; U.S. attorney 1969-1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry A. Slattery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_A._Slattery', 'summary': 'Harry A. Slattery ( June 13 , 1887 - September 1 , 1949 ) , was an American lawyer and statesman . He was United States Under Secretary of the Interior from 1938-39 and gave his name to the Slattery Report , which proposed to develop Alaska through immigration . The proposal , which included the settlement of Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria , largely in response to Nazi antisemitism , was never implemented .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undersecretary of the United States Department of the Interior , 1938-39 , the so-called Slattery Report', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slattery_Report', 'summary': "The Slattery Report , officially titled The Problem of Alaskan Development , was produced by the United States Department of the Interior under President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's secretary Harold L. Ickes in 1939-40 . It was named after Undersecretary of the Interior Harry A. Slattery . The report , which dealt with Alaskan development through immigration , included a proposal to move European refugees , especially Jews from Nazi Germany and Austria , to four locations in Alaska , including Baranof Island and the Matanuska-Susitna Valley . Skagway , Petersburg and Seward were the only towns to endorse the proposal ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Government , law , and politics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_South_Carolina_people_8', 'intro': 'This list of University of South Carolina people includes alumni that are graduates or non-matriculating students, and former professors and administrators of the University of South Carolina, with its primary campus located in the American city of Columbia, South Carolina.'} | null | null | What president was the graduate from the class of 71 ' the Secretary of Transportation for ? | George H. W. Bush |
053cf90c6c4fb9b7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Wrestling_World_Championship', 'title': 'ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', '2nd Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Sperry ( 1/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Sperry', 'summary': 'José Mário Sperry ( born September 28 , 1966 ) is a Brazilian heavyweight mixed martial artist . His specialty is Brazilian jiu-jitsu , grappling and ground fighting . He is also one of the founders of the Brazilian Top Team , where he trained fighters such as Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira , Antônio Rogério Nogueira , Ricardo Arona , and Paulo Filho , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'Enson Inoue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enson_Inoue', 'summary': 'Enson Inoue ( Japanese : エンセン井上 , born April 15 , 1967 ) is a Japanese-American retired mixed martial artist . A professional competitor from 1995 until 2010 , he fought for the PRIDE Fighting Championships , the UFC , Shooto , and Vale Tudo Japan . He is a former Shooto Heavyweight Champion . Inoue was featured in the documentary film Rites of Passage : The Rebirth of Combat Sports . He also appeared in the martial arts movie Redbelt .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Sperry ( 2/2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Sperry', 'summary': 'José Mário Sperry ( born September 28 , 1966 ) is a Brazilian heavyweight mixed martial artist . His specialty is Brazilian jiu-jitsu , grappling and ground fighting . He is also one of the founders of the Brazilian Top Team , where he trained fighters such as Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira , Antônio Rogério Nogueira , Ricardo Arona , and Paulo Filho , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Traven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Traven', 'summary': 'Roberto Spider Traven ( born September 16 , 1968 ) is a retired Brazilian mixed martial artist whose fighting style is based in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and submission wrestling . He was a sporty person growing up , it took him 16 years to find Brazilian Jiu Jitsu , but straight away he picked up tuition with one of the most highly decorated coaches of all time , Romero Cavalcanti AKA Jacaré . His natural ability for BJJ was clear from the get-go and the fact that he was obstinate made a recipe for a good fighter . Training 3 times per day alongside other historical figures such as Fabio Gurgel , Leo Vieira , Jamelão and many others , Traven managed to reach the grade of black belt within 4 years , an almost record breaking time frame in BJJ . Traven started coaching at the Academia Strike , and soon pulled out one of his students , Muzio de Angelis , to help him with the classes . The team grew strong , but the venue ended closing in 1997 . Roberto Traven did not give up and he re-opened his academy , this time making his former student , Muzio , his associate naming the team Academia Muzio & Traven . Having started his MMA career in the United States in 1996 UFC 11 vs. Dave Berry and in UFC 34 vs. Frank Mir , Roberto Traven started seeing more and more of US territory as the years went by . Understanding that America had a great potential for jiu-jitsu , Roberto decided to leave the Muzio & Traven partnership a few years after he began it , and moved for long term to the US . Though his once promising MMA career died down after the turn of the millennium , due to a series of losses , Travens career as a BJJ instructor blossomed with several students , having also graduated some of the American students with the grade of black belt . Traven is currently sponsored by UK Jiu Jitsu apparel company , AESTHETIC . Roberto Traven BJJ are multiple time IBJFF Atlanta International Open Champions & 2016 Atlanta BJJ Pro Champions .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Kerr ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Kerr_(fighter)', 'summary': "Mark Kerr ( born December 21 , 1968 in Toledo , Ohio ) , also known as The Smashing Machine , The Titan , and The Specimen , is an American champion collegiate wrestler and retired mixed martial artist . During his MMA career he was regarded by many as the best fighter in the world , and was a World Vale Tudo Championship tournament winner , a two-time UFC heavyweight tournament winner , and a PRIDE FC competitor . In 2003 Kerr was the subject of an HBO documentary titled The Smashing Machine , which detailed his MMA career fighting in Vale Tudo , the UFC and PRIDE . The Smashing Machine also focused on Kerr 's eventual addiction to opiates , his relationships with his then-girlfriend , various training partners , and his friendship with Mark Coleman ."}]}, {'value': 'Mario Sperry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Sperry', 'summary': 'José Mário Sperry ( born September 28 , 1966 ) is a Brazilian heavyweight mixed martial artist . His specialty is Brazilian jiu-jitsu , grappling and ground fighting . He is also one of the founders of the Brazilian Top Team , where he trained fighters such as Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira , Antônio Rogério Nogueira , Ricardo Arona , and Paulo Filho , among others .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Arona ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Arona', 'summary': 'Ricardo Arona ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁiˈkaʁdu aˈʁõnɐ ] ; born July 17 , 1978 ) is a retired Brazilian mixed martial artist . A professional from 2000 until 2009 , he competed in PRIDE Fighting Championships and RINGS in his mixed martial arts career , and was a member of Brazilian Top Team . He is the former RINGS Middleweight Champion , as well as the 2001 RINGS Middleweight Championship Tournament Winner , and 2005 PRIDE Middleweight Grand Prix Runner-Up . In submission wrestling , he holds an undefeated record of 13-0 , never losing a single point in a match , and is a three-time ADCC Champion . He has notable wins in both MMA and submission grappling competition over Tito Ortiz , Jeff Monson , Renato Sobral , Vitor Belfort , Mark Kerr , Kazushi Sakuraba , Wanderlei Silva , Dan Henderson , Alistair Overeem , Murilo Rua , Jeremy Horn , Guy Mezger , and Dean Lister .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Kerr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Kerr_(fighter)', 'summary': "Mark Kerr ( born December 21 , 1968 in Toledo , Ohio ) , also known as The Smashing Machine , The Titan , and The Specimen , is an American champion collegiate wrestler and retired mixed martial artist . During his MMA career he was regarded by many as the best fighter in the world , and was a World Vale Tudo Championship tournament winner , a two-time UFC heavyweight tournament winner , and a PRIDE FC competitor . In 2003 Kerr was the subject of an HBO documentary titled The Smashing Machine , which detailed his MMA career fighting in Vale Tudo , the UFC and PRIDE . The Smashing Machine also focused on Kerr 's eventual addiction to opiates , his relationships with his then-girlfriend , various training partners , and his friendship with Mark Coleman ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean Lister ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Lister', 'summary': "Dean Richard Lister ( born February 13 , 1976 ) is an American mixed martial artist and a former King of the Cage Middleweight Champion . He currently fights in the middleweight division after moving down from light heavyweight . Lister 's sparring partner and former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion , Tito Ortiz , invited him to be his assistant grappling coach on the third season of the Spike TV reality show , The Ultimate Fighter ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Jacques Machado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Machado', 'summary': 'Jean Jacques Machado is a renowned Brazilian Jiu jitsu practitioner . He is one of the five Machado brothers ( Carlos , Roger , Rigan and John ) . Machado is nephew of BJJ co-founder and Grandmaster Carlos Gracie , and learned the martial art from an early age . Machado is known for his grappling skills having won ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships in his weight division plus a runner up in the open division in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Gracie ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Gracie', 'summary': 'Roger Gracie Gomes ( born September 26 , 1981 ) is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner ( 10x world champion ) and a retired mixed martial artist . A member of the Gracie family , he is the son of Reila Gracie ( daughter of Carlos Gracie ) and Mauricio Motta Gomes . Roger was awarded his black belt by his cousin Renzo Gracie at the behest of Carlos Gracie , Jr. whilst training in New York in 2003 . [ citation needed ] He is currently a fourth degree black belt . Roger Gracie is the founder and head instructor at The Roger Gracie Academy located in Hammersmith , London , England . Notable Black belt promotions include Raymond Stevens , Nicolas Gregoriades and Kywan Gracie Behring . Roger is the former ONE World Cruiserweight ( now Light Heavyweight ) Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Olav Einemo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Olav_Einemo', 'summary': 'John-Olav Einemo ( born 10 December 1975 ) is a retired Norwegian mixed martial artist . He is also a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner , with the highlight of his career being the win in the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship in 2003 ( 88-98 kg weight class ) . He is the only man to defeat multiple-time BJJ champion Roger Gracie in the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship tournament . He holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronaldo Souza ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronaldo_Souza', 'summary': "Ronaldo Souza dos Santos ( born December 7 , 1979 ) , nicknamed Jacaré ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒakaˈɾɛ ] ) , is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and submission grappler , competing in the UFC 's Light Heavyweight division . A highly regarded grappler on the world stage , Souza is also the former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion , and has also formerly competed for DREAM , and Jungle Fight . He has victories over 3 former UFC champions , Robbie Lawler , Chris Weidman , and Vitor Belfort . As of February 10 , 2020 , he is # 14 in the UFC Light Heavyweight rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Drysdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Drysdale', 'summary': "Robert Lewis Drysdale ( born October 5 , 1981 in Provo , Utah ) is an American Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt and retired mixed martial artist . Drysdale is the former Legacy Fighting Championship Light Heavyweight Champion . Born in the United States to a Brazilian mother and American father , he moved to Brazil with his family in 1987 at the age of six . As a young man , he moved to Las Vegas , Nevada to begin college . While in the United States , following his growing interest in martial arts , he began training Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu with Lewis-Perderneiras in 1998 and carried out a submission victory over Marcelo Garcia in 2007 . Drysdale also made a successful MMA debut defeating Bastien Huveneers via arm triangle choke . Vice magazine : america 's jiu-jitsu superhero Bjj heros : Regarded as the most accomplished American Grappler of his generation"}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braulio Estima ( 1/1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braulio_Estima', 'summary': 'Braulio de Oliveira Estima is a 4th degree black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu . He received his black belt from Carlos Gracie Jr. on January 4 , 2004 . Throughout his grappling career , he has won in many Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournaments across the world , such as the Mundials , ADCC , Pan American Championship , and European Championship . His long list of accomplishments has made him well respected among other Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners , such that some consider him one of the top Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronaldo Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronaldo_Souza', 'summary': "Ronaldo Souza dos Santos ( born December 7 , 1979 ) , nicknamed Jacaré ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒakaˈɾɛ ] ) , is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and submission grappler , competing in the UFC 's Light Heavyweight division . A highly regarded grappler on the world stage , Souza is also the former Strikeforce Middleweight Champion , and has also formerly competed for DREAM , and Jungle Fight . He has victories over 3 former UFC champions , Robbie Lawler , Chris Weidman , and Vitor Belfort . As of February 10 , 2020 , he is # 14 in the UFC Light Heavyweight rankings ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Galvão ( 1/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Galvão', 'summary': 'André Luis Leite Galvão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ɡaɫˈvɐ̃w̃ ] ; born September 29 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian grappler and former professional mixed martial artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Braulio Estima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braulio_Estima', 'summary': 'Braulio de Oliveira Estima is a 4th degree black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu . He received his black belt from Carlos Gracie Jr. on January 4 , 2004 . Throughout his grappling career , he has won in many Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournaments across the world , such as the Mundials , ADCC , Pan American Championship , and European Championship . His long list of accomplishments has made him well respected among other Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners , such that some consider him one of the top Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners in the world .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Galvão ( 2/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Galvão', 'summary': 'André Luis Leite Galvão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ɡaɫˈvɐ̃w̃ ] ; born September 29 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian grappler and former professional mixed martial artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Abreu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Abreu', 'summary': 'Roberto de Abreu Filho ( also known as Cyborg ) is a 5 times World Champion Ultra Heavy weight Brazilian jiu-jitsu ( BJJ ) fighter currently living in Miami United States . He grew up in rural Brazil and is affiliated with Nova Geracao . Abreu is active and highly competitive in BJJ , with multiple titles including gold medals at the 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2017 and 2019 IBJJF No-Gi World Championships . He also won the coveted ADCC Absolute title in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Galvão ( 3/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Galvão', 'summary': 'André Luis Leite Galvão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ɡaɫˈvɐ̃w̃ ] ; born September 29 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian grappler and former professional mixed martial artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Claudio Calasans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudio_Calasans', 'summary': 'Claudio Calasans ( born in São Paulo , Brazil ) is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu ( BJJ ) world champion and ADCC Absolute champion .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Galvão ( 4/4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Galvão', 'summary': 'André Luis Leite Galvão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ɡaɫˈvɐ̃w̃ ] ; born September 29 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian grappler and former professional mixed martial artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Felipe Pena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Pena', 'summary': 'Felipe Carsalade Araujo Pena is a Brazilian Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitionerand ADCC world champion . Pena is the only person to submit ADCC champion Gordon Ryan in competition .'}]}], 'section_title': 'ADCC World Championships -- List of ADCC Superfight Champions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'ADCC_Submission_Wrestling_World_Championship_2', 'intro': 'The ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship is a grappling competition involving professional athletes who have been successful at the highest levels of Luta Livre, wrestling, catch wrestling, judo, jiu-jitsu, sambo, shooto and mixed martial arts. The rules of the event disallow strikes while promoting grappling and submissions. ADCC refers to the Abu Dhabi Combat Club, and the event was originally hosted in Abu Dhabi. Later host countries have included Brazil, China, Finland, Spain, the UK, and the US.'} | null | null | From which US state did the first American winner come from ? | Ohio |
053d4d553ecc9bc2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Martin Fagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Fagan', 'summary': 'Martin Fagan ( born 26 June 1983 in Mullingar ) is a retired Irish long distance runner , who specialised in half-marathons and marathons . In 2012 he was banned for two years after testing positive for the banned performance-enhancing blood-boosting drug EPO . He made a comeback in early 2014 and managed to qualify for the marathon at the 2016 Summer Olympics , but announced in June 2015 that he had decided in to retire from running .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathon , half-marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Faiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Faiz_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Ahmed Faiz Bin Marzouq ( Arabic : أحمد فايز بن مرزوق ) ( born 6 September 1979 ) is a Saudi Arabian long jumper . His personal best jump is 8.39 metres , achieved in August 2006 in Lemgo . He won the bronze medal at the 2006 Asian Games and finished eighth at the 2007 World Championships . He won the long jump gold medal at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , setting a Games record mark of 7.96 m. He was banned for two years in June 2010 after failing a doping test due to amphetamine use .'}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amphetamines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphetamine', 'summary': 'Amphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine ) is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy , and obesity . Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers : [ note 2 ] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine . Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is equal parts of the two enantiomers , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine , in their pure amine forms . The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers , or to either of them alone . Historically , it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression . Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . It is a prescription drug in many countries , and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use . [ sources 1 ] The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine , a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions . Currently , pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine , Adderall , [ note 3 ] dextroamphetamine , or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine . Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain , with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems . [ sources 2 ] At therapeutic doses , amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Farmer-Patrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Farmer-Patrick', 'summary': 'Sandra Marie Farmer-Patrick ( née Farmer , born 18 August 1962 ) is a Jamaican-born American former athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres hurdles . She won silver medals in that event at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona , and at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart . She also won the 400 metres hurdles at the World Cup in 1989 and 1992 . Her best time for the event of 52.79 seconds ( 1993 ) , is the former U.S record . That performance once ranked her second on the world all-time list , and as of 2018 , ranks her 12th on the world all-time list .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Róbert Fazekas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Róbert_Fazekas', 'summary': 'Róbert Fazekas ( born 18 August 1975 in Szombathely ) is a Hungarian discus thrower , who won gold in the 2002 European Championships and silver in the 2003 World Championship . He finished first in the 2004 Summer Olympics , but was later disqualified for failing to provide a drug sample , and the gold medal was awarded to Virgilijus Alekna . Fazekas ranks seventh in all-time longest discus throw distances with a personal best of 71.70m .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failing to provide urine sample Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 6 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surita Febbraio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surita_Febbraio', 'summary': 'Surita Febbraio ( born 27 December 1973 ) is a South African hurdler . She won a silver medal at the 1999 All-Africa Games in Johannesburg , finished eighth at the 2003 World Championships in Paris , won the 2004 African Championships in Brazzaville and finished eighth at the 2005 World Athletics Final in Monaco . Her personal best time is 54.05 seconds , achieved in April 2003 in Pretoria . In 2006 Febbraio was found guilty of testosterone doping . The sample containing the banned substance was delivered on 13 December 2005 in an out-of-competition test in South Africa . She received an IAAF suspension from March 2006 to March 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agustín Félix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drostanolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drostanolone', 'summary': 'Drostanolone , or dromostanolone , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) of the dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) group which was never marketed . An androgen ester prodrug of drostanolone , drostanolone propionate , was formerly used in the treatment of breast cancer in women under brand names such as Drolban , Masteril , and Masteron . This ester has also been used non-medically for physique- or performance-enhancing purposes .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paquillo Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paquillo_Fernández', 'summary': 'Francisco Javier Fernández Peláez ( born 6 March 1977 in Guadix , Province of Granada , Andalusia ) , better known as Paquillo Fernández , is a retired Spanish race walker . He specialized in the 20 km race walk . On 27 July 2008 he set a new 10-km race walk world record at the Spanish Championships in a time of 37:53.09 . Fernández was made ineligible for competitions for two years after he was found guilty of possessing performance-enhancing drugs in February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Race walk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Possession of undisclosed banned substances', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Fernández', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO Finasteride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finasteride', 'summary': 'Finasteride , sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others , is a medication mainly used to treat an enlarged prostate or hair loss in men . It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women . It is taken by mouth . Side effects are rare . Some men experience sexual dysfunction , depression , and breast enlargement . It may also increase the risk of certain forms of prostate cancer . Finasteride is a 5α-reductase inhibitor , and therefore an antiandrogen . It works by decreasing the production of dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) by about 70% , including in the prostate gland and the scalp . Finasteride was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1992 . It is available as a generic medication . A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £0.89 per month as of 2019 . In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US $ 2.34 .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Fidatov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Fidatov', 'summary': 'Elena Fidatov , sometimes known as Elena Fidatof , ( born 24 July 1960 ) is a former Romanian middle- and long-distance runner who competed in track , road , and cross country running competitions . In a period spanning 1984 to 2002 , she competed at IAAF World Cross Country Championships on thirteen occasions , making her one of the most frequent participants at the event . She is a two-time Olympian for Romania , having represented her country at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics . She ran on the track at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics on three occasions , competing in events from 1500 metres to 5000 metres . She was integral to a number of team medal performances for Romania at the World Cross Country event and also the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . Individually , she won a bronze and a silver medal at the European Cross Country Championships in 1994 and 1997 , respectively . Her later career was marred by doping incidents ; she was reprieved of a failed test in 1996 but received a two-year ban from the sport in 1998 after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandrolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolas Figère', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Figère', 'summary': 'Nicolas Figère ( born 19 May 1979 in Moulins ) is a male hammer thrower from France . His personal best throw is 80.88 metres , achieved in July 2001 in Amsterdam . In 2007 he tested positive for doping , in an in-competition test conducted at the 2007 European Cup in Munich . He received a one-month suspension .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathine', 'summary': 'Cathine , also known as D-norpseudoephedrine and ( + ) -norpseudoephedrine , is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which acts as a stimulant . Along with cathinone , it is found naturally in Catha edulis ( khat ) , and contributes to its overall effects . It has approximately 10-14% the potency of Adderall/amphetamine .'}]}, {'value': '1 month , public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konstadinos Filippidis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konstadinos_Filippidis', 'summary': 'Konstantinos Filippidis ( Greek : Κωνσταντίνος Φιλιππίδης ; born 26 November 1986 in Athens ) is a Greek pole vaulter . He won the gold medal at the 2014 World Indoor Championships and the silver medal at the 2017 European Indoor Championships . He took the sixth place at the 2012 Olympic Games in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Etilephrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etilephrine', 'summary': 'Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive . It is a sympathomimetic amine of the 3-hydroxy-phenylethanolamine series used in treating orthostatic hypotension of neurological , cardiovascular , endocrine or metabolic origin . Intravenous infusion of this compound increases cardiac output , stroke volume , venous return and blood pressure in man and experimental animals , suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors . However , in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much higher affinity for β1 ( cardiac ) than for β2 adrenoreceptors . Intravenous etilefrine increases the pulse rate , cardiac output , stroke volume , central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure of healthy individuals . Peripheral vascular resistance falls during the infusion of 1-8 mg etilefrine but begins to rise at higher dosage . Marked falls in pulse rate , cardiac output , stroke volume and peripheral bloodflow , accompanied by rises in mean arterial pressure , occur when etilefrine is infused after administration of intravenous propranolol 2,5 mg . These findings indicate that etilefrine has both β1 and α1 adrenergic effects in man .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuliya Fomenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuliya_Fomenko_(runner)', 'summary': 'Yuliya Nikolaevna Chizhenko-Fomenko ( Russian : Юлия Николаевна Чиженко-Фоменко , born 30 August 1979 ) is a Russian middle distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres . At the 2005 World Championships she originally finished in silver medal position behind Tatyana Tomashova , but was disqualified for obstructing Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain . The next year Chizhenko won the World Indoor Championships before finishing second at the European championships , again behind Tomashova . Fomenko was chosen to represent Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics , but has since been suspended from competition due to doping test irregularities , along with six other Russian athletes , including Tomashova and Yelena Soboleva . On 20 October 2008 , it was announced that Fomenko and six other Russian athletes would receive two-year doping bans for manipulating drug samples .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fraudulent substitution of urine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Foster_(hurdler)', 'summary': "Gregory ( Greg ) Foster ( born August 4 , 1958 ) is a retired American hurdler . He was born in Chicago , Illinois . He is the only person in the history of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics to win three consecutive 110 meter hurdling titles ( 1983 , 1987 , and 1991 ) . He was the 1981 IAAF World Cup and the 1991 World Indoor hurdling champion . As well as his international titles , Foster was twice NCAA outdoor champion ( 1978 and 1980 ) in the 110 meter hurdles and was the NCAA 200 meter dash champion in 1979 . He won 10 U.S. national titles , four of them outdoors in the 110 meter hurdles ( 1981 , 1983 , 1986 , and 1987 ) and six indoors , in the 60 yard hurdles ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ) , 55 meter hurdles ( 1987 , 1988 ) and 60 meter hurdles ( 1991 ) . He broke the indoor world record for the 50 meter hurdles in 1985 ( 6.35 seconds ) and tied that mark in 1987 . He also broke the 60 meter hurdle indoor world record in 1987 with a time of 7.36 . He was the American Record Holder in the 110 meter hurdles at 13.22 seconds while competing for UCLA , second at the time only to Cuba 's world record holder Alejandro Casañas . His personal best time for the 110 meter hurdles was 13.03 , run at the Weltklasse Zürich meet in 1981 in which Renaldo Nehemiah became the first man the break the 13 second barrier , with his 12.93 . This once again made Foster the second-fastest hurdler of all time . Foster was ranked in the top ten hurdlers in the world for 15 out of 16 years 1977 to 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pseudoephedrine , Ephedrine , Phenylpropanolamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pseudoephedrine', 'summary': 'Pseudoephedrine ( PSE ) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes . It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant , as a stimulant , or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses . It was first characterized in 1889 , by the German chemists Ladenburg and Oelschlägel , who used a sample that had been isolated from Ephedra vulgaris by the Merck pharmaceutical corporation of Darmstadt , Germany . The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter preparations , either as a single ingredient or ( more commonly ) in a fixed-dose combination with one or more additional active ingredients such as antihistamines , guaifenesin , dextromethorphan , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or an NSAID ( such as aspirin or ibuprofen ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ephedrine', 'summary': 'Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant . It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia . It has also been used for asthma , narcolepsy , and obesity but is not the preferred treatment . It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion . It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle , vein , or just under the skin . Onset with intravenous use is fast , while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes , and by mouth can take an hour for effect . When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours . Common side effects include trouble sleeping , anxiety , headache , hallucinations , high blood pressure , fast heart rate , loss of appetite , and inability to urinate . Serious side effects include stroke , heart attack , and abuse . While likely safe in pregnancy , its use in this population is poorly studied . Use during breastfeeding is not recommended . Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine', 'summary': 'Phenylpropanolamine ( PPA ) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant . It was commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations . In veterinary medicine , it is used to control urinary incontinence in dogs . PPA is also known as β-hydroxyamphetamine , and is a member of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes . It is closely related to the cathinones ( β-ketoamphetamines ) . The compound exists as four stereoisomers , which include d- and l-norephedrine and d- and l-norpseudoephedrine . d-Norpseudoephedrine is also known as cathine , and is found naturally in Catha edulis ( khat ) . Pharmaceutical drug preparations of PPA have varied in their stereoisomer composition in different countries , which may explain differences in misuse and side effect profiles . Analogues of PPA include ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , amphetamine , methamphetamine , and cathinone . Although originally thought to act as a direct agonist of adrenergic receptors , PPA was subsequently found to show only weak or negligible affinity for these receptors , and has been instead characterized as an indirect sympathomimetic which acts by inducing norepinephrine release and thereby activating adrenergic receptors . It was patented in 1938 . In the United States , PPA is no longer sold due to a purported increased risk of stroke in younger women .'}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allodin Fothergill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allodin_Fothergill', 'summary': 'Allodin Fothergill ( born 7 February 1987 ) is a Jamaican athlete who specialises in the 400m . He is currently being coached by Glen Mills and Bertland Cameron alongside Ricardo Chambers and Jermaine Gonzales .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-Methyl-2-hexanamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexanamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '3 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cecilia Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecilia_Francis', 'summary': 'Cecilia Francis ( born 17 September 1996 ) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres , 200 metres and 4 x 100 metres relay . Cecilia claimed gold alongside Blessing Okagbare , Lawretta Ozoh and Ngozi Onwumere in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 All-Africa Games in Brazzaville , Congo . She also represented Nigeria at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing , China .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metenolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metenolone', 'summary': 'Metenolone , or methenolone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate ( brand name Primobolan , Nibal ) and metenolone enanthate ( brand name Primobolan Depot , Nibal Injection ) . Metenolone esters are used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . Metenolone acetate is taken by mouth , while metenolone enanthate is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone esters are androgen esters and prodrugs of metenolone in the body . Metenolone esters were introduced for medical use in the early 1960s . In addition to their medical use , metenolone esters are used to improve physique and performance . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . They have mostly been discontinued for medical use and have limited availability .'}]}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelly-Ann Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelly-Ann_Fraser', 'summary': 'Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce , OD ( née Fraser , born 27 December 1986 ) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter . Born and raised in Kingston , Jamaica , Fraser-Pryce ascended to prominence in 2008 when at 21 years old , the relatively unknown athlete became the first Caribbean woman to win 100 m gold at the Olympics . In 2012 , she became the third woman in history to successfully defend an Olympic 100 m title . Fraser-Pryce took a break from athletics in 2017 to have her first child . At the 2019 World Championships , at the age of 32 , she became the oldest woman and second mother ever to win 100 m gold at a global championship . Fraser-Pryce is the only sprinter to be crowned world champion over 100 m four times ( 2009 , 2013 , 2015 and 2019 ) . Since 2008 , she has won four of the five World Championship 100 m titles she has contested , as well as two of the last three Olympic 100 m titles . She is the second female sprinter to hold world and Olympic 100 m titles simultaneously - and the first woman to hold dual titles on two separate occasions . In 2013 she became the first female sprinter to win gold medals in the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m in a single World Championship , and also became the first woman to hold world titles at 60 m , 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay simultaneously . With over a decade of dominance in the sport , Fraser-Pryce has won more global 100 m titles than any other female sprinter in history . Nicknamed the Pocket Rocket for her petite frame ( she stands 5 feet tall ) and explosive block starts , her personal best of 10.70 seconds is the joint fourth fastest of all time . Due to her achievements and consistency , many publications and sports analysts , including former Olympian Michael Johnson , refer to Fraser-Pryce as the greatest female sprinter of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxycodone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxycodone', 'summary': 'Oxycodone , sold under brand name OxyContin among others , is an opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain . It is usually taken by mouth , and is available in immediate-release and controlled-release formulations . Onset of pain relief typically begins within 15 minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation . In the United Kingdom , it is available by injection . Combination products are also available with paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or aspirin . Common side effects include constipation , nausea , sleepiness , dizziness , itching , dry mouth , and sweating . Severe side effects may include addiction , respiratory depression ( a reduction in breathing ) , and low blood pressure . Those allergic to codeine may also be allergic to oxycodone . Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe . Opioid withdrawal may occur if rapidly stopped . Oxycodone acts by activating the μ-opioid receptor . When taken by mouth , it has roughly 1.5 times the effect of the equivalent amount of morphine .'}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Frasure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Frasure', 'summary': "Brian Frasure is a Paralympian athlete from the United States competing mainly in category T44 sprint events . He competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , Australia . There he won a silver medal in the men 's 100 metres - T44 event and was disqualified in the men 's 200 metres - T44 event . He 'd tested positive for Nandrolone . This was later overturned as there was no evidence of advertent use . He also competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , Greece , where he won a gold medal in the men 's 4 x 100 metre relay - T42-46 event , a gold medal in the men 's 4 x 400 metre relay - T42-46 event , a silver medal in the men 's 100 metres - T44 event , and a bronze medal in the men 's 200 metres - T44 event . He also competed in the T44 200 metres , breaking the world record in the heats but was disqualified in the final . He also competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China , winning a gold medal in the men 's 4 x 100 metre relay - T42-46 event and a bronze medal in the men 's 100 metres - T44 event . Frasure is also a prosthetist and fitted Oscar Pistorius with his first pair of Ossur Flex-Foot Cheetah carbon fiber running blades ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandrolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jake Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Freeman', 'summary': "Thomas Jacob Freeman ( born November 5 , 1980 ) is an American hammer thrower . He competed at the 2009 World Outdoor championships . A native of East Greenwich , Rhode Island , Freeman attended Bishop Hendricken High School . He was Track and Field News High School Athlete of the Year in 2000 . In 2011 , Freeman was suspended by the USA Track & Field due a positive test for tetrahydrocannabinol . It was Freeman 's second doping violation , having previously tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannabis Cannabis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)', 'summary': 'Cannabis , also known as marijuana among other names , [ a ] is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used for medical or recreational purposes . The primary psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) , one of the 483 known compounds in the plant , including at least 65 other cannabinoids . Cannabis can be used by smoking , vaporizing , within food , or as an extract . Cannabis has mental and physical effects . It causes a high , or stoned , feeling and other effects including a general change in perception , difficulty thinking , impaired short-term memory , altered sense of time , impaired body movement , relaxation , and an increase in appetite . At high doses , mental effects include psychosis , delusions , hallucinations , paranoia , and ideas of reference , sometimes with anxiety and panic . Its physical effects include increased heart rate , difficulty breathing , nausea , and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy . Short-term side effects may include dry mouth , red eyes , and feelings of paranoia or anxiety . Long-term adverse effects may include addiction , decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents , chronic coughing , and susceptibility to respiratory infections . There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis , though the cause-and-effect is debated . Onset of effects is felt within minutes when smoked , and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and eaten . The effects last for two to six hours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)', 'summary': 'Cannabis , also known as marijuana among other names , [ a ] is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used for medical or recreational purposes . The primary psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) , one of the 483 known compounds in the plant , including at least 65 other cannabinoids . Cannabis can be used by smoking , vaporizing , within food , or as an extract . Cannabis has mental and physical effects . It causes a high , or stoned , feeling and other effects including a general change in perception , difficulty thinking , impaired short-term memory , altered sense of time , impaired body movement , relaxation , and an increase in appetite . At high doses , mental effects include psychosis , delusions , hallucinations , paranoia , and ideas of reference , sometimes with anxiety and panic . Its physical effects include increased heart rate , difficulty breathing , nausea , and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy . Short-term side effects may include dry mouth , red eyes , and feelings of paranoia or anxiety . Long-term adverse effects may include addiction , decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents , chronic coughing , and susceptibility to respiratory infections . There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis , though the cause-and-effect is debated . Onset of effects is felt within minutes when smoked , and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and eaten . The effects last for two to six hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Public warning 1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margarita Fuentes-Pila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruth Fuchs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Fuchs', 'summary': "Ruth Fuchs ( née Gamm , later Hellmann , born 14 December 1946 in Egeln , Saxony-Anhalt ) is a German politician and former athlete . Fuchs , representing East Germany , was the winner of the women 's javelin at the 1972 ( Munich ) and 1976 ( Montreal ) Olympic Games . She set the world record for the javelin six times during the 1970s . Her personal best throw was 69.96 metres with the old javelin type , achieved in April 1980 in Split . This ranks her seventh among German old-type-javelin throwers , behind Petra Felke ( who held the world record ) , Antje Kempe , Silke Renk , Beate Koch , Karen Forkel and Tanja Damaske . Ruth Fuchs has admitted using steroids during her career , as part of the official East German sports programme . After retirement from competitional activity , Fuchs became a member of Parliament for the Party of Democratic Socialism ( now the Left Party ) in the re-united Germany . Since her retirement from public life Fuchs has lived in Bucha , Saale-Holzland , in Thuringia , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1970 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids ( self-admitted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'F', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_5', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."} | null | null | Which athlete had their violation first ? A Nigerian Sprinter who claimed a gold medal in the 2015 All-Africa Games for 4 x 100 metres , or a Jamaican athlete who specialises in the 400m ? | Allodin Fothergill |
053f32590eec1571 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Argentine_films_of_2001', 'title': 'List of Argentine films of 2001', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chiquititas : Rincón de luz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiquititas:_Rincón_de_luz', 'summary': "Chiquititas : Rincón de luz ( English : Tiny Angels : Corner of Light ) is a 2001 Argentine fantasy-adventure film directed by José Luis Massa and written by Alex Ferrara and Walter Ferrara . It stars Romina Yan , and is based on the television series of same name which began on Argentine television in 1995 . The film was released in Argentina on 12 July 2001 , and is produced by Cris Morena , creator of Chiquititas original television series . Alongside Yan , it guest stars Facundo Arana as her romantic interest ( also from the television show , third and fourth seasons ) , Franklin Caicedo as the Wise Man , Alejandra Flechner and Juan Leyrado as the antagonists . The young cast is formed by Camila Bordonaba , Benjamín Rojas , Felipe Colombo , Luisana Lopilato , Nadia Di Cello , Natalia Melcon , Cristian Belgrano , Sebastián Francini , Agustín Sierra , and Brian Vainberg as Tok the Elf , all of them from the show 's sixth season , Chiquititas 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'José Luis Massa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romina Yan , Facundo Arana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romina_Yan', 'summary': 'Romina Yankelevich ( 5 September 1974 - 28 September 2010 ) , better known as Romina Yan , was an Argentine actress , screenwriter , singer and dancer . She made her television debut in the program Jugate Conmigo , and is most known for her portrayal of Belén Fraga in the internationally successful series Chiquititas ( as well as on stage , in its annual musical presentations ) created by her mother Cris Morena . She died in 2010 , aged 36 , after suffering a heart attack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Facundo_Arana', 'summary': 'Jorge Facundo Arana Tagle ( born March 31 , 1972 ) is an Argentine actor and musician . He is the winner of various awards for television and theater in Argentina . Arana is also noted for his solidarity work .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_film', 'summary': 'Adventure films are a genre of film that typically use their action scenes to display and explore exotic locations in an energetic way . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'The story of a young girl given the option to live whatever predestined life she wants or to form her own destiny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedom_(2001_film)', 'summary': 'Freedom ( Spanish : La libertad ) is a 2001 Argentine drama film directed by Lisandro Alonso . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Lisandro Alonso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisandro_Alonso', 'summary': 'Lisandro Alonso ( born 2 June 1975 ) is an Argentine film director and screenwriter . He has directed six feature-length films and a short film since 2001 and is loosely associated with the New Argentine Cinema movement . His film La libertad was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival . His 2014 film Jauja competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , where it won the FIPRESCI Prize . In addition , he was named Film Society of Lincoln Center 2014 Filmmaker in Residence on 24 June 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Screened at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Cannes_Film_Festival', 'summary': "The 54th Cannes Film Festival started on 14 May and ran until 25 May 2001 . Norwegian actress and director Liv Ullmann was the Jury President . The Palme d'Or went to the Italian film The Son 's Room by Nanni Moretti . The festival opened with Moulin Rouge ! , directed by Baz Luhrmann and closed with Les âmes fortes , directed by Raúl Ruiz . The Un Certain Regard section opened with ' R Xmas directed by Abel Ferrara and closed with The Words of My Father ( Le parole di mio padre ) directed by Francesca Comencini ."}]}, {'value': 'La Fuga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Fuga_(2001_film)', 'summary': "La fuga ( The Escape ) is a 2001 Argentine film directed by Eduardo Mignogna . The picture stars Mignogna 's friend and frequent collaborator , Ricardo Darin , as well as Miguel Angel Sola , Gerardo Romano , Patricio Contreras , Ines Estevez , Alejandro Awada and Norma Aleandro ."}]}, {'value': 'Eduardo Mignogna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduardo_Mignogna', 'summary': 'Eduardo Mignogna ( August 17 , 1940 - October 6 , 2006 ) was an Argentinian film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricardo Darín , Patricio Contreras , Miguel Ángel Solá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Darín', 'summary': 'Ricardo Alberto Darín ( born January 16 , 1957 ) is an Argentine actor , screenwriter and film director widely considered as one of the best and most prolific actors of Argentine cinema . Considered one of the greatest and most acclaimed movie stars of his country , he played a number of parts in TV series for several years where he became popular as a young leading actor . His most prominent roles as a film actor include Nine Queens ( 2000 ) , El hijo de la novia ( 2001 ) , Luna de Avellaneda ( 2004 ) , The Aura ( 2005 ) and La señal ( 2007 ) , which was also his directorial debut . He starred in the Academy Award winning film for Best Foreign Picture The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) . In 2011 , the Konex Foundation bestowed upon him their Diamond Award , one of the most prestigious awards in Argentina , for being the most important personality in entertainment in the last decade in his country . In 2015 , he received the Goya Award for Best Actor for the film Truman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patricio_Contreras', 'summary': 'Patricio Contreras ( Santiago , December 15 , 1947 ) is a Chilean-Argentine television , film and stage actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Ángel_Solá', 'summary': 'Miguel Ángel Solá ( born May 14 , 1950 ) is a prolific Argentine actor who has made over 60 film appearances in film and TV in Argentina since 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'In 1928 , seven inmates flee from a prison . The film follows their fates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Hijo de la Novia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Son_of_the_Bride', 'summary': 'Son of the Bride ( Spanish : El hijo de la novia ) is a 2001 Argentine comedy drama film directed by Juan José Campanella and written by Campanella and Fernando Castets . The executive producers were Juan Vera and Juan Pablo Galli , and it was produced by Adrián Suar . It stars Ricardo Darín , Héctor Alterio , Norma Aleandro , Eduardo Blanco and Natalia Verbeke . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and won the Silver Condor for Best Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan J. Campanella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_J._Campanella', 'summary': 'Juan José Campanella ( born July 19 , 1959 ) is an Argentine television and film director , writer and producer . He is a prominent figure of cinema in his country , and achieved worldwide fame with the release of The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) , for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricardo Darín , Norma Aleandro , Héctor Alterio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Darín', 'summary': 'Ricardo Alberto Darín ( born January 16 , 1957 ) is an Argentine actor , screenwriter and film director widely considered as one of the best and most prolific actors of Argentine cinema . Considered one of the greatest and most acclaimed movie stars of his country , he played a number of parts in TV series for several years where he became popular as a young leading actor . His most prominent roles as a film actor include Nine Queens ( 2000 ) , El hijo de la novia ( 2001 ) , Luna de Avellaneda ( 2004 ) , The Aura ( 2005 ) and La señal ( 2007 ) , which was also his directorial debut . He starred in the Academy Award winning film for Best Foreign Picture The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) . In 2011 , the Konex Foundation bestowed upon him their Diamond Award , one of the most prestigious awards in Argentina , for being the most important personality in entertainment in the last decade in his country . In 2015 , he received the Goya Award for Best Actor for the film Truman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norma_Aleandro', 'summary': 'Norma Aleandro Robledo [ a ] ( born May 2 , 1936 ) is an international award-winning Argentine actress , screenwriter , theatre director and author . She is considered as one of the more celebrated Argentine actresses and is recognized as a cultural icon . Aleandro starred in the Oscar-winning 1985 film The Official Story , a role that earned her the Cannes Award for best actress . She has performed in other successful films like The Truce ( 1974 ) , Cousins ( 1989 ) , Autumn Sun ( 1996 ) , The Lighthouse ( 1998 ) , Son of the Bride ( 2001 ) and Cama Adentro ( 2005 ) . For her performance as Florencia Sánchez Morales in the 1987 film Gaby : A True Story , she received a Golden Globe nomination and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Aleandro wrote the 1970 film The Inheritors and performed in various plays such as August : Osage County . Aleandro recently appeared in the Argentine adaptation of BeTipul and the critically successful En terapia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Alterio', 'summary': 'Héctor Benjamín Alterio Onorato ( born 21 September 1929 ) is an Argentine theatre , film and television actor , well known both in Argentina and Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated for an Academy Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosarigasinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosarigasinos', 'summary': 'Rosarigasinos ( Gangs from Rosario ) is a 2001 Argentine film , written and directed by Rodrigo Grande and starring Federico Luppi and Ulises Dumont . The film is also known as Presos del Olvido in Spain . The film was produced by Adolfo Aristarain , José Martínez , and José A. Martínez Suárez ; the associate producer was Alfredo Suaya and was partly funded by the INCAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Grande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Grande', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Grande ( born February 10 , 1974 in Rosario , Santa Fe Province ) is an Argentine film director and screenplay writer . He works in the cinema of Argentina and in the cinema of Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Federico Luppi , Ulises Dumont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Luppi', 'summary': 'Federico Luppi ( Spanish pronunciation : [ feðeˈɾiko lupi ] ; February 23 , 1936 - October 20 , 2017 ) was an Argentine-Spanish film , TV , radio and theatre actor . He won numerous awards throughout his acting career , including a Concha de Plata at the San Sebastian International Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulises_Dumont', 'summary': 'Ulises Dumont ( April 7 , 1937 - November 29 , 2008 ) was a prolific Argentine film actor , credited with over 80 appearances in film and countless others in theatre and television from 1964 until his death in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two friends from prison cope with life outside after being released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaga Zombie : Zona Mutante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaga_Zombie:_Zona_Mutante', 'summary': 'Plaga Zombie : Zona Mutante is a 2001 Argentine horror film written and directed Pablo Parés and Hernán Sáez , who star in the film along with Berta Muñiz . It is the second entry in the Plaga Zombie film series and the sequel to the 1997 film Plaga Zombie . It was followed by the third and final film , Plaga Zombie : Revolución Tóxica ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pablo Parés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Parés', 'summary': 'Pablo Parés ( August 28 , 1978 - in Haedo , Buenos Aires Province ) is an Argentine film director , actor , film producer , cinematographer , screenwriter and film editor best known for his work in the horror film genre . He has directed and produced over 20 films since . He is especially noted for his directorship of the Plaga Zombie comedy horror films - Plaga Zombie ( 1997 ) , Plaga Zombie : Zona Mutante ( 2001 ) , and Plaga Zombie : Revolución Tóxica ( 2012 ) - which he also produced , starred in and wrote .'}]}, {'value': 'Berta Muñiz , Pablo Parés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berta_Muñiz', 'summary': 'Sebastián Berta Muñiz ( July 21 , 1978 - in Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine film actor and film producer best known for his work in the horror film genre . He entered film in 1991 in New York Cop and has appeared in nearly 30 films since . He is particularly notable for his role in the Plaga Zombie horror film trilogy - Plaga Zombie ( 1997 ) , Plaga Zombie : Zona Mutante ( 2001 ) , and Plaga Zombie : Revolución Tóxica ( 2012 ) - which he also produced .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Parés', 'summary': 'Pablo Parés ( August 28 , 1978 - in Haedo , Buenos Aires Province ) is an Argentine film director , actor , film producer , cinematographer , screenwriter and film editor best known for his work in the horror film genre . He has directed and produced over 20 films since . He is especially noted for his directorship of the Plaga Zombie comedy horror films - Plaga Zombie ( 1997 ) , Plaga Zombie : Zona Mutante ( 2001 ) , and Plaga Zombie : Revolución Tóxica ( 2012 ) - which he also produced , starred in and wrote .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horror_film', 'summary': "A horror film is a film that seeks to elicit fear for entertainment purposes . Initially inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe , Bram Stoker , and Mary Shelley , horror has existed as a film genre for more than a century . The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes . Horror may also overlap with the fantasy , supernatural fiction , and thriller genres . Horror films often aim to evoke viewers ' nightmares , fears , revulsions and terror of the unknown . Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force , event , or personage into the everyday world . Prevalent elements include ghosts , extraterrestrials , vampires , werewolves , demons , Satanism , evil clowns , gore , torture , vicious animals , evil witches , monsters , giant monsters , zombies , cannibalism , psychopaths , natural , ecological or man-made disasters , and serial killers . Some sub-genres of horror film include low-budget horror , action horror , comedy horror , body horror , disaster horror , found footage , holiday horror , horror drama , psychological horror , science fiction horror , slasher , supernatural horror , gothic horror , natural horror , zombie horror , and teen horror ."}]}, {'value': 'A zombie-horror film series and a sequel to Plaga Zombie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaga_Zombie_(film_series)', 'summary': 'Plaga Zombie is an Argentine comedy horror film series created by Pablo Parés , Berta Muñiz , and Hernán Sáez . The films follow three misfit heroes who uncover an alien-government conspiracy after a zombie outbreak occurs in their hometown . Plaga Zombie was the first-ever zombie horror film released in Argentina and is the only zombie horror trilogy to be produced in Latin America . Plaga Zombie received mainstream coverage from Fangoria and was picked up by its horror label , Fangoria Films International , helping the series to attain a worldwide cult following . The latest installment of the series , Plaga Zombie : American Invasion , began production in the summer of 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plaga_Zombie', 'summary': 'Plaga zombie is a 1997 Argentine horror film directed and written by Pablo Parés and Hernán Sáez and written by Berta Muñiz and Pablo Parés who all starred in the film . It is the first entry in the Plaga Zombie film series being followed up with Plaga zombie : Zona mutante ( 2001 ) and Plaga Zombie : Revolución Tóxica ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Los pasos perdidos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lost_Steps', 'summary': 'The Lost Steps ( Spanish : Los pasos perdidos ) is a 2001 Argentine and Spanish drama film directed by Manane Rodríguez and written by Rodríguez and Xavier Bermúdez . The film features Irene Visedo , Luis Brandoni , Federico Luppi , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'Manane Rodríguez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irene Visedo , Luis Brandoni , Federico Luppi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Brandoni', 'summary': "Adalberto Luis Brandoni ( born 18 April 1940 ) is an Argentine theater , film , and television actor . Brandoni was born in Dock Sud , a port community east of Avellaneda . He debuted on the stage in 1962 , television in 1963 , and on film in 1966 . He joined the National Comedy Theater in 1964 under the direction of Luisa Vehil . Politically active in the centrist Radical Civic Union ( UCR ) , he served as cultural policy adviser for President Raúl Alfonsín ( 1983-89 ) , and was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies in 1993 , where he served until 2001 . He was an unsuccessful Argentine Senate candidate for the UCR in 2005 , and for Vice Governor of Buenos Aires Province , with nominee Ricardo Alfonsín , in 2007 . He was married to actress Marta Bianchi , and in 2007 married Mónica López . An actor with extensive film , television and theatre credits , he portrayed leading roles in acclaimed pictures such as La tregua ( 1974 ) , Juan que reía ( 1976 ) , Darse cuenta ( 1984 ) , Esperando la carroza ( 1985 ) , Made in Argentina ( 1986 ) , Cien veces no debo ( 1990 ) , Convivencia ( 1993 ) , Una sombra ya pronto serás ( 1994 ) , De mi barrio con amor ( 1995 ) , and Los pasos perdidos ( 2001 ) . His career remained strong during 2011 : among his notable theatre credits was his portrayal of former President Arturo Illia ; and his notable television credits included a starring role in the Telefé sitcom , El hombre de tu vida . He earned four Martín Fierro Awards ( 1970 , 1993 , 1995 and 2017 ) ; and two Argentine Film Critics Association Silver Condor awards for Best Actor for his roles in Seré cualquier cosa pero te quiero and Convivencia . Brandoni also served in numerous actors ' guilds , including the International Federation of Actors ( IFA ) as its Vice President between 1974 and 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Federico_Luppi', 'summary': 'Federico Luppi ( Spanish pronunciation : [ feðeˈɾiko lupi ] ; February 23 , 1936 - October 20 , 2017 ) was an Argentine-Spanish film , TV , radio and theatre actor . He won numerous awards throughout his acting career , including a Concha de Plata at the San Sebastian International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'A family drama about an Argentine family in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Inheritance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inheritance_(2001_film)', 'summary': 'Inheritance ( Spanish : Herencia ) is a 2001 Argentine drama film directed by Paula Hernández . It was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Paula Hernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Hernández', 'summary': 'Paula Hernández ( born 16 October 1969 ) is an Argentine film director and screenwriter . She has directed seven films since 1997 . Her 2001 film Inheritance was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/23rd_Moscow_International_Film_Festival', 'summary': 'The 23rd Moscow International Film Festival was held from 21 to 30 June 2001 . The Golden St. George was awarded to the American film The Believer directed by Henry Bean .'}]}], 'section_title': '2001', 'section_text': 'Title Director Actors Genre Comments Un Amor en Moisés Ville Daniel Barone Víctor Laplace Drama El Amor y el espanto Juan Carlos Desanzo Víctor Laplace Drama A fictitious event in the life of Jorge Luis Borges Animalada Sergio Bizzio Carlos Roffé Black comedy A wealthy man falls in love with a sheep Antigua mia vida Héctor Olivera Ana Belén , Cecilia Roth Drama About the troubled relationships of two upper class women in Buenos Aires El Armario Gustavo Corrado Jean Pierre Reguerraz , Pamela Rementería Arregui , la noticia del día Enrique Pinti , Carmen Maura Comedy A tragicomedy about corruption Bolivia Israel Adrián Caetano Freddy Flores Drama The film takes place in a café in the suburb of Villa Crespo La Ciénaga Lucrecia Martel Graciela Borges , Mercedes Morán , Martín Adjemián Drama About life in a self-pitying bourgeois family Déjala correr Alberto Lecchi Nicolás Cabré , Fabián Vena , Pablo Rago , Florencia Bertotti , Gabriel Goity , Julieta Díaz Comedy', 'uid': 'List_of_Argentine_films_of_2001_1', 'intro': 'A list of films produced in Argentina in 2001:'} | null | null | How many feature-length films have been directed by the director of the film Freedom ? | six |
053f379ad6762730 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters', 'title': 'List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cecilia Nabrit Adkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "first to lead the Publisher 's Association", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanita Banks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Purdue', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'President of the National Bar Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Bar_Association', 'summary': "The National Bar Association ( NBA ) was founded in 1925 and is the nation 's oldest and largest national network of predominantly African-American attorneys and judges . It represents the interests of approximately 65,000 lawyers , judges , law professors , and law students . The NBA is organized around 23 substantive law sections , 9 divisions , 12 regions , and 80 affiliate chapters throughout the United States and around the world . The current and 75th president is Juan R. Thomas of Aurora , Illinois ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary L. Bell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American to own and operate a radio station in the city of Detroit ; president and chairperson of Bell Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Roslyn Brock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roslyn_Brock', 'summary': 'Roslyn McCallister Brock ( born May 30 , 1965 ) is an African-American civil rights leader , healthcare executive , and health activist . She was selected to succeed Julian Bond as chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People on February 20 , 2010 , becoming the fourth woman and the youngest person to serve in the position .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman of the NAACP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mecole Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice President of Employment and Diversity , Wal-Mart Stores , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessie Bryant Mosley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founder of the Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Burroughs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Burroughs', 'summary': "Margaret Taylor-Burroughs ( November 1 , 1915 - November 21 , 2010 ) , also known as Margaret Taylor Goss , Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs or Margaret T G Burroughs ; was an American visual artist , writer , poet , educator , and arts organizer . She co-founded the Ebony Museum of Chicago , now the DuSable Museum of African American History . An active member of the African-American community , she also helped to establish the South Side Community Art Center , whose opening on May 1 , 1941 was dedicated by the First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt . There at the age of 23 Burroughs served as the youngest member of its board of directors . A long-time educator , she spent most of her career at DuSable High School . Taylor-Burroughs was a prolific writer , with her efforts directed toward the exploration of the Black experience and to children , especially to their appreciation of their cultural identity and to their introduction and growing awareness of art . She is also credited with the founding of Chicago 's Lake Meadows Art Fair in the early 1950s ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founder of DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Busby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Busby', 'summary': 'Margaret Busby OBE , Hon . FRSL ( born 1944 , also titled Nana Akua Ackon ) is a Ghanaian-born publisher , editor , writer and broadcaster , resident in the UK . She was Britains youngest and first black female book publisher when in the 1960s she co-founded with Clive Allison ( 1944-2011 ) the London-based publishing house Allison and Busby ( A & B ) . She edited the anthology Daughters of Africa ( 1992 ) , and its 2019 follow-up New Daughters of Africa . She is a recipient of the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African book publisher in the United Kingdom ; writer and broadcaster ; inducted into the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) by Queen Elizabeth II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire', 'summary': 'The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations , and public service outside the civil service . It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female . There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with , but not members of the order . Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom , the self-governing Dominions of the Empire ( later Commonwealth ) and the Viceroy of India . Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British ( Imperial ) honours . Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours . [ a ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II', 'summary': "Elizabeth II ( Elizabeth Alexandra Mary ; born 21 April 1926 ) [ a ] is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . [ b ] Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and she was educated privately at home . Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936 , from which time she was the heir presumptive . She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War , serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service . In 1947 , she married Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , a former prince of Greece and Denmark , with whom she has four children : Charles , Prince of Wales ; Anne , Princess Royal ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; and Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex . When her father died in February 1952 , Elizabeth became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries : the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon . She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes , such as devolution in the United Kingdom , Canadian patriation , and the decolonisation of Africa . Between 1956 and 1992 , the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence , and as realms , including South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon ( renamed Sri Lanka ) , became republics . Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes . Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver , Golden , and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 , respectively . In 2017 , she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee . She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch , as well as the world 's longest-serving female head of state , oldest living monarch , longest-reigning current monarch , and the oldest and longest-serving current head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Bush Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Bush_Wilson', 'summary': 'Margaret Bush Wilson ( January 30 , 1919 - August 11 , 2009 ) was an American lawyer and activist . Wilson broke many barriers as an African-American woman throughout her professional career .'}]}, {'value': 'Chi', 'urls': []}, {'value': "chaired the NAACP 's national board of directors in 1975", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAACP', 'summary': 'The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) [ a ] is a civil rights organization in the United States , formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B . Du Bois , Mary White Ovington , Moorfield Storey and Ida B . Wells . Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination . National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying , publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team . The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct , the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development . Its name , retained in accordance with tradition , uses the once common term colored people , referring to those with some African ancestry . The NAACP bestows annual awards to African Americans in two categories : Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment , and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind . Its headquarters is in Baltimore , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Butler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'global marketing director , personal care division , Avon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma C. Chappell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_C._Chappell', 'summary': 'Emma C. Chappell ( born Emma Carolyn Bayton ) is the founder and CEO of the United Bank of Philadelphia . She was the first African-American woman to form a commercial bank in the United States . She was also the first female Vice President of a major bank in the state of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American woman to form a commercial bank in the US', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank', 'summary': 'A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit . Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets . Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country , banks are highly regulated in most countries . Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities . In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards , known as the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties - notably , the Medicis , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds - have played a central role over many centuries . The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Ciara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Ciara', 'summary': 'Barbara Ciara is an American television journalist based at the Norfolk-Virginia Beach , VA CBS affiliate , WTKR-TV , News 3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Upsilon Omicron Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'president of the National Association of Black Journalists ; Managing Editor and primary anchor at WTKR NewsChannel 3 in Norfolk , Virginia ; youngest woman and first African-American to become news director at a commercial television station in the Southwest ( KMSB-TV in Tucson , Arizona )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTKR', 'summary': "WTKR , virtual channel 3 ( UHF digital channel 40 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Norfolk , Virginia , United States , serving the Hampton Roads area of southeastern Virginia ( comprising the cities of Norfolk , Portsmouth , Newport News , Hampton , Virginia Beach and environs ) , and the Outer Banks region of northeastern North Carolina . The station is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company , as part of a duopoly with Portsmouth-licensed CW affiliate WGNT ( channel 27 ) . The two stations share studios on Boush Street in downtown Norfolk ; WTKR 's transmitter is located in Suffolk , Virginia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KMSB-TV', 'summary': "KMSB , virtual channel 11 ( UHF digital channel 25 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Tucson , Arizona , United States . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate KTTU ( channel 18 ) ; Gray Television , which owns CBS affiliate KOLD-TV ( channel 13 ) , operates both stations under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) . The three outlets share studios on North Business Park Drive on the northwest side of Tucson ( near the Casas Adobes neighborhood ) . KMSB 's transmitter is located atop Mount Bigelow ; as a result of the transmitter 's location , residents in the northern part of Tucson , Oro Valley and Marana can not receive adequate reception of the station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Deborah S. Coleman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer for National Urban League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Urban_League', 'summary': 'The National Urban League , formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes , is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States . It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation . Its current President is Marc Morial .'}]}, {'value': 'Marva Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marva_Collins', 'summary': 'Marva Delores Collins ( née Knight ; August 31 , 1936 - June 24 , 2015 ) was an American educator . Collins is best known for creating Westside Preparatory School , a private elementary school in the impoverished Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois which opened in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Westside Preparatory School in Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Jocelyn Cooper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tau Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem,_New_York', 'summary': "Harlem is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan . It is bounded roughly by Frederick Douglass Boulevard , St. Nicholas Avenue , and Morningside Park on the west ; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north ; Fifth Avenue on the east ; and Central Park North on the south . The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west to the Hudson River , north to 155th Street , east to the East River , and south to 96th Street . Originally a Dutch village , formally organized in 1658 , it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands . Harlem 's history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles , with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle . Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century , but African-American residents began to arrive in large numbers during the Great Migration in the 20th century . In the 1920s and 1930s , Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance , a major African-American cultural movement . With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II , rates of crime and poverty increased significantly . In the 21st century , crime rates decreased significantly , and Harlem started to gentrify . Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 10 . It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the New York City Police Department . The greater Harlem area also includes Manhattan Community Districts 9 and 11 , and several additional police precincts ."}]}, {'value': 'president of Hitco Music Publishing ; first and only African-American woman to run a major publishing company , Midnight Songs ; former head of A & R at Universal Records ; Senior Vice President/Special Assistant to the Chairman ( Doug Morris ) of the Universal Music Group ; advisor , Afropunk Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afropunk_Festival', 'summary': "The Afropunk Festival ( commonly referred to as Afropunk or Afropunk Fest ) is an annual arts festival that includes live music , film , fashion , and art produced by black artists . The festival made its first debut at the Brooklyn Academy of Music ( BAM ) in 2005 , and has since expanded to other parts of the world . Originally co-founded by James Spooner and Matthew Morgan , the festival was inspired by Spooner 's 2003 documentary film Afro-Punk , which spotlighted black punks across America and later culminated in a series of live shows entitled The Liberation Sessions co-curated by Spooner and Morgan . The festival originally sought to provide black people an opportunity to build community within the predominantly white punk subculture and to provide a stage for black alternative performers that were not acknowledged in the mainstream and stood outside hip hop , R & B , soul , etc . To attract a wider audience , the festival shifted to include soul music and hip hop , which expanded its target demographic , attracting headliners including Ice Cube , Lauryn Hill , Lenny Kravitz , and Gary Clark , Jr. Musical performers now represent a variety of genres , primarily known to reflect African-American culture . Afropunk 's changes to its diverse cultural showcase has allowed for the festival to build its masses to 60,000 attendees . Due to festival alterations that deviated from the original Afropunk culture , former co-founder , James Spooner made the decision to end his involvement in 2008 . Soon after , Jocelyn Cooper was introduced to the festival as co-organizer , broadening Afropunk Fest to Atlanta , Paris , London , and Johannesburg , South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Suzanne de Passe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_de_Passe', 'summary': 'Suzanne Celeste de Passe ( born July 19 , 1946 ) is an American television , music and film producer as well as the co-chairwoman of de Passe Jones Entertainment Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'only African-American to be nominated for an Academy Award for writing ; CEO of de Passe Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CEO', 'summary': "A chief executive officer ( CEO ) , or just chief executive ( CE ) , is the most senior corporate , executive , or administrative officer in charge of managing an organization - especially an independent legal entity such as a company or nonprofit institution . CEOs lead a range of organizations , including public and private corporations , non-profit organizations and even some government organizations ( notably Crown corporations ) . The CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the entity , which may include maximizing the share price , market share , revenues or another element . In the non-profit and government sector , CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization 's mission , such as reducing poverty , increasing literacy , etc . In the early 21st century , top executives typically had technical degrees in science , management , engineering or law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/De_Passe_Entertainment', 'summary': "Motown Productions ' original focus was on the production of television specials for its star recording artists . These included TCB ( 1968 ) and G.I.T . on Broadway ( 1969 ) , starring Diana Ross & the Supremes with The Temptations , The Temptations Show ( also 1969 ) , The Smokey Robinson Show ( 1970 ) , Diana ! ( 1971 ) starring Diana Ross , and Goin ' Back to Indiana ( also 1971 ) starring The Jackson 5 . When Suzanne de Passe joined Motown in 1968 , much of her work involved the production of these television specials . Motown 's first television series was The Jackson 5ive ( 1971 - 1973 ) , a Saturday morning cartoon by Rankin/Bass starring characters based upon Motown 's popular teen act . The company 's first feature film was Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) , a Billie Holiday biographical film starring Diana Ross as Holliday and Billy Dee Williams as her husband Louis McKay . After Lady Sings the Blues became a success , garnering box office success and five Academy Award nominations , Ross and Williams were paired for a second feature , Mahogany ( 1975 ) . Both films were coupled with successful music releases : Lady Sings the Blues was accompanied with a platinum-selling soundtrack album by Ross , while Mahogany featured Ross ' number-one pop hit Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) Other Motown films included Scott Joplin ( 1977 ) , another musician biopic starring Billy Dee Williams , and Thank God It 's Friday ( 1978 ) , which starred Donna Summer and featured her hit song Last Dance . Following the commercial and critical failure of Motown 's eighth film , a 1978 adaptation of the Broadway musical The Wiz starring Diana Ross and the Jackson 5 's Michael Jackson , the company focused more closely on television . Its productions during the late 1970s and early 1980s included TV movies such as Amateur Night at the Dixie Bar and Grill , ( 1979 ) and Callie & Son ( 1981 ) and TV specials such as the popular and successful Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , and Forever ( 1983 ) . Motown 25 , an anniversary special for the Motown Records label , was most noted for featuring Michael Jackson 's famous performance of his non-Motown hit song Billie Jean ."}]}, {'value': 'Terri Dean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Senior Vice President of Global Communications , Verizon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Verizon', 'summary': "Verizon Communications Inc. ( listen ( help·info ) ) ( /vəˈraɪzən/ və-RY-zən ) is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate and a corporate component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . The company is based at 1095 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , but is incorporated in Delaware . In 1984 , the United States Department of Justice mandated AT & T Corporation to break up the Bell System and split into seven companies , each a Regional Bell Operating Company ( RBOC ) , and commonly referred to as Baby Bells . One of the Baby Bells , Bell Atlantic , came into existence in 1984 , consisting of the separate operating companies New Jersey Bell , Bell of Pennsylvania , Diamond State Telephone , and C & P Telephone , with a trading area from New Jersey to Virginia . This company would later become Verizon . As part of a rebranding of the Baby Bells in the mid-1990s , all of Bell Atlantic 's operating companies assumed the holding company 's name . In 1997 , Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX . Although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company name , the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEX 's old headquarters in New York City . In 2000 , Bell Atlantic acquired GTE , which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantic 's footprint . Bell Atlantic , the surviving entity , changed its name to Verizon , a portmanteau of veritas ( Latin for truth ) and horizon . In 2015 , Verizon expanded into content ownership by acquiring AOL , and two years later it acquired Yahoo ! . AOL and Yahoo were amalgamated into a new division named Oath Inc. ( currently known as Verizon Media ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bettiann Gueno Gardner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American woman to be part-owner of a major National Basketball Association team , the Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}]}, {'value': 'Patricia P. Gibson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'businesswoman , recipient of the William F. Nabors Marketer of the Year Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linda Gill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'general manager , founder of Kimani Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimani_Press', 'summary': 'Kimani Press was formed by Harlequin Enterprises , Ltd. in December 2005 , with the purchase of the Arabesque , Sepia , and New Spirit Imprints from BET Books . Arabesque was the first line of original African-American romance novels from a major publishing house , and published two single-titles each month until it ceased publication in February 2015 . The Sepia imprint featured commercial womens fiction , and New Spirit served the growing African-American inspirational marketplace with both fiction and non-fiction releases . In July 2006 , Harlequin launched Kimani Romance , the only African-American series imprint in the marketplace today , with four new releases each month . In May 2017 , it was announced that Harlequin was no longer acquiring titles for the Kimani Romance imprint , with the final titles due to be released in 2018 . In February 2007 , Kimani TRU was launched targeting a young-adult , multi-cultural audience with one new release each month . This line ceased publication in October 2014 . Since 2005 , Kimani Press novels have been available in eBook format , a portable downloaded alternative to the standard paperback .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters_9', 'intro': 'This list of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorors (commonly referred to as AKAs) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter sorority established for Black college women. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., by nine women who were known as The Original Group of 1908, and seven sophomores, who were accepted as honor initiates and are known as The Sophomores of 1910. Alpha Kappa Alpha has a membership of more than 200,000 women in over 950 chapters in the United States and several other countries. Membership is extended to female college undergraduate and graduate students. The sorority also bestows honorary membership as its highest honor.'} | null | null | What school was created by the Alpha Pi sister ? | Westside Preparatory School |
053fb2746794654f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters', 'title': 'List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robin Aikens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda Alpha Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois', 'summary': "Naperville ( /ˈneɪpərˌvɪl/ ) is a city in DuPage and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois . Located 28 miles ( 45 km ) west of Chicago , Naperville was founded in 1831 and developed into the fifth-largest city in Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 141,853 , which was estimated to have increased to 147,682 by 2017 . In a 2010 study assessing cities with populations exceeding 75,000 , Naperville was ranked as the wealthiest city in the Midwest and the eleventh wealthiest in the nation . It was ranked among the nation 's safest cities by USA Today and Business Insider . Naperville was voted the second-best place to live in the United States by Money magazine in 2006 and it was rated first on the list of best cities for early retirement in 2013 by Kiplinger ."}]}, {'value': 'Division I golf coach , Chicago State University ; founder of InnerCityGolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_State_University', 'summary': 'Chicago State University ( CSU ) is a public university in Chicago , Illinois . It is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . CSU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission ( HLC ) . CSU extends in-state tuition to undergraduate students from all U.S. states . Founded in 1867 as the Cook County Normal School , it was an innovative teachers college . Eventually it was taken over by the Chicago Public Schools and became Chicago Teachers College ( CTC ) . Northeastern Illinois University began as a branch campus of CTC . In 1951 , the State of Illinois began funding the college , and took it over in 1965 , transforming it into a comprehensive state college . In 1967 , it became Chicago State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Borders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Borders', 'summary': "Lisa Michelle Borders ( born c.1958 ) is the former president and chief executive officer of Time 's Up and former president of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Iota Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'President of WNBA', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Association", 'summary': "The Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) is a professional basketball league in the United States . It is currently composed of twelve teams . The league was founded on April 24 , 1996 , as the women 's counterpart to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and league play started in 1997 . The regular season is played from May to September , with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October . Starting in 2020 , a midseason tournament , the Commissioner 's Cup , will be added , with regular-season Cup games played through early July followed by a final match in August . Five WNBA teams have direct NBA counterparts and play in the same arena : Indiana Fever , Los Angeles Sparks , Minnesota Lynx , New York Liberty , and Phoenix Mercury . The Atlanta Dream , Chicago Sky , Connecticut Sun , Dallas Wings , Las Vegas Aces , Seattle Storm , and Washington Mystics do not share an arena with a direct NBA counterpart , although four of the seven ( the Dream , the Sky , the Wings , and the Mystics ) share a market with an NBA counterpart , and the Storm shared an arena and market with an NBA team at the time of its founding . The Dream , the Sky , the Sun , the Wings , the Aces , the Sparks , and the Storm are all independently owned ."}]}, {'value': 'Alice Coachman Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Coachman', 'summary': 'Alice Coachman Davis ( November 9 , 1923 - July 14 , 2014 ) was an American athlete . She specialized in high jump and was the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American woman to win an Olympic Gold Medal and first American woman to win a gold medal in track and field during the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom from 29 July to 14 August 1948 . After a twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes , sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed The Flying Housewife , the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/London,_England', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandit Copper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'former professional track runner , college all-American ; Assistant Track and Field track coach , United States Military Academy ; Associated Head track coach , California State University-Fullerton , first female ( African-American ) ever to coach on their coaching staff . Olympic Track and Field Coach to 2016 Bronze Medalist Bolade Ajomale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University-Fullerton', 'summary': "California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF or Cal State Fullerton ) is a public university in Fullerton , California . With a total enrollment of about 40,400 , it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system , and its approximately 5,800 graduate student body is also the largest in the CSU and one of the largest in all of California . As of Fall 2016 , the school had 2,083 faculty , of which 782 were on the tenure track . The university offers 109 degrees : 57 bachelor 's degrees and 52 graduate degrees , including three doctorates . CSUF is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution ( AANAPISI ) . The university is nationally accredited in art , athletic training , business , chemistry , communications , communicative disorders , computer science , dance , engineering , music , nursing , public administration , public health , social work , teacher education and theater . Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $ 2.26 billion to the California and local economy , and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide . CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans . They compete in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Vonetta Flowers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vonetta_Flowers', 'summary': 'Vonetta Flowers ( née Jeffery ; born October 29 , 1973 ) is an American bobsledder .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gold medal-winner of bobsledding competition in the 2002 Winter Olympics ; first African-American ( male or female ) to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsledding', 'summary': "Bobsleigh or bobsled is a team winter sport that involves making timed runs down narrow , twisting , banked , iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh . International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation , also known as FIBT from the French Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing . National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation and Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton . The first bobsleds were built in St. Moritz , Switzerland , in the late 19th century by wealthy tourists from Victorian Britain who were staying at the Palace Hotel owned by Caspar Badrutt . The early sleds were adapted from boys ' delivery sleds and toboggans . These eventually evolved into bobsleighs , luges and skeletons . Initially the tourists would race their hand-built contraptions down the narrow streets of St. Moritz , however , as collisions increased growing opposition from St Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways . In the winter of 1884 , Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta . The Cresta Run remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club . It has hosted two Olympic Winter Games and is still in use . Modern Bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times . An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Chryste Gaines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chryste_Gaines', 'summary': "Chryste Dionne Gaines ( born September 14 , 1970 in Lawton , Oklahoma ) is an American athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres . A 1988 graduate of South Oak Cliff High School in Dallas , Texas , Gaines competed for the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. , in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with teammates Olympic 100m champion Gail Devers , Inger Miller and Gwen Torrence who won the Olympic 200m in Barcelona and a bronze in the 100m in Atlanta . She returned to Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics as the sole survivor of the 4 x 100 meters , this time she lined up with double sprint gold medalist Marion Jones and fellow Americans Torri Edwards and Nanceen Perry but could only come away with the bronze medal . In 2003 , Gaines was issued a Public Warning and had her results disqualified for the detection of Modafinil . The same year she was investigated as part of the BALCO scandal and in 2004 she received a two-year doping ban . Recently , she ( with her other 4x100 meter teammates ) had been asked to return her bronze medal won at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 as well as other achievements due to steroid use . She and five other members of the 2000 team would successfully appeal the IOC 's decision to force them to return their 2000 medals in July 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Xi Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': 'US track champion ; bronze medal winner , 2000 Olympics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zina Garrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zina_Garrison', 'summary': "Zina Lynna Garrison ( born November 16 , 1963 ) is a former professional tennis player from the United States . She was a women 's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990 , a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion , and a women 's doubles gold medalist and singles bronze medalist at the 1988 Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American to win a tennis medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': 'Althea Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Althea_Gibson', 'summary': "Althea Neale Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 - September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and one of the first Black athletes to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first African American to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Championships ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the US Nationals ( precursor of the US Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including five singles titles , five doubles titles , and one mixed doubles title . Gibson was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , said Bob Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . Martina [ Navratilova ] could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . In the early 1960s she also became the first Black player to compete on the Women 's Professional Golf Tour . At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . Her road to success was a challenging one , said Billie Jean King , but I never saw her back down . To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were Black , said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'first African-American to win a Grand Slam in tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)', 'summary': "The Grand Slam tournaments , also called majors , are the four most important annual tennis events . They offer the most ranking points , prize money , public and media attention , the greatest strength and size of field , and greater number of best of sets for men , which is 5 . The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January , the French Open ( also known as Roland Garros ) from around late May to early June , Wimbledon in June-July , and the US Open in August-September . Each tournament is played over a two-week period . The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts , [ a ] the French on clay , and Wimbledon on grass . Wimbledon is the oldest , founded in 1877 , followed by the US in 1881 , the French in 1891 , and the Australian in 1905 . However the French Championships was not considered a major before 1924-25 , when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments . Skipping majors - especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money - was not unusual before 1982 . Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) or the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) , but by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . However , the ATP and WTA do award ranking points based on a player 's performance at a major . The term Grand Slam , without qualification , and also originally , refers to the achievement of winning all four major championships within a single calendar year within one of the five events : men 's and women 's singles ; men 's and women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . In doubles , one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Chamique Holdsclaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamique_Holdsclaw', 'summary': "Chamique Shaunta Holdsclaw ( born August 9 , 1977 ) is a former professional basketball player in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) most recently under a contract with the San Antonio Silver Stars . She announced her retirement from the Los Angeles Sparks on June 11 , 2007 , though she eventually came out of retirement to play with the Atlanta Dream for the 2009 WNBA Season . Holdsclaw was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'top WNBA draft pick ; basketball player', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Association", 'summary': "The Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) is a professional basketball league in the United States . It is currently composed of twelve teams . The league was founded on April 24 , 1996 , as the women 's counterpart to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and league play started in 1997 . The regular season is played from May to September , with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October . Starting in 2020 , a midseason tournament , the Commissioner 's Cup , will be added , with regular-season Cup games played through early July followed by a final match in August . Five WNBA teams have direct NBA counterparts and play in the same arena : Indiana Fever , Los Angeles Sparks , Minnesota Lynx , New York Liberty , and Phoenix Mercury . The Atlanta Dream , Chicago Sky , Connecticut Sun , Dallas Wings , Las Vegas Aces , Seattle Storm , and Washington Mystics do not share an arena with a direct NBA counterpart , although four of the seven ( the Dream , the Sky , the Wings , and the Mystics ) share a market with an NBA counterpart , and the Storm shared an arena and market with an NBA team at the time of its founding . The Dream , the Sky , the Sun , the Wings , the Aces , the Sparks , and the Storm are all independently owned ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Jolanda Jo Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jolanda_"Jo"_Jones', 'summary': 'Jolanda Jones ( born 6 November 1959 ) is a former American heptathlete . At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze , and in 1989 she was US champion . Representing the University of Houston she was three times NCAA champion ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 ) . In 2004 , she competed in Survivor : Palau . From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council , school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'US Track and Field Heptathlon champion ; three-time NCAA Heptathlon champion ; NCAA Top Six Award winner ; Verizon Academic All-America Hall of Fame ; Texas Black Sports Hall of Fame ; University of Houston Hall of Honor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiffany Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiffany_Mitchell_(basketball)', 'summary': "Tiffany Mitchell ( born September 23 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Fever in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She went to Providence Day School as number 3 on the high school team . After concluding her collegiate career at South Carolina , she was selected ninth overall at the 2016 WNBA Draft on April 14 , 2016 . She graduated in May 2016 with a B.S . in Retail Management . As a member of Dawn Staley 's Lady Gamecocks , she was a two-time SEC Player of the Year award winner ( 2014-2015 ) . A threat on both the offensive & defensive ends of the court , she has drawn comparisons to Dwyane Wade for her ability to score and create her own shot in tough match-ups . Mitchell was initiated as a member of the Theta Gamma chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': "Shooting guard for WNBA 's Indiana Fever", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Fever', 'summary': "The Indiana Fever are an American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana , playing in the Eastern Conference in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The team was founded before the inaugural 2000 season began . The team is owned by Herb Simon , who also owns the Fever 's NBA counterpart , the Indiana Pacers , and Simon Malls . The Fever has qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in 13 of its 20 seasons in Indiana . Some of the players who have helped define the history of the Fever include the American players Tamika Catchings , Katie Douglas , and Tully Bevilaqua from Australia . In 2009 , the Fever went to the WNBA Finals but fell short to Phoenix . On October 21 , 2012 , the Fever won the WNBA Championship with a win over the Minnesota Lynx . Tamika Catchings was named the series MVP ."}]}, {'value': 'Shannon Perry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Basketball assistant coach , Duke University ; former assistant coach University of Southern California Women 's Basketball team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Danya Pilgrim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pi Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Forest_University', 'summary': "Wake Forest University is a private research university in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . Founded in 1834 , the university received its name from its original location in Wake Forest , north of Raleigh , North Carolina . The Reynolda Campus , the university 's main campus , has been located north of downtown Winston-Salem since the university moved there in 1956 . The Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center campus has two locations , the older one located near the Ardmore neighborhood in central Winston-Salem , and the newer campus at Wake Forest Innovation Quarter downtown . The university also occupies lab space at Biotech Plaza at Innovation Quarter , and at the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials . The university 's Graduate School of Management maintains a presence on the main campus in Winston-Salem and in Charlotte , North Carolina . Wake Forest has produced 15 Rhodes Scholars , including 13 since 1986 , four Marshall Scholars , 15 Truman Scholars and 92 Fulbright recipients since 1993. Notable people of Wake Forest University include author Maya Angelou , mathematician Phillip Griffiths , Senators Richard Burr and Kay Hagan , former sportscaster and athlete Billy Packer , athletes Chris Paul , Tim Duncan , Muggsy Bogues , Brian Piccolo and Arnold Palmer , and CEO Charlie Ergen . Wake Forest student athletes are known as the Demon Deacons and compete in the NCAA Division I - Atlantic Coast Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'head coach , field hockey , Bryn Mawr College ; head field hockey coach , State University of New York at Oswego ; assistant coach , Wittenberg University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College', 'summary': "Bryn Mawr College ( /ˌbrɪnˈmɑːr/ brin-MAR ; Welsh : [ ˌbɾɨ̞nˈmau̯ɾ ] ) is a women 's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania . Founded as a Quaker institution in 1885 , Bryn Mawr is one of the Seven Sister colleges and the Tri-College Consortium . The college has an enrollment of about 1,350 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students . It was the first women 's college to offer graduate education through a PhD ."}, {'url': '/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Oswego', 'summary': "State University of New York at Oswego ( SUNY Oswego or Oswego State ) is a public college in the City of Oswego and Town of Oswego , New York . It has two campuses : historic lakeside campus in Oswego and Metro Center in Syracuse , New York . SUNY Oswego was founded in 1861 as the Oswego Primary Teachers Training School by Edward Austin Sheldon , who introduced a revolutionary teaching methodology Oswego Movement in American education . In 1942 the New York Legislature elevated it from a normal school to a degree-granting teachers ' college , Oswego State Teachers College , which was a founding and charter member of the State University of New York system in 1948 . In 1962 the college broadened its scope to become a liberal arts college . SUNY Oswego currently has over 80,000 living alumni . Oswego State offers more than 100 academic programs leading to bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and certificates of advanced study . It consists of four colleges and schools : College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , School of Business , School of Education , and School of Communications , Media and the Arts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wittenberg_University', 'summary': 'Wittenberg University is a private liberal arts college in Springfield , Ohio . It has approximately 2,000 full-time students representing 37 states and 30 foreign countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Diggs Slowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Diggs_Slowe', 'summary': "Lucy Diggs Slowe ( July 4 , 1885 - October 21 , 1937 ) was the first black woman to serve as Dean of Women at any American university and the first Dean of Women at Howard University . She was one of the original sixteen founders of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority , Incorporated , the first sorority founded by African-American women . She was one of the nine original founders of the sorority in 1908 at Howard University . In 1922 , Slowe was appointed the first Dean of Women at Howard University . She continued in that role at Howard for 15 years until her death . In addition , Slowe created and led two professional associations to support college administrators . Slowe was also a tennis champion , winning the national title of the American Tennis Association 's first tournament in 1917 , the first African-American woman to win a major sports title ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American to win a national championship in any sport ( tennis )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolly Mabel Landry Staton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePaul_University', 'summary': "DePaul University is a private , Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded by the Vincentians in 1898 , the university takes its name from the 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul . In 1998 , it became the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States . Following in the footsteps of its founders , DePaul places special emphasis on recruiting first-generation students and others from disadvantaged backgrounds . DePaul 's two campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop . The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , Science and Health , and Education . It also houses the School of Music , the Theatre School , and the John T. Richardson Library . The Loop campus houses the Colleges of Communication , Computing and Digital Media , and Law , as well as the School of Public Service and the School for New Learning . It is also home to the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business , which is part of the nationally ranked Driehaus College of Business , the tenth oldest business school in the nation . The Loop campus also houses the Loop Library , the Rinn Law Library , and the Barnes and Noble-based Student Center . The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduates and about 7,600 graduate/law students , making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States , and the largest private university in Illinois . According to the Division of Student Affairs website , about 90% of DePaul 's students commute or live off campus ."}]}, {'value': 'member of US track and field team , 1952 Olympics ; won several national championships in 50 meters and long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. Vivian Stringer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._Vivian_Stringer', 'summary': "Charlaine Vivian Stringer ( born March 16 , 1948 ) is an American basketball coach , with one of the best records in the history of women 's basketball . She is currently the head coach of the Rutgers University women 's basketball team . Stringer is the first coach in NCAA history to lead three different women 's programs to the NCAA Final Four : Rutgers in 2000 and 2007 , the University of Iowa in 1993 , and Cheyney State College ( now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania ) in 1982 . She is the sixth winningest coach in women 's basketball history . [ citation needed ] She was honored as the Naismith College Coach of the Year for women 's basketball in 1993 , and is a member of the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame . She was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in April 2009 , and was inducted in September of that year . On February 26 , 2013 , Stringer won her 900th game , becoming only the fifth coach in women 's basketball history to reach this mark , joining Summitt , Hatchell , Jody Conradt , and Geno Auriemma ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers University head basketball coach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': 'Debi Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debi_Thomas', 'summary': "Debra Janine Thomas ( born March 25 , 1967 ) is an American former figure skater and physician . She is the 1986 World champion , the 1988 Olympic bronze medalist , and a two-time U.S. national champion . Her rivalry with East Germany 's Katarina Witt at the 1988 Calgary Olympics was known as the Battle of the Carmens ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American figure skater to win a medal ( bronze ) in the Winter Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skater', 'summary': "Figure skating is a sport in which individuals , duos , or groups perform on figure skates on ice . It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games , when it was contested at the 1908 Olympics in London . The four Olympic disciplines are men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dance . Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating , Theater on Ice , and four skating . From intermediate through senior-level competition , skaters generally perform two programs ( short and free skate ) , which may include spins , jumps , moves in the field , lifts , throw jumps , death spirals , and other elements or moves , depending on the discipline . The blade has a groove on the bottom creating two distinct edges : inside and outside . Judges prefer that skaters glide on one edge of the blade and not on both at the same time , which is referred to as a flat edge . During a spin , skaters use the sweet spot of the blade , formally called a rocker , which is the roundest portion of the blade , just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade . Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large , jagged teeth called toe picks on the front of the blade . Toe picks are mainly used for the take-off on jumps . Ice dance blades have smaller toe picks . Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level ( senior ) at local , regional , sectional , national , and international competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Morgan Tuck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_Tuck', 'summary': "Morgan Tuck ( born April 30 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She played her first four WNBA seasons with the Connecticut Sun . She won 4 consecutive NCAA championships with the University of Connecticut . She completed her high school career at Bolingbrook High School in Bolingbrook , Illinois . She played on the USA Basketball U17 , U18 and U19 teams , where she helped each team win a Gold Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Tau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Connecticut', 'summary': "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ."}]}, {'value': "Forward for the WNBA 's Connecticut Sun", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Sun', 'summary': "The Connecticut Sun are an American professional basketball team based in Uncasville , Connecticut that competes in the Eastern Conference of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Along with the Minnesota Lynx , the club was established in 1999 as part of the league 's expansion from ten to twelve teams . The Miracle , the club 's previous moniker , originated that year in Orlando , Florida , as the sister team to the NBA 's Orlando Magic . Financial straits left the Miracle teetering on the brink of disbanding before the Mohegan Indian tribe purchased and relocated the team to Mohegan Sun , becoming the first Native American tribe to own a professional sports franchise . The derivative of the club 's name comes from its affiliation with Mohegan Sun , while the team 's logo is reflective of a modern interpretation of an ancient Mohegan symbol . Capitalizing on the popularity of women 's basketball in the state , as a result of the success of the UConn Huskies , the Sun also held the distinction of being the only WNBA franchise not to share its market with an NBA team from 2003 until the Seattle SuperSonics relocated , leaving the Storm as an independent team in Seattle . The Sun has qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in eight of its fourteen years in Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': 'MarLena Wesh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA track-runner , 3-time ACC Champion in the 400 , 3-time All-American ; 2012 Summer Olympics Semi-finalist in the 400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonique Williams-Darling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonique_Williams-Darling', 'summary': "Tonique Williams-Darling ( born January 17 , 1976 in Nassau , Bahamas ) is a Bahamian sprint athlete . She won the gold medal in the 400 meters at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She graduated from St. John 's College Bahamas ( high school ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': 'gold medal Bahamian runner in the 400 meter track at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bahamas', 'summary': "The Bahamas ( /bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago in the West Indies . It is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola Island ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the U.S. state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas ' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas were inhabited by the Lucayans , a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno people , for many centuries . Columbus was the first European to see the islands , making his first landfall in the 'New World ' in 1492 . Later , the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to slavery on Hispaniola , after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American Revolutionary War , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas ; they took their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Track_and_field', 'summary': "Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running , jumping , and throwing . The name is derived from where the sport takes place , a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events . Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running , and racewalking . The foot racing events , which include sprints , middle- and long-distance events , racewalking and hurdling , are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time . The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height . Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , javelin , discus and hammer . There are also combined events or multi events , such as the pentathlon consisting of five events , heptathlon consisting of seven events , and decathlon consisting of ten events . In these , athletes participate in a combination of track and field events . Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor ; the most prominent team events are relay races , which typically feature teams of four . Events are almost exclusively divided by gender , although both the men 's and women 's competitions are usually held at the same venue . If a race has too many people to run all at once , preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants . Track and field is one of the oldest sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters_17', 'intro': 'This list of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorors (commonly referred to as AKAs) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter sorority established for Black college women. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., by nine women who were known as The Original Group of 1908, and seven sophomores, who were accepted as honor initiates and are known as The Sophomores of 1910. Alpha Kappa Alpha has a membership of more than 200,000 women in over 950 chapters in the United States and several other countries. Membership is extended to female college undergraduate and graduate students. The sorority also bestows honorary membership as its highest honor.'} | null | null | Which honorary sister is youngest ? | Chamique Holdsclaw |
0540424cb55bbbb5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Asahara', 'title': 'Akira Asahara', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002–03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Okayama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-25 January 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-21 November 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Matsuyama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14-15 May 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Niigata ( city )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 November-4 December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamamatsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-11 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis , Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-14 December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 October 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Akira_Asahara_0', 'intro': 'Akira Asahara (浅原晃) is a Japanese Magic: The Gathering player. His successes include two Pro Tour top eights, two Grand Prix wins, and eight other Grand Prix top eights. He has been referred to as a rogue deck designer.'} | null | null | What date did the season begin in which Akira Asahara ranked 8 in Memphis , Tennessee ? | 15 December 2007 |
0540eafdf2c0c723 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people', 'title': 'List of awards named after people', 'header': ['Award', 'Named after', 'Field', 'Achievement'], 'data': [{'value': 'Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Video_Vanguard_Award', 'summary': 'The Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award is presented at the MTV Video Music Awards to music performers , recognizing accomplishments in music and film ; because of its special acclaim , the award is usually gold-plated rather than the silver plating of the regular Moonman/Moonperson trophy . The first Vanguard awards were presented in 1984 at the inaugural VMAs , and renamed in 1991 in honor of Michael Jackson . The award is also given to music video directors who have created some of the most acclaimed music videos aired by the network . Awarded corporately , it is not given annually , and in certain years it was presented under the name Lifetime Achievement Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Jackson', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and dancer . Dubbed the King of Pop , he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music . Jackson 's contributions to music , dance , and fashion , along with his publicized personal life , made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Jackson made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records , and rose to solo stardom with his fifth studio album Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . By the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those for Beat It , Billie Jean , and Thriller from his sixth studio album Thriller ( 1982 ) , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . Their popularity helped propel the television channel MTV into a significant factor of 1980s pop culture . The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards at the 26th Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . Jackson continued to innovate with videos including Leave Me Alone and Smooth Criminal from Bad ( 1987 ) , Black or White and Remember the Time from Dangerous ( 1991 ) , Scream from HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) and Ghosts from the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix ( 1997 ) . Jackson forged a reputation as a global touring artist ."}]}, {'value': 'Music video', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding achievement to MTV culture and its history for musicians and music video directors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie James Memorial Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_James_Memorial_Trophy', 'summary': 'The Eddie James Memorial Trophy is a Canadian Football League trophy , awarded to the leading rusher in the West Division . Unlike other CFL trophies , there is no equivalent for the East Division . The award is named after Eddie James , a former running back for the then Regina Roughriders in the 1930s . In 1995 , as part of the failed American expansion , the James trophy was awarded to the leading rusher in the North Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_James_(Canadian_football)', 'summary': 'Eddie Dynamite James ( September 30 , 1907 - December 26 , 1958 ) was a running back for the Regina Roughriders and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League . James was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2004 . The Eddie James Memorial Trophy is named after him . His son Gerry James also played for the Blue Bombers and also is inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leading rusher in the CFL West Division . Unlike other CFL divisional trophies , there is no equivalent for the East Division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League_West_Division', 'summary': 'The West Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , their counterpart being the East Division . Although the CFL was not founded until 1958 , the West Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League_East_Division', 'summary': 'The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League , their counterpart being the West Division . Although the CFL was not founded until 1958 , the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues .'}]}, {'value': 'Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Prize_for_Medicine', 'summary': 'Established in 1986 , the Louis-Jeantet Prizes are awarded each year to experienced researchers who have distinguished themselves in the field of biomedical research in one of the member states of the Council of Europe . They are not intended solely as the recognition of work that has been completed , but also to encourage the continuation of innovative research projects . The prizes are awarded to fully active researchers whose scientific efforts are focused on biomedical research . The particular research domains in which prizes have been awarded are physiology , biophysics , structural biology , biochemistry , cellular and molecular biology , developmental biology and genetics ; prize-winners have worked in immunology , virology , bacteriology , neurobiology , clinical epidemiology and structural biochemistry . The Prize is endowed with 1.4 million Swiss francs . The sum available to each prize-winner amounts to 500000 francs , of which 450000 francs are to be used for financing ongoing research and 50000 francs are given to the researcher personally .'}]}, {'value': 'Louis Jeantet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Foundation', 'summary': 'The Louis-Jeantet Foundation was set up in Geneva in 1982 according to the wish of the Geneva-resident French businessman Louis Jeantet , having been endowed with his fortune upon his death from cancer in 1981 . The Foundation commenced activities in 1983 . It funds the Louis-Jeantet Prize , and a number of professorships at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva .'}]}, {'value': 'Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding achievement in biomedical research in Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefferson-Eppes Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson–Eppes_Trophy', 'summary': "The Jefferson-Eppes Trophy is an American college football trophy given to the winner of irregularly played games between the Florida State Seminoles of Florida State University and the Virginia Cavaliers of the University of Virginia . The trophy was created on the suggestion of former FSU President Sandy D'Alemberte , after Virginia became the first ACC program to defeat Florida State on November 2 , 1995 . To that point , the Seminoles had run up a perfect 29-0 record through their first 3½ years of Atlantic Coast Conference play . Virginia and Florida State played each other yearly between 1992 and 2006 , but the game never became a major rivalry ( e.g. , called one of the lesser known rivalries in college football by the Orlando Sentinel ) . The annual game was not preserved by the ACC when its divisional play began , and the Cavaliers and Seminoles began facing off much more rarely . In recent decades the games are sporadic but competitive : since 2005 , Virginia is 3-2 against Florida State ( as of 2019 ) . Virginia won the most recent trophy game in 2019 , and currently possesses the Jefferson-Eppes Trophy in Charlottesville . Unless they meet in an ACC Championship Game , Florida State and Virginia will not match up on the gridiron again until at least 2025 ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Jefferson and Francis W. Eppes VII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson', 'summary': "Thomas Jefferson ( April 13 , 1743 [ a ] - July 4 , 1826 ) was an American statesman , diplomat , lawyer , architect , philosopher , and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809 . He previously served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801 . The principal author of the Declaration of Independence , Jefferson was a proponent of democracy , republicanism , and individual rights , motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation ; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level . During the American Revolution , he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration , drafted the law for religious freedom as a Virginia legislator , and served as the second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781 , during the American Revolutionary War . He became the United States Minister to France in May 1785 , and subsequently , the nation 's first secretary of state under President George Washington from 1790 to 1793 . Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System . With Madison , he anonymously wrote the provocative Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 and 1799 , which sought to strengthen states ' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts . As president , Jefferson pursued the nation 's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies . He also organized the Louisiana Purchase , almost doubling the country 's territory . As a result of peace negotiations with France , his administration reduced military forces . He was reelected in 1804 . Jefferson 's second term was beset with difficulties at home , including the trial of former vice president Aaron Burr ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes', 'summary': 'Francis Wayles Eppes VII ( September 20 , 1801 - May 10 , 1881 ) was a planter from Virginia who became prominent near and in Tallahassee , Florida . His maternal grandparents were President Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha ; his paternal grandparents were Francis Wayles Eppes VI , also a prominent planter in Virginia , and his wife Elizabeth Wayles , half-sister to Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson . After marrying and moving in 1829 from Virginia with his family to near Tallahassee , Florida , Eppes established a cotton plantation . His first wife died and in 1837 he married a second time . With both wives , he had a total of 13 children . Long interested in education , in 1856 Eppes donated land and money to designate a school in Tallahassee as one of the first two state-supported seminaries , now known as Florida State University . He served as president of its board of trustees for eight years .'}]}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner of the annual game between Florida State University and the University of Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles football team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of American football . The Seminoles compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is known for its storied history , distinctive helmet , fight song and colors as well as the many traditions associated with the school . Florida State has won three national championships , eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance . The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons , finished ranked in the top four of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000 and completed 41 straight winning seasons from 1977 through 2017 ; from 2012 through 2014 , the team won 29 consecutive games , tied for the twelfth-longest winning streak in college football and tied for the longest winning streak in ACC history . The 1999 team received votes from ESPN as one of the top teams in college football history . The team has produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterbacks Charlie Ward in 1993 , Chris Weinke in 2000 and Jameis Winston in 2013 . The Biletnikoff Award , presented annually to the top receiver in college football , is named for Florida State hall of famer Fred Biletnikoff . Other awards won by Florida State players include the Walter Camp Award , the Maxwell Award , the Davey O'Brien Award , the Lombardi Award , the Dick Butkus Award , the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , the Lou Groza Award , the Dave Rimington Trophy and the Bobby Bowden Award . Florida State coaches have been honored with the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , the Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award , the Home Depot Coach of the Year Award , the Broyles Award , and the Paul Bear Bryant Award . Many former Seminoles have gone on to have successful careers in the NFL . The program has produced 219 All-Americans ( 45 consensus and 15 unanimous ) and 250 professional players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football', 'summary': "The Virginia Cavaliers football team represents the University of Virginia in the sport of American football . Established in 1888 , Virginia plays its home games at Scott Stadium , capacity 61,500 , featured prominently at the center of its campus near the Academical Village . UVA played an outsized role in the shaping of the modern game 's ethics and eligibility rules as well as its safety rules , after a Georgia fullback died fighting the tide of a lopsided Virginia victory in 1897 . Quickly asserting itself as the South 's first great program with 28 straight winning seasons from its first in 1888 , Virginia football claimed 12 southern championships and was the first program outside the Northeast to defeat perennial power ( 26-time national champions ) Yale , on the first attempt in 1915 . [ a ] During those early days , Virginia established long-lasting rivalries that still continue on : particularly the South 's Oldest Rivalry with North Carolina and a heated rivalry with VPI ( now Virginia Tech ) . Virginia has also played William & Mary annually or biennially for extended stretches since 1908 . [ b ] Virginia lost its mantle as the region 's mark of success between World War I and World War II , but soon thereafter Art Guepe had Virginia winning big again . To avoid the trappings of big-time football , [ c ] university president Colgate Darden reduced scholarship and recruiting support , argued against joining the ACC , and declined an invite for Virginia to play unbeaten Georgia Tech in the 1952 Orange Bowl . [ d ] The Board of Visitors voted to join the ACC anyway , but Guepe left for Vanderbilt and Virginia soon embarked on a 28-game losing streak from 1958 to 1960 as Darden retired . Virginia became the worst ACC football team of the 1970s . [ e ] George Welsh led a dramatic turnaround effort from 1982 , and took Virginia to its first dozen bowl games and even its first AP No . 1 rankings throughout October 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Jesaulenko Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Jesaulenko_Medal', 'summary': 'The Alex Jesaulenko Medal refers to three unrelated medals in Australian rules football , all named in honour of Alex Jesaulenko , a legend in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . The medals are currently awarded annually to the best player in the grand final of the AFL Canberra league and to the winner of the Mark of the Year in the Australian Football League . In the 1990s a medal of the same name was awarded to the best player for The Allies representative team in State Of Origin football .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Jesaulenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Jesaulenko', 'summary': "Alex Jesaulenko MBE ( /ˌdʒɛzəˈlɛŋkoʊ/ JEZ-ə-LENK-oh ; Ukrainian : Олександр Васильович Єсауленко , romanized : Oleksandr Vasilyovych Yesaulenko , IPA : [ olekˈsɑndr wɐˈsʲilʲowɪt͡ʃ jesɐuˈlɛnko ] ; born 2 August 1945 in Salzburg , Austria ) is a former Australian rules footballer and coach who represented Carlton and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) from the 1960s to the 1980s . He is regarded as one of the game 's greatest-ever players and is an official Legend of the Australian Football Hall of Fame . He immortalised his reputation in the game by taking the most iconic mark in football history in the 1970 VFL Grand Final . In 2009 The Australian nominated Jesaulenko as one of the 25 greatest footballers never to win a Brownlow Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Australian rules football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three different awards : Mark of the Year in the Australian Football League Best player in the AFL Canberra Grand Final Best player for The Allies team in the State of Origin series ( defunct )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_of_the_Year', 'summary': "The annual Australian Football League Mark of the Year competition ( currently also known as the Weet Bix AFL Mark of the Year ) is a sporting award that celebrates each season 's best mark . A mark is the action of a player cleanly catching a kicked ball that has travelled more than 15 metres ( 49 ft ) without the ball hitting the ground . Originally known as the VFL Mark of the Year and selected by a panel of football experts on Network Seven 's World of Sport program , the contest was renamed the AFL Mark of the Year following the competition 's renaming in 1990 . Since 2001 it has been run by the AFL . It is open only to players within the AFL and applies to marks taken during official AFL season matches . Several other Australian rules football leagues followed with their own Mark of the Year competitions . A famous VFL footballer , Alex Jesaulenko , unofficially won the first award for a spectacular mark during the 1970 VFL Grand Final , a mark that has been frequently called The Mark of the Century . Thirty-two players have won the competition ; of those , five have won multiple times and six are still active in the AFL . Peter Knights ( Hawthorn ) and Tony Modra ( Adelaide/Fremantle ) have won the most Mark of the Year awards , with three each . The competition is run in conjunction with the Goal of the Year contest , which recognizes the best goal kicked during an AFL season . Two players have won both the Mark of the Year and Goal of the Year awards in the same season : Michael Mitchell and Peter Bosustow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Australian Football League ( AFL ) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional men 's competition of Australian rules football . Through the AFL Commission , the AFL also serves as the sport 's governing body , and is responsible for controlling the laws of the game . Originally known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , it was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , with its inaugural season commencing the following year . The VFL , aiming to become a national competition , began expanding beyond Victoria to other Australian states in the 1980s , and changed its name to the AFL in 1990 . The league currently consists of 18 teams spread over five of Australia 's six states ( Tasmania being the exception ) . Matches have been played in all states and mainland territories of Australia , as well as in New Zealand and China to promote the sport abroad . The AFL season currently consists of a 23-round regular ( or home-and-away ) season , which runs during the Australian winter ( March to September ) . The team with the best record after the home-and-away series is awarded the minor premiership . The top eight teams then play off in a four-round finals series , culminating in the AFL Grand Final , which is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground each year . The grand final winner is termed the premiers , and is awarded the premiership cup . The current premiers are Richmond ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AFL_Canberra', 'summary': "AFL Canberra is the governing body for Australian rules football in the Australian Capital Territory . In November 2010 the five AFL Canberra Premier Division clubs merged with the Premier Division clubs of the Queensland Australian Football League to form the North East Australian Football League . From 2011 onwards , the AFL Canberra Premier Division together with the reserve sides from the Sydney Swans and Greater Western Sydney Giants will form the NEAFL Eastern Conference . Today AFL Canberra acts as an umbrella to several competitions beneath it . These competitions are Seniors First Grade , Seniors Second Grade , Seniors Third Grade and a Rising Stars League . There is also a women 's league ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interstate_matches_in_Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football matches between teams representing Australian colonies , states and territories have been held since 1879 . For most of the 20th century , the absence of a national club competition and international matches meant that football games between state representative teams were regarded with great importance . Football historian John Devaney has argued that : some of the state of origin contests which took place during the 1980s constituted arguably the finest expositions of the game ever seen . Until 1976 , interstate Australian rules football games were played by teams representing the major football leagues or organisations . From 1977 to 1999 , players were generally selected under State of Origin selection rules and they were chosen mostly from the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Since 2000 , all matches have been between teams representing the second-tier state or territorial leagues . Players from the AFL no longer take part in interstate matches . The matches have mostly been held on a stand-alone basis . However , an Australian Football Carnival , a national championship series , held in either one or two cities , took place between 1908 and 1993 , usually at three-year intervals . Teams which have taken part have included Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia , Tasmania , New South Wales , Queensland , Northern Territory , Australian Capital Territory and an Australian Amateurs team . Between 1937 and 1988 the player judged the best at each of these carnivals was awarded the Tassie Medal . Between 1953 and 1988 , the selection of All Australian Teams was based on the player 's performance during Australian Football Carnivals , and the team was named after each carnival concluded ."}]}, {'value': 'William M. Jennings Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_M._Jennings_Trophy', 'summary': 'The William M. Jennings Trophy is an annual National Hockey League ( NHL ) award given to the goaltender ( s ) having played a minimum of 25 games for the team with the fewest goals scored against it . based on regular-season play . From 1946 until 1981 , the Vezina Trophy had been awarded under that definition , but it was later changed and replaced by the Jennings Trophy . It is named in honor of William M. Jennings , the longtime governor and president of the New York Rangers . Since its beginnings in 1982 , it has been awarded at the end of 32 seasons to 53 different players ; mostly in tandems of two goaltenders . The most recent winners are Thomas Greiss and Robin Lehner of the New York Islanders , which had a league-low 191 team goals-against in the 2018-19 NHL season .'}]}, {'value': 'William M. Jennings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_M._Jennings', 'summary': 'William M. Jennings ( December 14 , 1920 - August 17 , 1981 ) was an executive in the National Hockey League . Born in New York , New York , Jennings graduated from Princeton University and then earned a law degree from Yale Law School . He became a partner in a Manhattan law firm and through his capacity as counsel to Madison Square Garden , in 1962 he was named president of their subsidiary , the New York Rangers . He was president of the Rangers until his death in 1981 . During this time , the Rangers became Stanley Cup contenders . He was a key figure in the first ever expansion of the NHL in 1967 when it doubled in size from the original six teams . Jennings also helped initiate the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966 , which he would win in 1971 . The William M. Jennings Trophy was named in his honor . In 1975 , he was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame and in 1981 to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 1966 , Jennings founded the New York Metropolitan Hockey Association , one of only a few outlets in the area at that time available for young hockey players . In 1967 , Jennings founded the Westchester Classic golf tournament in Harrison , New York as a means to raise funds for charitable purposes in Westchester County .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': "NHL goaltender ( s ) whose team has allowed the fewest goals in the regular season . Note that this was the original criterion for the Vezina Trophy , which is now awarded to the league 's outstanding goaltender", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The National Hockey League ( NHL ; French : Ligue nationale de hockey - LNH ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America , currently comprising 31 teams : 24 in the United States and 7 in Canada . The NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world , and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . The Stanley Cup , the oldest professional sports trophy in North America , is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season . The National Hockey League was organized on November 26 , 1917 , at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew , Ontario . The NHL immediately took the NHA 's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and foldings left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926 . At its inception , the NHL had four teams - all in Canada , thus the adjective National in the league 's name . The league expanded to the United States in 1924 , when the Boston Bruins joined , and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams . From 1942 to 1967 , the league had only six teams , collectively ( if not contemporaneously ) nicknamed the Original Six . The NHL added six new teams to double its size at the 1967 NHL expansion . The league then increased to 18 teams by 1974 and 21 teams in 1979 . Between 1991 and 2000 , the NHL further expanded to 30 teams . It added its 31st team in 2017 and has approved the addition of a 32nd team in 2021 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vezina_Trophy', 'summary': "The Vezina Trophy is awarded annually to the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) goaltender who is adjudged to be the best at this position . At the end of each season , the thirty-one NHL general managers vote to determine the winner . It is named in honour of Georges Vézina , goaltender of the Montreal Canadiens from 1910 until 1925 , who died in 1926 of tuberculosis . The trophy was first awarded after the 1926-27 NHL season and was awarded to the top goaltender . From 1946-47 to 1981-82 , the trophy went to the goaltender ( s ) of the team allowing the fewest goals during the regular season ; now , the William M. Jennings Trophy is awarded for this . The most recent winner is the Tampa Bay Lightning 's Andrei Vasilevskiy in the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jewett Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jewett_Trophy', 'summary': 'The Jewett Trophy is a Canadian sports trophy , in honour of Dr. B. L. Jewett , presented annually to the winner of the Atlantic University Sport Football Conference of U Sports . Unlike the other three conference championship games , the game in which this trophy is awarded is not named for the trophy itself ; it is known as the Loney Bowl . The winner of the Jewett Trophy goes on to play in either the Uteck Bowl or the Mitchell Bowl , depending on annual rotations . Note that prior to 1973 , the championship was awarded to the first place team during the regular season .'}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Jewett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlantic University Sport championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_University_Sport', 'summary': "Atlantic University Sport ( AUS ) is a regional membership association for universities in Atlantic Canada which assists in co-ordinating competition between their university level athletic programs and providing contact information , schedules , results , and releases about those programs and events to the public and the media . This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States . The AUS , which covers Canada east of the province of Quebec , is one of four such bodies that are members of the country 's governing body for university athletics , U Sports . The other three regional associations coordinating university-level sports in Canada are Ontario University Athletics ( OUA ) , the Canada West Universities Athletic Association ( CW ) , and Quebec Student Sport Federation ( known by its French initialism of RSEQ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Johnson Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_Prize', 'summary': "The Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction ( formerly the Samuel Johnson Prize from 1999 to 2015 ) is an annual British book prize for the best non-fiction writing in the English language . It was founded in 1999 following the demise of the NCR Book Award . With its motto All the best stories are true , the prize covers current affairs , history , politics , science , sport , travel , biography , autobiography and the arts . The competition is open to authors of any nationality whose work is published in the UK in English . The longlist , shortlist and winner is chosen by a panel of independent judges , which changes every year . The award is named after Baillie Gifford , an investment management firm and the primary sponsor . Since 2016 , the annual dinner and awards ceremony has been sponsored by the Blavatnik Family Foundation . The prize is governed by the Board of Directors of The Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-fiction Limited , a not-for-profit company . Since 2018 , the Chair of the Board has been Sir Peter Bazalgette , who succeeded Stuart Proffitt , the Chair since 1999 . In 2015 , Toby Mundy was appointed as the Prize 's first director ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Johnson', 'summary': "Samuel Johnson ( 18 September 1709 [ OS 7 September ] - 13 December 1784 ) , often referred to as Dr Johnson , was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet , playwright , essayist , moralist , literary critic , biographer , editor , and lexicographer . Religiously , he was a devout Anglican , and politically a committed Tory . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes Johnson as arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history . He is the subject of James Boswell 's The Life of Samuel Johnson , described by Walter Jackson Bate as the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature . Born in Lichfield , Staffordshire , Johnson attended Pembroke College , Oxford , for just over a year , but a lack of funds forced him to leave . After working as a teacher , he moved to London , where he began to write for The Gentleman 's Magazine . His early works include the biography Life of Mr Richard Savage , the poems London and The Vanity of Human Wishes , and the play Irene . After nine years of work , Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755 . It had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been acclaimed as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship . This work brought Johnson popularity and success . Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later , Johnson 's was the pre-eminent British dictionary . His later works included essays , an influential annotated edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare , and the widely read tale The History of Rasselas , Prince of Abissinia ."}]}, {'value': 'Literature', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding non-fiction book by a British writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Jones Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Jones_Award', 'summary': 'The Bob Jones Award is the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf . It is named in honor of Bobby Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)', 'summary': "Robert Tyre Jones Jr. ( March 17 , 1902 - December 18 , 1971 ) was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport ; he was also a lawyer by profession . Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club , and co-founded the Masters Tournament . The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world . Jones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete at a national and international level . During his peak from 1923 to 1930 , he dominated top-level amateur competition , and competed very successfully against the world 's best professional golfers . Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen , the era 's top pros . Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer , and competed in golf only as an amateur , primarily on a part-time basis , and chose to retire from competition at age 28 , though he earned significant money from golf after that , as an instructor and equipment designer . Explaining his decision to retire , Jones said , It [ championship golf ] is something like a cage . First you are expected to get into it and then you are expected to stay there . But of course , nobody can stay there . Jones is most famous for his unique Grand Slam , consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era ( the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & the U.K. ) in a single calendar year ( 1930 ) . In all Jones played in 31 majors , winning 13 and placing among the top ten finishers 27 times ."}]}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Joule Medal and Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Joule_Medal_and_Prize', 'summary': 'The James Joule Medal and Prize is awarded by the Institute of Physics . It was established in 2008 , and was named in honour of James Prescott Joule , British physicist and brewer . The award is made for distinguished contributions to applied physics . The medal is silver and is accompanied by a prize of £1000 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Joule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Joule', 'summary': "James Prescott Joule FRS FRSE ( /dʒaʊl , dʒuːl/ ; [ a ] 24 December 1818 - 11 October 1889 ) was an English physicist , mathematician and brewer , born in Salford , Lancashire . Joule studied the nature of heat , and discovered its relationship to mechanical work ( see energy ) . This led to the law of conservation of energy , which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics . The SI derived unit of energy , the joule , is named after him . Joule worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale , which came to be called the Kelvin scale . Joule also made observations of magnetostriction , and he found the relationship between the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated , which is also called Joule 's first law . His experiments about energy transformations were first published in 1843 ."}]}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Distinguished contributions to applied physics', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'J', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_prizes_named_after_people_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of awards that are named after people.'} | null | null | The award named after a French businessman who died of cancer in 1981 gives how much money to the winner each year ? | 500000 francs |
054303e1f440b5bf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhidham', 'title': 'Gandhidham', 'header': ['Train No', 'Train Name', 'Runs From Source', 'Destination', 'Departure Days', 'Arrival Days'], 'data': [{'value': '18501-18502', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visakhapatnam-Gandhidham Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visakhapatnam-Gandhidham_Express', 'summary': 'The 18501/18502 Visakhapatnam - Gandhidham Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Visakhapatnam Junction and Gandhidham Junction as a weekly service . It is maintained by South Coast Railway Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visakhapatnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visakhapatnam', 'summary': "Visakhapatnam ( also known as Vizag ( /vaɪzɑːɡ/ ) [ stress ? ] and Waltair ( /wɒltɛər/ ) [ stress ? ] ) is the largest city of Andhra Pradesh . The city is the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district and state headquarters of Indian Coast Guard . Its geographical location is amidst the Eastern Ghats and the coast of the Bay of Bengal . It is the most populous city in the state with a population of 2,035,922 as of 2011 , making it the 11th-largest city in the country , and the fourth-most populous in South India . It is also the ninth-most populous metropolitan area in India with a population of 5,018,000 . With an output of $ 43.5.billion , Visakhapatnam is the ninth-largest contributor to India 's overall gross domestic product as of 2016 . The city is set to become Executive Capital of Andhra Pradesh once the decentralization bill is enacted as it has been approved by AP legislative assembly . Visakhapatnam 's history stretches back to the 6th century BCE , when it was considered a part of the Kalinga Kingdom , and later ruled by the Vengi , the Pallava and Eastern Ganga dynasties . Archaeological records suggest that the present city was built around the 11th and 12th centuries with control over the city fluctuating between the Chola Dynasty and the Gajapati Kingdom , until its conquest by the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century . Conquered by the Mughals in the 16th century , European powers eventually set up trading interests in the city , and by the end of the 18th century it had come under French rule ."}]}, {'value': 'Friday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22973-22974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandhidham-Puri Express ( via Vizianagaram )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gandhidham-Puri_Express_(via_Vizianagaram)', 'summary': 'The 22973/22974 Gandhidham-Puri Weekly Express is a superfast train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Gandhidham Junction and Puri via Vizianagaram . It is currently being operated with 22973/22974 train numbers on weekly basis .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puri', 'summary': 'Puri ( listen ( help·info ) ) is a city and a Municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India . It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal , 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar . It is also known as Sri Jagannatha Dhama after the 12th-century Jagannatha Temple located in the city . It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Hindus . Puri is known by several names since the ancient times , and was locally known as Sri Kshetra and Lord Jagannatha temple is known as Badadeula . Puri and the Jagannatha Temple were invaded 18 times by Muslim rulers , from the 4th century AD till the early 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple . Odisha , including Puri and its temple , were part of British India from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947 . Even though princely states do not exist in India today , the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple . The temple town has many Hindu religious mathas or monasteries . The economy of Puri is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannatha Temple to the extent of nearly 80 percent . The 24 festivals , including 13 major ones , held every year in the temple complex contribute to the economy ; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year . Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Wednesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16335-16336', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagercoil Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagercoil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagercoil', 'summary': "Nagercoil ( Temple of the Nāgas , Nagaraja Temple ) is an Indian city in the southernmost Indian district of Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu state . It is a City Corporation and the administrative headquarters of Kanyakumari District . Situated close to the tip of the Indian peninsula , it lies on an undulating terrain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea . The present city of Nagercoil grew around Kottar , a mercantile town that dates back to the Sangam period . Kottar is now a locality within the city limits . For 735 years it was a central part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom and later Kerala State , till almost a decade after India 's independence from Britain in 1947 . In 1956 , Kanyakumari District , along with the town , was merged with Tamil Nadu . With a maturing Technology startup ecosystem , the city is one among the 50 Indian cities to be ranked in the World Startup Index of 1000 cities . Nagercoil is a centre for a range of economic activities in the small but densely-populated Kanyakumari District . Economic activities in around the city include tourism , wind energy , IT services , marine fish production and exports , rubber and cloves plantations , agro-crops , floral production , manufacture of fish nets , rubber products among other activities . Nagercoil Cloves is a distinct quality of dried cloves in the spices market , noted for its aroma . Cloves , pepper and other spices are grown in estates in the Western Ghats , outside the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Friday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thursday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16505-16506', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gimb Sbc Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangalore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangalore', 'summary': "Bangalore , officially known as Bengaluru ( [ ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of over ten million , making it a megacity and the third-most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India , on the Deccan Plateau at an elevation of over 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) above sea level , which is the highest among India 's major cities . Its multi-ethnic , multi-religious , and cosmopolitan character is reflected by its more than 1000 Hindu temples , 400 mosques , 100 churches , 40 Jain Basadis , three Sikh gurdwaras , two Buddhist viharas and one Parsi fire temple located in an area of 741 km² of the metropolis . The religious places are further represented by the proposed Chabad of the Jewish community . The numerous Bahá'ís have a society called the Bahá ' í Centre . In 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā - a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire - established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas , or petes , which exist to the present day . After the fall of Vijayanagar empire in 16th century , the Mughals sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar ( 1673-1704 ) , the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees . When Haider Ali seized control of the Kingdom of Mysore , the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands . It was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11091-11092', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahimsa Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahimsa_Express', 'summary': 'The 11095/11096 Ahimsa Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Ahmedabad Junction and Pune Junction in India . It is currently being operated with 11095/11096 train numbers on weekly basis . It operates as train number 11095 from Ahmedabad Junction to Pune Junction and as train number 11096 in the reverse direction serving the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra . The word Ahimsa means non-violent in Devangiri .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Pune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune', 'summary': 'Pune ( Marathi pronunciation : [ puɳe ] ; English : /ˈpuːnə/ ; also called Poona , the official name until 1978 ) is the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra , after Mumbai . It is the ninth most populous city in the country with an estimated population of 6.4 million . Along with its extended city limits Pimpri Chinchwad and the three cantonment towns of Pune , Khadki and Dehu Road , Pune forms the urban core of the eponymous Pune Metropolitan Region ( PMR ) . According to the 2011 census , the urban area has a combined population of 5.05 million while the population of the metropolitan region is estimated at 7.27 million . Situated 560 metres ( 1,837 feet ) above sea level on the Deccan plateau on the right bank of the Mutha river , Pune is also the administrative headquarters of its namesake district . In the 18th century , the city was the seat of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire and so was one of the most important political centres on the Indian subcontinent . Pune is ranked the number one city in India in the ease of living ranking index . The city is considered to be the cultural capital of Maharashtra . It is also known as the Oxford of the East due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . The city has emerged as a major educational hub in recent decades , with nearly half of the total international students in the country studying in Pune . Research institutes of information technology , education , management and training attract students and professionals from India and overseas . Several colleges in Pune have student exchange programmes with colleges in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Wednesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15667-15668', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamakhya Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamakhya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamakhya,_Guwahati', 'summary': 'Kamakhya is a locality in Guwahati , Assam , which is 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the Guwahati Airport and about 6 km from Guwahati Railway Station , it also has own railway junction called Kamakhya Junction . [ citation needed ] Kamakhya is known for presence of ancient Kamakhya Temple in Nilachal pahar or hill . Ambubachi Mela held here annually attracts pilgrimage from other parts of country as well as from abroad . In February 2012 , this area came into limelight with the discovery of rock cut caves built during the reign of Kamarupa king Mahendra Varman .'}]}, {'value': 'Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14312-14311 Via Ahmedabad & 14322-14321 Via Bhildi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmedabad', 'summary': "Ahmedabad ( /ˈəhmədɑːbɑːd/ ( listen ) , pronounced as Amdavad in Gujarati ) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat . It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court . Ahmedabad 's population of 5,633,927 ( as per 2011 population census ) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India , and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India . Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River , 23 km ( 14 mi ) from the state capital Gandhinagar , which is its twin city . Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India . It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India , and its stock exchange is the country 's second oldest . Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad , which houses the 54,000-seat Sardar Patel Stadium . The effects of liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city 's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce , communication and construction . Ahmedabad 's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in recent development of skyscrapers . In 2010 Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes 's list of fastest growing cities of the decade . In 2012 , The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India 's best city to live in . As of 2014 , Ahmedabad 's estimated gross domestic product was $ 64 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bhildi', 'summary': 'Bhildi is a town in Deesa , Banaskantha district , Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Ala Hazrat Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ala_Hazrat_Express', 'summary': 'Ala Hazrat Express had been started in the memory of Ala Hazrat Ahmed Raza Khan , a reformer of the 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Bareilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bareilly', 'summary': "Bareilly ( /bəˈrɛli/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Bareilly district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the capital of Bareilly division and the geographical region of Rohilkhand . The city is 252 kilometres ( 157 mi ) north of the state capital , Lucknow , and 250 kilometres ( 155 mi ) east of the national capital , New Delhi . It is the eighth largest metropolis in Uttar Pradesh , and the 50th-largest city in India . Bareilly also figured amongst the PM Narendra Modi 's ambitious 100 Smart City list in India . It is located on the Ramganga River and is the site of the Ramganga Barrage built for canal irrigation . The city is also known by the name Nath Nagri ( for the seven Shiva temples located in the Bareilly region - Dhopeshwar Nath , Madhi Nath , Alakha Nath , Tapeshwar Nath , Bankhandi Nath , Pashupati Nath and Trivati Nath ) and historically as Sanjashya ( where the Buddha descended from Tushita to earth ) . The city is a centre for furniture manufacturing and trade in cotton , cereal and sugar . Its status grew with its inclusion in the counter magnets list of the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , a list also including Hissar , Patiala , Kota and Gwalior ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuesday , Thursday & Sunday For 14312 . Monday , Wednesday , Friday & Saturday For 14322', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friday , Saturday , Monday For 14311.Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday & Sunday For 14321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22829-22830', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhuj - Shalimar Superfast Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Shalimar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shalimar_Station', 'summary': 'Shalimar railway station is one of five intercity railway stations serving Howrah and Kolkata , India . The other stations are Sealdah in Kolkata , Kolkata station in Kolkata , Howrah Station in Howrah and Santragachi in Howrah . Shalimar station is situated at Shalimar , in Shibpur area of Howrah . It is one of the cleanest , most well-maintained and non-congested railway terminals in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22904-22903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandra Terminus Bhuj AC Superfast Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandra_Terminus_Bhuj_AC_Superfast_Express', 'summary': 'The 22903/22904 Bandra ( T ) - Bhuj AC Superfast Express is a superfast express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bandra Terminus and Bhuj . It is a 3 times a week service . It operates as train number 22903 from Bandra Terminus to Bhuj and as train number 22904 in the reverse direction .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Bandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandra', 'summary': 'Bandra also called Vandre is a coastal suburb located on Salsette Island in Maharashtra , India . The suburb is located to the immediate north of the Mithi River , which separates Bandra from Mumbai City . It is the third-largest commercial hub in Maharashtra , after Mumbai and Pune , primarily aided by the Bandra-Kurla Complex . Additionally , many personalities who are active in Bollywood , cricket , and politics reside in the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Monday , Thursday , Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thursday , Saturday , Monday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12937-12938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garbha Superfast Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garbha_Superfast_Express', 'summary': 'The 12937/12938 Garbha Express is a superfast train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between Gandhidham Junction and Howrah Junction in India . It is currently being operated with 12937/12938 train numbers on weekly basis .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howrah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howrah', 'summary': 'Howrah ( alternatively spelled Haora [ citation needed ] ) is a metropolitan city within Howrah district , in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision . Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River . It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority ( KMDA ) . Howrah is an important transportation hub of West Bengal and a major gateway for its twin city of Kolkata .'}]}, {'value': 'Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wednesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12960-12959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhuj Dadar Superfast Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj_Dadar_Superfast_Express', 'summary': 'The 12959/12960 Bhuj Dadar Superfast Express is a superfast express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bhuj and Mumbai in India . It is a 2 days a week service . It operates as train number 12959 from Dadar Western to Bhuj and as train number 12960 in the reverse direction .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Dadar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dadar', 'summary': 'Dadar is the first planned area of Mumbai . It is a densely populated residential and shopping neighbourhood . It is also a prominent railway and bus service hub with local and national connectivity . Dadar is also a hub for the Marathi culture , which gradually replaced the native East Indian one , in Mumbai .'}]}, {'value': 'Monday , Thursday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wednesday , Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14802-14801', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandhidham Jodhpur Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gandhidham_Jodhpur_Express', 'summary': 'The 22483/22484 Gandhidham - Jodhpur Express is a superfast train belonging to North Western Railway zone that runs between Gandhidham Junction and Jodhpur Junction in India . It is currently being operated with 22483/22484 train numbers on tri-weekly basis .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jodhpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jodhpur', 'summary': 'Jodhpur ( /ˈdʒɒdpʊər/ ; pronounced [ ˈd͡ʒoːd̪ʱpʊr ] pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is the second-largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan and officially the second metropolitan city of the state . It was formerly the seat of a princely state of the same name . Jodhpur was historically the capital of the Kingdom of Marwar , which is now part of Rajasthan . Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination , featuring many palaces , forts and temples , set in the stark landscape of the Thar Desert . It is popularly known as Blue city and Sun city among people of Rajasthan and all over India . The city is also said to be the cultural capital of Rajasthan state . The old city circles the fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates . However , the city has expanded greatly outside the wall over the past several decades . Jodhpur lies near the geographic center of the Rajasthan state , which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists . The city is also home to several educational institutions , the most prominent being AIIMS Jodhpur , IIT Jodhpur , SNMC Jodhpur , DSRRAU Jodhpur , NLU Jodhpur , NIFT Jodhpur . Many research institutes like Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) , Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Central Arid Zone Research Institute ( CAZRI ) , Arid Forest Research Institute ( AAFRI ) , Desert Medicine Research Centre ( DMRC ) are also located in the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Monday , Wednesday , Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monday , Wednesday , Saturday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22955-22956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kutch Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kutch_Express', 'summary': 'The 22955/22956 Kutch Express is a superfast belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bandra Terminus and Bhuj . It is a daily service . It operates as train number 22955 from Bandra Terminus to Bhuj and as train number 22956 in the reverse direction . Initially it ran to/from Mumbai Central later it was amended to Bandra Terminus .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Bandra , Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandra', 'summary': 'Bandra also called Vandre is a coastal suburb located on Salsette Island in Maharashtra , India . The suburb is located to the immediate north of the Mithi River , which separates Bandra from Mumbai City . It is the third-largest commercial hub in Maharashtra , after Mumbai and Pune , primarily aided by the Bandra-Kurla Complex . Additionally , many personalities who are active in Bollywood , cricket , and politics reside in the suburb .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mumbai', 'summary': "Mumbai ( English : /mʊmˈbaɪ/ , Marathi : [ ˈmumbəi ] ; also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/ , the official name until 1995 ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . According to United Nations , as of 2018 , Mumbai was the second most populous city in India after Delhi and the seventh most populous city in the world with a population of 19.98 million . As per Indian government population census of 2011 , Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million living under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai . Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23.64 million . Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . In 2008 , Mumbai was named an alpha world city . It is also the wealthiest city in India , and has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India . Mumbai is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Elephanta Caves , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus , and the city 's distinctive ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings . The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were originally home to communities of Marathi language speaking Koli people , who originated in Gujarat in prehistoric times . For centuries , the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company when in 1661 Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and Seven Islands of Bombay . During the mid-18th century , Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project , which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea . Along with construction of major roads and railways , the reclamation project , completed in 1845 , transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Daily', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daily', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12993-12994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puri-Gandhidham Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puri-Gandhidham_Express', 'summary': 'The 12993/12994 Gandhidham - Puri Weekly Superfast Express is a superfast train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Gandhidham Junction and Puri via Sambalpur . It is currently being operated with 12993/12994 train numbers on weekly basis . This train was announced in the 2011 rail budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandhidham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puri', 'summary': 'Puri ( listen ( help·info ) ) is a city and a Municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India . It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal , 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar . It is also known as Sri Jagannatha Dhama after the 12th-century Jagannatha Temple located in the city . It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Hindus . Puri is known by several names since the ancient times , and was locally known as Sri Kshetra and Lord Jagannatha temple is known as Badadeula . Puri and the Jagannatha Temple were invaded 18 times by Muslim rulers , from the 4th century AD till the early 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple . Odisha , including Puri and its temple , were part of British India from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947 . Even though princely states do not exist in India today , the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple . The temple town has many Hindu religious mathas or monasteries . The economy of Puri is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannatha Temple to the extent of nearly 80 percent . The 24 festivals , including 13 major ones , held every year in the temple complex contribute to the economy ; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year . Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Monday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wednesday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19116-19115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sayajinagari Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sayajinagari_Express', 'summary': 'The 19115/19116 Dadar Western - Bhuj Sayajinagri Express is a express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Dadar Western and Bhuj . It operates as train number 19115 from Dadar Western to Bhuj and as train number 19116 in the reverse direction . It is a daily service .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhuj', 'summary': 'Bhuj ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Municipality and District Headquarter of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Bandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandra', 'summary': 'Bandra also called Vandre is a coastal suburb located on Salsette Island in Maharashtra , India . The suburb is located to the immediate north of the Mithi River , which separates Bandra from Mumbai City . It is the third-largest commercial hub in Maharashtra , after Mumbai and Pune , primarily aided by the Bandra-Kurla Complex . Additionally , many personalities who are active in Bollywood , cricket , and politics reside in the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Daily', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daily', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transport -- Trains', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gandhidham_0', 'intro': 'Gandhidham is a city in the Kutch District of Gujarat state of India. The town was created in the early 1950s for the resettlement of the refugees from Sindh (now in Pakistan) in the aftermath of the partition of India. It was named after Mahatma Gandhi, the father of Indian nation. Gandhidham is an economic capital of Kutch and it is a fast developing city in Gujarat state. A growing retirement and family city, Gandhidham is the 8th most populous city in the state of Gujarat. The city is a popular destinations for conventions, business, and meetings.'} | null | null | What is the population of the city that is the destination of a train that is maintained by South Coast Railway Zone ? | 5,018,000 |
0543945018aaa63f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_21)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 21)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'September 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Bratt , Leighton Meester , and LaDainian Tomlinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Bratt', 'summary': "Benjamin Bratt ( born December 16 , 1963 ) is an American actor , producer , and activist . Bratt gained exposure through his supporting roles in Bright Angel ( 1990 ) , Demolition Man ( 1993 ) , Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , and The River Wild ( 1994 ) . From 1995 , he extended his global recognition with his role of NYPD Detective Rey Curtis on the NBC drama series Law & Order ( for which he was nominated for the 1999 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ) . In 2000 , Bratt played supporting roles in Miss Congeniality and Traffic , the former earned him a Blockbuster Entertainment award for Favourite Supporting Actor . In 2001 , Bratt starred in Piñero , for which he received an ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor . He has also starred in The Great Raid ( 2005 ) , La Mission ( 2009 ) , and The Lesser Blessed ( 2012 ) . Other notable live-action films of Bratt 's include Catwoman ( 2004 ) , The Woodsman ( 2004 ) , Thumbsucker ( 2005 ) , Trucker ( 2008 ) , Snitch ( 2013 ) , The Infiltrator ( 2016 ) , and Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) . Bratt produced the film Dolores ( 2017 ) which follows the life of Dolores Huerta , the civil rights activist . The film received critical acclaim and received several awards . Bratt has voiced roles in animated feature films , including Manny in Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) , its sequel ( 2013 ) , El Macho in Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) , Lor-Zod / Hernan Guerra / Superman in Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) , and Ernesto de la Cruz in Coco ( 2017 ) . On television , Bratt portrayed Dr. Jake Reilly on ABC 's Private Practice ( 2011-2013 ) , Steve Navarro on 24 : Live Another Day ( 2014 ) , and Jahil Rivera on Star ( 2016-2018 ) . Bratt extended his global recognition with his role of Jonathan Pangborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in Doctor Strange in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leighton_Meester', 'summary': "Leighton Marissa Meester ( born April 9 , 1986 ) is an American actress , singer , songwriter , and model . She is best known for her starring role as the devious socialite Blair Waldorf on teen drama television series Gossip Girl on The CW ( 2007-2012 ) . She has also appeared in films such as Killer Movie ( 2008 ) , Country Strong ( 2010 ) , The Roommate ( 2011 ) , Monte Carlo ( 2011 ) , The Oranges ( 2011 ) and The Judge ( 2014 ) . Meester made her Broadway debut in Of Mice and Men ( 2014 ) . She portrays Angie D'Amato on the ABC sitcom Single Parents ( 2018-present ) . In addition to acting , Meester has also ventured into music . In 2009 , she featured on Cobra Starship 's Good Girls Go Bad , which charted in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 , and released her first single Somebody to Love on the Universal Republic label . She released a second single Your Love 's a Drug in 2010 . Meester has also recorded songs for various soundtracks . Her debut album , Heartstrings , was independently released in 2014 . She has also modeled , having been the face of brands such as Jimmy Choo , Herbal Essences , and Vera Wang ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LaDainian_Tomlinson', 'summary': "LaDainian Tramayne Tomlinson ( born June 23 , 1979 ) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for eleven seasons . He is widely considered one of the greatest running backs of all time . He played the majority of his career with the San Diego Chargers , who selected him with the fifth overall pick in the 2001 NFL Draft . Tomlinson was invited to five Pro Bowls , was an All-Pro six times , and won consecutive rushing titles in 2006 and 2007 , while being named 2006 NFL MVP . At the time of his retirement , he ranked fifth in career rushing yards ( 13,684 ) , seventh in all-purpose yards ( 18,456 ) , second in career rushing touchdowns ( 145 ) , and third in total touchdowns ( 162 ) . He is currently an analyst on NFL Network . After being elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014 , Tomlinson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in August 2017 , his first year of eligibility ; he is the first Pro Football Hall of Famer whose professional career began in the 21st century . Tomlinson played college football for Texas Christian University ( TCU ) , earned consensus All-America honors , and won the Doak Walker Award as the best college running back . He spent nine seasons with the Chargers . During the 2006 NFL season , he set several NFL touchdown scoring records and received numerous honors and awards including the NFL 's Most Valuable Player Award and the Associated Press 's Offensive Player of the Year Award . In 2010 , he signed as a free agent with the New York Jets , playing for two seasons before retiring after 2011 . Tomlinson is often referred to by his initials , L.T ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Jeremy Piven , Lori Loughlin , and Live 's A Beach Travel Trivia Grand Prize Drawing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Piven', 'summary': "Jeremy Samuel Piven ( born July 26 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is known for his role as Ari Gold in the comedy series Entourage , for which he won a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Emmy Awards . He also starred in the British period drama Mr Selfridge , which tells the story of the man who created the luxury English department store chain Selfridges , and portrayed Spence Kovak on Ellen DeGeneres 's sitcom Ellen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lori_Loughlin', 'summary': 'Lori Anne Loughlin ( /ˈlɒklɪn/ ; born July 28 , 1964 ) is an American actress , model , and producer . She is known for her role as Rebecca Donaldson-Katsopolis on the ABC sitcom Full House ( 1988-1995 ) and its Netflix sequel Fuller House ( 2016-2019 ) . Loughlin has also had success playing the roles of Jody Travis in The Edge of Night ( 1980-1983 ) , Debbie Wilson in The CW series 90210 ( 2008-2011 , 2012 ) , Jennifer Shannon in the Garage Sale Mystery television film series ( 2013-2018 ) , and Abigail Stanton in When Calls the Heart ( 2014-2019 ) . Loughlin was a co-creator , producer and star for the two seasons of The WB series Summerland ( 2004-2005 ) . On March 12 , 2019 , Loughlin and her husband Mossimo Giannulli were arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal , charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud , and released on bail . On April 15 , they pleaded not guilty .'}]}, {'value': 'September 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Connolly , David Boreanaz , and Leona Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Connolly_(actor)', 'summary': 'Kevin Connolly ( born March 5 , 1974 ) is an American actor and director . He is best known for his role as Eric Murphy in the HBO series Entourage , and his role as the eldest son Ryan Malloy in the 1990s television sitcom Unhappily Ever After . Connolly is also a director , having directed many episodes of television as well as the films Gardener of Eden , Dear Eleanor and Gotti .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Boreanaz', 'summary': 'David Boreanaz ( /bɔːriˈɑːnəs/ ; born May 16 , 1969 ) is an American actor , television producer , and director , known for playing the roles of vampire-turned-private investigator Angel on Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997-2003 ) and its spinoff Angel ( 1999-2004 ) ; FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth on the television crime procedural comedy-drama series Bones ( 2005-2017 ) ; and Jason Hayes in the military drama series SEAL Team ( 2017-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leona_Lewis', 'summary': "Leona Louise Lewis ( born 3 April 1985 ) is a British singer , songwriter , actress , model and activist . She was born and raised in the London Borough of Islington in London , where she attended the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology . Lewis achieved national recognition when she won the third series of The X Factor in 2006 , winning a £1 million recording contract with Simon Cowell 's record label , Syco Music . Her winner 's single , a cover of Kelly Clarkson 's A Moment Like This , peaked at number one for four weeks on the UK Singles Chart and broke a world record for reaching 50,000 digital downloads within 30 minutes . In February 2007 , Lewis signed a five-album contract in the United States with Clive Davis 's record label , J Records . Lewis 's success continued with the release of her debut album , Spirit , in 2007 ; it was certified 10× platinum in the United Kingdom and became the fourth best-selling album of the 2000s . It is one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history . In the US , Lewis became the first UK solo artist to debut at number one with a debut album , with Spirit . The lead single , Bleeding Love , spent seven weeks at number one in the UK where it became the best-selling single of 2007 . She achieved international recognition with the album in 2008 when it topped charts around the world . Spirit has sold more than eight million copies worldwide , and Bleeding Love peaked at number one in over 30 countries , including the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the best-selling single of 2008 . As a result , she was proclaimed Top New Artist by Billboard in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Jerry O'Connell , Dr. Phil , and Vivica A . Fox", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jerry_O'Connell", 'summary': "Jeremiah O'Connell ( born February 17 , 1974 ) is an American actor , director and talk show host , known for his roles as Quinn Mallory in the television series Sliders , Andrew Clements in My Secret Identity , Vern Tessio in the film Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , Joe in Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) , Frank Cushman in Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , Derek in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) , Charlie Carbone in Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) , and Detective Woody Hoyt on the drama Crossing Jordan . He starred as Pete Kaczmarek in the single 2010-11 season of The Defenders . He also had a starring role in the comedy horror film Piranha 3D ( 2010 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dr._Phil', 'summary': "Phillip Calvin McGraw ( born September 1 , 1950 ) , also known as Dr. Phil , is an American television personality and author who is the host of the television show Dr. Phil . He holds a doctorate in clinical psychology , but is not licensed to practice . McGraw first gained celebrity status with appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show in the late 1990s . Raised in the South Central United States , McGraw played college football for the University of Tulsa and Midwestern State University , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology . He then earned his Master of Arts in experimental psychology and Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of North Texas . He began working in private practice for several years while also holding large seminars for patients . McGraw 's fame began in 1998 , when he began making weekly appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Oprah Winfrey then helped McGraw launch his own program , Dr. Phil , in September 2002 . The show is formatted as an advice show . In October 2003 , he launched the Dr. Phil Foundation which is dedicated toward fighting childhood obesity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox', 'summary': "Vivica Anjanetta Fox ( born July 30 , 1964 ) is an American actress , producer and television host . Fox began her career with roles on the daytime television soap operas Days of Our Lives ( 1988 ) and Generations ( 1989-91 ) , subsequently shifting to the prime-time slot starring opposite Patti LaBelle , in the NBC sitcom Out All Night ( 1992-93 ) . Fox 's breakthrough came in 1996 , with roles in two box-office hit films , Roland Emmerich 's Independence Day and F. Gary Gray 's Set It Off . Fox later has starred in films Booty Call ( 1997 ) , Soul Food ( 1997 ) , Why Do Fools Fall in Love ( 1998 ) , Kingdom Come ( 2001 ) , Two Can Play That Game ( 2001 ) , and Boat Trip ( 2002 ) . Fox played Vernita Green in Kill Bill , and played supporting parts in films like Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) . Fox had the leading roles in the short-lived Fox sitcom Getting Personal ( 1998 ) , and CBS medical drama City of Angels ( 2000 ) . From 2003 to 2006 , she co-starred in and produced the Lifetime crime drama series , Missing , for which she received NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series . Fox has also produced a number of straight-to-video films ."}]}, {'value': 'September 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Shannen Doherty and Rachael Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shannen_Doherty', 'summary': 'Shannen Maria Doherty ( /ˈdoʊ.ərti/ ; born April 12 , 1971 ) is an American actress , producer , and television director . She is known for her roles as Jenny Wilder in Little House on the Prairie ( 1982-83 ) , Maggie Malene in Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( 1985 ) , Kris Witherspoon in Our House ( 1986-88 ) , Heather Duke in Heathers ( 1988 ) , Brenda Walsh in Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990-94 ) then in BH90210 ( 2019 ) and Prue Halliwell in Charmed ( 1998-2001 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachael_Ray', 'summary': "Rachael Domenica Ray ( born August 25 , 1968 ) is an American television personality , businesswoman , celebrity cook and author . She hosts the syndicated daily talk and lifestyle program Rachael Ray , and the Food Network series 30 Minute Meals . Other programs to her credit include Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels , $ 40 a Day , Rachael Ray 's Week In A Day and the reality format shows Rachael vs . Guy : Celebrity Cook-Off , and Rachael Ray 's Kids Cook-Off . Ray has written several cookbooks based on the 30 Minute Meals concept , and launched a magazine Every Day with Rachael Ray , in 2006 . Ray 's television shows have won three Daytime Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Howie Mandel and Chace Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howie_Mandel', 'summary': "Howard Michael Mandel ( born November 29 , 1955 ) is a Canadian comedian , actor , voice actor , and television host . He hosted the CNBC ( originally NBC ) game show Deal or No Deal , as well as the show 's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts . In 1987 , Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man . From 1982 to 1988 , Mandel played rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St . Elsewhere . He also created , voiced , and starred in the FOX 's children 's cartoon Bobby 's World , and judges on NBC 's America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chace_Crawford', 'summary': "Chace Crawford ( born July 18 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW 's teen drama series Gossip Girl . He is also known for starring in the films The Covenant ( 2006 ) , The Haunting of Molly Hartley ( 2008 ) , Twelve ( 2010 ) , and What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) . In 2015 , he portrayed Billy LeFever in ABC 's short-lived drama series Blood & Oil . In 2019 , he appeared as a member of the main cast of the Amazon Prime Video original series , The Boys , is based on the comic book series of the same name , portraying the Deep ."}]}, {'value': 'September 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Keira Knightley and Gavin DeGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keira_Knightley', 'summary': "Keira Christina Knightley , OBE ( /ˈkɪərə ˈnaɪtli/ ; born 26 March 1985 ) is a British actress . She has been nominated for two British Academy Film Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and two Academy Awards . Knightley began acting as a child on television and made her feature film debut in 1995 , before making her breakthrough with the 2002 film Bend It Like Beckham . She then starred in the 2003 fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean , playing Elizabeth Swann , a role that she would reprise in the subsequent films of the franchise . A significant turning point came in her career when Knightley received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for starring as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) . She became known for starring in several other period dramas , including Atonement ( 2007 ) , The Duchess ( 2008 ) , A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) , Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) , and Colette ( 2018 ) . Knightley received her second nomination for the Academy Award for portraying Joan Clarke in the historical drama The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) . Her contemporary film roles were in the romantic comedy Begin Again ( 2013 ) , the action thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) , and the adventure film Everest ( 2015 ) . On stage , Knightley has appeared on the West End in Martin Crimp 's 2009 production of The Misanthrope , which earned her a nomination for a Laurence Olivier Award . She also starred as the eponymous heroine in the 2015 Broadway production of Thérèse Raquin . She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_DeGraw', 'summary': "Gavin Shane DeGraw ( born February 4 , 1977 ) is an American singer-songwriter . He rose to fame with the single I Do n't Want to Be from his debut album Chariot ( 2003 ) ; the song became the theme song for the television drama series One Tree Hill . Other notable singles from his debut album Chariot and Follow Through . His second album , Gavin DeGraw , was released in 2008 and included the top-20 single In Love with a Girl . In 2009 , DeGraw released his third album , Free . His fourth album , Sweeter ( 2011 ) , spawned the hit single Not Over You along with Soldier and Sweeter . In 2013 , DeGraw released Make a Move , and Something Worth Saving followed in September 2016 . DeGraw 's duet with Colbie Caillat on We Both Know for the 2013 film Safe Haven received a Grammy Award nomination ."}]}, {'value': 'September 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Shirley MacLaine and Wayne Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine', 'summary': "Shirley MacLaine ( born Shirley MacLean Beaty ; April 24 , 1934 ) is an American film , television , and theater actress , singer , dancer , activist , and author . An Oscar winner , MacLaine received the 40th AFI Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 2012 , and received the Kennedy Center Honors for her lifetime contributions to American culture through the performing arts in 2013 . She is known for her New Age beliefs , and has an interest in spirituality and reincarnation . She has written a series of autobiographical works that describe these beliefs , document her world travels , and describe her Hollywood career . Her first film was Alfred Hitchcock 's The Trouble With Harry in 1955 . A six-time Academy Award nominee , MacLaine received a nomination for Best Documentary Feature for The Other Half of the Sky : A China Memoir ( 1975 ) , and Best Actress nominations for Some Came Running ( 1958 ) , The Apartment ( 1960 ) , Irma la Douce ( 1963 ) , and The Turning Point ( 1977 ) , before winning Best Actress for Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . She twice won the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress , for Ask Any Girl ( 1959 ) , and The Apartment ( 1960 ) ; and won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Special for the 1976 TV special , Gypsy In My Soul . She has also won five competitive Golden Globe Awards , ( from nineteen nominations ) , and received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 1998 ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Brady', 'summary': "Wayne Alphonso Brady ( born June 2 , 1972 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian , producer , game show host , television personality and presenter , who is a regular on the American version of the improvisational comedy television series Whose Line Is It Anyway ? He was the host of the daytime talk show The Wayne Brady Show , the original host of Fox 's Do n't Forget the Lyrics ! , and has hosted Let 's Make a Deal since its 2009 revival . Brady also performed in the Tony Award-winning musical Kinky Boots on Broadway as Simon - who is also drag queen Lola - from November 2015 to March 2016 , and as James Stinson on the American TV series How I Met Your Mother ."}]}, {'value': 'September 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Meg Ryan and Jon Hamm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meg_Ryan', 'summary': "Meg Ryan ( born Margaret Mary Emily Hyra ; November 19 , 1961 ) is an American actress and producer . Ryan began her acting career in 1981 in minor roles before joining the cast of the CBS soap opera As the World Turns in 1982 . Subsequently , she began to appear in supporting roles in films during the mid 1980s like box office hit Top Gun , achieving recognition in independent films such as Promised Land ( 1987 ) before her performance in the Rob Reiner-directed romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally . ( 1989 ) brought her widespread attention and her first Golden Globe nomination . Ryan subsequently established herself , both nationally and internationally , as one of the most successful actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s , particularly in romantic comedy films such as Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , French Kiss ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , and Kate & Leopold ( 2001 ) . Her other films include The Doors ( 1991 ) , When a Man Loves a Woman ( 1994 ) , Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) , Addicted to Love ( 1997 ) , City of Angels ( 1998 ) , Proof of Life ( 2000 ) , and The Women ( 2008 ) . In 2015 , she made her directorial debut with Ithaca , a film in which she also acted ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jon_Hamm', 'summary': "Jonathan Daniel Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor and producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper in the AMC television drama series Mad Men ( 2007-2015 ) . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . In 2000 , he made his feature film debut in the space adventure film Space Cowboys . The next year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) . He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began in July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series - Drama in 2008 and again in 2016 , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2015 . He also directed two episodes of the show . In 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still . His first leading film role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He then had leading roles in Million Dollar Arm ( 2014 ) , Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 2016 ) , and Beirut ( 2018 ) , and supporting roles in The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , Baby Driver ( 2017 ) , Tag ( 2018 ) , and Bad Times at the El Royale ( 2018 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in or production of Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006-2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015-2019 ) . His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Black Mirror , Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ."}]}, {'value': 'September 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Jeff Probst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Probst', 'summary': 'Jeff Probst ( born November 4 , 1961 ) is an American game show host and an executive producer . He is best known as the Emmy Award-winning host of the U.S. version of the reality television show Survivor . He was also the host of The Jeff Probst Show , a syndicated daytime talk show produced by CBS Television Distribution from September 2012 to May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eva Mendes and Chris Meloni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Mendes', 'summary': "Eva de la Caridad Méndez , known professionally as Eva Mendes ( /ˈmɛndɛz/ ; born March 5 , 1974 ) , is an American actress and businesswoman . Her acting career began in the late 1990s , with a series of roles in films such as Children of the Corn V : Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) and Urban Legends : Final Cut ( 2000 ) . Mendes 's performance in Training Day ( 2001 ) marked a turning point in her career , and led to parts in the commercially successful films 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) and Hitch ( 2005 ) . She starred in Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) and The Spirit ( 2008 ) , both film adaptations of comics , and ventured into more dramatic territory with We Own the Night ( 2007 ) , Bad Lieutenant ( 2009 ) , Last Night ( 2010 ) , and The Place Beyond the Pines ( 2012 ) . Her other films include Out of Time ( 2003 ) , The Women ( 2008 ) , The Other Guys ( 2010 ) , and Girl in Progress ( 2012 ) . Mendes has appeared in several music videos for artists like Will Smith , and has also been an ambassador for brands , including Calvin Klein , Cartier , Reebok , Pantene shampoo , Morgan , and Peek & Cloppenburg . She has designed for New York & Company and is the creative director of CIRCA Beauty , a makeup line sold at Walgreens . She has been in a relationship with Canadian actor Ryan Gosling since 2011 , and they have two daughters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Meloni', 'summary': "Christopher Peter Meloni ( born April 2 , 1961 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler on the NBC legal drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for its first twelve seasons and as inmate Chris Keller on the HBO prison drama Oz . In June 2012 , he returned to HBO , as the vampire Roman on the main cast of True Blood for the series ' fifth season . Meloni also starred in and executive produced the Syfy series Happy ! from 2017 to 2019 . His films include Man of Steel , Wet Hot American Summer , Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , 12 Monkeys , Runaway Bride , 42 , and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ."}]}, {'value': 'September 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Gervais and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Gervais', 'summary': "Ricky Dene Gervais ( /dʒərˈveɪz/ jer-VAYS ; born 25 June 1961 ) is an English stand-up comedian , actor , writer , film producer , director , and musician . He is perhaps best known for co-creating , writing , and acting in the British television series The Office ( 2001-2003 ) . He has won seven BAFTA Awards , five British Comedy Awards , two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and the Rose d'Or twice ( 2006 and 2019 ) , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination . In 2007 , he was placed at No . 11 on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No . 3 on the updated 2010 list . In 2010 , he was named on the Time 100 list of the world 's most influential people . Gervais initially worked in the music industry , attempting a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing and working as the manager of the then unknown band Suede before turning to comedy . Gervais appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000 , garnering a reputation as a blunt and often controversial social critic . In 2000 , he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show , Meet Ricky Gervais . He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office . It was followed by Extras in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Samuel L. Jackson and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson', 'summary': "Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . Jackson has won critical acclaim and numerous accolades and awards , and is the highest-grossing actor of all time ( when cameo appearances are excluded ) . He came to prominence in the early 1990s with films such as Goodfellas ( 1990 ) , Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . For his role in Pulp Fiction , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Jackson is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 150 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) , The Negotiator ( 1998 ) , Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) and its sequel , XXX ( 2002 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999-2005 ) . With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He has subsequently played Fury in eleven Marvel Cinematic Universe films beginning with a cameo appearance in Iron Man ( 2008 ) , as well as guest starring in the television series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Jackson has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' films The Incredibles ( 2004 ) and Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Whiplash in Turbo ( 2013 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) . Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 7.1 billion total US box office gross , an average of $ 89.9 million per film . The worldwide box office total of his films ( excluding cameo appearances ) is over $ 16.7 billion . He became the top-grossing actor in October 2011 , surpassing veteran voice actor Frank Welker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew McCarthy and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_McCarthy', 'summary': "Andrew Thomas McCarthy ( born November 29 , 1962 ) is an American actor , travel writer and television director . He is most known as a member of the Brat Pack , with roles in 1980s films such as St. Elmo 's Fire , Pretty in Pink , and Less Than Zero . He is ranked # 40 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Teen Stars of all-time list . As a director he is known for his work on the Emmy Award-winning series Orange Is the New Black ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Dana Delany , Dwyane Wade , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Delany', 'summary': 'Dana Welles Delany ( born March 13 , 1956 ) is an American actress , producer , and activist . After appearing in small roles early in her career , Delany received her breakthrough role as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television drama China Beach ( 1988-1991 ) , for which she twice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1989 and 1992 . She received further recognition for her appearances in the films Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) , The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) , Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , True Women ( 1997 ) , and Wide Awake ( 1998 ) . In the 2000s , Delany appeared in main roles on several short-lived television series , including Pasadena ( 2001 ) , Presidio Med ( 2002-2003 ) , and Kidnapped ( 2006-2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , she starred as Katherine Mayfair on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives , for which she received a Prism Award in 2009 . Delany then starred as Megan Hunt on the ABC medical drama Body of Proof ( 2011-2013 ) , and as Crystal Harris on the Amazon drama series Hand of God ( 2014-2017 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dwyane_Wade', 'summary': "Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. ( /dweɪn/ dwayn ; born January 17 , 1982 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Wade spent the majority of his 16-year career playing for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . After a successful college basketball career with the Marquette Golden Eagles , Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Heat . In his third season , Wade led the Heat to their first NBA Championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wade led the United States men 's basketball team , commonly known as the Redeem Team , in scoring and helped them capture the gold medal . In the 2008-09 season , Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title . With LeBron James and Chris Bosh , Wade helped guide Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014 , winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013 . After playing for the Chicago Bulls and the Cleveland Cavaliers , Wade finished his playing career with Miami in 2018 . A 13-time NBA All-Star , Wade is Miami 's all-time leader in points , games , assists , steals , shots made , and shots taken ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Kyle MacLachlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan', 'summary': "Kyle Merritt MacLachlan ( /məˈɡlɒklən/ ; born February 22 , 1959 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , as well as roles in two of David Lynch 's films : Paul Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) and Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) . MacLachlan 's other film roles include Lloyd Gallagher in The Hidden ( 1987 ) , Ray Manzarek in The Doors ( 1991 ) , Cliff Vandercave in The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , Zack Carey in Showgirls ( 1995 ) , and the voice of Riley 's father in Inside Out ( 2015 ) . He has had prominent roles in television shows including appearing as Trey MacDougal in Sex and the City ( 2000-2002 ) , Orson Hodge in Desperate Housewives ( 2006-2012 ) , The Captain in How I Met Your Mother ( 2010-2014 ) , the Mayor of Portland in Portlandia ( 2011-2018 ) and Calvin Zabo in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014-2015 ) . MacLachlan has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama ( 1990 ) , and was nominated in the same category in 2017 , for playing the role of Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks . He has also been nominated for two Emmy Awards for Twin Peaks ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Chiklis , Kristy Lee Cook , and Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Chiklis', 'summary': 'Michael Charles Chiklis ( born August 30 , 1963 ) is an American actor , director and television producer . He is perhaps best known for his role as LAPD Detective Vic Mackey on the FX police drama The Shield , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . He is also known for playing Commissioner Tony Scali on the ABC police drama The Commish , The Thing in two Fantastic Four films , and Jim Powell on the ABC science-fiction comedy-drama No Ordinary Family . Additionally , he co-starred as Vincent Savino in the CBS crime drama Vegas . In 2014 Chiklis joined the cast of American Horror Story for its fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show . The following year he was cast as Nathaniel Barnes , in the second season of Gotham , as a series regular .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristy_Lee_Cook', 'summary': 'Kristy Lee Cook ( born January 18 , 1984 ) is an American country music singer who was the seventh place finalist on the seventh season of American Idol . In 2005 , Cook released her first album called Devoted . In June 2008 , Cook signed to 19 Recordings and Arista Nashville . She released her post-Idol album , Why Wait , on September 16 , 2008 . This album has produced her first chart single , 15 Minutes of Shame , a Top 30 hit on the Billboard country charts . Her first single for Broken Bow Records , Airborne Ranger Infantry , was released on October 16 , 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Records', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Dillon , David Blaine , and 2008 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Kevin Brady Dillon ( born August 19 , 1965 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying Johnny Drama Chase on the HBO comedy series Entourage , Bunny in the war film Platoon , and John Densmore in the musical biopic The Doors . He was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for his performance on Entourage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Blaine', 'summary': "David Blaine White ( born April 4 , 1973 ) is an American illusionist , endurance artist and extreme performer . He is best known for his high-profile feats of endurance , and has set and broken several world records . Blaine innovated the way magic is shown on television by focusing on spectator reactions . His idea was to turn the camera around on the people watching instead of the performer , to make the audience watch the audience . The New York Times noted that he 's taken a craft that 's been around for hundreds of years and done something unique and fresh with it . According to the New York Daily News , Blaine can lay claim to his own brand of wizardry . The magic he offers operates on an uncommonly personal level . Penn Jillette called Blaine 's first television special , Street Magic , the biggest breakthrough ( in television magic ) done in our lifetime for changing the perspective of television viewers toward those seeing the trick live ."}]}, {'value': 'September 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Diane Lane , Poppy Montgomery , and 2008 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Lane', 'summary': "Diane Colleen Lane ( born January 22 , 1965 ) is an American actress . Born and raised in New York City , Lane made her screen debut in George Roy Hill 's 1979 film A Little Romance . She has since appeared in several notable films , including the 2002 film Unfaithful , which earned her Satellite , New York Film Critics Circle , and National Society of Film Critics awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) . Her performance in Unfaithful also garnered her Academy Award , Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Actress . Lane has starred in The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Knight Moves ( 1992 ) , Judge Dredd ( 1995 ) , A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) , Under the Tuscan Sun ( 2003 ) , Cinema Verite ( 2011 ) , Inside Out ( 2015 ) , Trumbo ( 2015 ) , and in the sixth season of House of Cards . She played Martha Kent in Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , and Justice League ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poppy_Montgomery', 'summary': 'Poppy Montgomery ( born Poppy Petal Emma Elizabeth Deveraux Donaghue ; 15 June 1972 ) is an Australian-American actress . She played FBI agent Samantha Spade on the CBS mystery drama Without a Trace from 2002 to 2009 , and played Detective Carrie Wells on the CBS/A & E police drama Unforgettable from 2011 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Gere , America Ferrera , and 2008 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gere', 'summary': "Richard Tiffany Gere ( IPA : /ɡɪər/ GEER ; born August 31 , 1949 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actor and producer . He began in films in the 1970s , playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) and a starring role in Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in many well-received films , including An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) and Norman : The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer ( 2016 ) . For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago ( 2002 ) , he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast ."}, {'url': '/wiki/America_Ferrera', 'summary': "America Georgine Ferrera ( /fəˈrɛərə/ ; born April 18 , 1984 ) is an American actress , voice actress , producer , and director . Born in Los Angeles , California , to Honduran parents , Ferrera developed an interest in acting at a young age , performing in several stage productions at her school . She made her feature film debut in 2002 with the comedy drama Real Women Have Curves , winning praise for her performance . Ferrera is the recipient of numerous accolades including an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award among others . Ferrera garnered modest success early in her career with roles in films like the Disney original Got ta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) and the drama The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) ; the latter earned her the Imagen Award Best Actress and her first nomination at the ALMA Awards . She ventured into television roles and landed the leading part on the ABC comedy drama Ugly Betty ( 2006-2010 ) . Ferrera garnered critical acclaim for playing the protagonist of the series Betty Suarez , and won the Best Actress Awards at various award ceremonies in 2007 including the Golden Globe Awards , the Screen Actors Guild Awards , and the Primetime Emmy Award , the first for a Latin woman in the category . Ferrera 's other notable film roles include the drama The Dry Land ( 2010 ) , the romantic comedy Our Family Wedding ( 2010 ) , and the crime drama End of Watch ( 2012 ) . She provided the voice of Astrid Hofferson in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise , including the three films and the television series Dreamworks Dragons . She co-produces and stars as Amy Sosa in the NBC comedy series Superstore ( 2015-present ) . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rock , Vanessa Williams , and 2008 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Rock', 'summary': "Christopher Julius Rock ( born February 7 , 1965 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , producer , and director . After working as a stand-up comedian and appearing in supporting film roles , Rock came to wider prominence as a cast member of Saturday Night Live in the early 1990s . He went on to more prominent film appearances , with starring roles in Down to Earth ( 2001 ) , Head of State ( 2003 ) , The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) , the Madagascar film series ( 2005-2012 ) , Grown Ups ( 2010 ) , its sequel Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) , Top Five ( 2014 ) , and a series of acclaimed stand-up specials for HBO . He developed , wrote , and narrated the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris ( 2005-2009 ) , which was based on his early life . Rock hosted the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 and the 88th in 2016 . He has won four Emmy Awards and three Grammy Awards . He was voted the fifth-greatest stand-up comedian in a poll conducted by Comedy Central . He was also voted in the United Kingdom as the ninth-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007 , and again in the updated 2010 list as the eighth-greatest stand-up comic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams', 'summary': "Vanessa Lynn Williams ( born March 18 , 1963 ) is an American singer , actress , and fashion designer . She initially gained recognition as the first woman of African-American descent to receive the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in 1983 . However , a scandal arose the following year when , a few weeks prior to the end of her reign , Williams learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing , now iconic , unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue . Amid growing media controversy and scrutiny , Williams resigned as Miss America in July 1984 ( under pressure from the Miss America Organization ) , and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles . Thirty-two years later , Miss America CEO Sam Haskell offered her a public apology ( during the Miss America 2016 pageant ) for the events of 1984 . Williams rebounded from the scandal with a successful career as a singer and actress . In 1988 , she released her debut studio album The Right Stuff whose title single saw moderate success before Dreamin ' peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States in 1989 . With her second and third studio albums , The Comfort Zone ( 1991 ) and The Sweetest Days ( 1994 ) , she saw continued commercial success and received multiple Grammy Award nominations - this included her number-one hit ( in early 1992 ) and signature song , Save the Best for Last , which she performed live at the 1993 Grammy Awards ceremonies . Her later studio albums include Everlasting Love ( 2005 ) and The Real Thing ( 2009 ) . As an actress , Williams enjoyed success on both stage and screen , receiving an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for her portrayal of Teri Joseph in the film Soul Food ( 1997 ) . Her best known television roles are that of Wilhelmina Slater on Ugly Betty ( 2006-10 ) , for which she was nominated three times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and Renee Perry on Desperate Housewives ( 2010-12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Nick Lachey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria Beckham , Usain Bolt , and 2008 Relly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Beckham', 'summary': "Victoria Caroline Beckham OBE ( née Adams ; born 17 April 1974 ) is an English fashion designer and singer . In the late 1990s , Beckham rose to fame with the all-female pop group Spice Girls , and was dubbed Posh Spice by the July 1996 issue of the British music magazine Top of the Pops . After the Spice Girls split , she was signed to Virgin Records and Telstar Records and had four UK Top 10 singles . Her first release , Out of Your Mind , reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart . Beckham has participated in five official documentaries and reality shows about her , including Victoria 's Secrets , Being Victoria Beckham , The Real Beckhams , Victoria Beckham - A Mile In Their Shoes and Victoria Beckham : Coming to America . She has since made a cameo appearance in an episode of Ugly Betty , and been a guest judge on Project Runway , Germany 's Next Topmodel , and American Idol . In the past decade , Beckham has become an internationally recognised style icon and fashion designer . Following high-profile collaborations with other brands , she launched an eponymous label in 2008 , and a lower-priced ( diffusion ) label in 2011 . The Victoria Beckham label was named designer brand of the year in the UK in 2011 ; in 2012 the brand was assessed as the star performer in the Beckham family 's business interests . Writing in the Daily Telegraph in 2011 , Belinda White noted that the transition from WAG to fashion designer had been more successful than most had predicted , saying : She has gathered a significant celebrity following and won over the scathing fashion pack who now clamour for a ticket to her bi-annual show at New York Fashion Week . She is married to David Beckham , and they have four children . As of May 2019 , the couple 's joint wealth is estimated at £355 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Usain_Bolt', 'summary': 'Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( /ˈjuːseɪn/ ; born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican former sprinter . He is a world record holder in the 100 metres , 200 metres and 4 × 100 metres relay . Owing to his achievements and dominance in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time . An eight-time Olympic gold medallist , Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In addition he won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals . He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory . An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships . Bolt is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is the joint-most successful in the 100 m with three titles . Bolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 - the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'September 2008', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_21)_0', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 21st season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | What date did the guest who signed a five-album contract in the United States with Clive Davis 's record label , J Records go on Live with Regis and Kelly ? | September 3 |
0545356f3d2c8c62 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Noble ( Shipwreck )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Benjamin_Noble', 'summary': 'The SS Benjamin Noble was a lake freighter that operated on the Great Lakes . Built in 1909 by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company , she was 239 feet ( 73 m ) in length and had a beam of 40 feet ( 12 m ) . She was built as a canaller , a vessel designed for use in what were then the dimensions of the Welland Canal , but was converted by her owners for services in the open Great Lakes . Heavily laden and top-heavy with a cargo of railroad rails , she sank in a Lake Superior storm near Knife River , Minnesota , in April 1914 with the loss of all hands . After more than 90 years as a ghost ship , the hulk of the Benjamin Noble was rediscovered in the autumn of 2004 . The wreck was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 as NRHP site # 07000984 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 20 , 2007 ( # 07000984 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 miles at 118° from Knife Island 46°56′00″N 91°40′00″W / 46.933333°N 91.666667°W / 46.933333 ; -91.666667 ( Benjamin Noble ( Shipwreck ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knife River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knife_River,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Knife River is an unincorporated community in Lake County , Minnesota , United States ; located on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The community is located between Duluth and Two Harbors on the North Shore Scenic Drive ( County 61 ) , at the mouth of the Knife River , from which it gets its name . Knife River is located 8 miles southwest of the city of Two Harbors . The boundary line between Lake and Saint Louis counties is nearby . Knife River is located within Lake No . 2 Unorganized Territory of Lake County .'}]}, {'value': '1909 steel bulk freighter steamship , sank in 1914', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulk_freighter', 'summary': "A bulk carrier , bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo , such as grains , coal , ore , steel coils and cement , in its cargo holds . Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852 , economic forces have led to continued development of these ships , resulting in increased size and sophistication . Today 's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity , safety , efficiency , and durability . Today , bulk carriers make up 21% of the world 's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000 metric tons of deadweight ( DWT ) . A number of specialized designs exist : some can unload their own cargo , some depend on port facilities for unloading , and some even package the cargo as it is loaded . Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek , Japanese , or Chinese owners and more than a quarter are registered in Panama . South Korea is the largest single builder of bulk carriers , and 82% of these ships were built in Asia . On bulk carriers , crew are involved in operation management and maintenance of the vessel taking care of safety , navigation , maintenance and cargo care , in accordance with international maritime legislation . Cargo loading operations vary in complexity and loading and discharging of cargo can take several days . Bulk carriers can be gearless ( dependent upon terminal equipment ) or geared ( having cranes integral to the vessel ) . Crews can range in size from three people on the smallest ships to over 30 on the largest . Bulk cargo can be very dense , corrosive , or abrasive ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steamship', 'summary': 'A steamship , often referred to as a steamer , is a type of steam-powered vessel , typically ocean-faring and seaworthy , that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move ( turn ) propellers or paddlewheels . The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 1800s ; however , there were exceptions that came before . Steamships usually use the prefix designations of PS for paddle steamer or SS for screw steamer ( using a propeller or screw ) . As paddle steamers became less common , SS is assumed by many to stand for steamship . Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as MV for motor vessel , so it is not correct to use SS for most modern vessels . As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns , new trade routes opened up . The steamship has been described as a major driver of the first wave of trade globalization ( 1870-1913 ) and contributor to an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge No . 3589-Silver Creek Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridge_No._3589-Silver_Creek_Township', 'summary': 'Bridge No . 3589 in Silver Creek Township , Minnesota is a reinforced concrete arch bridge carrying Minnesota State Highway 61 over the Stewart River just north of Two Harbors , Minnesota . The bridge was built in 1924 , originally with a 70 feet ( 21 m ) span and a width of 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) . It was widened to 39 feet ( 12 m ) in 1939 because of increasing traffic loads . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 . The state of Minnesota , in 1921 , established a trunk highway system . Trunk Highway 1 was one of the longest routes , starting on the border of Iowa and going through Albert Lea , Minneapolis , Duluth , Two Harbors , and Grand Portage before ending at the border with Canada . The portion of Highway 1 along Lake Superior was exceptionally scenic , located on a rocky ledge cut by cascading streams . A travel writer in the 1920s wrote this about the highway :'}]}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1998 ( # 98000686 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota State Highway 61 over the Stewart River 47°02′52″N 91°37′50″W / 47.047846°N 91.630687°W / 47.047846 ; -91.630687 ( Bridge No . 3589-Silver Creek Township )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_61', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) is a 148.843-mile-long ( 239.540 km ) highway in northeast Minnesota , which runs from a junction with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) in Duluth at 26th Avenue East , and continues northeast to its northern terminus at the Canadian border near Grand Portage , connecting to Ontario Highway 61 at the Pigeon River Bridge . The route is a scenic highway , following the North Shore of Lake Superior , and is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour designation that runs through Minnesota , Ontario , Michigan , and Wisconsin . This roadway was designated U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) until 1991 . This highway , then US 61 , is the road that musician Bob Dylan referred to in the album and song Highway 61 Revisited . The North Shore Scenic Drive is an All-American Road scenic byway that follows Saint Louis County Road 61 / Lake County Road 61 / MN 61 , formerly US 61 , from the city of Duluth , Minnesota , to the Canadian border near Grand Portage . The route stays close to the rocky North Shore , offering spectacular vistas of the lake to the southeast as it skirts along the foothills of the Sawtooth Range to the northwest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart_River_(Minnesota)', 'summary': 'Stewart River is a stream in Lake County , in the U.S. state of Minnesota . Stewart River was named for John Stewart , a pioneer who settled near the river in the 1850s .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Creek Township vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Creek_Township,_Lake_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Silver Creek Township is a township in Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,178 at the 2000 census . Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in the township . Silver Creek Township was organized in 1905 .'}]}, {'value': '1924 reinforced concrete highway bridge noted for its unusually elaborate Neoclassical detailing in a rural setting , which was retained in a sympathetic 1939 widening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth_and_Iron_Range_Railroad_Company_Depot', 'summary': 'Two Harbors station is a historic train station located on Sixth Street in Two Harbors , Minnesota . The station was built in 1907 . The large two-story depot was the third depot on the site . The Minnesota Iron Company developed the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad in 1883 , laid out the town of Two Harbors in 1885 , and built depots to conducts its business . When the rail line was completed to Duluth , it was used as a transfer point for passengers , lumber , and mining supplies . When passenger service ended in 1961 , the depot was donated to Lake County . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company Depot .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1983 ( # 83000910 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th St. off South Ave. 47°01′08″N 91°40′12″W / 47.01879°N 91.670083°W / 47.01879 ; -91.670083 ( Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': "Large 1907 train station , symbolizing the key role of the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad in establishing Two Harbors as a link between northern Minnesota 's iron and lumber fields and Lake Superior . Now a museum", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth_and_Iron_Range_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Duluth and Iron Range Railroad ( reporting mark D & IR ) was founded in 1874 . In 1884 , it ran the first main line train between Two Harbors and Soudan , Minnesota , a total distance of 68 miles . In July 1938 , the railway merged with the Duluth , Missabe and Northern Railway to form the Duluth , Missabe and Iron Range Railway .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Dwan Office Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Dwan_Office_Building', 'summary': "The John Dwan Office Building , located at 201 Waterfront Drive in Two Harbors , Minnesota , in the United States , was the location where Dwan , a Two Harbors attorney drew up the incorporation papers for the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ( now 3M ) in 1902 . The new company 's vision was to mine and process corundum that the founders believed was plentiful on Lake Superior 's north shore . The company nearly went bankrupt , because the mineral they were mining was useless as an abrasive and the high humidity at Lake Superior wreaked havoc with their adhesive process . Nevertheless , the company survived by receiving financial support from Lucius Pond Ordway , moving to Saint Paul , and changing its focus to manufacturing of abrasives with imported materials ."}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1992 ( # 92000700 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '201 Waterfront Dr. 47°01′15″N 91°40′16″W / 47.020857°N 91.671229°W / 47.020857 ; -91.671229 ( John Dwan Office Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': '1898 office building associated with the early years of major international corporation 3M , being the site where the company was chartered in 1902 and headquartered from 1903 to 1916 . Now a museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3M', 'summary': 'The 3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company , is an American multinational conglomerate corporation operating in the fields of industry , worker safety , health care , and consumer goods . The company produces over 60,000 products under several world-renowned brands , including adhesives , abrasives , laminates , passive fire protection , personal protective equipment , window films , paint protection films , dental and orthodontic products , electrical & electronic connecting and insulating materials , medical products , car-care products , electronic circuits , healthcare software and optical films . It is based in Maplewood , Minnesota , a suburb of St. Paul . 3M made $ 32.8 billion in total sales in 2018 and ranks number 95 in the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . As of 2018 [ update ] , the company has approximately 93,500 employees , and has operations in more than 70 countries .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edna G ( tugboat )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edna_G', 'summary': 'Edna G is a tugboat which worked the Great Lakes and is now preserved as a museum ship . Edna G was built by the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company in 1896 for the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad at a cost $ 35,397.50 . She was named for the daughter of J. L. Greatsinger , president of the railroad . She has a length of 92.42 feet , a beam of 23 feet , a depth of 7.42 feet , a gross register tonnage of 154 tons , and a net register tonnage of 67 tons . Home-ported at Two Harbors , Minnesota , Edna G moved ships and barges carrying iron ore and taconite from the Mesabi Range and other smaller sites in the Iron Range region of northeast Minnesota . She spent her entire working career at Two Harbors with the exception of World War I ( 1917-1919 ) when she served on the eastern seaboard . She was out of service from 1931 to 1933 due to the depression . Over the years Edna G was involved in several shipwreck rescues including the surviving crew of the Madeira . Her last tow was the Cason J. Calloway on December 30 , 1980 . She was the last coal-fired , steam-engine tug in service on the lakes when she was retired in 1981 . Edna G. is one of the attractions of the Lake County Historical Society in Two Harbors . Following reports of continued weakening of the hull though corrosion and exposure to ice , in January 2017 Two Harbors City Council initiated further studies of the viability of continuing her preservation ashore .'}]}, {'value': 'June 5 , 1975 ( # 75002144 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home port at the southern end of Poplar St. in Agate Bay 47°01′01″N 91°40′21″W / 47.016831°N 91.672577°W / 47.016831 ; -91.672577 ( Edna G ( tugboat ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': 'Tugboat in operation 1896-1981 to guide ore ships into harbor , nominated as a very long-serving Great Lakes vessel . Now a museum ship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gooseberry Falls State Park CCC/WPA/Rustic Style Historic Resources', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gooseberry_Falls_State_Park', 'summary': 'Gooseberry Falls State Park is a state park of Minnesota , United States , on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The park is located in Silver Creek Township , about 13 miles ( 21 km ) northeast of Two Harbors , Minnesota in Lake County on scenic Minnesota Highway 61 . The park surrounds the mouth of the Gooseberry River and includes Upper , Middle and Lower Gooseberry Falls .'}]}, {'value': 'October 25 , 1989 ( # 89001672 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Minnesota State Highway 61 northeast of Two Harbors 47°08′29″N 91°27′33″W / 47.141362°N 91.459272°W / 47.141362 ; -91.459272 ( Gooseberry Falls State Park CCC/WPA/Rustic Style Historic Resources )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_61', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) is a 148.843-mile-long ( 239.540 km ) highway in northeast Minnesota , which runs from a junction with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) in Duluth at 26th Avenue East , and continues northeast to its northern terminus at the Canadian border near Grand Portage , connecting to Ontario Highway 61 at the Pigeon River Bridge . The route is a scenic highway , following the North Shore of Lake Superior , and is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour designation that runs through Minnesota , Ontario , Michigan , and Wisconsin . This roadway was designated U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) until 1991 . This highway , then US 61 , is the road that musician Bob Dylan referred to in the album and song Highway 61 Revisited . The North Shore Scenic Drive is an All-American Road scenic byway that follows Saint Louis County Road 61 / Lake County Road 61 / MN 61 , formerly US 61 , from the city of Duluth , Minnesota , to the Canadian border near Grand Portage . The route stays close to the rocky North Shore , offering spectacular vistas of the lake to the southeast as it skirts along the foothills of the Sawtooth Range to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Two Harbors vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': '88 park facilities built 1933-41 , significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief , strategic recreational development around a scenic resource , and National Park Service rustic architecture ( with especially fine masonry )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic', 'summary': 'National Park Service rustic - sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture - is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service ( NPS ) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment . Since its founding in 1916 , the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings . The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world , reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture . Architects , landscape architects and engineers combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes . Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures , including entrance gateways , hotels and lodges , park roads and bridges , visitor centers , trail shelters , informational kiosks , and even mundane maintenance and support facilities . Many of these buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halfway Ranger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawishiwi_Field_Laboratory', 'summary': "The Kawishiwi Field Laboratory , in Superior National Forest near Ely , Minnesota , usually known as K-Lab , hosted one of the longest running wolf population studies in the United States . It was designed by Forest Service architects following principles laid out by national Forest Service consulting architect W. Ellis Groben . It was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s . It served as the Halfway Ranger Station of the United States Forest Service until the 1960s and has since been used by other organizations , including the United States Geological Service and the International Wolf Center . The lab 's eleven buildings were recently slated for demolition , but have been deemed eligible for listing on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places for their architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2011 ( # 11000782 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota State Highway 1 47°48′49″N 91°44′16″W / 47.813533°N 91.737817°W / 47.813533 ; -91.737817 ( Halfway Ranger Station )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 1 ( MN 1 ) is a state highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota , which runs from North Dakota Highway 54 ( ND 54 ) at the North Dakota state line ( at the Red River in Oslo ) and continues east to its eastern terminus at MN 61 at the unincorporated community of Illgen City in Beaver Bay Township on the North Shore of Lake Superior . At 346 miles ( 557 km ) in length , Highway 1 is the longest state route in Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Fall Lake Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_Lake_Township,_Lake_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Fall Lake Township is a township in Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 584 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Forest Service complex with 12 contributing properties built 1931-1957 ( seven by the CCC ) ; an administrative and later research center also noted for its trademark use of fine rustic architecture . Now the Kawishiwi Field Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service', 'summary': "The United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation 's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands . The Forest Service manages 193 million acres ( 780,000 km2 ) of land . Major divisions of the agency include the Chief 's Office , National Forest System , State and Private Forestry , Business Operations , and Research and Development . The agency manages about 25% of federal lands and is the only major national land management agency not part of the U.S. Department of the Interior , which manages the National Park Service , U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service , the Bureau of Land Management"}, {'url': '/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps', 'summary': "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rustic_architecture', 'summary': 'Rustic architecture is a style of architecture in the United States , used in rural government and private structures and their landscape interior design . It was influenced by the American craftsman style . According to the National Park Service , The style of architecture which has been most widely used in our forested National Parks , and other wilderness parks , is generally referred to as rustic . It is , or should be , something more than the worn and misused term implies . It is earnestly hoped that a more apt and expressive designation for the style may evolve , but until it appears , rustic , in spite of its inaccuracy and inadequacy , must be resorted to . Rustic Architecture related to national parks is sometimes referred to as Parkitecture .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harriet B . ( shipwreck )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Harriet_B.', 'summary': 'The Harriet B. was a wooden hulled barge that served on the Great Lakes of North America , originally as the railroad ferry Shenango No.2 , then a bulk carrier and finally as an unpowered barge . She sank four miles off Two Harbors , Minnesota on May 3 , 1922 after being rammed by the steel freighter Quincy A. Shaw . Her wreck was accidentally located upright and intact in 2005 in 656 feet ( 200 m ) of water . On August 9 , 2018 the wreck of the Harriet B. was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'August 9 , 2018 ( # 100002773 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four miles off Two Harbors 46°57′21″N 91°37′54″W / 46.955783°N 91.631583°W / 46.955783 ; -91.631583 ( Harriet B . ( shipwreck ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': 'Highly intact wreck of an 1895 wooden railcar ferry sunk in 1922 , a rare example of a vessel type crucial to the Lake Superior lumber industry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Railcar_ferry', 'summary': 'A train ferry is a ship ( ferry ) designed to carry railway vehicles . Typically , one level of the ship is fitted with railway tracks , and the vessel has a door at the front and/or rear to give access to the wharves . In the United States , train ferries are sometimes referred to as car ferries , as distinguished from auto ferries used to transport automobiles . The wharf ( sometimes called a slip ) has a ramp , and a linkspan or apron , balanced by weights , that connects the railway proper to the ship , allowing for the water level to rise and fall with the tides . While railway vehicles can be and are shipped on the decks or in the holds of ordinary ships , purpose-built train ferries can be quickly loaded and unloaded by roll-on/roll-off , especially as several vehicles can be loaded or unloaded at once . A train ferry that is a barge is called a car float or rail barge .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hesper Shipwreck Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hesper_(shipwreck)', 'summary': "Hesper was a bulk-freighter steamship that was used to tow schooner-barges on the Great Lakes . She sank in Lake Superior off Silver Bay , Minnesota , in a late-spring snowstorm in 1905 . The remains of the ship are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Hesper was a wooden-hulled , single-screw , triple-masted , cargo ship built by the Bradley Transportation Company in Cleveland , Ohio . She was used to haul both iron ore and grain , two products important to Minnesota 's economy at the time . Hesper was caught in a late-spring snowstorm on 4 May 1905 , with a strong nor'easter with winds of 60 mph ( 97 km/hr ) driving her off her intended course and smashing her into a reef that now marks the southwest end of the harbor in Silver Bay , Minnesota . The ship foundered and sank in about 42 feet ( 13 m ) of water . The crew was able to escape in the ship 's lifeboats , but the ship was a total loss . The wreck of Hesper is well preserved and lies in 30 to 48 feet ( 9 to 15 meters ) of water about halfway down the west breakwall of the Silver Bay harbor . The hull is split apart at the turn of the bilge , and the port and starboard sides of the ship lie alongside and roughly parallel to the ceiling of the hull . The sides both contain timbers that were used to mount the decks , which are no longer present . The decks are presumed to have washed ashore after the ship sank ."}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 1994 ( # 94000343 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along the west breakwall in Silver Bay Harbor . 47°16′17″N 91°16′18″W / 47.271389°N 91.271667°W / 47.271389 ; -91.271667 ( Hesper Shipwreck Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Bay vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Bay,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Silver Bay is a city in Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,887 at the 2010 census . Outer Drive ( County Road 5 ) , Penn Boulevard , and Minnesota Highway 61 are three of the main routes in Silver Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved wreck of a bulk freight steamship , associated with the Great Lakes iron-ore and grain trades . Launched in 1890 and sunk in a 1905 spring storm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulk_carrier', 'summary': "A bulk carrier , bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo , such as grains , coal , ore , steel coils and cement , in its cargo holds . Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852 , economic forces have led to continued development of these ships , resulting in increased size and sophistication . Today 's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity , safety , efficiency , and durability . Today , bulk carriers make up 21% of the world 's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000 metric tons of deadweight ( DWT ) . A number of specialized designs exist : some can unload their own cargo , some depend on port facilities for unloading , and some even package the cargo as it is loaded . Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek , Japanese , or Chinese owners and more than a quarter are registered in Panama . South Korea is the largest single builder of bulk carriers , and 82% of these ships were built in Asia . On bulk carriers , crew are involved in operation management and maintenance of the vessel taking care of safety , navigation , maintenance and cargo care , in accordance with international maritime legislation . Cargo loading operations vary in complexity and loading and discharging of cargo can take several days . Bulk carriers can be gearless ( dependent upon terminal equipment ) or geared ( having cranes integral to the vessel ) . Crews can range in size from three people on the smallest ships to over 30 on the largest . Bulk cargo can be very dense , corrosive , or abrasive ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steamship', 'summary': 'A steamship , often referred to as a steamer , is a type of steam-powered vessel , typically ocean-faring and seaworthy , that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move ( turn ) propellers or paddlewheels . The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 1800s ; however , there were exceptions that came before . Steamships usually use the prefix designations of PS for paddle steamer or SS for screw steamer ( using a propeller or screw ) . As paddle steamers became less common , SS is assumed by many to stand for steamship . Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as MV for motor vessel , so it is not correct to use SS for most modern vessels . As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns , new trade routes opened up . The steamship has been described as a major driver of the first wave of trade globalization ( 1870-1913 ) and contributor to an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabella Ranger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabella_Ranger_Station', 'summary': 'The Isabella Ranger Station is a complex of 21 buildings in Stony River Township , Minnesota , United States , near the town of Isabella . It is located on Minnesota State Highway 1 about one mile east of Isabella . The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its association with New Deal federal relief construction . Of the 21 buildings , 11 are listed as contributing properties to the district . These were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the mid-1930s and were built of horizontally-laid wood logs , mostly aspen and pine . These buildings consist of dwellings , an office building , storage facilities , and warehouses . Some other buildings on the site were constructed after the CCC built the original complex , and are not considered contributing properties . The ranger station is nationally significant for its use as an administration center that supported multiple federal land management functions within the Isabella Ranger District of the Superior National Forest . The rustic architecture is also significant because it was common to the design of land management administrative buildings within this time period . The historic context of the Superior National Forest began with a recommendation by General C.C . Andrews that all of the public land within Cook County , Minnesota and Lake County , Minnesota , totaling around 500,000 acres ( 200,000 ha ) , should be preserved as a forest reserve . On February 13 , 1909 , President Theodore Roosevelt established the Superior National Forest with an area of 1,018,638 acres ( 412,228 ha ) .'}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2006 ( # 05001611 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9420 Minnesota State Highway 1 47°37′06″N 91°22′39″W / 47.618433°N 91.377631°W / 47.618433 ; -91.377631 ( Isabella Ranger Station )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 1 ( MN 1 ) is a state highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota , which runs from North Dakota Highway 54 ( ND 54 ) at the North Dakota state line ( at the Red River in Oslo ) and continues east to its eastern terminus at MN 61 at the unincorporated community of Illgen City in Beaver Bay Township on the North Shore of Lake Superior . At 346 miles ( 557 km ) in length , Highway 1 is the longest state route in Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Isabella vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabella,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Isabella is an unincorporated community in Stony River Township , Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The community is located 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Silver Bay , and 40 miles ( 64 km ) southeast of Ely ; at the intersection of Minnesota State Highway 1 and Forest Road 172 ( Wanless Road ) . Isabella is located within the Superior National Forest .'}]}, {'value': "Long-serving Superior National Forest district office with 11 contributing properties built 1934-1935 , exemplifying federal land management , New Deal work relief , and such properties ' trademark rustic architecture", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superior_National_Forest', 'summary': 'Superior National Forest , part of the United States National Forest system , is located in the Arrowhead Region of the state of Minnesota between the Canada-United States border and the north shore of Lake Superior . The area is part of the greater Boundary Waters region along the border of Minnesota and the Canadian province of Ontario , a historic and important thoroughfare in the fur trading and exploring days of New France and British North America . Under the administration of the United States Forest Service , the Superior National Forest comprises over 3,900,000 acres ( 6,100 mi2 or 16,000 km2 ) of woods and waters . The majority of the forest is multiple-use , including both logging and recreational activities such as camping , boating , and fishing . Slightly over a quarter of the forest is set aside as a wilderness reserve known as the Boundary Waters Canoe Area ( BWCA ) , where canoers can travel along interconnected fresh waters near land as well as over historic portages once used by Native American tribes and First Nations people , but later by European explorers and traders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rustic_architecture', 'summary': 'Rustic architecture is a style of architecture in the United States , used in rural government and private structures and their landscape interior design . It was influenced by the American craftsman style . According to the National Park Service , The style of architecture which has been most widely used in our forested National Parks , and other wilderness parks , is generally referred to as rustic . It is , or should be , something more than the worn and misused term implies . It is earnestly hoped that a more apt and expressive designation for the style may evolve , but until it appears , rustic , in spite of its inaccuracy and inadequacy , must be resorted to . Rustic Architecture related to national parks is sometimes referred to as Parkitecture .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lake County Courthouse and Sheriff 's Residence", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lake_County_Courthouse_and_Sheriff's_Residence", 'summary': "The Lake County Courthouse and Sheriff 's Residence , located at 601 3rd Avenue in Two Harbors , Lake County in the U.S. state of Minnesota was built in 1906 . In 1888 a two-story brick sheriff 's residence and jail was erected with an adjacent Queen Anne style courthouse . A 1904 fire destroyed the courthouse , but the jail and residence remained . The replacement building , designed in the Beaux Arts style by James Allen MacLeod was built of brick and limestone , featuring quoin blocks , stone window surrounds with large keystones , dentil moulding , and four large columns supporting the entry overhang . The courtroom was topped with an open semi-circular dome covered with metallic scaled shakes . In 1945 , the dome was enclosed from below . Axel Edward Soderberg was commissioned to paint murals depicting Law and Justice , commerce , mining , and logging , at a cost of $ 1,500 in 1905 . The jail and residence building were razed in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1983 ( # 83000912 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "601 3rd Ave. 47°01′20″N 91°40′17″W / 47.02209°N 91.671402°W / 47.02209 ; -91.671402 ( Lake County Courthouse and Sheriff 's Residence )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': "Queen Anne sheriff 's residence/jail built circa 1887 and Beaux-Arts courthouse built in 1906 , long-serving seats of Lake County government and representative examples of two eras of public architecture", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larsmont School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1992 ( # 92000799 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Highway 61 46°58′52″N 91°44′39″W / 46.981083°N 91.744243°W / 46.981083 ; -91.744243 ( Larsmont School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larsmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larsmont,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Larsmont is an unincorporated community in Lake County , Minnesota , United States ; located on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The community is located between Duluth and Two Harbors on the North Shore Scenic Drive ( County 61 ) . Larsmont is located 5 miles southwest of the city of Two Harbors . Larsmont is located within Lake No . 2 Unorganized Territory of Lake County .'}]}, {'value': "1914 school , focal point of a community formed in the early 20th century by immigrants from Finland 's ethnic Swedish minority", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland', 'summary': 'The Swedish-speaking population of Finland ( whose members are often called Swedish-speaking Finns , Finland-Swedes , Finland Swedes , Finnish Swedes , or Swedes of Finland - see below ; Swedish : finlandssvenskar ; Finnish : suomenruotsalaiset ; the term Swedo-Finnish - Swedish : finlandssvensk ; Finnish : suomenruotsalainen - can be used as an attribute ) is a linguistic minority in Finland . They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate ethnic group , while still being Finns , [ Note 1 ] [ Note 2 ] [ Note 3 ] or as a distinct nationality . [ Note 4 ] They speak Finland Swedish , which encompasses both a standard language and distinct dialects that are mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden and , to a lesser extent , other Scandinavian languages . According to Statistics Finland , Swedish is the mother tongue of about 270,000 people in mainland Finland and of about 25,000 people in Åland , a self-governing archipelago of islands off the west coast of Finland , where Swedish speakers constitute a majority . Swedish-speakers comprise 5.2% of the total Finnish population or about 4.9% without Åland . The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century , when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a prestige language . According to a statistical analysis made by Fjalar Finnäs , the population of the minority group is today stable and may even be increasing slightly in total numbers since more parents from bilingual families tend to register their children as Swedish speakers . It is estimated that 70% of bilingual families - that is , ones with one parent Finnish-speaking and the other Swedish-speaking - register their children as Swedish-speaking .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madeira ( Schooner-Barge ) Shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madeira_(shipwreck)', 'summary': 'Madeira was a schooner barge that sank off the coast of Minnesota in Lake Superior on November 28 , 1905 . A schooner-barge is a type of ship that functions like a barge , in that it is towed by a steamship , but also has sails like a schooner . This type of ship evolved from wooden sailing ships that were cut down into barges and towed behind wooden steamships , a practice which originated in the late 1880s in coastal areas . This design was used in the Great Lakes for transporting grain , iron ore , and other products .'}]}, {'value': 'July 23 , 1992 ( # 92000843 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near the base of Gold Rock 47°12′22″N 91°21′29″W / 47.206111°N 91.358056°W / 47.206111 ; -91.358056 ( Madeira ( Schooner-Barge ) Shipwreck )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaver Bay vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaver_Bay,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Beaver Bay is a city in Lake County , Minnesota , U.S . The population was 181 at the 2010 census . Minnesota Highway 61 serves as a main route in Beaver Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Only known remains of a schooner-barge , a little-known ship type with sails to aid its tow vessel . Launched in 1900 and wrecked during the infamous Mataafa Storm of 1905 , prompting construction of the Split Rock Lighthouse nearby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mataafa_Storm', 'summary': "The Mataafa Storm , or Mataafa Storm of 1905 , was a storm that occurred on the Great Lakes on November 27-28 , 1905 . The system moved across the Great Basin with moderate depth on November 26 and November 27 , then east-northeastward across the Great Lakes on November 28 . Fresh east winds were forecast for the afternoon and evening of November 27 , with storm warnings in effect by the morning of November 28 . Storm-force winds and heavy snows accompanied the cyclone 's passage . The storm , named after the steamship Mataafa , ended up destroying or damaging about 29 vessels , killing 36 seamen , and causing shipping losses of US $ $ 3.567 million ( 1905 dollars ) on Lake Superior ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Split Rock Lighthouse is a lighthouse located southwest of Silver Bay , Minnesota , USA on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The structure was designed by lighthouse engineer Ralph Russell Tinkham and was completed in 1910 by the United States Lighthouse Service at a cost of $ 75,000 , including the buildings and the land . It is considered one of the most picturesque lighthouses in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward and Lisa Mattson House and Fish House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 9 , 1990 ( # 90001152 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Minnesota State Highway 61 at the Beaver Bay shore near Wieland Island 47°16′02″N 91°16′57″W / 47.267119°N 91.282555°W / 47.267119 ; -91.282555 ( Edward and Lisa Mattson House and Fish House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_61', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) is a 148.843-mile-long ( 239.540 km ) highway in northeast Minnesota , which runs from a junction with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) in Duluth at 26th Avenue East , and continues northeast to its northern terminus at the Canadian border near Grand Portage , connecting to Ontario Highway 61 at the Pigeon River Bridge . The route is a scenic highway , following the North Shore of Lake Superior , and is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour designation that runs through Minnesota , Ontario , Michigan , and Wisconsin . This roadway was designated U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) until 1991 . This highway , then US 61 , is the road that musician Bob Dylan referred to in the album and song Highway 61 Revisited . The North Shore Scenic Drive is an All-American Road scenic byway that follows Saint Louis County Road 61 / Lake County Road 61 / MN 61 , formerly US 61 , from the city of Duluth , Minnesota , to the Canadian border near Grand Portage . The route stays close to the rocky North Shore , offering spectacular vistas of the lake to the southeast as it skirts along the foothills of the Sawtooth Range to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'East Beaver Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Beaver_Bay,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'East Beaver Bay is an unincorporated community in Beaver Bay Township , Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The community is located between Beaver Bay and Silver Bay on Minnesota Highway 61 , on the North Shore of Lake Superior . East Beaver Bay is located 26 miles northeast of the city of Two Harbors .'}]}, {'value': 'House dating to 1902 and fish house built circa 1930 , two of the few surviving buildings associated with the small , family-owned outfits that pioneered commercial fishing on the North Shore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Shipwreck Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_(shipwreck)', 'summary': 'The Niagara was a large wooden tugboat that sank on June 4 , 1904 on Lake Superior near the town of Duluth , Minnesota , Lake County , Minnesota after running aground near Knife River . On April 14 , 1994 the wreck of the Niagara was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 1994 ( # 94000344 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500 feet ( 150 m ) south of Knife Island 46°56′45″N 91°46′16″W / 46.945751°N 91.771245°W / 46.945751 ; -91.771245 ( Niagara Shipwreck Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knife River vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knife_River,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Knife River is an unincorporated community in Lake County , Minnesota , United States ; located on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The community is located between Duluth and Two Harbors on the North Shore Scenic Drive ( County 61 ) , at the mouth of the Knife River , from which it gets its name . Knife River is located 8 miles southwest of the city of Two Harbors . The boundary line between Lake and Saint Louis counties is nearby . Knife River is located within Lake No . 2 Unorganized Territory of Lake County .'}]}, {'value': 'Rare , early remnants of a class of large tugboats built for timber rafting on the Great Lakes . Launched in 1872 and sank in 1904 after running aground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timber_rafting', 'summary': 'Timber rafting is a method of transporting felled tree trunks by tying them together to make rafts , which are then drifted or pulled downriver , or across a lake or other body of water . It is arguably , after log driving , the second cheapest means of transporting felled timber . Both methods may be referred to as timber floating .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Onoko ( Bulk Freight Steamer ) Shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Onoko', 'summary': 'The Onoko was an iron hulled Great Lakes freighter . She was launched in 1882 in Cleveland , Ohio as hull number # 4 , and sank on September 14 , 1915 in Lake Superior near Knife River , Minnesota . The Onoko is thought to be the prototype for every single steel hulled Great Lakes Bulk carrier that ever sailed . [ A ] These vessels made possible the cheap transport of bulk cargoes such as iron ore , coal and limestone . Her wreckage still remains on the bottom of Lake Superior and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 23 , 1992 ( # 92000845 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.5 miles ( 21.7 km ) east of Duluth and 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) south of Knife Island 46°50′46″N 91°46′38″W / 46.8462°N 91.777333°W / 46.8462 ; -91.777333 ( Onoko ( Bulk Freight Steamer ) Shipwreck )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knife River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knife_River,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Knife River is an unincorporated community in Lake County , Minnesota , United States ; located on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The community is located between Duluth and Two Harbors on the North Shore Scenic Drive ( County 61 ) , at the mouth of the Knife River , from which it gets its name . Knife River is located 8 miles southwest of the city of Two Harbors . The boundary line between Lake and Saint Louis counties is nearby . Knife River is located within Lake No . 2 Unorganized Territory of Lake County .'}]}, {'value': '1882 iron-hulled steamship , prototype of the large Great Lakes bulk freighters that became critical to the steel industry . Sprang a leak and sank in 1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steamship', 'summary': 'A steamship , often referred to as a steamer , is a type of steam-powered vessel , typically ocean-faring and seaworthy , that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move ( turn ) propellers or paddlewheels . The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 1800s ; however , there were exceptions that came before . Steamships usually use the prefix designations of PS for paddle steamer or SS for screw steamer ( using a propeller or screw ) . As paddle steamers became less common , SS is assumed by many to stand for steamship . Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as MV for motor vessel , so it is not correct to use SS for most modern vessels . As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns , new trade routes opened up . The steamship has been described as a major driver of the first wave of trade globalization ( 1870-1913 ) and contributor to an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulk_freighter', 'summary': "A bulk carrier , bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo , such as grains , coal , ore , steel coils and cement , in its cargo holds . Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852 , economic forces have led to continued development of these ships , resulting in increased size and sophistication . Today 's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity , safety , efficiency , and durability . Today , bulk carriers make up 21% of the world 's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000 metric tons of deadweight ( DWT ) . A number of specialized designs exist : some can unload their own cargo , some depend on port facilities for unloading , and some even package the cargo as it is loaded . Over half of all bulk carriers have Greek , Japanese , or Chinese owners and more than a quarter are registered in Panama . South Korea is the largest single builder of bulk carriers , and 82% of these ships were built in Asia . On bulk carriers , crew are involved in operation management and maintenance of the vessel taking care of safety , navigation , maintenance and cargo care , in accordance with international maritime legislation . Cargo loading operations vary in complexity and loading and discharging of cargo can take several days . Bulk carriers can be gearless ( dependent upon terminal equipment ) or geared ( having cranes integral to the vessel ) . Crews can range in size from three people on the smallest ships to over 30 on the largest . Bulk cargo can be very dense , corrosive , or abrasive ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel P. Ely Shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_P._Ely_(shipwreck)', 'summary': 'Samuel P. Ely is a shipwreck in Two Harbors , Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places . She was a schooner that sailed the Great Lakes carrying iron ore , coal , and other bulk freight . She was built in 1869 and was a fairly typical example of the 200-foot schooner built in the 1870s , though she was reinforced for the demands of carrying iron ore .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1992 ( # 92000694 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Along Two Harbors ' west breakwall 47°00′42″N 91°40′40″W / 47.011667°N 91.677778°W / 47.011667 ; -91.677778 ( Samuel P. Ely Shipwreck )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': "Lake Superior 's best remnant of the large ore schooners introduced around 1870 , and a key part of local nautical lore for wrecking against the Two Harbors breakwater followed by the dramatic rescue of all hands in an 1896 storm", 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Split Rock Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Split Rock Lighthouse is a lighthouse located southwest of Silver Bay , Minnesota , USA on the North Shore of Lake Superior . The structure was designed by lighthouse engineer Ralph Russell Tinkham and was completed in 1910 by the United States Lighthouse Service at a cost of $ 75,000 , including the buildings and the land . It is considered one of the most picturesque lighthouses in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 1969 ( # 69000073 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About 20 miles northeast of Two Harbors on Minnesota State Highway 61 47°12′00″N 91°22′01″W / 47.200072°N 91.366945°W / 47.200072 ; -91.366945 ( Split Rock Lighthouse )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_61', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) is a 148.843-mile-long ( 239.540 km ) highway in northeast Minnesota , which runs from a junction with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) in Duluth at 26th Avenue East , and continues northeast to its northern terminus at the Canadian border near Grand Portage , connecting to Ontario Highway 61 at the Pigeon River Bridge . The route is a scenic highway , following the North Shore of Lake Superior , and is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour designation that runs through Minnesota , Ontario , Michigan , and Wisconsin . This roadway was designated U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) until 1991 . This highway , then US 61 , is the road that musician Bob Dylan referred to in the album and song Highway 61 Revisited . The North Shore Scenic Drive is an All-American Road scenic byway that follows Saint Louis County Road 61 / Lake County Road 61 / MN 61 , formerly US 61 , from the city of Duluth , Minnesota , to the Canadian border near Grand Portage . The route stays close to the rocky North Shore , offering spectacular vistas of the lake to the southeast as it skirts along the foothills of the Sawtooth Range to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Two Harbors vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': 'Clifftop lighthouse complex built 1909-10 , significant for its association with the development of commercial shipping on the Great Lakes and the rare integrity of its 12 contributing properties . Now a museum . Declared a National Historic Landmark in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tettegouche Camp Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tettegouche_State_Park', 'summary': "Tettegouche State Park , pronounced tet-a-goo-chee , in the United States , is a Minnesota state park on the north shore of Lake Superior 58 miles ( 93 km ) northeast of Duluth in Lake County on scenic Minnesota Highway 61 . The park 's name stems from the Tettegouche Club , an association of local businessmen which purchased the park in 1910 from the Alger-Smith Lumber Company . The club 's members protected the area until its sale in 1971 to the deLaittres family . In 1979 , the state of Minnesota acquired 3,400 acres ( 1,400 ha ) from the Nature Conservancy , including Tettegouche Camp . The land was added to Baptism River State Park , which was renamed Tettegouche State Park ."}]}, {'value': 'January 17 , 1989 ( # 88003084 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Highway 4 47°20′50″N 91°15′38″W / 47.347222°N 91.260556°W / 47.347222 ; -91.260556 ( Tettegouche Camp Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Bay vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Bay,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Silver Bay is a city in Lake County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,887 at the 2010 census . Outer Drive ( County Road 5 ) , Penn Boulevard , and Minnesota Highway 61 are three of the main routes in Silver Bay .'}]}, {'value': "Remote , private resort complex with 11 contributing properties mostly built 1910-1925 , representative of northern Minnesota 's early-20th-century resort industry and its Rustic architecture", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rustic_architecture', 'summary': 'Rustic architecture is a style of architecture in the United States , used in rural government and private structures and their landscape interior design . It was influenced by the American craftsman style . According to the National Park Service , The style of architecture which has been most widely used in our forested National Parks , and other wilderness parks , is generally referred to as rustic . It is , or should be , something more than the worn and misused term implies . It is earnestly hoped that a more apt and expressive designation for the style may evolve , but until it appears , rustic , in spite of its inaccuracy and inadequacy , must be resorted to . Rustic Architecture related to national parks is sometimes referred to as Parkitecture .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors Carnegie Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors_Carnegie_Library', 'summary': 'The Two Harbors Carnegie Library , located at 320 Waterfront Avenue , Two Harbors , Minnesota , United States , is a public library building built in 1909 with a $ 15,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie . This was one of over 3,000 libraries in 47 states funded by Carnegie . It was built in the Classical Revival style with brick and sandstone .'}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 1986 ( # 86002121 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th Ave. and Waterfront Dr. 47°01′21″N 91°40′15″W / 47.022522°N 91.670721°W / 47.022522 ; -91.670721 ( Two Harbors Carnegie Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Harbors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Two Harbors is a city in and the county seat of Lake County , Minnesota , United States , along the shore of Lake Superior . The population was 3,745 at the 2010 census Minnesota State Highway 61 serves as a main route in Two Harbors . Gooseberry Falls State Park is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the northeast .'}]}, {'value': "1909 Carnegie library , home of a public institution founded in 1896 and Lake County 's only public library until 1955 . Also associated with a local construction boom and the work of Duluth architect Austin Terryberry", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including one National Historic Landmark.'} | null | null | About how much water deep in feet did a ship sink that is located in a town that had a population of 1,887 at the 2010 census ? | 42 |
05475f05700ea107 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_hits', 'title': 'Adult hits', 'header': ['Location', 'Call sign', 'Frequency', 'Brand Name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Belleville , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Belleville ( Canada 2016 Census population 50,716 ; census agglomeration population 103,472 ) is a city located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in Southern ( Central ) Ontario , Canada , along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . It is the seat of Hastings County , but politically independent of it , and is the centre of the Bay of Quinte Region .'}]}, {'value': 'CJOJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJOJ-FM', 'summary': 'CJOJ-FM is a Canadian radio station that airs an adult contemporary music format at 95.5 FM in Belleville , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '95.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95-5 Hits FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brockville , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brockville', 'summary': "Brockville , formerly Elizabethtown , is a city in Eastern Ontario , Canada in the Thousand Islands region . Although it is the seat of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville , it is politically independent of the county . It is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only . Known as the City of the 1000 Islands , Brockville is located on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River , about halfway between Kingston to the west and Cornwall to the east . It is 115 km ( 71 mi ) south of the national capital Ottawa . The city faces Morristown , New York , which is located on the other side of the river . It is one of Ontario 's oldest communities first established by Euro-Canadians and is named after the British general Sir Isaac Brock . The city notably features the Brockville Tunnel , Canada 's first railway tunnel , finished in December 1860 , and closed in 1970 . It was acquired by the City of Brockville in 1982 , and the tunnel reopened in August 2017 as an LED illuminated pedestrian tunnel with music . Alongside the Fulford Place and the Aquatarium , it has since become one of the most famous tourist attractions in the city , and even all of Ontario ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'CJPT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJPT-FM', 'summary': 'CJPT-FM is a radio station , airing at 103.7 FM in Brockville , Ontario , Canada . The station , owned by Bell Media , airs an adult hits format branded as Bob FM .'}]}, {'value': '103.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary , Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'CJAQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJAQ-FM', 'summary': "CJAQ-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 96.9 FM in Calgary , Alberta . The station uses the on-air brand name Jack FM . It is the second Jack FM station in Canada and the world , after its sister CJAX-FM in Vancouver . CJAQ 's studios are located on 7th Avenue Southwest in downtown Calgary , while its transmitter is located on Patina Hill Drive Southwest in the Prominence Point neighbourhood in west Calgary . As of Fall 2014 , CJAQ is ranked # 8 in the Calgary market ratings according to Numeris Canada ."}]}, {'value': '96.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chatham / Windsor , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Chatham-Kent ( 2016 population 101,647 ) is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario , Canada . Mostly rural , its population centres are Chatham , Wallaceburg , Tilbury , Blenheim , Ridgetown , Wheatley and Dresden . The current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the merger of Kent County and its municipalities . The Chatham-Kent census division , which includes the independent Delaware Nation at Moraviantown First Nation , had a population of 102,042 in the 2016 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario', 'summary': "Windsor is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , on the south bank of the Detroit River directly across from Detroit , Michigan . Located in Essex County , it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city 's population was 217,188 at the 2016 census , making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario , after London and Kitchener . The Detroit-Windsor urban area is North America 's most populous trans-border conurbation , and the Ambassador Bridge border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the Canada-United States border . Windsor is a major contributor to Canada 's automotive industry and is culturally diverse . Known as the Automotive Capital of Canada , Windsor 's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'CKUE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKUE-FM', 'summary': "CKUE-FM is a radio station located in Chatham-Kent , Ontario . Owned by Blackburn Radio , the station broadcasts a rock-based classic hits format under the name 95.1/100.7 Cool-FM . The station broadcasts on 95.1 MHz , and operates a rebroadcaster serving the nearby Windsor market , CKUE-FM-1 , on 100.7 MHz . CKUE 's main signal is broadcast from a tower a few kilometres west of the community of Chatham , Ontario , with an effective radiated power of 42,000 watts ."}]}, {'value': '95.1 and 100.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cool FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton , Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'CKNG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKNG-FM', 'summary': "CKNG-FM is a radio station broadcasting at 92.5 FM in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . The station plays an adult hits format branded on-air as 92.5 The 'Chuck . CKNG 's studios are located on 84th Street in Downtown Edmonton , while its transmitter is located near Anthony Henday Drive in eastern Edmonton . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CKNG was the ninth most listened to radio station in the Edmonton market in the fall of 2008 but as of fall 2012 , the station is ranked twelfth with a 3.3 percent share . For the 2013 winter season , CKNG was the tenth most listened to radio station with a 5.1% share ."}]}, {'value': '92.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Espanola , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espanola,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Espanola ( 2016 census population 4,996 ) is a town in Northern Ontario , Canada , in the Sudbury District . It is situated on the Spanish River , approximately 70 kilometres west of downtown Sudbury , and just south of the junction of Highway 6 and Highway 17 .'}]}, {'value': 'CJJM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJJM-FM', 'summary': 'CJJM-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 99.3 FM in Espanola , Ontario . The station currently airs an adult contemporary format and is branded on-air as Moose FM . The station is owned by Vista Radio .'}]}, {'value': '99.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax , Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'CFLT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFLT-FM', 'summary': "CFLT-FM ( 92.9 FM ) is an FM radio station licensed to Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada and serving the Halifax area . The station is owned by Rogers Media and broadcasts at 92.9 MHz . CFLT 's studios are located on Young Street in Halifax , while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park . The station is the successor to Newcap-owned AM station CFDR ( 780 kHz ) , which signed off on July 27 , 2009 , eleven days before the FM station 's official launch ."}]}, {'value': '92.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawartha Lakes , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawartha_Lakes,_Ontario', 'summary': 'The City of Kawartha Lakes ( 2016 population 75,423 ) is a unitary municipality in Central Ontario , Canada . It is a municipality legally structured as a single-tier city ; however , Kawartha Lakes is the size of a typical Ontario county and is mostly rural . It is the second largest single-tier municipality in Ontario by land area ( after Greater Sudbury ) . The main population centres are the communities of Bobcaygeon , Fenelon Falls , Lindsay , Omemee and Woodville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'CKLY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKLY-FM', 'summary': 'CKLY-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 91.9 FM in Kawartha Lakes , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '91.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelowna , British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelowna', 'summary': "Kelowna ( /kəˈloʊnə/ ) is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia , Canada . It serves as the head office of the Regional District of the Central Okanagan . The name Kelowna derives from an Okanagan language term for grizzly bear . The Kelowna metropolitan area has a population of 217,214 ; the third-largest metropolitan area in the province , behind only Vancouver and Victoria . Additionally , the City of Kelowna is the seventh-largest city in the province . It ranks as the 22nd-largest in Canada and is the largest inland city in British Columbia . Kelowna 's city proper contains 211.82 square kilometres ( 81.78 sq mi ) , and the census metropolitan area contains 2,904.86 square kilometres ( 1,121.57 sq mi ) . In 2019 , it was estimated that Kelowna 's population had grown to 217,229 the metropolitan area and 142,146 in the city proper . Nearby communities include the City of West Kelowna ( also referred to as Westbank , Westside ) to the west across Okanagan Lake , Lake Country and Vernon to the north , and Peachland to the southwest , and further to the south , Summerland and Penticton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': 'CJUI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJUI-FM', 'summary': 'CKOO-FM ( 103.9 FM , Soft 103.9 ) is a radio station in Kelowna , British Columbia . Owned by Castanet Media , it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format .'}]}, {'value': '103.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juice FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London,_Ontario', 'summary': "London is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city had a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census . London is at the confluence of the Thames River , approximately 200 km ( 120 mi ) from both Toronto and Detroit ; and about 230 km ( 140 mi ) from Buffalo , New York . The city of London is a separated municipality , politically separate from Middlesex County , though it remains the county seat . London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe , who proposed the site for the capital city of Upper Canada . The first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman . The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855 . Since then , London has grown to be the largest southwestern Ontario municipality and Canada 's 11th largest metropolitan area , having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it . London is a regional centre of healthcare and education , being home to the University of Western Ontario ( which brands itself Western University ) , Fanshawe College , and several hospitals ( including a University Hospital ) . The city hosts a number of musical and artistic exhibits and festivals , which contribute to its tourism industry , but its economic activity is centred on education , medical research , insurance , and information technology . London 's university and hospitals are among its top ten employers . London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402 , connecting it to Toronto , Windsor and Sarnia ."}]}, {'value': 'CHST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHST-FM', 'summary': "CHST-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 102.3 FM in London , Ontario . The station uses the on-air brand and format Jack FM . Jack FM broadcasts from the CFPL-TV tower in Southwest London . Due to CHST-FM 's low ERP relative to some London area radio stations , its broadcast signal covers only Middlesex , Elgin , and Oxford counties . The station 's coverage to the west is impeded by co-channel WGRT in Port Huron , Michigan . Approved by the CRTC in 1999 , CHST was launched by CHUM Limited in 2000 . It originally used the brand Star 102.3 with a hot adult contemporary format , but was rebranded as the adult hits format Bob FM in July 2003 . On June 21 , 2010 , CTVglobemedia announced it had entered into an agreement to sell the station to Rogers Media . The sale was approved by the CRTC on December 22 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '102.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'CKDG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKDG-FM', 'summary': "CKDG-FM is a radio station located in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Owned and operated by Groupe CHCR Inc. , it broadcasts on 105.1 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 524 watts ( class A ) . Like most FM stations , it broadcasts in stereo . CKDG 's studios are located at 4865 Jean Talon Street West - Suite 224 , in Montreal . It also identifies itself as MIKE FM . CKDG-FM broadcasts mainstream multicultural programming . Per its license , CKDG-FM is allowed to air up to 35% of its programming in the English and/or French languages ; since May 2006 , MIKE FM has broadcast an English-language Morning Drive show program ( The Morning Drive ) and a mainstream English Drive Home show with classic 80 's hits ."}]}, {'value': '105.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bay , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario', 'summary': 'North Bay is a city in Northeastern Ontario , Canada . It is the seat of Nipissing District , and takes its name from its position on the shore of Lake Nipissing . North Bay is located on the traditional territory of the Nipissing First Nation peoples .'}]}, {'value': 'CFXN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFXN-FM', 'summary': "CFXN-FM is a Canadian radio station , that airs a classic hits format at 106.3 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station is branded as 106.3 Moose FM with the slogan North Bay 's Biggest Variety . The station plays North Bay 's Biggest Variety of current , recent and older hits . You 'll hear everything from a top 40 hit from the current year to music from the 2010s , 2000s , 90s , 80s and even 70s . It is a middle of the road format positioned between the city 's Top 40 and hard rock stations . The station was licensed on the basis of a proposal to air a country music format similar to that of the co-owned CHMT in Timmins . Instead , North Bay 's CFXN broadcast an adult hits format from startup in 2006 until changing to a light AC format in February , 2012 , then to Variety Hits in April 2013 . The new format of Biggest Variety stands alone as an option for 25- to 54-year-old listeners in the market . Originally owned by Haliburton Broadcasting Group , the station was licensed by the CRTC in 2005 . As of 2012 the station is owned by the Vista Broadcast Group . On October 29 , 2019 , Vista applied to operate a new FM radio station in North Bay . If approved , the new station would operate at 90.5 MHz making it a sister station to CFXN-FM ."}]}, {'value': '106.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parry Sound , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parry_Sound,_Ontario', 'summary': "Parry Sound is a town in Ontario , Canada , located on the eastern shore of the sound after which it is named . Parry Sound is located 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of Sudbury and 225 km ( 140 mi ) north of Toronto . It is a single tier government located in the territorial District of Parry Sound which has no second tier County , Regional or District level of government . Parry Sound is a popular cottage country region for Southern Ontario residents . It also has the world 's deepest natural freshwater port ."}]}, {'value': 'CKLP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKLP-FM', 'summary': "CKLP-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 103.3 FM in Parry Sound , Ontario . Owned by Vista Broadcast Group , the station airs an adult hits format branded as Moose FM . The station was launched by Muskoka-Parry Sound Broadcasting in 1958 , airing on AM 1340 as a rebroadcaster of Huntsville 's CKAR . In 1976 , both stations were sold to Eastern Broadcasting . The following year , Eastern adopted the new call sign CFBQ and launched some local programming on the Parry Sound transmitter . In 1986 , the station was sold to Playland Broadcasting , moving to its current FM frequency , adopting its current call sign and being branded as LP103 . The station was a private affiliate of CBC Radio until 1993 , when the CBC added a rebroadcaster of CBL in Parry Sound . The station was acquired by Haliburton in 2001 . The current slogan/branding of CKLP is Moose FM or The Moose 103.3 . On April 23 , 2012 Vista Broadcast Group , which owns a number of radio stations in western Canada , announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The transaction was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '103.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grande Prairie , Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Prairie,_Alberta', 'summary': "Grande Prairie is a city in northwest Alberta , Canada within the southern portion of an area known as Peace River Country . It is located at the intersection of Highway 43 ( part of the CANAMEX Corridor ) and Highway 40 ( the Bighorn Highway ) , approximately 456 km ( 283 mi ) northwest of Edmonton . The city is surrounded by the County of Grande Prairie No . 1 . Grande Prairie was the seventh-largest city in Alberta in 2016 with a population of 63,166 , and was one of Canada 's fastest growing cities between 2001 and 2006 . The city adopted the trumpeter swan as an official symbol due to its proximity to the migration route and summer nesting grounds of this bird . For that reason , Grande Prairie is sometimes nicknamed the Swan City . The dinosaur has emerged as an unofficial symbol of the city due to paleontology discoveries in the areas north and west of the Grande Prairie ."}]}, {'value': 'CIKT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIKT-FM', 'summary': 'CIKT-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts an Adult hits format at 98.9 FM in Grande Prairie , Alberta . The station is branded as Q99 and is owned by The Jim Pattison Broadcast Group .'}]}, {'value': '98.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Q99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Deer , Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta', 'summary': "Red Deer is a city in central Alberta , Canada . It is located near the midpoint of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor and is surrounded by Red Deer County . It is Alberta 's third most populous city . [ citation needed ] after Calgary , Edmonton , and before Lethbridge . The city is located in aspen parkland , a region of rolling hills that is home to oil , grain , and cattle production . It is a centre for oil and agriculture distribution , and the surrounding region is a major centre for petrochemical production . With a recorded population of 100,418 in the Canada 2016 census , Red Deer became the third Alberta city to surpass 100,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'CKRI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKRI-FM', 'summary': 'CKEX-FM is a radio station in Red Deer , Alberta . Owned by Harvard Broadcasting , it broadcasts an alternative rock format branded as X 100.7 FM .'}]}, {'value': '100.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regina , Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': 'CKCK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKCK-FM', 'summary': "CKCK-FM is a radio station in Regina , Saskatchewan . Owned by Rawlco Communications , it broadcasts an adult hits format under the Jack FM branding . CKCK 's studios and offices are located at 2401 Saskatchewan Drive in Regina , along with sister stations CJME and CIZL-FM ."}]}, {'value': '94.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatoon , Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatoon ( /ˌsæskəˈtuːn/ ) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province . It is located along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway , and has served as the cultural and economic hub of central Saskatchewan since its founding in 1882 as a Temperance colony . With a 2016 census population of 246,376 , Saskatoon is the largest city in the province , and the 17th largest Census Metropolitan Area in Canada , with a 2016 census population of 295,095 . The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 278,500 as of July 2018 , while Statistics Canada has estimated the CMA 's population to be 323,809 as of 2017 . Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan , the Meewasin Valley Authority which protects the South Saskatchewan River and provides for the city 's popular riverbank park spaces , and Wanuskewin Heritage Park , a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage applicant representing 6,000 years of First Nations history . The Rural Municipality of Corman Park No . 344 , the most populous rural municipality in Saskatchewan , surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it , including Wanuskewin . Saskatoon is named after the saskatoon berry which is native to the region , and is itself derived from the Cree misâskwatômina . The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves . The city has nine river crossings and is nicknamed Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City . Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale , which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon and incorporating as a city in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': 'CFWD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFWD-FM', 'summary': 'CFWD-FM is a radio station in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . Owned by Harvard Broadcasting , it broadcasts a rock-leaning adult hits format branded as 96.3 Cruz FM .'}]}, {'value': '96.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smiths Falls , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smiths_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Smiths Falls is a town in Eastern Ontario , Canada , with a population of 8,780 according to the 2016 census . It is in the Census division for Lanark County , but is separated from the county . The Rideau Canal waterway passes through the town , with four separate locks in three locations and a combined lift of over 15 metres ( 50 ft ) . The town 's name was sometimes alternatively spelled Smith 's Falls or Smith Falls , but Smiths Falls is now considered correct ."}]}, {'value': 'CJET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJET-FM', 'summary': 'CJET-FM is a Canadian radio station . Licensed to Smiths Falls , Ontario , the station serves the Ottawa market broadcasting at 92.3 FM , with an adult hits format branded as Jack 92.3 . CJET has studios located in Smiths Falls ( as part of its license agreement ) , with auxiliary studios located with the Rogers Ottawa cluster at Thurston Drive and Conroy Road in Ottawa , while its transmitter is located near Carleton Place .'}]}, {'value': '92.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'CKSJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKSJ-FM', 'summary': "CKSJ-FM ( 101.1 MHz ) is a radio station broadcasting in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Approved by the CRTC in 2003 , the station began broadcasting on February 12 , 2004 , and is the most recent radio station to have launched in that city . It is owned by Coast Broadcasting , owned by local businessman Andrew Bell . While launching as an adult contemporary station , it now defines its format as classic hits , concentrating primarily on older music . As of 2011 , the station 's classic hits format consists of music from the 1970s through 1990s . Specialty programs airing on the station include The '70s with Charlie Tuna , and Cool Jazz on the Coast hosted by Bill Sharpe . On August 1 , 2014 Coast Broadcasting was given permission to add a new FM transmitter in Clarenville , simulcasting CKSJ-FM in areas where reception of the primary signal is difficult . CKSJ-FM-1 went on the air in July 2015 at 107.5 MHz to the Clarenville area . In July 2016 , the CRTC approved a change in ownership for the station . Co-owner Andrew Bell had applied to take over 100% of the company ."}]}, {'value': '101.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coast 101.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudbury , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudbury,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'CHNO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHNO-FM', 'summary': 'CHNO-FM ( 103.9 FM ) is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 103.9 on the FM dial in Sudbury , Ontario . The station is branded on-air as Rewind 103.9 with a classic hits format .'}]}, {'value': '103.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rewind 103.9', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio stations -- Canada', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Adult_hits_0', 'intro': 'Adult hits (sometimes also called variety hits) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music. The format typically focuses on adult contemporary, pop, and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s. Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today, but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s, the two formats were separate entities.'} | null | null | What is the most enormous mall in the city of CKNG ? | West Edmonton Mall |
0547cb3eb98b574c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors', 'title': 'List of Jewish actors', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Nationality/profession'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jerry Adler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Adler', 'summary': 'Jerry Adler ( born February 4 , 1929 ) is an American theatre director , and producer , and television and film actor . He is perhaps best known for his work as Herman Hesh Rabkin on The Sopranos and as Howard Lyman on The Good Wife .'}]}, {'value': '1929-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Ames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Ames', 'summary': 'Ed Ames ( born Edmund Dantes Urick ; July 9 , 1927 ) is an American singer and actor . He is known for playing Mingo in the television series Daniel Boone and for his pop hits of the 1960s including My Cup Runneth Over , Who Will Answer ? and When the Snow Is on the Roses . He was also part of the popular 1950s singing group with his siblings , The Ames Brothers .'}]}, {'value': '1927-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American singer and actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatrice Arthur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatrice_Arthur', 'summary': 'Beatrice Arthur ( born Bernice Frankel ; May 13 , 1922 - April 25 , 2009 ) was an American actress and comedian . Arthur began her career on stage in 1947 and made her Broadway debut in The Threepenny Opera in 1954 . She won the 1966 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for playing Vera Charles in Mame . She went on to play Maude Findlay on the 1970s sitcoms All in the Family ( 1971-72 ) and Maude ( 1972-78 ) , and Dorothy Zbornak on the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls ( 1985-92 ) , winning Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1977 and 1988 . Her film appearances include Lovers and Other Strangers ( 1970 ) and Mame ( 1974 ) . In 2002 , she starred in the one-woman show Bea Arthur on Broadway : Just Between Friends .'}]}, {'value': '1922-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Asner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Asner', 'summary': "Eddie Asner ( /ˈæsnər/ ; born November 15 , 1929 ) , also credited as Edward Asner , is an American actor , voice actor , and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild . He is primarily known for his role as Lou Grant during the 1970s and early 1980s , on both The Mary Tyler Moore Show and its spin-off series Lou Grant , making him one of the few television actors to portray the same character in both a comedy and a drama . He is the most honored male performer in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards , having won seven , five for portraying Lou Grant ( three as Supporting Actor in a Comedy Television Series and two as Lead Actor in a Dramatic Television Series ) . His other Emmys were for performances in two of the most significant mini-television series of the 1970s : Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) , where he won for Outstanding Lead Actor for a Single Performance in a TV series , and Roots ( 1977 ) , for which he won for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a TV series . He played John Wayne 's adversary Bart Jason in the 1966 Western El Dorado . He has played Santa Claus in several films , notably in 2003 's Elf . In 2009 , he starred as the voice of Carl Fredricksen in Pixar 's animated film Up , and made a guest appearance on CSI : NY in the episode Yahrzeit . In early 2011 , Asner returned to television as butcher Hank Greziak in Working Class , the first original sitcom on cable channel CMT . He starred in the Canadian television series Michael , Tuesdays and Thursdays , on CBC Television and has appeared in the 2013 television series The Glades . Asner guest-starred as Guy Redmayne , a homophobic billionaire who supports Alicia Florrick 's campaign , in the sixth season of The Good Wife ."}]}, {'value': '1929-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lauren Bacall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Bacall', 'summary': "Lauren Bacall ( /bəˈkɔːl/ , born Betty Joan Perske ; September 16 , 1924 - August 12 , 2014 ) was an American actress known for her distinctive voice and sultry looks . She was named the 20th-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema by the American Film Institute and received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2009 in recognition of her central place in the Golden Age of motion pictures . Bacall began her career as a model before making her film debut as a leading lady in To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) . She continued in the film noir genre with appearances with Humphrey Bogart in The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , Dark Passage ( 1947 ) , and Key Largo ( 1948 ) , and she starred in the romantic comedies How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) with Marilyn Monroe and Betty Grable , and Designing Woman ( 1957 ) with Gregory Peck . She co-starred with John Wayne in his final film The Shootist ( 1976 ) by Wayne 's personal request . She also worked on Broadway in musicals , earning Tony Awards for Applause ( 1970 ) and Woman of the Year ( 1981 ) . She won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance in The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1924-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Golden Globe and Tony Award-winning , and Academy Award-nominated , film and stage actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Barrard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Barrard', 'summary': "John Barrard ( 12 September 1924 - 13 October 2013 ) was a British character actor who had a career spanning five decades and who perhaps is best known for playing Dooley , Santa 's No . 2 , in Santa Claus : The Movie ( 1985 ) . Barrard 's television appearances included the Concierge in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1956 ) , Gatekeeper in an episode of Armchair Theatre ( 1956 ) , George in The Larkins ( 1958 ) , Napoleon in The Army Game ( 1960 ) , Carlos the Pedlar in The Saint ( 1962 ) , Mr Craddock in Crossroads ( 1964 ) , the Shopkeeper in the Doctor Who story The Reign of Terror ( 1964 ) and two roles in Coronation Street ; Harry Mascall in 1972 and as Sidney Wilson in 1974 . Before these roles he appeared in the Coronation Street spin-off Pardon the Expression ( 1965 ) . Other appearances included Ludo McAllister in Dr. Finlay 's Casebook ( 1965 ) , Sid Seaton in Softly , Softly ( 1966 ) , Arnold Maddox in The Troubleshooters ( 1966 ) , Harris in Public Eye ( 1968 ) , Valarti in The Avengers ( 1969 ) , Sir Bruce Ingoe in Callan ( 1969 ) , King of Diamonds in Here Come the Double Deckers ( 1970 ) , Mr Whitfield in Doctor at Large ( 1971 ) , Shop Assistant in Budgie ( 1972 ) and Mr Forbes/Mr Finch in The Fenn Street Gang ( 1971-1972 ) . Further television credits included Gem Setter in The Protectors ( 1972 ) , Pilkington in Follyfoot ( 1973 ) , Lionel in The Growing Pains of PC Penrose ( 1975 ) , Chauffeur in The Sweeney ( 1976 ) , Mr Oliver in Survivors ( 1977 ) Judge Lambsfoot in Dick Turpin ( 1980 ) , Scruffy Man in The Professionals ( 1980 ) , Dr Losborne in Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) , Jonathon Hopper in Whoops Apocalypse ( 1982 ) , Mr Barraclough/Executive in Metal Mickey ( 1980-1982 ) , Lapsley/Josie 's Dad in Last of the Summer Wine ( 1976-1983 ) , Mr Adam in The Witches and the Grinnygog ( 1983 ) , the Retired Morris Dancer in The Black Seal episode of The Black Adder ( 1983 ) , Guido in Ellis Island ( 1984 ) , Old Mr Brooks in We 'll Think of Something ( 1986 ) , Arkroyd in Never the Twain ( 1986-1987 ) , Bernie in Terry and June ( 1987 ) , Oskar Friedman in War and Remembrance ( 1989 ) , Harold Wharton in an early episode of the sitcom One Foot in the Grave ( 1990 ) , Anatole in Jeeves and Wooster ( 1990 ) , Mr Pebbles in Sean 's Show ( 1992 ) , Baths Attendant in Minder ( 1993 ) , a houseowner in an episode of Keeping Up Appearances ( 1993 ) , Norman Spencer/Mr Jeffries in The Bill ( 1989-1999 ) , Stamp Collector in Mr. Bean ( 1994 ) Security Guard in As Time Goes By ( 2000 ) and Mr Taylor in Doctors ( 2002 ) . His film roles included the Taxidermist in The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) , Lennie Ross in Cover Girl Killer ( 1959 ) , Small Man in Peeping Tom ( 1960 ) , There Was a Crooked Man ( 1960 ) , Honeydew in The Primitives ( 1962 ) , Consul in We Joined the Navy ( 1962 ) , Zebra Man in Do n't Raise the Bridge , Lower the River ( 1968 ) , Wedding Guest in Crossplot ( 1969 ) , Patron in Our Miss Fred ( 1972 ) , Blind Man in Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , Benjamite Elder in King David ( 1985 ) , Dooley in Santa Claus : The Movie ( 1985 ) , Walter in Buster ( 1988 ) and Old Man in Swinging with the Finkels ( 2011 ) . Theatre appearances included The Tenth Man ( 1961 ) at the Comedy Theatre . Barrard was the Chairman of the North West London branch of the actors ' union Equity . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 17 October 2013 and his ashes were interred at the Golders Green Jewish Cemetery in May 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1924-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfie Bass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfie_Bass', 'summary': 'Alfie Bass ( born Abraham Basalinsky , 10 April 1916 - 15 July 1987 ) was an English actor . He was born in Bethnal Green , London , the youngest in a Jewish family with ten children ; his parents had left Russia many years before he was born . He appeared in a variety of stage , film , television and radio productions throughout his career .'}]}, {'value': '1921-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British character actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julian Beck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julian_Beck', 'summary': 'Julian Beck ( May 31 , 1925 - September 14 , 1985 ) was an American actor , director , poet , and painter . He is best known for co-founding and directing The Living Theatre , as well as his role as Kane , the malevolent preacher in the 1986 movie Poltergeist II : The Other Side . The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through The Flames .'}]}, {'value': '1925-1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actor , director , poet , and painter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelley Berman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelley_Berman', 'summary': "Sheldon Leonard Berman ( February 3 , 1925 - September 1 , 2017 ) was an American comedian , actor , writer , teacher , lecturer and poet . In his comedic career , Berman was awarded three gold records and he won the first Grammy Award for a spoken comedy recording in 1959 . He played Larry David 's father on Curb Your Enthusiasm , a role for which he received a 2008 Emmy Award nomination . He taught humor writing at the University of Southern California for more than 20 years ."}]}, {'value': '1926-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American comedian , writer , teacher , and actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herschel Bernardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herschel_Bernardi', 'summary': 'Herschel Bernardi ( October 30 , 1923 - May 9 , 1986 ) was an American actor and singer . He is best known for his supporting role in the drama television series Peter Gunn ( 1958-1961 ) and his leading role in the comedy television series Arnie ( 1970-1972 ) . Two series earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and two consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations . On stage , Bernardi appeared in many Broadway musicals . He was nominated for two Tony Awards for his performances in the original production of Zorba and the 1981 revival of Fiddler on the Roof .'}]}, {'value': '1923-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American film , Broadway and television actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turhan Bey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turhan_Bey', 'summary': 'Turhan Bey ( 30 March 1922 - 30 September 2012 ) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin . Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953 . He was dubbed The Turkish Delight by his fans . After his return to Austria , he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director . Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus , he made several guest appearances in 1990s television series including SeaQuest DSV , Murder , She Wrote and Babylon 5 as well as a number of films . After retiring he appeared in a number of documentaries , including a German-language documentary on his life .'}]}, {'value': '1922-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian-American actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theodore Bikel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Bikel', 'summary': "Theodore Meir Bikel ( /bɪˈkɛl/ bih-KEL ; May 2 , 1924 - July 21 , 2015 ) was an Austrian-American actor , folk singer , musician , composer , unionist and political activist . He appeared in films including The African Queen ( 1951 ) , Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) , The Enemy Below ( 1957 ) , I Want to Live ! ( 1958 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) , The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) and 200 Motels ( 1971 ) . For his portrayal of Sheriff Max Muller in The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He made his stage debut in Tevye the Milkman in Tel Aviv , Israel , when he was in his teens . He later studied acting at Britain 's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and made his London stage debut in 1948 and in New York in 1955 . He was also a widely recognized and recorded folk singer and guitarist . In 1959 , he co-founded the Newport Folk Festival and created the role of Captain von Trapp opposite Mary Martin as Maria in the original Broadway production of Rodgers & Hammerstein 's The Sound of Music . In 1969 , Bikel began acting and singing on stage as Tevye in the musical Fiddler on the Roof , a role he performed more often than any other actor to date . The production won nine Tony Awards and was one of the longest-running musicals in Broadway history . Bikel was president of the Associated Actors and Artistes of America until 2014 , and was president of Actors ' Equity in the late 1970s and early 1980s . He served as the Chair of the Board of Directors of Partners for Progressive Israel , where he also lectured ."}]}, {'value': '1924-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian-born British character actor , folk singer and musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Blyden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Blyden', 'summary': "Ivan Lawrence Blieden ( June 23 , 1925 - June 6 , 1975 ) , known as Larry Blyden , was an American actor , stage producer and director , and game show host . He made his Broadway stage debut in 1948 and went on to appear in numerous productions on and off Broadway . In 1972 , he won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance in the revival of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum which he also produced . That same year , he became the host of the syndicated revival version of What 's My Line ? At the time of his death , Blyden was slated to host a new game show Showoffs . He died of injuries sustained in a single-car accident while vacationing in Morocco on June 6 , 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '1925-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lloyd Bochner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Bochner', 'summary': 'Lloyd Wolfe Bochner ( July 29 , 1924 - October 29 , 2005 ) was a Canadian actor .'}]}, {'value': '1924-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian film and television actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Bosley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Bosley', 'summary': 'Thomas Edward Bosley ( October 1 , 1927 - October 19 , 2010 ) was an American actor , television personality and entertainer . Bosley is best known for portraying Howard Cunningham on the 1970s ABC sitcom Happy Days , and the title character on the NBC/ABC series Father Dowling Mysteries . He also was featured in a recurring role on Murder , She Wrote . He originated the title role of the Broadway musical Fiorello ! , earning the 1960 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical .'}]}, {'value': '1927-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American film/television actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mel Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Brooks', 'summary': "Mel Brooks ( born Melvyn Kaminsky [ a ] ; June 28 , 1926 ) is an American director , writer , actor , comedian , producer and composer . He is known as a creator of broad film farces and comedic parodies . Brooks began his career as a comic and a writer for the early TV variety show Your Show of Shows . Together with Carl Reiner , he created the comic character The 2000 Year Old Man . He wrote , with Buck Henry , the hit television comedy series Get Smart , which ran from 1965 to 1970 . In middle age , Brooks became one of the most successful film directors of the 1970s , with many of his films being among the top 10 moneymakers of the year they were released . His best-known films include The Producers ( 1967 ) , The Twelve Chairs ( 1970 ) , Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) , Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) , Silent Movie ( 1976 ) , High Anxiety ( 1977 ) , History of the World , Part I ( 1981 ) , Spaceballs ( 1987 ) , and Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) . A musical adaptation of his first film , The Producers , ran on Broadway from 2001 to 2007 . In 2001 , having previously won an Emmy , a Grammy and an Oscar , he joined a small list of EGOT winners with his Tony Award for The Producers . He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2009 , a Hollywood Walk of Fame star in 2010 , the 41st AFI Life Achievement Award in June 2013 , a British Film Institute Fellowship in March 2015 , a National Medal of Arts in September 2016 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in February 2017 . Three of his films ranked in the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 comedy films of the past 100 years ( 1900-2000 ) , all of which ranked in the top 15 of the list : Blazing Saddles at number 6 , The Producers at number 11 , and Young Frankenstein at number 13 . Brooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1926-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American EGOT -winning actor , writer , director and producer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EGOT', 'summary': 'EGOT , an acronym for the Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony Awards , is the designation given to people who have won all four awards . Respectively , these awards honor outstanding achievements in television , recording , film , and theater . Achieving the EGOT has been referred to as the grand slam of show business . As of 2020 [ update ] , fifteen people have accomplished this feat . The EGOT acronym was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas in late 1984 , when his role on the new hit show Miami Vice brought instant fame , stating a desire to achieve the EGOT within five years . However , he intended that the E should be for the Primetime Emmy Award , and not a Daytime Emmy nor any of the awards presented at the other types of Emmy ceremonies . Nevertheless , two of the 15 EGOT winners have won only the Daytime Emmy . The term entered into public consciousness in the 2010s after a series-long arc in the 4th season of the sitcom 30 Rock featured the character of Tracy Jordan ( portrayed by Tracy Morgan ) setting out to achieve the EGOT . A variation of the accomplishment is the PEGOT , though there are conflicting definitions . Some sources state that the P refers to the Peabody Award , while others claim it means the Pulitzer Prize . As of 2019 [ update ] , only Barbra Streisand , Mike Nichols and Rita Moreno have achieved this status by winning the Peabody , while Richard Rodgers and Marvin Hamlisch have won the Pulitzer .'}]}, {'value': 'June Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/June_Brown', 'summary': 'June Muriel Brown , MBE ( born 16 February 1927 ) is an English actress , known for her role as Dot Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders from 1985 - 1993 , again from 1997 onwards . In 2005 , she won Best Actress at the Inside Soap Awards , and in the same year , also received the Lifetime Achievement award at the British Soap Awards . In 2009 , she was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress , but lost out to Anna Maxwell Martin . She is the second performer to receive a BAFTA nomination for their work in a soap opera ( the first was Jean Alexander ) . She was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2008 Birthday Honours for services to Drama and to Charity .'}]}, {'value': '1927-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenny Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Bruce', 'summary': 'Leonard Alfred Schneider ( October 13 , 1925 - August 3 , 1966 ) , better known by his stage name Lenny Bruce , was an American stand-up comedian , social critic , and satirist . He was renowned for his open , freestyle , and critical form of comedy which integrated satire , politics , religion , sex , and vulgarity . His 1964 conviction in an obscenity trial was followed by a posthumous pardon , the first in the history of New York state , by then-Governor George Pataki in 2003 . Bruce is renowned for paving the way for future outspoken counterculture era comedians , and his trial for obscenity is seen as a landmark for freedom of speech in the United States . In 2017 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him third ( behind disciples Richard Pryor and George Carlin ) on its list of the 50 best stand-up comics of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1925-1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actor , stand-up comedian , writer , social critic and satirist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Cabot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Cabot', 'summary': 'Susan Cabot ( born Harriet Pearl Shapiro ; July 9 , 1927 - December 10 , 1986 ) was an American film and television actress .'}]}, {'value': '1927-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sid Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sid_Caesar', 'summary': "Isaac Sidney Caesar ( September 8 , 1922 - February 12 , 2014 ) was an American comic actor and writer , best known for two pioneering 1950s live television series : Your Show of Shows , which was a 90-minute weekly show watched by 60 million people , and its successor , Caesar 's Hour , both of which influenced later generations of comedians . Your Show of Shows and its cast received seven Emmy nominations between the years 1953 and 1954 and tallied two wins . He also acted in movies ; he played Coach Calhoun in Grease ( 1978 ) and its sequel Grease 2 ( 1982 ) and appeared in the films It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) , Silent Movie ( 1976 ) , History of the World , Part I ( 1981 ) , Cannonball Run II ( 1984 ) , and Vegas Vacation ( 1997 ) . Caesar was considered a sketch comic and actor , as opposed to a stand-up comedian . He also relied more on body language , accents , and facial contortions than simply dialogue . Unlike the slapstick comedy which was standard on TV , his style was considered avant garde in the 1950s . He conjured up ideas and scene and used writers to flesh out the concept and create the dialogue . Among the writers who wrote for Caesar early in their careers were Mel Brooks , Neil Simon , Larry Gelbart , Carl Reiner , Michael Stewart , Mel Tolkin , Selma Diamond , and Woody Allen . Sid 's was the show to which all comedy writers aspired . It was the place to be , said Steve Allen . His TV shows ' subjects included satires of real life events and people - and parodies of popular film genres , theater , television shows , and opera . But unlike other comedy shows at the time , the dialogue was considered sharper , funnier , and more adult-oriented ."}]}, {'value': '1922-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American comic actor and writer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Born in the 1920s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Jewish_actors_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Jewish actors and actresses.'} | null | null | What was the given name of the actress who was born in 1924 and died in 2014 ? | Betty Joan Perske |
0549bf8152512579 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_in_the_Guitar_Hero:_On_Tour_series', 'title': 'List of songs in the Guitar Hero: On Tour series', 'header': ['Year', 'Song title', 'Artist', 'North American version', 'European version', 'UK/NL/Australian version'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Right Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Right_Now', 'summary': 'All Right Now is a single by the English rock band Free . The song , released in 1970 , hit # 2 on the UK singles chart and # 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . All Right Now originally appeared on the album Fire and Water , which Free recorded on the Island Records label , formed by Chris Blackwell . In 1991 , the song was remixed and re-released , reaching # 8 on the UK singles chart . All Right Now was a # 1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP ( American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers ) in 1990 for garnering 1,000,000 plus radio plays in the U.S. by late 1989 . In 2006 , the BMI London awards included a Million Air award for 3 million air plays of All Right Now in the USA .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_(band)', 'summary': "Free were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 , best known for their 1970 signature song All Right Now . They disbanded in 1973 ; lead singer Paul Rodgers went on to become the frontman of the band Bad Company , which also featured his Free bandmate Simon Kirke on drums . Lead guitarist Paul Kossoff formed Back Street Crawler in 1975 , but died from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 25 in 1976 . Bassist Andy Fraser formed Sharks . Free became renowned for their live shows and non-stop touring . However , their studio albums did not sell very well until their third , Fire and Water , featured the massive hit All Right Now . The song helped secure them a place at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 , where they played to 600,000 people . In the early 1970s Free became one of the biggest-selling British blues rock groups ; by the time they disbanded , they had sold more than 20 million albums around the world and had played more than 700 arena and festival concerts . All Right Now remains a rock staple , and has been entered in ASCAP 's One Million airplay singles club . Rolling Stone has referred to the band as British hard rock pioneers . The magazine ranked Rodgers No . 55 in its list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time , while Kossoff was ranked No ."}]}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Any Way You Want It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Any_Way_You_Want_It', 'summary': "Any Way You Want It is a song by American rock band Journey . It was released in February 1980 as the lead single from their sixth studio album Departure . Written by lead singer Steve Perry and guitarist Neal Schon , it peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It appears on all four of the band 's live albums ( Captured , Greatest Hits Live , Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour , and Revelation on DVD ) . Since its release , the song has continued to infiltrate public consciousness through its use in numerous movies ( notably Caddyshack , Pitch Perfect 2 and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ) , television series such as The Big Bang Theory , The Orville and advertisements ."}]}, {'value': 'Journey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journey_(band)', 'summary': "Journey is an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1973 , composed of former members of Santana and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band has gone through several phases ; its strongest commercial success occurred between 1978 and 1987 when Steve Perry was lead vocalist . During that period , the band released a series of hit songs , including Do n't Stop Believin ' ( 1981 ) , which in 2009 became the top-selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century . Its parent studio album , Escape , the band 's seventh and most successful , reached No . 1 on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles , Open Arms . Its 1983 follow-up album , Frontiers , was almost as successful in the United States , reaching No . 2 and spawning several successful singles ; it broadened the band 's appeal in the United Kingdom , where it reached No . 6 on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and later regrouped with a series of lead singers . Sales have resulted in one diamond , ten platinum ( including seven consecutive multi-platinum albums between 1978 and 1987 ) , and three gold albums . They have had eighteen Top 40 singles in the U.S. ( the second most without a Billboard Hot 100 number one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20 ) , six of which reached the Top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached No . 1 on other Billboard charts , and a No ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Are You Gon na Go My Way', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Are_You_Gonna_Go_My_Way_(song)', 'summary': "Are You Gon na Go My Way is the first single to be released by Lenny Kravitz from the album Are You Gon na Go My Way . It was released in February 1993 . It was written by Lenny Kravitz and Craig Ross . The single has been covered by numerous artists , such as Metallica , in a medley for MTV Hits at the 2003 MTV Music Video Awards , Tom Jones for the Jerky Boys OST , Robbie Williams on Jones ' 1999 album Reload and Melanie Brown in her solo section , on the Spice Girls Reunion Tour . Serbian hard rock band Cactus Jack recorded a version on their live cover album DisCover in 2002 . A remixed version is played as the opening theme song in Gran Turismo 3 . Adam Lambert covered the song in November 2012 in his swing through South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Lenny Kravitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz', 'summary': "Leonard Albert Kravitz ( born May 26 , 1964 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , record producer , and multi-instrumentalist . His retro style incorporates elements of rock , blues , soul , R & B , funk , jazz , reggae , hard rock , psychedelic , pop , folk , and ballads . He won the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance four years in a row from 1999 to 2002 , breaking the record for most wins in that category as well as setting the record for most consecutive wins in one category by a male . He has been nominated for and won other awards , including American Music Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Radio Music Awards , Brit Awards , and Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . He was also ranked number 93 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . On December 1 , 2011 , Kravitz was made an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . He played Cinna in the Hunger Games film series ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buddy Holly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddy_Holly_(song)', 'summary': "Buddy Holly is a song by the American rock band Weezer , written by Rivers Cuomo . It was released as the second single from the band 's debut album Weezer ( The Blue Album ) in 1994 . The single was released on what would have been Buddy Holly 's 58th birthday . The lyrics reference the song 's 1950s namesake and actress Mary Tyler Moore . It reached number two and number 34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , respectively . The song also reached number six in Canada , number 12 in the United Kingdom , number 13 in Iceland and number 14 in Sweden . Rolling Stone ranked Buddy Holly number 499 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 2010 ) . The digital version of the single for Buddy Holly was certified gold by the RIAA in 2006 . VH1 ranked it as one of the 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s at number 59 in December 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Weezer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weezer', 'summary': "Weezer is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1992 . Since 2001 , the band has consisted of Rivers Cuomo ( lead vocals , lead guitar , keyboards ) , Patrick Wilson ( drums ) , Brian Bell ( guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ) , and Scott Shriner ( bass , backing vocals ) . After signing to Geffen Records in 1993 , Weezer released its self-titled debut album , also known as the Blue Album , in 1994 . Backed by music videos for the singles Buddy Holly , Undone - The Sweater Song , and Say It Ai n't So , the Blue Album became a multiplatinum success . Weezer 's second album , Pinkerton ( 1996 ) , featuring a darker , more abrasive sound , was a commercial failure and initially received mixed reviews , but went on to achieve cult status and critical acclaim years later . Both the Blue Album and Pinkerton are now frequently cited among the best albums of the 1990s . Following the tour for Pinkerton , bassist Matt Sharp left the band and Weezer went on hiatus . In 2001 , Weezer returned with the Green Album , with new bassist Mikey Welsh . With a more pop sound , and promoted by singles Hash Pipe and Island in the Sun , the album was a commercial success and received mostly positive reviews . After the Green Album tour , Welsh left the band and was replaced by current bassist Scott Shriner . Weezer 's fourth album , Maladroit ( 2002 ) , achieved mostly positive reviews , but weaker sales . Make Believe ( 2005 ) received mixed reviews , but its single Beverly Hills became Weezer 's first single to top the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the first to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ca n't Stop", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_Stop_(Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song)", 'summary': "Ca n't Stop is a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers from their 2002 album , By the Way . It is the third single released from the album . The song was the Chili Peppers ' eighth number one on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks , where it spent three weeks topping the chart , and peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song performed moderately well on various other charts worldwide , as well as Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Hot Chili Peppers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crushcrushcrush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crushcrushcrush', 'summary': "Crushcrushcrush ( stylized in all lowercase ) is a song by American rock band Paramore , and is the third single from the group 's second studio album , Riot ! . The official music video premiered on TRL on October 16 , 2007 . The single was released in late 2007 . It was made available in the United Kingdom for download from November 5 and purchase on November 26 , 2007 . The single is also playable on various music video games such as Rock Band , Rock Band Unplugged , Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades , and Ultimate Band . The single won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Rock Track . It was also used briefly in NCIS , in the episode Stakeout . On March 24 , 2016 , the song was certified Platinum in the United States for selling over 1,000,000 copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paramore', 'summary': "Paramore is an American rock band from Franklin , Tennessee , formed in 2004 . The band currently consists of lead vocalist Hayley Williams , guitarist Taylor York and drummer Zac Farro . Williams and Farro are founding members of the group , while York , a high school friend of the original lineup , joined in 2007 . Williams is the only member listed on the band 's recording contract with Warner Music Group 's Fueled by Ramen sublabel and the only member to appear on all five of Paramore 's studio albums . The group released its debut album All We Know Is Falling in 2005 , with the album reaching number four on the UK Rock Chart in 2009 and number thirty on Billboard 's Heatseekers Chart in 2006 . The band 's second album , Riot ! , was released in 2007 . Due to the success of the singles Misery Business , Crushcrushcrush , and That 's What You Get , Riot ! was a mainstream success and was certified Platinum in the United States . They then received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2008 Grammy Awards . Their 2009 follow-up , Brand New Eyes , is the band 's second-highest charting album to date , landing at number two on the Billboard 200 with 175,000 first week sales . It produced the top-forty single The Only Exception and went platinum in Ireland and the UK , as well as gold in the US , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Following the departure of Josh and Zac Farro in 2010 , the band released their self-titled fourth album in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dirty Little Secret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirty_Little_Secret', 'summary': 'Dirty Little Secret is a song by American rock band The All-American Rejects , released as the lead single from their second studio album Move Along on June 6 , 2005 . Dirty Little Secret was released to radio on June 7 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'All-American Rejects The All-American Rejects', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_All-American_Rejects', 'summary': "The All-American Rejects is an American rock band formed in Stillwater , Oklahoma in 1999 . The band consists of lead vocalist and bassist Tyson Ritter , lead guitarist and backing vocalist Nick Wheeler , rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Mike Kennerty , and drummer Chris Gaylor . Wheeler and Ritter are the band 's songwriters ; Wheeler is the primary composer and Ritter is the main lyricist . Although Kennerty and Gaylor are not founding members , they have appeared in all of the band 's music videos and on all studio releases except for the band 's self-titled debut . The group achieved mainstream success with their debut self-titled studio album The All-American Rejects , released in 2003 on the Dreamworks Records label . The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and spawned the single Swing , Swing . The band 's second studio album Move Along brought the group further mainstream success in 2005 , producing the hit singles , Dirty Little Secret , Move Along and It Ends Tonight , all of which charted in the top fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , while Move Along was certified double platinum by the RIAA . Their third studio album When the World Comes Down was released in 2008 and was later certified gold by the RIAA . Its lead single Gives You Hell became The All-American Rejects ' most successful song to date , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top 5 in many other countries . Gives You Hell was certified 4× multi-platinum for sales of over 4 million in the United States by the RIAA . Kids in the Street , the band 's fourth studio album , was released March 26 , 2012 and debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart . On October 30 , 2015 , the group released a new single named There 's a Place ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diventerai Una Star', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finley_(band)', 'summary': 'Finley is an Italian rock band formed in Legnano in 2002 . Pedro ( vocal ) , Ka ( guitar ) , Dani ( drums ) and Ivan ( bass ) have released five studio albums . They write , compose and sing their own lyrics and music which sound powerful with a strong , melodic impact . Finley has sold over 1,300,000 records in Italy and they have won many awards , including two Best Italian Act at MTV Europe Music Awards : the first one in 2006 ( Copenhagen ) and the second one in 2008 ( Liverpool ) becoming , along with Subsonica , the most award-winning Italian band . The band took its name from NBA star Michael Finley .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Down_(Stone_Temple_Pilots_song)', 'summary': 'Down is a song by American rock band Stone Temple Pilots , released as the first single from their fourth album , No . 4 . In the U.S. , the song peaked at # 5 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and # 9 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Stone Temple Pilots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots', 'summary': "Stone Temple Pilots ( STP ) are an American rock band from San Diego that originally consisted of Scott Weiland ( lead vocals ) , brothers Dean DeLeo ( guitar ) and Robert DeLeo ( bass , backing vocals ) , and Eric Kretz ( drums ) . The band 's line-up remained unchanged from its formation in 1989 until the firing of Weiland in February 2013 . Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band in May 2013 , but left amicably in November 2015 to focus solely on Linkin Park . On December 3 , 2015 , Weiland was found dead on his tour bus before a performance with his band The Wildabouts , and Bennington died on July 20 , 2017 . In 2016 , the band launched an online audition for a new lead vocalist and announced Jeff Gutt as the new lead singer of the band on November 14 , 2017 . After forming in 1989 under the name Mighty Joe Young , the band signed with Atlantic Records and changed its name to Stone Temple Pilots . The band 's debut album , Core , released in 1992 , was a major commercial success and STP went on to become one of the most commercially successful bands of the 1990s , selling more than 18 million albums in the United States and 40 million worldwide . The band released four more studio albums : Purple ( 1994 ) , Tiny Music . Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop ( 1996 ) , No . 4 ( 1999 ) , and Shangri-La Dee Da ( 2001 ) , before separating in 2002 , after which the band members partook in various projects ( most notably Velvet Revolver and Army of Anyone ) . The band eventually reconvened in 2008 for a reunion tour , released their self-titled sixth album in 2010 , and actively toured until Chester Bennington 's departure . The band 's only material with Bennington was the EP High Rise in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '1990s ( encore )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estrella Polar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pereza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pereza', 'summary': "Pereza ( Spanish for laziness ) was a Spanish rock group from Alameda de Osuna ( Madrid ) comprising Rubén Pozo Prats and José Miguel Conejo Torres , artistically known as Rubén and Leiva . They have recorded six albums Pereza , Algo para cantar ( Something to Sing ) , Animales ( Animals ) , Los amigos de los animales ( The Animals Friends ) , Aproximaciones ( Approximations ) released in the summer of 2007 , Aviones ( Aeroplanes ) , released in August 2009 , and a last compilation that includes two previously unreleased discs : Mama Quiero Ser una Estrella del Rock'nRoll ( Mama I Want to be a RocknRoll Star ) and Baires , recorded and mixed in Argentina . The group has also released two DVDs . The first was called Algo para encantar ( Something to Enchant ) and it contains videos from their previous album Algo para cantar and some live tracks . The second DVD is called Barcelona , which is a recording of a live concert in that city along with a CD called Rarezas ( Rarities ) , which contains previously unreleased tracks from the bands early days ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everything is Everything', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everything_Is_Everything_(Phoenix_song)', 'summary': 'Everything Is Everything is a song by French rock band Phoenix and is featured on their second studio album , Alphabetical . It was released 22 March 2004 in the European Union and Japan as the lead single from that album . It was also released 12 July 2004 as a single from the album in the United Kingdom . It is featured in the music video game Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades , as downloadable content for Guitar Hero 5 , and on Six Feet Under , Vol . 2 : Everything Ends .'}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_(band)', 'summary': "Phoenix is an indie pop band from Versailles , France , consisting of Thomas Mars ( lead vocals ) , Deck d'Arcy ( bass/keyboards/backing vocals ) , Christian Mazzalai ( guitar/backing vocals ) and Laurent Brancowitz ( guitar/keyboards/backing vocals ) . They are best known for their singles If I Ever Feel Better , Lisztomania , Too Young and 1901 ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eye of the Tiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger', 'summary': "Eye of the Tiger is a song by American rock band Survivor . It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III , which was released a day before the single . The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik , and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star , writer , and director Sylvester Stallone , after Queen denied him permission to use Another One Bites the Dust , the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme . The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song . The film version also contained tiger growls , which did not appear on the album version . It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals . The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name . It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982 . In the United States , it held No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks ( the band 's only song to top the chart ) and was the No . 2 single of 1982 , behind Olivia Newton-John 's Physical . It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten , the second longest run of 1982 , behind Hurts So Good by John Cougar ( which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by Eye of the Tiger ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Survivor_(band)', 'summary': "Survivor is an American rock band , formed in Chicago in 1978 around Jim Peterik and Frankie Sullivan . The band achieved its greatest success in the 1980s , producing many charting singles , especially in the United States . The band is best-known for its double-platinum-certified 1982 hit Eye of the Tiger , the theme song for the 1982 motion picture Rocky III ( US number 1 for six weeks ) . The band continued to chart in the mid-1980s with singles like Burning Heart ( US number 2 ) , The Search Is Over ( US number 4 ) , High on You ( US number 8 ) , Is This Love ( US number 9 ) , and I Ca n't Hold Back ( US number 13 ) . The band tweaked its musical direction in 1988 with the release of the slightly heavier Too Hot to Sleep , but the album barely reached the Billboard 200 in the United States . Singer Jimi Jamison later toured as Survivor in the mid-1990s without the permission of the rest of the band , but reunited with guitarist Frankie Sullivan in 2000 . The band then released Reach in 2006 , but Jamison left again after its release and was replaced by singer Robin McAuley . Survivor continued to tour with McAuley into 2011 until Jamison returned later that year . In April 2013 the band 's official media sources announced that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line-up with original singer Dave Bickler and the band would have Bickler and Jamison together for the next tour . On September 1 , 2014 Jamison died in his home in Memphis , Tennessee , at the age of 63 . His autopsy , released on November 11 , 2014 , revealed the cause of death as a hemorrhagic brain stroke , with acute methamphetamine intoxication contributing ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Ride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Ride_(song)', 'summary': 'Free Ride is a song written by Dan Hartman and performed by The Edgar Winter Group . The single , engineered by Jim Reeves , was a top 15 U.S. hit in 1973 , hitting number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on Cash Box . In Canada , it peaked at number eight . The single 45 version is distinctly different from the LP version . The 45 version contains a significantly brighter guitar track ( that opens the song only on the left channel ) , added harmonics , a fuzz bass added to the bridge and other changes that contrast sharply with the dry LP mix . Most classic rock radio stations play the LP version , and the original 45 mix is much less commonly available online . Both versions clock in at virtually the same length because each was based on the same core take and re-mixed with different tracks to the fore as well as added enhancements to the single .'}]}, {'value': 'Edgar Winter Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_Winter_Group', 'summary': 'Edgar Holland Winter ( born December 28 , 1946 ) is an American musician , songwriter , and record producer . He is known for being a multi-instrumentalist - keyboardist , guitarist , saxophonist and percussionist - as well as a singer . His success peaked in the 1970s with his band The Edgar Winter Group and their popular songs Frankenstein and Free Ride .'}]}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Believe in a Thing Called Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Believe_in_a_Thing_Called_Love', 'summary': "I Believe in a Thing Called Love is a song by English rock band The Darkness , released as the third single from their debut studio album , Permission to Land . When released as a single in September 2003 , it peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart , just behind The Black Eyed Peas ' Where Is the Love ? . Lead singer Justin Hawkins performs much of the song in falsetto . Like most of the band 's tracks it is influenced by 1970s glam rock like Queen , David Bowie , T. Rex and Slade . It was named the 276th best track of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media ."}]}, {'value': 'Darkness The Darkness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)', 'summary': "The Darkness are a British rock band formed in Lowestoft in 2000 . The band consists of Justin Hawkins ( lead vocals , lead guitar ) , his brother Dan Hawkins ( rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) , Frankie Poullain ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) and Rufus Tiger Taylor ( drums , backing vocals ) . The Darkness came to prominence with the release of their debut album , Permission to Land , in 2003 . Backed by the singles I Believe in a Thing Called Love , Growing on Me , Get Your Hands off My Woman , and Love is Only a Feeling , the album was certified quadruple platinum in the United Kingdom , with sales of over 1.3 million . In 2004 the band won three Brit Awards : Best British Group , Best British Rock Act , and Best British Album . After extensive touring in support of their debut album , Poullain left the band in 2005 , and was replaced by former guitar technician Richie Edwards . The band 's second studio album , One Way Ticket to Hell . and Back , was released in November 2005 . The following year , Justin Hawkins departed from the band after successfully completing a course of rehabilitation from alcohol and cocaine abuse . As a result , the remaining members formed Stone Gods , and continued to perform and record without Hawkins , who subsequently fronted his own project , Hot Leg . On 15 March 2011 , The Darkness announced reunion shows , with original bassist Frankie Poullain , including Download Festival 2011 , and the Isle of Wight Festival 2012 . Their third album , Hot Cakes , was released on 20 August 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2000s ( encore )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s ( encore )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I Ca n't Drive 55", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I_Can't_Drive_55", 'summary': "I Ca n't Drive 55 is the lead single and first track from Sammy Hagar 's eighth studio album VOA in 1984 . Perpetuated by a very successful music video , it became a concert staple that continued throughout Hagar 's tours as a member of Van Halen . The song is a reference to the since-repealed National Maximum Speed Law that set speed limits at 55 miles per hour ( 89 km/h ) in the United States . It is the 100th song on VH1 's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs ."}]}, {'value': 'Sammy Hagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Hagar', 'summary': "Samuel Roy Hagar ( born October 13 , 1947 ) , also known as The Red Rocker , is an American rock vocalist , songwriter , musician , and entrepreneur . Hagar came to prominence in the 1970s with the hard rock band Montrose . He then launched a successful solo career , scoring an enduring hit in 1984 with I Ca n't Drive 55 . He enjoyed commercial success when he replaced David Lee Roth as the lead singer of Van Halen in 1985 , but left in 1996 . He returned to the band for a two-year reunion from 2003 to 2005 . On March 12 , 2007 , Hagar was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Van Halen . His musical style primarily consists of hard rock and heavy metal . Also a businessman , Hagar founded the Cabo Wabo Tequila brand and restaurant chain , as well as Sammy 's Beach Bar Rum . His current musical projects include being the lead singer of Chickenfoot and The Circle . Hagar also is the host of Rock & Roll Road Trip with Sammy Hagar on Mark Cuban 's cable network AXS TV ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Bamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)', 'summary': "La Bamba ( pronounced [ la ˈβamba ] ) is a Mexican folk song , originally from the state of Veracruz , best known from a 1958 adaptation by Ritchie Valens , a top 40 hit in the U.S. charts and one of early rock and roll 's best-known songs . Valens ' version of La Bamba is included in Robert Christgau 's Basic Record Library of 1950s and 1960s recordings - published in Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies ( 1981 ) - and ranked number 345 on Rolling Stone magazine′s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It is the only song on the list sung in a language other than English . La Bamba has been covered by numerous artists , most notably by Los Lobos , whose version was the title track of the 1987 film La Bamba and reached No . 1 in the U.S. and UK singles charts in the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Lobos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lobos', 'summary': "Los Lobos ( pronounced [ los ˈloβos ] , Spanish for the Wolves ) is an American rock band from East Los Angeles , California , United States . Their music is influenced by rock and roll , Tex-Mex , country , zydeco , folk , R & B , blues , brown-eyed soul , and traditional music such as cumbia , boleros and norteños . The band gained international stardom in 1987 , when their cover version of Ritchie Valens ' La Bamba topped the charts in the U.S. , the UK and several other countries . In 2015 , they were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2018 , they were inducted into Austin City Limits Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Middle_(Jimmy_Eat_World_song)', 'summary': 'The Middle is a song by American rock band Jimmy Eat World . It was released in November 2001 as the second single of their fourth album Bleed American . It was a number-five hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 2002 and reached the top 50 in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The song was a breakthrough hit for Jimmy Eat World , who had self-financed the recording of the Bleed American album after having been dropped by Capitol Records in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Eat World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World', 'summary': "Jimmy Eat World is an American rock band formed in Mesa , Arizona , United States , in 1993 . The band is composed of lead guitarist/lead vocalist Jim Adkins , drummer Zach Lind , rhythm guitarist/vocalist Tom Linton , and bassist Rick Burch . Jimmy Eat World has released ten studio albums , the last nine featuring the current lineup . The four-piece 's commercial breakthrough came with the successful release of several singles from the album Bleed American ( 2001 ) . Four singles from the album charted within the top twenty positions of the Alternative Songs chart , with The Middle reaching the number one position . Jimmy Eat World 's follow-up album Futures ( 2004 ) featured another alternative number one song , Pain . The RIAA certified Bleed American platinum and Futures gold , rewarding the two albums for selling over one and a half million records between them . The band 's sixth LP , Chase This Light ( 2007 ) , became their highest charting album , peaking at number five on the Billboard 200 . The band released their tenth album , Surviving , on October 18 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Rain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Rain', 'summary': "No Rain is a song by American rock band Blind Melon . It was released in 1993 as the second single from the band 's debut album Blind Melon . The song is well known for its accompanying music video , which features the Bee Girl character . The music video , directed by Samuel Bayer , received heavy airplay on MTV at the time of its release . It subsequently helped propel Blind Melon to a multi-platinum level . The song is the band 's highest-charting song , reaching number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on both the Billboard Album Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts . It proved to be successful internationally , hitting number one in Canada and number eight in Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Blind Melon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blind_Melon', 'summary': "Blind Melon is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Los Angeles , California by three musicians from Mississippi , one from Pennsylvania and one from Indiana . The band currently consists of guitarists Rogers Stevens and Christopher Thorn , drummer Glen Graham , vocalist Travis Warren and bassist Nathan Towne . They are best known for their 1993 hit No Rain , and enjoyed critical and commercial success in the early 1990s with their neo-psychedelic take on alternative rock . Blind Melon released two albums on Capitol Records - Blind Melon ( 1992 ) and Soup ( 1995 ) - before their original lead vocalist Shannon Hoon died of a drug overdose on the band 's tour bus in New Orleans on October 21 , 1995 . After four years of unsuccessfully searching for a replacement for Hoon , Blind Melon officially dissolved in 1999 . The remaining members reformed the band in 2006 with Warren and recorded one album with him , For My Friends ( 2008 ) . Shortly after its release , Warren left Blind Melon but rejoined in 2010 , when the band returned to performing occasional gigs . Blind Melon is currently working on their fourth studio album , which is tentatively due for release in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Step Closer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Step_Closer_(Linkin_Park_song)', 'summary': "One Step Closer is the debut single by the American nu metal band Linkin Park . It was released as the first single and second track of their debut album , Hybrid Theory . The song was featured in the 2008 music video games Rock Band 2 and Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades , and the soundtrack to the 2000 film Dracula 2000 in the end credits . A remixed version of the song entitled 1Stp Klosr was featured on Linkin Park 's remix album , Reanimation . The remix features Johnathan Davis , the lead singer of nu metal band Korn . This song was merged with another song off Hybrid Theory , Points of Authority and 99 Problems by Jay-Z on the EP Collision Course ."}]}, {'value': 'Linkin Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linkin_Park', 'summary': "Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills , California . The band 's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda , lead guitarist Brad Delson , bassist Dave Farrell , DJ/keyboardist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon , all of whom are founding members . Vocalists Mark Wakefield and Chester Bennington and bassist Kyle Christner are former members of the band . Categorized as alternative rock , Linkin Park has experimented with their music throughout their career by incorporating heavy metal , hard rock , hip hop , pop , and electronica . Formed in 1996 , Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album , Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) , which became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Their second album , Meteora ( 2003 ) , continued the band 's success , topping the Billboard 200 , and was followed by extensive touring and charity work . Having adapted nu metal and rap metal to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in their first two albums , the band explored other genres on their third album , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , which also topped the Billboard 200 . Linkin Park continued to explore a wider variation of musical types in their fourth album , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , layering their music with more electronic sounds . The band 's fifth album , Living Things ( 2012 ) , combined musical elements from all of their previous records . Their sixth album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , returned to a heavier rock sound , and their seventh album , One More Light ( 2017 ) , is a more electronic and pop-oriented record . Linkin Park is among the best-selling bands of the 21st century and the world 's best-selling music artists , having sold over 100 million records worldwide . They have won two Grammy Awards , six American Music Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards and three World Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The One I Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_One_I_Love_(R.E.M._song)', 'summary': "The One I Love is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M . It was released on the band 's fifth full-length studio album , Document , and also as a 7 vinyl single in 1987 . The song was their first hit single , reaching No . 9 in the US Billboard Hot 100 , No . 14 in Canada , and later reached No . 16 in the UK singles chart on its UK re-release ( 1991 ) . The song was included in Activision 's Guitar Hero World Tour and is in Guitar Hero on Tour : Decades , as well as Harmonix 's Rock Band 4 . The accompanying video 's director was artist Robert Longo . The director of photography was Alton Brown , who later became a Food Network personality . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed The One I Love at number 57 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks . In 2012 , Slant Magazine listed the song as the 38th best single of the 1980s . The song is included on R.E.M ."}]}, {'value': 'R.E.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}]}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980s', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Guitar Hero On Tour : Decades setlist', 'section_text': "Decades 's setlist is considered `` a trek through time '' by IGN , featuring sets of five songs out of a total of twenty-eight tracks . Each set focuses on a specific era of rock music , including two called `` 2000s '' and `` Modern '' . [ 6 ] Each set has a specialized venue for the era . [ 6 ] Once all the songs in the set are completed , the player is presented with a final encore song for that set while also unlocking the next set . [ 6 ] Additional bonus tracks are unlocked for completing specific requirements in the game . [ 6 ] All songs are master recordings as opposed to cover versions used in the previous game . [ 7 ] The full setlist for the game is listed below . The setlists are different for the North American , [ 8 ] UK , [ 9 ] and European releases . [ 10 ] Seven songs in each are exclusive to the respective versions , and are listed as `` N/A '' when not available for that region 's release . [ 7 ] The Decades setlist was considered to be an improvement over the original On Tour , with more songs that would be `` much more appealing to fans '' of the console versions of Guitar Hero '' . [ 11 ] IGN felt that the setlist `` starts out bad but starts getting more enjoyable as you unlock the earlier decades '' . [ 12 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_songs_in_the_Guitar_Hero:_On_Tour_series_1', 'intro': "The Guitar Hero: On Tour series is an expansion of the Guitar Hero series for the Nintendo DS portable console. The series is developed by Vicarious Visions and published by RedOctane and Activision. The game uses a Guitar Grip hardware unit that fits into the Game Boy Advance slot on the DS or DS Lite to recreate the experience of the console-based guitar controllers normally used with the game; this unit is incompatible with the Nintendo DSi and Nintendo 3DS due to the lack of the slot on the DSi hardware. The player uses fret buttons on the Grip while strumming using a stylus across the DS touchscreen to try to match notes as they scroll on the second screen in order to score points and complete each song. There are three titles in the series: Guitar Hero: On Tour, Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades, and Guitar Hero On Tour: Modern Hits. Each game features a setlist with more than 25 songs, most based on master recordings. The games utilize the DS's local wireless features to allow two players to compete against each other. Players can compete using different versions of the games, allowing the songs of each game to be shared during play."} | null | null | What is the song title of the artist that is an American rock band from Franklin , Tennessee , formed in 2004 ? | Crushcrushcrush |
054afa1d42059a5f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_11)', 'title': 'Project Runway (season 11)', 'header': ['Designer', 'Age', 'Hometown', 'Place of Residence', 'Place Finished'], 'data': [{'value': 'Emily Pollard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richfield , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richfield,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Richfield is a village in Summit County , Ohio , United States . The population was 3,648 at the 2010 census . The village and the adjacent Richfield Township are approximately equidistant between the downtown areas of Akron and Cleveland . It is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area . Richfield is the sister city of Wolfach , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Falls Church , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia', 'summary': "Falls Church is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,332 . The estimated population in 2018 was 14,772 . Falls Church is included in the Washington metropolitan area . Falls Church has the lowest level of poverty of any independent city or county in the United States . Taking its name from The Falls Church , an 18th-century Church of England ( later Episcopal Church ) parish , Falls Church gained township status within Fairfax County in 1875 . In 1948 , it was incorporated as the City of Falls Church , an independent city with county-level governance status although it is not a county . The city 's corporate boundaries do not include all of the area historically known as Falls Church ; these areas include portions of Seven Corners and other portions of the current Falls Church postal districts of Fairfax County , as well as the area of Arlington County known as East Falls Church , which was part of the town of Falls Church from 1875 to 1936 . For statistical purposes , the U.S. Department of Commerce 's Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Falls Church with Fairfax City and Fairfax County . At 2.11 square miles , Falls Church is the smallest incorporated municipality in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the smallest county-equivalent municipality in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '16th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Martinez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cindy Marlatt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kent , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent,_Washington', 'summary': "Kent is a city located in King County , Washington , United States . The sixth largest city in the state , Kent is in the heart of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area , located 19 miles south of Seattle ( 5 miles city limit to city limit ) and 19 miles northeast of Tacoma ( 7 miles city limit to city limit ) . Kent is connected to Seattle and Tacoma via two freeways , numerous city streets , Sounder commuter rail , and - coming in 2024 - Link light rail . Incorporated in 1890 , it is the second oldest incorporated city in King County , after Seattle . Kent 's population as of April 2010 was 92,411 according to the 2010 census . The total grew to an estimated 129,618 as of July 1 , 2018 , owing to population growth ( 11,000 ) and annexation ( 26,000 ) . The city is characterized by significant diversity ( majority-minority city ) , while levels of household income , educational attainment and poverty are near state and national average . Kent is generally divided into 3 sections : West Hill ( mixed residential and commercial along Interstate 5 ) , Valley ( primarily industrial and commercial with some medium density residential ; significant parkland along Green River ) , and East Hill ( primarily residential with retail ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kent , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent,_Washington', 'summary': "Kent is a city located in King County , Washington , United States . The sixth largest city in the state , Kent is in the heart of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area , located 19 miles south of Seattle ( 5 miles city limit to city limit ) and 19 miles northeast of Tacoma ( 7 miles city limit to city limit ) . Kent is connected to Seattle and Tacoma via two freeways , numerous city streets , Sounder commuter rail , and - coming in 2024 - Link light rail . Incorporated in 1890 , it is the second oldest incorporated city in King County , after Seattle . Kent 's population as of April 2010 was 92,411 according to the 2010 census . The total grew to an estimated 129,618 as of July 1 , 2018 , owing to population growth ( 11,000 ) and annexation ( 26,000 ) . The city is characterized by significant diversity ( majority-minority city ) , while levels of household income , educational attainment and poverty are near state and national average . Kent is generally divided into 3 sections : West Hill ( mixed residential and commercial along Interstate 5 ) , Valley ( primarily industrial and commercial with some medium density residential ; significant parkland along Green River ) , and East Hill ( primarily residential with retail ) ."}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Aaron Segal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Framingham , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Framingham ( /ˈfreɪmɪŋhæm/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Incorporated in 1700 , it is within Middlesex County and the MetroWest subregion of the Greater Boston metropolitan area . The city proper covers 25 square miles ( 65 km2 ) with a population of 68,318 in 2010 , making it the 14th most populous municipality in Massachusetts . As of 2017 the estimated population was 72,032 . Residents voted in favor of adopting a charter to transition from a representative town meeting system to a mayor-council government in April 2017 , and the municipality transitioned to city status on January 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Providence , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Arthur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hammond , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Hammond is the largest city in Tangipahoa Parish , Louisiana , United States , located 45 miles ( 72 km ) east of Baton Rouge and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northwest of New Orleans . Its population was 20,019 in the 2010 census . Hammond is home to Southeastern Louisiana University and is the principal city of the Hammond Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Tangipahoa Parish .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Mach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney,_Australia', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London,_England', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tu Suthiwat Nakchat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chachoengsao , Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chachoengsao', 'summary': 'Chachoengsao ( Thai : ฉะเชิงเทรา , pronounced [ t͡ɕʰàʔ.t͡ɕʰɤ̄ːŋ.sāw ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , capital of Chachoengsao Province . It is on the banks of the Bang Pakong River . It includes tambon Na Mueang and parts of Ban Mai , Bang Tin Pet , Wang Takhian , and Sothon of Mueang Chachoengsao District . In 2006 , it had a population of 60,893 . The town was established in 1549 during the reign of King Maha Chakkrapat of Ayutthaya and originally was a centre for military recruitment . During the reign of King Maha Thammaracha , the kingdom was in a weak condition due to being defeated by the Burmese . Phraya Lawaek , the Khmer king , conscripted Thais from several towns including Chachoengsao to be in his work force . Chachoengsao is sometimes referred to as Paet Riu , a name derived from large fish locally caught in the past . Paet Riu literally means eight cuts or slices which refers to the way the fish was cooked and served as a local dish in Chachoengsao . [ citation needed ] The town is about 50 km east of Bangkok and can be accessed by train .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Springfield , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Springfield is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . The Springfield CDP is recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau with a population of 30,484 as of the 2010 census . Homes and businesses in bordering CDPs including North Springfield , West Springfield , and Newington are usually given a Springfield mailing address . The population of the collective areas with Springfield addresses is estimated to exceed 100,000 . The CDP is a part of Northern Virginia , the most populous region of the Washington Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kate Pankoke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eau Claire , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Eau Claire ( /oʊˈklɛər/ ) is a city in Chippewa and Eau Claire counties in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Wisconsin . Located almost entirely in Eau Claire County , for which it is the county seat , the city had a population of 65,883 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's ninth-largest city . Eau Claire is the principal city of the Eau Claire , Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is a part of the Eau Claire-Menomonie Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amanda Valentine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska', 'summary': "Lincoln is the capital of the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County . The city covers 96.194 square miles ( 249.141 km2 ) with a population of 287,401 in 2018 . It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 70th-largest in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state called the Lincoln Metropolitan and Lincoln-Beatrice Combined Statistical Areas . The statistical area is home to 356,083 people , making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States . The city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County . In 1869 , the village of Lancaster became Nebraska 's state capital and was renamed Lincoln . The Bertram G. Goodhue-designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States . As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska , the state and the United States government are major employers . The University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1869 . The university is the largest in Nebraska with 26,079 students enrolled and is the city 's third-largest employer . Other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries , including a growing high-tech sector ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashville , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samantha Black', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronx , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronx,_New_York', 'summary': "The Bronx ( /brɒŋks/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Bronx County , in the U.S. state of New York , the third-most densely populated county in the United States . It is south of Westchester County ; northeast and east of Manhattan , across the Harlem River ; and north of Queens , across the East River . The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles ( 109 km2 ) and a population of 1,432,132 in 2018 . Of the five boroughs , it has the fourth-largest area , fourth-highest population , and third-highest population density . It is the only borough predominantly on the U.S. mainland . If each borough were ranked as a city , the Bronx would rank as the eighth-most populous in the U.S . The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west , and a flatter eastern section . East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue . The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874 , and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895 . Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914 . About a quarter of the Bronx 's area is open space , including Woodlawn Cemetery , Van Cortlandt Park , Pelham Bay Park , the New York Botanical Garden , and the Bronx Zoo in the borough 's north and center . These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield , Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull , Easton , Weston , and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 59,404 . In September 2014 , Money magazine ranked Fairfield the 44th best place to live in the United States and the best place to live in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Hallmarq', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Layana Aguilar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governador Valadares , Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governador_Valadares', 'summary': 'Governador Valadares is a Brazilian municipality in the countryside of Minas Gerais . In 2018 , its population was 278,685 inhabitants , thus being the ninth most populated city in the state . It is an economical axis of the middle valley of the Doce River ( Rio Doce , lit . Sweet river ) , having a significant influence on the east and northeast portion of Minas Gerais and local authorities of the state of Espírito Santo . Governador Valadares sits on the bank of the Doce River ( Rio Doce ) , 324 km from Belo Horizonte . Governador Valadares has an area of about 2 342 km² , being only 58 km² of urban area . The discovery of the city started at the beginning of the XVI century , that explored the Doce River searching for precious metals . The settlement began between the XVIII and XIX centuries , constructing barracks destined to keep an eye at the Amerindians , who used to attack the settlers and merchants . With the construction of the EFVM ( Vitória-Minas Railway ) , in 1907 , the settlements were consolidated . The growth of the population and commercial development was improved due to the location of the city , that was near to coffee farms and wood extraction fields . The municipality was emancipated from Peçanha in the 1930s . After the 40s , the extraction of precious metals brought a notable population growth , along with livestock and commerce .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Esquivel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Texas', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Hudson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lynwood , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynwood,_California', 'summary': 'Lynwood is a city in Los Angeles County , California . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 69,772 , down from 69,845 at the 2000 census . Lynwood is located near South Gate and Compton in the southern portion of the Los Angeles Basin . Incorporated in 1921 , the city is named for Lynn Wood Sessions , wife of a local dairyman , Charles Sessions . The local railroad siding and later Pacific Electric Railway station were named after the dairy .'}]}, {'value': 'West Hollywood , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Hollywood', 'summary': 'West Hollywood , commonly referred to as WeHo ( /ˈwiːhoʊ/ ) , is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Incorporated in 1984 , it is home to the Sunset Strip . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , its population was 34,399 . It is considered one of the most prominent gay villages in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Michaels', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Runner-Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelle Lesniak Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Contestants -- Designers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Project_Runway_(season_11)_0', 'intro': "Project Runway Season 11 is the eleventh season of the television show Project Runway, appearing on Lifetime. The season began airing on January 24, 2013 with 16 designers competing to become the next great American designer. Supermodel Heidi Klum and Marie Claire fashion director Nina Garcia returned as judges this season. Tim Gunn returned as the workroom mentor. Zac Posen replaced Michael Kors as one of main judges due to scheduling conflicts with Kors. Lord & Taylor was the exclusive retail sponsor for Project Runway's 11th season and has merchandised the accessory wall with an assortment of products. In 2013, Daniel Esquivel competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 3), placing 10th of 11. In 2014, Patricia Michaels, Kate Pankoke, Benjamin Mach, Samantha Black and Michelle Lesniak competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 4), with Patricia placing 14th, Kate placing 11th, Benjamin placing 10th, Samantha placing 8th, and Michelle placing 4th. In 2016, Layana Aguilar competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 5), placing 7th of 13. In 2018, Amanda Valentine and Stanley Hudson competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 6), with Amanda placing 11th and Stanley being the runner-up. In 2019, Michelle Lesniak returned for a third time to compete in Project Runway All Stars (season 7) against worldwide Project Runway winners. She won the competition."} | null | null | Who is the designer whose hometown is the sister city of Wolfach , Germany ? | Emily Pollard |
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