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05b2a836f477a7e2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Chi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Lambda Chi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'James W. Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_W._Abbott', 'summary': 'James W. Abbott ( born June 12 , 1948 ) is an American retired politician and academic , most recently serving as the president of the University of South Dakota from 1997 to 2018 . Abbott was the Democratic nominee in the 2002 South Dakotan gubernatorial election . Abbott is a distinguished alumni of the Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity .'}]}, {'value': 'University of South Dakota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of the University of South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Dakota', 'summary': "The University of South Dakota ( USD ) is a public research university in Vermillion , South Dakota . Established by the Dakota Territory legislature in 1862 , 27 years before the establishment of the state of South Dakota , USD is the flagship university for the state of South Dakota and the state 's oldest public university . It occupies a 274 acres ( 1.11 km2 ) campus located in southeastern South Dakota , approximately 63 miles ( 101 km ) southwest of Sioux Falls , 39 miles ( 63 km ) northwest of Sioux City , Iowa , and north of the Missouri River . The university is home to South Dakota 's only medical school and law school . It is also home to the National Music Museum , with over 15,000 American , European , and non-Western instruments . USD is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents , and its president is Sheila Gestring . The university has been accredited by the North Central Association of College and Schools since 1913 . University of South Dakota 's alumni include a total of 17 Truman Scholars , 12 Rhodes Scholars , and 1 Nobel Laureate , ( Ernest Lawrence '22 , 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics . ) The athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I as members of The Summit League , except football , which competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'John D. Baldeschwieler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler', 'summary': 'John D. Baldeschwieler ( born 1933 ) is an American chemist who has made significant contributions in molecular structure and spectroscopy . Born on November 14 , 1933 , in Elizabeth , New Jersey , he was an alumnus of Cornell University ( B.S. , 1956 , Chemical Engineering ) and the University of California , Berkeley ( Ph.D. , 1959 ) . He has taught at Harvard University , Stanford University and currently is the J. Stanley Johnson Professor and Professor of Chemistry , Emeritus at Caltech .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noted chemist and Caltech professor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caltech', 'summary': "The California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) is a private doctorate-granting research university in Pasadena , California . Known for its strength in natural science and engineering , Caltech is often ranked as one of the world 's top-ten universities . Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Throop in 1891 , the college attracted influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale , Arthur Amos Noyes and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century . The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910 and the college assumed its present name in 1920 . In 1934 , Caltech was elected to the Association of American Universities , and the antecedents of NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , which Caltech continues to manage and operate , were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán . The university is one among a small group of institutes of technology in the United States which is primarily devoted to the instruction of pure and applied sciences . Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphasis on science and engineering , managing $ 332 million in 2011 in sponsored research . Its 124-acre ( 50 ha ) primary campus is located approximately 11 mi ( 18 km ) northeast of downtown Los Angeles . First-year students are required to live on campus and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus House System at Caltech . Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks , student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign take-home examinations . The Caltech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division III 's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . As of November 2019 [ update ] , Caltech alumni , faculty and researchers include 74 Nobel Laureates ( chemist Linus Pauling being the only individual in history to win two unshared prizes ) , 4 Fields Medalists , and 6 Turing Award winners ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel King Allison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_King_Allison', 'summary': "Samuel King Allison ( November 13 , 1900 - September 15 , 1965 ) was an American physicist , most notable for his role in the Manhattan Project , for which he was awarded the Medal for Merit . He was director of the Metallurgical Laboratory from 1943 until 1944 , and later worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory - where he rode herd on the final stages of the project as part of the Cowpuncher Committee , and read the countdown for the detonation of the Trinity nuclear test . After the war , he returned to the University of Chicago to direct the Institute for Nuclear Studies and was involved in the scientists ' movement , lobbying for civilian control of nuclear weapons ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Project', 'summary': 'The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $ 2 billion ( about $ 23 billion in 2018 dollars ) . Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon . The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium , and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium-238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Michael Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop', 'summary': 'John Michael Bishop ( born February 22 , 1936 ) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold E. Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize . He serves as an active faculty member at the University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , where he also served as Chancellor from 1998 to 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gettysburg College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immunologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David L. Chicoine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_L._Chicoine', 'summary': 'David L. Chicoine is an American university administrator and businessman .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of South Dakota State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University', 'summary': "South Dakota State University is a public research university in Brookings , South Dakota . Founded in 1881 , it is the state 's largest and most comprehensive university and the oldest continually-operating university in South Dakota . The university is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents , which governs the state 's six public universities and two special schools . South Dakota State University is a land grant , space grant , and sun grant university . It was founded under the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act . This land-grant heritage and mission has led the university to place a special focus on academic programs in agriculture , engineering , nursing , and pharmacy , as well as liberal arts . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching classifies South Dakota State University as a Research University with high research activity . The graduate program is classified as Doctoral , Science , Technology , Engineering , Math dominant ."}]}, {'value': 'Donald J. Cram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_J._Cram', 'summary': 'Donald James Cram ( April 22 , 1919 - June 17 , 2001 ) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity . They were the founders of the field of host-guest chemistry .'}]}, {'value': 'Rollins College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemist ; Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner 1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'George Forsythe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Forsythe', 'summary': "George Elmer Forsythe ( January 8 , 1917 - April 9 , 1972 ) was the founder and head of Stanford University 's Computer Science Department . George came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959 , and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death . Forsythe served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) , and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology , and edited more than 75 other books on computer science . Forsythe married Alexandra I. Forsythe , who wrote the first published textbook in computer science and actively participated in her husband 's work , while promoting a more active role for women than was common at the time . Between 1950 and 1958 both of them programmed using the SWAC at the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) in Los Angeles and later at UCLA after the western division of NBS was closed due to political pressures ( see Oral History cited below ) . With his wife , Forsythe had a daughter and a son . According to Donald Knuth , Forsythe 's greatest contributions were helping to establish computer science as its own academic discipline and starting the field of refereeing and editing algorithms as scholarly work . Professor Forsythe supervised 17 PhD graduates ; many of them went into academic careers . He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1969 and again in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brown University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder and former head of the computer science department at Stanford University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'William C. Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_C._Friday', 'summary': "William Clyde Bill Friday ( July 13 , 1920 - October 12 , 2012 ) was an American educator who served as the head of the University of North Carolina system from 1956 to 1986 . He was born in Raphine , Virginia and raised in Dallas , North Carolina . Friday graduated from Dallas High School in Dallas , North Carolina , where he played baseball and basketball . He held a bachelor 's degree in textile manufacturing from North Carolina State University and a law degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . While attending NCSU , Friday was elected president of the senior class of 1941 . He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity . Friday served in the United States Navy Reserve during World War II . His entire professional life was spent in higher education . Friday was assistant dean of students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1948 to 1951 , assistant to the President of the Consolidated University of North Carolina Gordon Gray from 1951 to 1955 , then Secretary of the University of North Carolina system , and acting president of the system from 1956 to 1957 , when he was chosen to take the position permanently . Friday would remain in this position until retiring in 1986 . Friday was the founding co-chairman of the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics and served in this role from 1989 to 2005 . After retirement , Friday remained an influential voice in North Carolina and hosted a public television talk show , North Carolina People , which he began while still president of the University system ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina State University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former head of the University of North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina is a multi-campus public university system composed of all 16 of North Carolina 's public universities , as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics , the nation 's first public residential high school for gifted students . Commonly referred to as the University of North Carolina System or the UNC System to differentiate it from the original campus in Chapel Hill , the university has a total enrollment of over 239,987 students [ when ? ] and in 2008 conferred over 75% of all baccalaureate degrees in North Carolina . UNC campuses conferred 43,686 degrees in 2008-2009 , the bulk of which were at the bachelor 's level , with 31,055 degrees awarded ."}]}, {'value': 'Homer Hitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homer_Hitt', 'summary': "Dr. Homer Hitt was the first chief executive of the University of New Orleans , serving from 1958 to 1980 . He was selected in 1957 to be the first dean of the newly created Louisiana State University New Orleans campus . His title was changed to vice president in charge in 1961 and to chancellor in 1968 . A native of Comanche , Texas , Dr. Hitt received his doctorate from Harvard University in 1941 in sociology , after earning master 's degrees from both Harvard and LSU . He died on Sunday , January 27 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding Chancellor of the University of New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans', 'summary': 'The University of New Orleans ( UNO ) is public research university in New Orleans , Louisiana . It is a member of the University of Louisiana System and the Urban 13 association . It is part of the University of Louisiana System .'}]}, {'value': 'William Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Manchester', 'summary': 'William Raymond Manchester ( April 1 , 1922 - June 1 , 2004 ) was an American author , biographer , and historian . He was the author of 18 books which have been translated into over 20 languages . He was awarded the National Humanities Medal and the Abraham Lincoln Literary Award .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Historian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Frank Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Frank_Martin', 'summary': 'Andrew Franklin Martin ( December 7 , 1894 - June 9 , 1982 ) , born in Akins , Oklahoma , was a saxophonist , a bandmaster and an educational administrator and one of ten founding members of Kappa Kappa Psi , National Honorary Band Fraternity . He was an education student at Oklahoma A & M College in the class of 1920 . In 1916 , Martin joined the Chi Alpha social club which was formed explicitly to petition for a charter of Lambda Chi Alpha . The Alpha-Eta Zeta of Lambda Chi Alpha was established on the campus of Oklahoma A & M on September 15 , 1917 . Beyond Kappa Kappa Psi , Martin was the Managing Editor of the 1920 Redskin yearbook , a Lambda Chi Alpha delegate to the local Interfraternity Council , a member of the student senate , the vice president of the education society , a member of the YMCA cabinet , and social editor of the school newspaper Orange and Black .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the ten founding fathers of the Kappa Kappa Psi fraternity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi', 'summary': 'Kappa Kappa Psi , National Honorary Band Fraternity ( ΚΚΨ , colloquially referred to as KKPsi ) , is a fraternity for college and university band members in the United States . It was founded on November 27 , 1919 , on Thanksgiving Day , at Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College , now known as Oklahoma State University , in Stillwater , Oklahoma . Kappa Kappa Psi primarily operates as a recognition society providing service , leadership opportunities , and social programming for band members . Tau Beta Sigma , National Honorary Band Sorority , has been recognized as a sister organization since 1947 , and the two organizations share National Headquarters in Stillwater Station , a converted historical Santa Fe rail depot that was purchased by the fraternity and sorority in 1991 . Since 1919 , more than 66,000 men and women have been initiated into Kappa Kappa Psi , with nearly 6,000 collegiate members active today . Members of Kappa Kappa Psi include President Bill Clinton ; chancellor and eleventh president of Indiana University , Herman B Wells ; composers John Williams and John Philip Sousa ; conductor William Revelli ; and jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie .'}]}, {'value': 'David S. Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_S._Mason', 'summary': "David Stewart Mason ( born November 23 , 1947 ) is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Butler University in Indianapolis . His most recent book , The End of the American Century ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 ) explores the interrelated dimensions of America 's domestic and international decline . That book has been translated and published in China , by the Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House . Mason was born in Washington , D.C. in 1947 ; received his B.A . in Government from Cornell University in 1969 ; his M.A . in International Affairs from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in 1971 ; and his Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University in 1978 . Mason has received research grants from the National Science Foundation , the Rockefeller Foundation , the American Council of Learned Societies , the National Council for Soviet and East European Research , the International Research and Exchanges Board , and the Social Science Research Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author of The End of the American Century , professor emeritus at Butler University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_University', 'summary': 'Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study in six colleges : Lacy School of Business , College of Communication , College of Education , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , and Jordan College of the Arts . It comprises a 295-acre ( 119 ha ) campus located approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from downtown Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'John McCardell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McCardell', 'summary': 'John Malcolm McCardell Jr. ( born June 17 , 1949 ) is an American historian and academic administrator . He serves as the Vice-Chancellor and President of Sewanee : The University of the South , where he is also a history professor .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former President of Middlebury College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlebury_College', 'summary': "Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college in Middlebury , Vermont . It was founded in 1800 by Congregationalists . The college currently enrolls 2,526 undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries and offers 44 majors in the arts , humanities , literature , foreign languages , social sciences , and natural sciences . The college is the first American institution of higher education to have granted a bachelor 's degree to an African-American , graduating Alexander Twilight in the class of 1823 . Middlebury was also one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution , following the trustees ' decision in 1883 to accept women . In 1886 , May Belle Chellis was the first woman to graduate , and she was the valedictorian ( although she was not allowed to address the graduating class because she was a woman ) . Middlebury was listed as tied for the fifth-best liberal arts college in the U.S. in the 2019 U.S. News & World Report rankings . Middlebury 's 31 varsity teams are known as the Middlebury Panthers and compete in the NCAA Division III 's NESCAC conference . The school is known for its graduate programs that focus on literature , language , political science , and entrepreneurship ."}]}, {'value': 'Abe Mickal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abe_Mickal', 'summary': "Ibrahim Khalil Abe Mickal ( c. 1912/1913 [ a ] - September 20 , 2001 ) was a Lebanese-American college football player and a doctor . He played as a halfback for the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University , where he was notable for his passing skills and play-making ability , which earned him the nickname Miracle Mickal . He was also the team 's primary punter and placekicker . A three-time All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) selection , Mickal led LSU to an undefeated season in 1933 and a conference championship and Sugar Bowl in 1935 . In 1936 , Mickal played quarterback for a college all-star team that was the first team of college players to defeat a professional team . Although selected in the 1936 NFL Draft , he did not play professionally . Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967 . In addition to football , Mickal was a cadet in LSU 's Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) , was a member of the pre-med club and debate team , and as a senior was president of the university 's student body . While a student , he was offered a seat in the Louisiana State Senate by U.S . Senator and noted LSU supporter Huey Long , which he declined . He earned his medical degree in 1940 , and after serving in World War II began a lifelong career in obstetrics and gynecology . He served as head professor of the LSU Medical School OB/GYN department for over twenty years ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former professional football player and chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Louisiana State University Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_University', 'summary': "Louisiana State University ( officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College , commonly referred to as LSU ) is a public research university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville , Louisiana , under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy . The current LSU main campus was dedicated in 1926 , consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the style of Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , and the main campus historic district occupies a 650-acre ( 2.6 km² ) plateau on the banks of the Mississippi River . LSU is the flagship school of the state of Louisiana , as well the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System , and is the most comprehensive university in Louisiana . In 2017 , the university enrolled over 25,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges . Several of LSU 's graduate schools , such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center , have received national recognition in their respective fields of study . Designated as a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant institution , LSU is also noted for its extensive research facilities , operating some 800 sponsored research projects funded by agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . LSU is one of eight universities in the United States with dental , law , veterinary , medical , and Master of Business Administration programs . The LSU School of Veterinary Medicine is one of only 30 veterinary schools in the country and the only one in Louisiana . LSU 's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports ( 9 men 's , 12 women 's ) , and is a member of the NCAA ( National Collegiate Athletic Association ) and the SEC ( Southeastern Conference ) . The university is represented by its mascot , Mike the Tiger ."}]}, {'value': 'Perry Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Miller', 'summary': 'Perry Gilbert Eddy Miller ( February 25 , 1905 - December 9 , 1963 ) was an American intellectual historian and professor and a co-founder of the field of American Studies . Miller specialized in the history of early America , and took an active role in a revisionist view of the colonial Puritan theocracy that was cultivated at Harvard beginning in the 1920s . Heavy drinking led to a premature death age fifty-eight . Perry Miller was a great historian of Puritanism but the dark conflicts of the Puritan mind eroded his own mental stability .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Harvard University professor and historian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Donald Othmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Othmer', 'summary': 'Donald Frederick Othmer ( May 11 , 1904 - November 1 , 1995 ) was an American professor of chemical engineering , an inventor , multi-millionaire and philanthropist , whose most famous work is the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology .'}]}, {'value': '( honorary )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inventor and philanthropist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Parnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Parnell', 'summary': "Ben Todd Parnell III is retired president of Drury University in Springfield , Missouri , co-founder and the retired CEO of THE BANK in Springfield , a community activist , an environmental advocate , an author , and keynote speaker . Parnell was sworn in as interim president at a faculty/staff meeting in Clara Thompson Hall on April 23 , 2007 , upon the resignation of John Sellars , Drury 's fifteenth president . After a number of options were considered for the office , Parnell was formally inaugurated as Drury University 's sixteenth president on April 20 , 2008 , by Drury 's trustee-driven search committee . Parnell retired in 2013 , serving his last day as president on May 31 , 2013 . Parnell graduated from Drury University in 1969 with a bachelor 's degree in business and economics . He then went on to earn an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College in 1971 . He later received a Masters in history from Missouri State University in 2010 . Prior to his position as president of The Signature Bank , Parnell was president of Truman Bank and executive vice president of First National Bank , both located in Clayton , Missouri . Parnell has served as the Board Chairman of the Springfield , Missouri , Area Chamber of Commerce , member of the Springfield-Branson National Airport board , Board Chairman of the Community Foundation of the Ozarks , member of the Rotary Club of Southeast Springfield , treasurer of the James River Basin Partnership , treasurer of the Upper White River Basin Foundation , and board member for Missouri Bankers Association and Wonders of Wildlife . His father was Ben Parnell Jr. Ben was founder and President of People 's Bank , now Ozark Mountain Bank , in Branson , MO . Parnell is the author of Postcards from Branson : A Century of Family Reminiscence . Parnell has also authored two other books : The Buffalo , Ben , and Me and Mom at War ."}]}, {'value': 'Drury University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Drury University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drury_University', 'summary': "Drury University , formerly Drury College and originally Springfield College , is a private liberal arts college in Springfield , Missouri . The university enrolls about 1,600 undergraduates , 450 graduate students in six master 's programs , and 3,160 students in the College of Continuing Professional Studies . In 2013 , the Drury Panthers Men 's Basketball team won the NCAA Men 's Division II Basketball Championship . The Drury Men 's and Women 's Panthers have accumulated 22 NCAA Division II National Championships between them , in addition to numerous NAIA titles before moving to the NCAA . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'George Preti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Preti', 'summary': "Dr. George Preti is an analytical organic chemist currently working at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . For more than four decades , his research has focused on the nature , origin , and functional significance of human odors . Dr. Preti 's laboratory has identified characteristic underarm odorants , and his current studies center upon a bioassay-guided approach to the identification of human pheromones , odors diagnostic of human disease , human malodor identification and suppression and examining the odor-print of humans ."}]}, {'value': 'Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Organic chemist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Romo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Romo', 'summary': 'Ricardo Romo is an urban historian who served as the fifth President of the University of Texas at San Antonio from May 1999 to March 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of University of Texas at San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio', 'summary': "The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ) is a public research university in San Antonio , Texas . With over 30,000 students , it is the largest university in San Antonio and the eighth-largest ( 2018 ) in the state of Texas . It includes three campuses across the San Antonio metropolitan area that span 725 acres of land . UTSA offers 67 bachelor 's , 69 master 's , and 24 doctoral degree programs . Established in 1969 , UTSA has become the third largest institution within the UT System by enrollment . The university has a local economic impact of $ 1.2 billion and the UTSA Institute for Economic Development generates $ 2.9 billion in direct economic impact nationwide . The university 's restricted research expenditures have grown to $ 50.8 million while total research expenditures grew to $ 80.6 million in FY19 . Its football team has competed in Conference USA since 2013 , previously playing a stint in the WAC and as an FCS independent ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Lambda_Chi_Alpha_brothers_0', 'intro': 'The list of Lambda Chi Alpha brothers includes notable initiated and honorary members of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity.'}	null	null	What is the original chapter of the brother who was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize ?	Gettysburg College
05b5be8d734c71c4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1970', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1970', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Boys in the Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_(1970_film)', 'summary': "The Boys in the Band is a 1970 American drama film directed by William Friedkin . The screenplay by Mart Crowley is based on his Off-Broadway play The Boys in the Band . It is among the first major American motion pictures to revolve around gay characters and is often cited as a milestone in the history of queer cinema , and is also thought to be the first mainstream American film to use the swear word cunt . The ensemble cast , all of whom also played the roles in the play 's initial stage run in New York City , includes Kenneth Nelson , Peter White , Leonard Frey , Cliff Gorman , Frederick Combs , Laurence Luckinbill , Keith Prentice , Robert La Tourneaux , and Reuben Greene . Model/actress Maud Adams has a brief cameo appearance in the opening montage , as does restaurateur Elaine Kaufman ."}]}, {'value': 'William Friedkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Friedkin', 'summary': 'William Friedkin ( /ˈfriːdkɪn/ ; born August 29 , 1935 ) is an American film and television director , producer and screenwriter closely identified with the New Hollywood movement of the 1970s . Beginning his career in documentaries in the early 1960s , he is perhaps best known for directing the action thriller film The French Connection ( 1971 ) and the supernatural horror film The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , the former of which won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director . The latter also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director . His other films include the pioneering queer drama The Boys in the Band ( 1970 ) , the suspense thriller Sorcerer ( 1977 ) , the controversial crime film Cruising ( 1980 ) , the action thriller To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) , the psychological horror film Bug ( 2006 ) , and the dark comedy Killer Joe ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth Nelson , Leonard Frey , Cliff Gorman , Laurence Luckinbill , Frederick Combs , Keith Prentice , Robert La Tourneaux , Reuben Greene and Peter White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Nelson', 'summary': "Kenneth Nelson ( March 24 , 1930 - October 7 , 1993 ) was an American actor . Born in Rocky Mount , North Carolina , Nelson appeared in several television series in the late 1940s , Captain Video and His Video Rangers and The Aldrich Family among them . He was cast in his first Broadway show , Seventeen , a musical adaptation of the Booth Tarkington novel that opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 21 , 1951 and ran 182 performances . In 1960 , Nelson was cast in an off-Broadway show entitled The Fantasticks , which eventually became the world 's longest-running musical with 17,162 performances . In 1962 , he was hired to understudy Anthony Newley in Stop the World - I Want to Get Off when it transferred from the West End , eventually assuming the lead role when the star departed the show . From there , he went to another London import , Half a Sixpence , in 1965 . In 1968 , Nelson accepted the lead in the controversial and groundbreaking off-Broadway production of The Boys in the Band , the first play to explore the milieu of gay life in New York City in a verbally frank manner . He and the rest of the cast went on to appear in the 1970 film version directed by William Friedkin . Also in 1970 Nelson returned to Broadway in the lead role in Lovely Ladies , Kind Gentlemen , a musical adaptation of The Teahouse of the August Moon . It was a critical and commercial disaster , closing after only 19 performances . After settling in England in 1971 , he played opposite Cleo Laine in Showboat and Colette on the West End stage , and appeared in Annie and 42nd Street . In 1974 , he played a leading role in the highly successful revue Cole at London 's Mermaid Theatre ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Frey', 'summary': 'Leonard Frey ( September 4 , 1938 - August 24 , 1988 ) was an American actor . He is best remembered for his performance in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Frey made his stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of Little Mary Sunshine and received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination for The National Health .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Gorman', 'summary': 'Cliff Gorman ( October 13 , 1936 - September 5 , 2002 ) was an American stage and screen actor . He won an Obie award in 1968 for the stage presentation of The Boys in the Band , and went on to reprise his role in the 1970 film version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Luckinbill', 'summary': "Laurence George Luckinbill ( born November 21 , 1934 ) is an American actor , playwright and director . He has worked in television , film , and theatre , doing triple duty in the theatre by writing , directing , and starring in stage productions . He is probably best known for penning and starring in one-man shows based upon the lives of United States President Theodore Roosevelt , author Ernest Hemingway , and famous American defense attorney Clarence Darrow ; starring in a one-man show based upon the life of US President Lyndon Baines Johnson ; and for his portrayal of Spock 's half-brother Sybok in the film Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Combs', 'summary': "Frederick Combs ( October 11 , 1935 - September 19 , 1992 ) was an American film , theater and television actor , playwright and director . Combs is best known for originating the role of Donald in the play The Boys in the Band and then later in the 1970 film of the same name . He performed extensively in theater including Franco Zeffirelli 's 1963 production of The Lady of the Camellias . He died in Los Angeles in 1992 of an AIDS-related illness at the age of 56 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keith_Prentice', 'summary': "Keith Prentice ( February 21 , 1940 - September 27 , 1992 ) was an American TV , film and stage actor , whose most famous role was the part of Larry in both the original stage and film versions of The Boys in the Band . Prentice also appeared on the TV soap Dark Shadows during the series ' final months in 1971 . For a number of years , his picture was displayed on the Tasters Choice coffee label . Prentice studied in New York City at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . His stage musical credits include Sail Away , The Sound of Music , Paint Your Wagon , and The King and I . In 1968 , he appeared off-Broadway in the play The Boys in the Band , a once controversial play featuring gay characters at a dramatic birthday party - the Summer before the Stonewall gay civil rights riots . He also appeared in the film version of the play . In 1971 Prentice joined the cast of Dark Shadows playing Morgan Collins in the show 's 1841PT plot line . Prentice also appeared as Nils Fowler in the 1972 film The Legend of Nigger Charley and had a small role in the 1980 film Cruising which , like The Boys in the Band , was directed by William Friedkin . In 1982 , Keith Prentice co-founded Kettering Theatre Under the Stars , and directed summer shows there until the year of his death . Prentice died of AIDS-related cancer on September 27 , 1992 in Kettering , Ohio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_La_Tourneaux', 'summary': 'Robert La Tourneaux ( November 22 , 1941 - June 3 , 1986 ) was an American actor best known for his role of Cowboy , the good-natured but dim hustler hired as a birthday present for a gay man , in the original Off-Broadway production and 1970 film version of The Boys in the Band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reuben_Greene', 'summary': "Reuben Greene ( born November 24 , 1938 ) is an American film , theater and television actor . He is perhaps best known for originating the role of Bernard in the play The Boys in the Band and then later playing the same character in the 1970 film of the same name . The African-American actor Greene mostly worked as an actor in theater and sometimes commercials . Besides Boys in the Band , his only film and television credits are the role of Dr. James Hudson on the 1969 CBS soap opera Where the Heart Is and a short role as Franklyn in the 1976 Elaine May film Mikey and Nicky . The New York Daily News reported Greene living in Queens , New York in a 1996 interview . His last known interview was with the Windy City Times around 2000 , in which he stated that he was not gay despite his involvement in Boys in the Band . In 2010 filmmaker Crayton Robey screened his making-of The Boys In the Band documentary Making the Boys at the Tribeca Film Festival and claimed in an interview with The Washington Blade that Greene 's current whereabouts remain unknown . According to a message on the discussion page of his Wikipedia article and an Ancestry.com tree , Reuben Greene died of a heart attack on 10 February 2012 in New York City . Still there is not any official verification or information about his possible death available ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_White_(actor)', 'summary': "Peter White ( born October 10 , 1937 ) is an American actor . White was born in New York City , New York and studied acting at the prestigious Yale School of Drama . In 1968 , White received critical acclaim for his role as Alan McCarthy in off-Broadway 's The Boys in the Band . White , and the rest of the original cast , appeared in the 1970 film version , directed by William Friedkin . He played Director of Central Intelligence John A. McCone in the film Thirteen Days . Among White 's many television credits are appearances on The Feather and Father Gang , Ally McBeal , The West Wing , Dallas , The Colbys , a recurring co-starring role as Dr. Thomas Reed on the television series Sisters and playing the role of Lincoln 'Linc ' Tyler off and on for over thirty years on the soap opera All My Children . In 2010 White appeared in filmmaker Crayton Robey 's making-of The Boys in the Band documentary Making the Boys ."}]}, {'value': 'Screenplay by Mart Crowley , based on his play of the same name ; one of the first major American motion pictures to revolve around gay characters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mart_Crowley', 'summary': 'Mart Crowley ( born August 21 , 1935 ) is an American playwright , best-known for his play The Boys in the Band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Band_(play)', 'summary': "The Boys in the Band is a play by Mart Crowley . The play premiered Off-Broadway in 1968 , and was revived on Broadway for its 50th anniversary in 2018 . The play revolves around a group of gay men who gather for a birthday party in New York City and was groundbreaking for its portrayal of gay life . The play has been called A true theatrical game-changer , The Boys in the Band helped spark a revolution by putting gay men 's lives onstage - unapologetically and without judgment - in a world that was not yet willing to fully accept them ."}]}, {'value': 'The Christine Jorgensen Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Christine_Jorgensen_Story', 'summary': "The Christine Jorgensen Story is a 1970 American drama film and a fictionalized biographical film about trans woman Christine Jorgensen . While the overall premise of the film is accurate , many of the details are fictionalized for the continuity of the film . It was directed by Irving Rapper and based on Christine Jorgensen 's autobiography ."}]}, {'value': 'Irving Rapper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irving_Rapper', 'summary': 'Irving Rapper ( 16 January 1898 - 20 December 1999 ) was an English-born American film director .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Tompkins , John Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Tompkins', 'summary': 'Joan Tompkins , Mrs. Joan Swenson ( July 9 , 1915 - January 29 , 2005 ) was an American actress of television , film , radio , and stage , who co-founded with her husband , Karl Swenson , an acting company in Beverly Hills , California .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Conformist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conformist_(film)', 'summary': 'The Conformist ( Italian : Il conformista ) is a 1970 political drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci , whose screenplay is based on the 1951 novel The Conformist by Alberto Moravia . The film stars Jean-Louis Trintignant , Stefania Sandrelli , Gastone Moschin , Enzo Tarascio , Fosco Giachetti , José Quaglio , Dominique Sanda and Pierre Clémenti . The film was a co-production of Italian , French , and West German film companies . Bertolucci makes use of the 1930s art and decor associated with the Fascist era : the middle-class drawing rooms and the huge halls of the ruling elite .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernardo Bertolucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci', 'summary': "Bernardo Bertolucci ( Italian : [ berˈnardo bertoˈluttʃi ] ; 16 March 1941 - 26 November 2018 ) was an Italian director and screenwriter , whose films include The Conformist , Last Tango in Paris , 1900 , The Last Emperor ( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ) , The Sheltering Sky , Little Buddha , Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers . In recognition of his work , he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme d'Or Award at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . From 1979 until his death in 2018 , he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Louis Trintignant , Pasquale Fortunato , Stefania Sandrelli , Gastone Moschin , Dominique Sanda , Enzo Tarascio , Fosco Giachetti , José Quaglio , Pierre Clémenti , Yvonne Sanson , Milly , Giuseppe Addobbati , Antonio Maestri and Christian Aligny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant', 'summary': 'Jean-Louis Xavier Trintignant ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ lwi tʁɛ̃tiɲɑ̃ ] ; born 11 December 1930 ) is a French actor . He won the Best Actor Award at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival as well as the Best Actor Award at the César Awards 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli', 'summary': "Stefania Sandrelli ( born 5 June 1946 ) is an Italian actress , famous for her many roles in the commedia all'Italiana , starting from the 1960s . She was 14 years old when she starred in Divorce Italian Style as Angela , the cousin and love interest of Ferdinando , played by Marcello Mastroianni ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gastone_Moschin', 'summary': 'Gastone Moschin ( 8 June 1929 - 4 September 2017 ) was an Italian stage , television and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Sanda', 'summary': 'Dominique Marie-Françoise Renée Varaigne ( born 11 March 1948 ) , professionally known as Dominique Sanda , is a French actress and former fashion model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fosco_Giachetti', 'summary': "Fosco Giachetti ( 28 March 1900 , in Sesto Fiorentino - 22 December 1974 , in Rome ) was an Italian actor . Fosco Giachetti was the protagonist of Lo squadrone bianco ( 1936 ) , directed by Augusto Genina . He became the leading man in Fascist propaganda films such as Tredici uomini e un cannone ( 1936 ) , Sentinelle di bronzo ( 1937 ) , Scipione l'Africano , Edgar Neville 's Italian Carmen fra i rossi ( 1939 ) , L'assedio dell'Alcazar ( 1940 ) and Bengasi ( 1942 ) . In 1942 , he also co-starred in Goffredo Alessandrini 's two part Noi Vivi and Addio Kira ! . Un colpo di pistola ( 1942 ) by Renato Castellani and Fari nella nebbia ( 1942 ) by Gianni Franciolini were not as successful as his earlier films . After the war , he returned to the stage . He worked in Spain with Edgar Neville in Nada and in Carne de horca . He had a supporting role in 1959 Dino Risi 's successful comedy Il mattatore . In 1964 , he appeared in an adaptation of A. J. Cronin 's novel , The Citadel . In 2003 , the Galleria Fosco Giachetti in Sesto Fiorentino was opened in his honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Quaglio', 'summary': 'José Quaglio , real name Giuseppe Quaglio , ( 28 February 1926 - 8 January 2007 ) , was an Italian actor and theater director . He has performed in some 50 films in Italy and has directed four . He acted in a dozen films in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Clémenti', 'summary': 'Pierre André Clémenti ( 28 September 1942 - 27 December 1999 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yvonne_Sanson', 'summary': 'Yvonne Sanson ( 29 August 1925 - 23 July 2003 ) was a Greek film actress . She appeared in 46 films between 1946 and 1972 , mainly working in Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milly_(actress)', 'summary': 'Carla Mignone , known by her stage name Milly ( Alessandria , Piemonte , Italy 26 February 1905 - Nepi , Viterbo , Italy 22 September 1980 ) was an Italian singer , actress and cabaret performer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Addobbati', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Addobbati ( born December 31 , 1909 in Makarska - died January 4 , 1986 in Rome ) was an Italian film actor known for his roles in Spaghetti Western and action films in the 1960s and 1970s . He was often billed as John MacDouglas for films released to an American audience . Addobbati was born in Makarska and later lived in Trieste . He made over 80 film appearances between 1937 and 1980 often as a police officer or law enforcer . He starred in films such as The Phantom of the Opera ( 1964 ) , Blood For A Silver Dollar alongside Giuliano Gemma ( Montgomery Wood ) and in The Conformist ( 1970 ) . He also made several horror film appearances such as Nightmare Castle in 1965 alongside Barbara Steele , Paul Muller , Helga Liné , Laurence Clift and Rik Battaglia'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Alberto Moravia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Conformist', 'summary': "The Conformist ( Il conformista ) is a novel by Alberto Moravia published in 1951 , which details the life and desire for normalcy of a government official during Italy 's fascist period . It is also known for the 1970 film adaptation by Bernardo Bertolucci ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Moravia', 'summary': "Alberto Moravia ( US : /moʊˈrɑːviə , -ˈreɪv-/ moh-RAH-vee-ə , -\u2060RAY- , Italian : [ alˈbɛrto moˈraːvja ] ; born Alberto Pincherle [ ˈpiŋkerle ] ; November 28 , 1907 - September 26 , 1990 ) was an Italian novelist and journalist . His novels explored matters of modern sexuality , social alienation and existentialism . Moravia is best known for his debut novel Gli indifferenti ( 1929 ) and for the anti-fascist novel Il Conformista ( The Conformist ) , the basis for the film The Conformist ( 1970 ) directed by Bernardo Bertolucci . Other novels of his adapted for the cinema are Agostino , filmed with the same title by Mauro Bolognini in 1962 ; Il disprezzo ( A Ghost at Noon or Contempt ) , filmed by Jean-Luc Godard as Le Mépris ( Contempt 1963 ) ; La Noia ( Boredom ) , filmed with that title by Damiano Damiani in 1963 and released in the US as The Empty Canvas in 1964 and La ciociara , filmed by Vittorio De Sica as Two Women ( 1960 ) . Cédric Kahn 's L'Ennui ( 1998 ) is another version of La Noia . Moravia once remarked that the most important facts of his life had been his illness , a tubercular infection of the bones that confined him to a bed for five years and Fascism , because they both caused him to suffer and do things he otherwise would not have done . It is what we are forced to do that forms our character , not what we do of our own free will . Moravia was an atheist . His writing was marked by its factual , cold , precise style , often depicting the malaise of the bourgeoisie . It was rooted in the tradition of nineteenth-century narrative , underpinned by high social and cultural awareness . Moravia believed that writers must , if they were to represent reality , assume a moral position , a clearly conceived political , social , and philosophical attitude but also that , ultimately , A writer survives in spite of his beliefs . Between 1959 and 1962 Moravia was president of PEN International , the worldwide association of writers ."}]}, {'value': 'Daddy , Darling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daddy,_Darling', 'summary': 'Daddy , Darling is a 1970 Danish / American sexploitation film directed by Joseph W. Sarno .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph W. Sarno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_W._Sarno', 'summary': 'Joseph W. Sarno ( March 15 , 1921 - April 26 , 2010 ) was an American film director and screenwriter . Sarno emerged from the proto-pornographic sexploitation film genre of the 1950s & 1960s ; he had written and directed approximately 75 theatrically released feature films in the sexploitation , softcore and hardcore genres as well as a number of shot-on-video features for the 1980s hardcore video market .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sexploitation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helli Louise , Gio Petré , Ole Wisborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helli_Louise', 'summary': 'Helli Louise Brunchmann Jacobson , often billed as Helli Louise ( 2 August 1949 - 22 June 2018 ) , was a Danish actress who appeared in films and television , including The Benny Hill Show , during the 1970s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gio_Petré', 'summary': 'Gio Birgitta Petré , née Ann-Marie Birgitta Bengtsdotter Petré ( born 1 November 1937 ) is a Swedish film actress . She appeared in 27 films between 1955 and 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dark Side of Tomorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Tomorrow', 'summary': 'The Dark Side of Tomorrow is a 1970 exploitation film about two bored suburban housewives who begin an affair while their husbands are away on business . Things take a turn when one of them decides to become involved with a young man from their neighborhood . To one woman , it was just a fling ; the other , it was more serious . It was re-released in 1975 as Just the Two of Us .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Deerson , Barbara Peeters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Peeters', 'summary': 'Barbara Peeters , also known as Barbara Peters , is an American director and screenwriter of television and film . She is best known for her collaborations with producer-director Roger Corman on films such as Humanoids from the Deep , as well as directing episodes of television shows such as Remington Steele .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Plumb , Alicia Courtney , John Aprea , Marland Proctor and Wayne Want', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Aprea', 'summary': 'Jonathan John Aprea ( born March 4 , 1941 ) is an American actor and comedian , best known for his role as the young Sal Tessio in The Godfather : Part II ( 1974 ) and on television as Lucas Castigliano in Another World from 1989 to 1992 . He also co-starred with Lee Horsley in Matt Houston during the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Re-released in 1975 as Just the Two of Us', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorian Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(1970_film)', 'summary': "Dorian Gray ( Italian : Il dio chiamato Dorian , lit . 'The god called Dorian ' ) a.k.a . The Sins of Dorian Gray is a 1970 movie adaptation of Oscar Wilde 's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray starring Helmut Berger . The Italian title translates as A God Called Dorian . Directed by Massimo Dallamano and produced by Harry Alan Towers , the film stresses the decadence and eroticism of the story and changes the setting to early 1970s London . The sexual liberation of the late 1960s and early 1970s provides a fitting backdrop for Dorian 's escapades in this version , and also the general clothing and fashion style of the era is extrapolated into a 1970s version of the aesthetic , decadent world of the 1890s novel . Critical opinion of the film is decidedly mixed . On the one hand , some consider the film trash and sexploitation , while others point out that the film was shot at a unique time in the 20th century when a new openness about sexuality and its depiction on film allowed showing scenes only vaguely hinted at in the novel and earlier ( and also later ) movie adaptations . A marked difference between this version and the novel is the final scene . Instead of Dorian slicing the painting with the knife ( thereby inadvertently killing himself ) , he is seen committing suicide with the knife deliberately ."}]}, {'value': 'Massimo Dallamano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Dallamano', 'summary': 'Massimo Dallamano ( April 17 , 1917 - November 4 , 1976 ) , sometimes credited as Max Dillman , Max Dillmann or Jack Dalmas , was an Italian director and director of photography .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horror , thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Berger , Richard Todd , Herbert Lom , Marie Liljedahl , Margaret Lee , Isa Miranda , Eleonora Rossi Drago , Maria Rohm , Stewart Black and Beryl Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Berger', 'summary': 'Helmut Berger ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈbɛʁɡɐ ] ( listen ) ; born Helmut Steinberger ; 29 May 1944 ) is an Austrian film and television actor . Berger , who often portrayed narcissistic and sexually ambiguous characters , was one of the best-known stars of the European cinema in the late 1960s and 1970s . Berger is most famous for his work with Luchino Visconti , particularly in his performance as King Ludwig II of Bavaria in Ludwig , for which he received a special David di Donatello award , and his performance in The Damned for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . He appears primarily in European cinema , but has also acted in American productions such as The Godfather Part III as well as a guest appearance on the soap opera , Dynasty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Todd', 'summary': 'Richard Andrew Palethorpe Todd OBE ( 11 June 1919 - 3 December 2009 ) was an Irish-born British actor . He received a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer - Male , as well as an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nomination for his role in the film The Hasty Heart ( 1949 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Lom', 'summary': 'Herbert Lom ( Czech pronunciation : [ ɦɛrbɛrt lom ] ; 11 September 1917 - 27 September 2012 ) was a Czech-born British film and television actor who moved to the United Kingdom in 1939 . In a career lasting more than 60 years , he appeared in character roles , often portraying criminals or villains early in his career and professional men in later years . Lom was noted for his precise , elegant enunciation of English . He is best known for his roles in The Ladykillers , The Pink Panther film series , War and Peace and the television series The Human Jungle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Liljedahl', 'summary': 'Marie Liljedahl ( born 15 February 1950 ) is a Swedish actress who had a short-lived film career in the late-1960s and early-1970s , in the films of Joseph W. Sarno and Jesus Franco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Lee_(British_actress)', 'summary': 'Margaret Lee ( born Margaret Gwendolyn Box ; 4 August 1943 ) is a British actress who was a popular leading lady in Italian films in the 1960s and 1970s . She is the mother of production manager/producer Roberto Malerba ( from her marriage to Gino Malerba ) and production coordinator Damian Anderson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isa_Miranda', 'summary': 'Isa Miranda ( 5 July 1909 - 8 July 1982 ) was an Italian actress with an international film career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleonora_Rossi_Drago', 'summary': "Eleonora Rossi Drago , born Palmira Omiccioli , ( 23 September 1925 - 2 December 2007 ) was an Italian film actress . She was born in Quinto al Mare , Genoa , Italy , and had the leading role in Le amiche . She appeared in Un maledetto imbroglio . In 1960 , for her performance in Estate violenta , she won the best actress prize of the Mar del Plata Film Festival and the Nastro d'argento . In 1964 , she appeared in La Cittadella . She died in Palermo , Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Rohm', 'summary': 'Maria Rohm ( 13 August 1945 - 18 June 2018 ) was an Austrian actress . Born Helga Grohmann in Vienna , she started her acting career at the very young age , working at the famous Viennese Burgtheatre as a child actor from ages 4 through 13 . She continued her theatrical work until the age of 18 when she auditioned for British film producer , Harry Alan Towers , whom she would later marry . Working with Towers she became famous for appearing in a number of films directed by Jesús Franco in the late 1960s . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beryl_Cunningham', 'summary': 'Beryl Cunningham ( born 8 August 1946 ) is a Jamaican actress and model , mainly active in Italian cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel novel of the same name by Oscar Wilde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray', 'summary': "The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde , first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . Fearing the story was indecent , the magazine 's editor deleted roughly five hundred words before publication without Wilde 's knowledge . Despite that censorship , The Picture of Dorian Gray offended the moral sensibilities of British book reviewers , some of whom said that Oscar Wilde merited prosecution for violating the laws guarding public morality . In response , Wilde aggressively defended his novel and art in correspondence with the British press , although he personally made excisions of some of the most controversial material when revising and lengthening the story for book publication the following year . The longer and revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray published in book form in 1891 featured an aphoristic preface - a defence of the artist 's rights and of art for art 's sake - based in part on his press defences of the novel the previous year . The content , style , and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right , as a literary and artistic manifesto . In April 1891 , the publishing firm of Ward , Lock and Company , who had distributed the shorter , more inflammatory , magazine version in England the previous year , published the revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray . The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only novel written by Wilde . It exists in several versions : the 1890 magazine edition ( in 13 chapters ) , with important material deleted before publication by the magazine 's editor , J. M. Stoddart ; the uncensored version submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for publication ( also in 13 chapters ) , with all of Wilde 's original material intact , first published in 2011 by Harvard University Press ; and the 1891 book edition ( in 20 chapters ) . As literature of the 19th century , The Picture of Dorian Gray pivots on a gothic plot device with strong themes interpreted from Faust ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Wilde', 'summary': "Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde ( 16 October 1854 - 30 November 1900 ) was an Irish poet and playwright . After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s , the early 1890s saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London . He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays , his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray , and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross indecency , imprisonment , and early death at age 46 . Wilde 's parents were successful Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin . A young Wilde learned to speak fluent French and German . At university , Wilde read Greats ; he demonstrated himself to be an exceptional classicist , first at Trinity College Dublin , then at Oxford . He became associated with the emerging philosophy of aestheticism , led by two of his tutors , Walter Pater and John Ruskin . After university , Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles . As a spokesman for aestheticism , he tried his hand at various literary activities : he published a book of poems , lectured in the United States and Canada on the new English Renaissance in Art and interior decoration , and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist . Known for his biting wit , flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill , Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day . At the turn of the 1890s , he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays , and incorporated themes of decadence , duplicity , and beauty into what would be his only novel , The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) . The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely , and combine them with larger social themes , drew Wilde to write drama ."}]}, {'value': 'Entertaining Mr Sloane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entertaining_Mr_Sloane_(film)', 'summary': 'Entertaining Mr Sloane is a 1970 British black comedy film directed by Douglas Hickox . The screenplay by Clive Exton is based on the 1964 play of the same title by Joe Orton . This was the second adaptation of the play , the first having been developed for British television and broadcast by ITV on 15 July 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Hickox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Hickox', 'summary': 'Douglas Arthur Hickox ( 10 January 1929 - 25 July 1988 ) was an English film and television director .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beryl Reid , Peter McEnery , Harry Andrews and Alan Webb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beryl_Reid', 'summary': "Beryl Elizabeth Reid , OBE ( 17 June 1919 - 13 October 1996 ) , was an English actress of stage and screen . She won the 1967 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Killing of Sister George , the 1980 Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance for Born in the Gardens , and the 1982 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for Smiley 's People . Her film appearances included The Belles of St. Trinian 's ( 1954 ) , The Killing of Sister George ( 1968 ) , The Assassination Bureau ( 1969 ) , and No Sex Please , We 're British ( 1973 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_McEnery', 'summary': 'Peter Robert McEnery ( born 21 February 1940 ) is an English stage and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Andrews', 'summary': 'Harry Fleetwood Andrews , CBE ( 10 November 1911 - 6 March 1989 ) was an English actor known for his film portrayals of tough military officers . His performance as Sergeant Major Wilson in The Hill alongside Sean Connery earned Andrews the 1965 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor and a nomination for the 1966 BAFTA Award for Best British Actor . The first of his more than 80 film appearances was in The Red Beret in 1953 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Webb_(actor)', 'summary': 'Alan Webb ( 2 July 1906 - 22 June 1982 ) was an English stage and film actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the play of the same name by Joe Orton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entertaining_Mr_Sloane', 'summary': "Entertaining Mr Sloane is a play by the English playwright Joe Orton . It was first produced in London at the New Arts Theatre on 6 May 1964 and transferred to the West End 's Wyndham 's Theatre on 29 June 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Orton', 'summary': 'John Kingsley Orton ( 1 January 1933 - 9 August 1967 ) , known under the pen name of Joe Orton , was an English playwright , author and diarist . His public career - from 1964 until his death in 1967 - was short but highly influential . During this brief period he shocked , outraged , and amused audiences with his scandalous black comedies . The adjective Ortonesque refers to work characterised by a similarly dark yet farcical cynicism .'}]}, {'value': 'Gods of the Plague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gods_of_the_Plague', 'summary': 'Gods of the Plague ( German : Götter der Pest ) is a 1970 West German black-and-white drama film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder .'}]}, {'value': 'Rainer Werner Fassbinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder', 'summary': "Rainer Werner Fassbinder ( German : [ ˈʁaɪ̯nɐ ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈfasˌbɪndɐ ] ; 31 May 1945 - 10 June 1982 ) , sometimes credited as R. W. Fassbinder , was a West German filmmaker , actor , playwright , theatre director , composer , cinematographer , editor , and essayist . He is widely regarded as a prominent figure and catalyst of the New German Cinema movement . His first feature-length film was a gangster movie called Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) ; he scored his first domestic commercial success with The Merchant of Four Seasons ( 1972 ) and his first international success with Ali : Fear Eats the Soul ( 1974 ) , both of which are considered masterpieces by contemporary critics . Big-budget projects such as Despair ( 1978 ) , Lili Marleen and Lola ( both 1981 ) followed . His greatest success came with The Marriage of Maria Braun ( 1979 ) , chronicling the rise and fall of a German woman in the wake of World War II . Other notable films include The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant ( 1972 ) , Fox and His Friends ( 1975 ) , Satan 's Brew ( 1976 ) , and Querelle ( 1982 ) , all of which focused on gay and lesbian themes . Fassbinder died on 10 June 1982 , at the age of 37 , from a lethal cocktail of cocaine and barbiturates . Although his career lasted less than two decades , he was extremely prolific ; by the time of his death , he had completed over forty feature films , two television series , three short films , four video productions , and twenty-four plays ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanna Schygulla , Margarethe von Trotta , Harry Baer , Günther Kaufmann , Carla Egerer , Ingrid Caven , Jan George , Marian Seidowsky and Yaak Karsunke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanna_Schygulla', 'summary': "Hanna Schygulla ( born 25 December 1943 ) is a German actress and chanson singer . Long associated with the theater and film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder , for whom she first worked in 1965 , she was prominent in the New German Cinema . She won the 1979 Berlin Silver Bear for Best Actress for Fassbinder 's The Marriage of Maria Braun , and the 1983 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for the Marco Ferreri film The Story of Piera ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta', 'summary': "Margarethe von Trotta ( born 21 February 1942 ) is a German film director who has been referred to as a leading force of the New German Cinema movement . Von Trotta 's extensive body of work has won awards internationally . She was married to and collaborated with director Volker Schlöndorff . Although they made a successful team , von Trotta felt she was seen as secondary to Schlöndorff . Subsequently , she established a solo career for herself and became Germanys foremost female film director , who has offered the most sustained and successful female variant of Autorenkino in postwar German film history . Certain aspects of von Trotta 's work have been compared to Ingmar Bergman 's features from the 1960s and 1970s . Von Trotta has been called the worlds leading feminist filmmaker . The predominant aim of her films is to create new representations of women . Her films are concerned with relationships between and among women ( sisters , best friends , etc . ) , as well as with relationships between women and men , and involve political setting . Nevertheless , she rejects the suggestion that she makes womens films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Baer', 'summary': 'Harry Baer ( born Harry Zöttl on 27 September 1947 ) is a German actor , producer and author , best known for his work with director Rainer Werner Fassbinder . He has also been credited as Harry Bär .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Günther_Kaufmann', 'summary': "Günther Kaufmann ( 16 June 1947 - 10 May 2012 ) was a German film actor best known for his association with director Rainer Werner Fassbinder . Fassbinder directed Kaufmann in a total of 14 films , casting him in leading and minor roles . Kaufmann was also romantically involved with the director for a time . In 2002 , Kaufmann was accused of murder in relation to the 2001 death of Hartmut Hagen , a 60-year-old accountant whom Kaufmann 's wife had defrauded . The death was ruled accidental , though Kaufmann was sentenced to prison for lesser crimes relating to the incident . In 2005 , a new police investigation discovered that Kaufmann was innocent , and had confessed to the crimes to cover up for his late wife , who may have been the perpetrator . He was subsequently released from prison and resumed his acting career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Caven', 'summary': "Ingrid Caven ( /kɑːvɛn/ ; born 3 August 1938 ) is a German film actress and singer . She is best known for her roles in several films directed by her husband , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , including Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) , Why Does Herr R. Run Amok ? ( 1970 ) , and The American Soldier ( 1970 ) . She continued to appear in Fassbinder 's films after their 1972 divorce until his death in 1982 . She has also appeared in Silent Night ( 1995 ) , 35 Shots of Rum ( 2009 ) and Suspiria ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yaak_Karsunke', 'summary': "Yaak Karsunke ( born 4 June 1934 , Berlin ) is a German author and actor . The son of an engineer and the procurer of a publishing house , he grew up in the borough of Pankow . In 1949 his family moved to Friedenau . Here Karsunke attended Gymnasium ( high school ) . In 1953 he passed the Abitur and studied jurisprudence for three semesters . From 1955 to 1957 he studied drama at the Max-Reinhardt-Schule , today known as the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts . From 1957 to 1964 he made a living doing odd jobs . In 1964 , Karsunke moved to Munich , where he became involved with the Außerparlamentarische Opposition , becoming a spokesman for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1968 . Along with other leftist authors , he founded the literary review Kürbiskern , for which he served as editor in chief from 1965 until August 1968 , when he resigned as a protest against the Soviet repression of the Prague Spring . In the early 1970s , Karsunke befriended Rainer Werner Fassbinder , appearing in his films Love Is Colder Than Death ( 1969 ) , Gods of the Plague ( 1970 ) , and Berlin Alexanderplatz ( 1980 ) . From 1976 to 1979 he served as Fassbinder 's technical adviser at the German Film and Television Academy Berlin . From 1981 to 1999 he taught creative writing at the Berlin University of the Arts ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Eagle_(film)', 'summary': 'Golden Eagle ( Thai : อินทรีทอง , or Golden Eagle ) is a 1970 Thai action film starring Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat . Chaibancha died while filming the stunt for the final scene in the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitr Chaibancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitr_Chaibancha', 'summary': 'Mitr Chaibancha ( Thai มิตร ชัยบัญชา ( Pronunciation ) , January 28 , 1934 in Phetchaburi , Thailand - October 8 , 1970 ) was a Thai film actor who made 266 films from 1956 to 1970 . He died on October 8 , 1970 at Dongtan Beach , Jomtien , Pattaya , after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong ( Golden Eagle ) . At the height of his career in the 1960s , Mitr , along with Petchara Chaowarat , made a string of hit films that packed cinemas . Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period , Mitr starred in nearly half of them .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitr Chaibancha , Petchara Chaowarat , Ling Fan , Chuen Chan , Chat Chayaphum , Chuan Chen , Hao Chen , Ti-Ko Chen and Yi-Hsiung Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitr_Chaibancha', 'summary': 'Mitr Chaibancha ( Thai มิตร ชัยบัญชา ( Pronunciation ) , January 28 , 1934 in Phetchaburi , Thailand - October 8 , 1970 ) was a Thai film actor who made 266 films from 1956 to 1970 . He died on October 8 , 1970 at Dongtan Beach , Jomtien , Pattaya , after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong ( Golden Eagle ) . At the height of his career in the 1960s , Mitr , along with Petchara Chaowarat , made a string of hit films that packed cinemas . Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period , Mitr starred in nearly half of them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Petchara_Chaowarat', 'summary': 'Petchara Chaowarat ( Thai : เพชรา เชาวราษฎร์ ; born January 19 , 1943 in Rayong Province , Thailand ) is a Thai film actress who starred in around 300 films from 1961 to 1979 . An icon of the Golden Age of Thai cinema , she was known for her round , pool-like eyes and elaborate hairstyles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sub-plot features a gang of kathoey as criminals , with a cross-dressing police detective trying to infiltrate them ; Chaibancha fell to his death while filming the stunt for the final scene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathoey', 'summary': "Kathoey or katoey ( Thai : กะเทย ; RTGS : kathoei Thai pronunciation : [ kàtʰɤːj ] ) is a word used in Thailand to describe male-to-female transgender person or person of a third gender , or an effeminate homosexual male . Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than kathoey when referring to themselves , such as phuying ( Thai : ผู้หญิง 'woman ' ) . A significant number of Thais perceive kathoey as belonging to a third sex , including some transgender women themselves . In face of the many sociopolitical obstacles that kathoeys navigate in Thailand , kathoey activism has led to legal recognition as of January 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse , But the Society in Which He Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/It_Is_Not_the_Homosexual_Who_Is_Perverse,_But_the_Society_in_Which_He_Lives', 'summary': "It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse , But the Society in Which He Lives ( German : Nicht der Homosexuelle ist pervers , sondern die Situation , in der er lebt ) is a 1971 German camp film directed by Rosa von Praunheim . The plot follows the adventures of a young gay man from the province who arrives in Berlin . He gradually leaves behind his innocence led by his increasing appetite for excitement in the big-city gay scene . He moves from one gay milieu to another caught in his addiction for fashion and sexual experiences . Scenes from Daniel 's life and the various milieus he frequents are accompanied by voice-overs that are sometimes commentaries about the different gay life 's styles and sometimes represent dialogue or narrations . There is no synch sound . The voice over and dialogue recorded do not match what is on the screen . The reception of the film was controversial . Many viewed the harsh view of gay men culture depicted as such attack that it prompted the videotaping of a short , Audience Response to Its not the Homosexual… , shot during a screening and discussion interview with von Praunheim in 1973 at New York 's Museum of Modern Art , and currently precedes many of the film 's screenings . The film triggered the modern gay liberation movement in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosa von Praunheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim', 'summary': 'Rosa von Praunheim ( born 25 November 1942 ) is a German film director , author , painter and the most famous gay rights activist in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . In over 50 years , von Praunheim has made more than 150 films ( short and feature-length films ) . His works influenced the development of LGBTQ rights movements worldwide . He began his career associated to the New German Cinema as a senior member of the Berlin school of underground filmmaking . He took the artistic female name Rosa von Praunheim to remind people of the pink triangle that homosexuals had to wear in Nazi concentration camps . A pioneer of Queer Cinema , von Praunheim has been an activist in the gay rights movement . He was an early advocate of AIDS awareness and safer sex , but has been a controversial figure even within the gay community . His films center on gay related themes and strong female characters . His works are characterized by excess and employ a campy style . His films have featured such personalities as Diamanda Galás , Jayne County , Vaginal Davis , Divine , Jeff Stryker and a row of Warhol superstars .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary , Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berryt Bohlen , Bernd Feuerhelm , Ernst Kuchling and Norbert Losch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Kremlin Letter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kremlin_Letter', 'summary': "The Kremlin Letter is a 1970 American neo-noir DeLuxe Color espionage thriller in Panavision directed by John Huston and starring Richard Boone , Orson Welles , Max von Sydow , Bibi Andersson , Patrick O'Neal and George Sanders . It was released in February 1970 by 20th Century-Fox . The screenplay was co-written by Huston and Gladys Hill as a faithful adaptation of the novel by Noel Behn , who had worked for the United States Army 's Counterintelligence Corps . Said by reviewers to be beautifully and engagingly photographed , the film is a highly complex and realistic tale of bitter intrigue and espionage set in the winter of 1969-1970 at the height of the US-Soviet Cold War . The Kremlin Letter was a commercial failure and thinly reviewed in 1970 , but the film has gathered steady praise from some critics throughout the decades since its release . French filmmaker Jean-Pierre Melville called The Kremlin Letter masterly and .saw it as establishing the standard for cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'John Huston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Huston', 'summary': "John Marcellus Huston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ; August 5 , 1906 - August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , actor , and visual artist . Huston was a citizen of the United States by birth but renounced U.S. citizenship to become an Irish citizen and resident . He returned to the United States , where he lived the rest of his life . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , winning twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins . Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career , sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , with little editing needed . Some of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting an heroic quest , as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming destructive alliances , giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism , and war . Huston has been referred to as a titan , a rebel , and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Based on the novel by Noel Behn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Behn', 'summary': "Noel Ira Behn ( Chicago , January 6 1928 - New York , July 27 1998 ) was an American novelist , screenwriter and theatrical producer . His first novel , The Kremlin Letter , drawn from his work in the US Army 's Counterintelligence Corps , was made into a film by John Huston in 1970 . Behn 's non-fiction The Big Stick-Up at Brink 's was adapted into a 1978 movie starring Peter Falk and Peter Boyle . His controversial book Lindbergh : The Crime delved into the Lindbergh kidnapping , claiming that the baby had died in a family accident , and the kidnapping was faked . Behn was influential in the development of Off Broadway theatre in New York and he was producing director of the Cherry Lane Theater throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Beginning in the late 1960s , owing to the happenstance of having offices in the same building on 57th Street in New York City , Behn began longstanding creative friendships with screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky , choreographer Bob Fosse and playwright Herb Gardner . He also wrote seven episodes of Homicide : Life on the Street between 1993 and 1997 . The second episode of the third season of the prison drama Oz was dedicated to his memory ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Big Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(film)', 'summary': "Little Big Man is a 1970 American western film directed by Arthur Penn and based on the novel Little Big Man by Thomas Berger . While broadly categorized as a western , or an epic , the film encompasses several literary/film genres , including comedy , drama and adventure . It is about a white male child raised by the Cheyenne nation during the 19th century . The film is largely concerned with contrasting the lives of American pioneers and Native Americans throughout the progression of the boy 's life . It stars Dustin Hoffman , Chief Dan George , Faye Dunaway , Martin Balsam , Jeff Corey and Richard Mulligan . It is a revisionist Western : Native Americans are depicted sympathetically , and the United States Cavalry are depicted as villains . The revision uses elements of satire and tragedy to examine prejudice and injustice . Little Big Man is an anti-establishment film of the period , indirectly protesting America 's involvement in the Vietnam War by portraying the United States Armed Forces negatively . In 2014 , Little Big Man was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Penn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Penn', 'summary': "Arthur Hiller Penn ( September 27 , 1922 - September 28 , 2010 ) was an American director and producer of film , television and theater . Closely associated with the American New Wave , Penn directed critically acclaimed films throughout the 1960s such as the drama The Chase ( 1966 ) , the biographical crime film Bonnie and Clyde ( 1967 ) and the comedy Alice 's Restaurant ( 1969 ) . He also got attention for his revisionist Western Little Big Man ( 1970 ) . By the mid-1970s his films were received with much less enthusiasm . In the 1990s he returned to stage and television direction and production , including an executive producer role for the crime series Law & Order . By his death in 2010 , he had been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Director , a BAFTA , a Golden Globe , two Emmys , and two Directors Guild of America Awards . He was the recipient of several honorary accolades , including an Honorary Golden Bear , a Tony Award , and an Akira Kurosawa Award from the San Francisco International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dustin Hoffman , Faye Dunaway , Chief Dan George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman', 'summary': "Dustin Lee Hoffman ( born August 8 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and emotionally vulnerable characters . He is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award ) , four BAFTAs , three Drama Desk Awards , and two Emmy Awards . Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012 . Hoffman first drew critical praise for starring in the play Eh ? , for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award . His breakthrough film role was as Benjamin Braddock in critically acclaimed and iconic The Graduate ( 1967 ) . Since that time , Hoffman 's career has largely been focused on the cinema , with sporadic returns to television and to the stage . Hoffman 's films include Midnight Cowboy , Little Big Man , Papillon , Lenny , Marathon Man , All the President 's Men , Kramer vs. Kramer , Tootsie , Rain Man , Hook , and Wag the Dog . He made his directorial debut in 2012 , with Quartet , and has done voice work for the Kung Fu Panda film series and The Tale of Despereaux ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faye_Dunaway', 'summary': "Dorothy Faye Dunaway ( born January 14 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She has won an Academy Award , three Golden Globes , a BAFTA , and an Emmy , and was the first recipient of a Leopard Club Award that honors film professionals whose work has left a mark on the collective imagination . In 2011 , the government of France made her an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters . Her career began in the early 1960s on Broadway . She made her screen debut in the 1967 film The Happening , and rose to fame that same year with her portrayal of outlaw Bonnie Parker in Arthur Penn 's Bonnie and Clyde , for which she received her first Academy Award nomination . Her most notable films include the crime caper The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1968 ) , the drama The Arrangement ( 1969 ) , the revisionist western Little Big Man ( 1970 ) , an adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas classic The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , the neo-noir mystery Chinatown ( 1974 ) , for which she earned her second Oscar nomination , the action-drama disaster The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) , the political thriller Three Days of the Condor ( 1975 ) , the satire Network ( 1976 ) , for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress , and the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) . Her career evolved to more mature and character roles in subsequent years , often in independent films , beginning with her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest . Other notable films in which she has appeared include Barfly ( 1987 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Arizona Dream ( 1994 ) , The Twilight of the Golds ( 1997 ) , Gia ( 1998 ) and The Rules of Attraction ( 2002 ) . Dunaway also performed on stage in several plays including A Man for All Seasons ( 1961-63 ) , After the Fall ( 1964 ) , Hogan 's Goat ( 1965-67 ) , A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1973 ) and was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class ( 1996 ) . She is protective of her private life , rarely gives interviews , and makes very few public appearances . After romantic relationships with Jerry Schatzberg and Marcello Mastroianni , Dunaway married twice , first singer Peter Wolf and then photographer Terry O'Neill , with whom she had a son , Liam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Dan_George', 'summary': 'Chief Dan George , OC ( July 24 , 1899 - September 23 , 1981 ) was a chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation , a Coast Salish band whose Indian reserve is located on Burrard Inlet in the southeast area of the District of North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . He was also an actor , musician , poet and author ; his best-known written work was My Heart Soars . As an actor , he is best remembered for portraying Old Lodge Skins opposite Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man ( 1970 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ; also for his role in The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) , as Lone Watie , opposite Clint Eastwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Berger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(novel)', 'summary': "Little Big Man is a 1964 novel by American author Thomas Berger . Often described as a satire or parody of the western genre , the book is a modern example of picaresque fiction . Berger made use of a large volume of overlooked first-person primary materials , such as diaries , letters , and memoirs , to fashion a wide-ranging and entertaining tale that comments on alienation , identity , and perceptions of reality . Easily Berger 's best known work , Little Big Man was made into a popular film by Arthur Penn . It has been called Berger 's response to the great American myth of the frontier , representing as it does most of the central traditions of American literature ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Berger_(novelist)', 'summary': "Thomas Louis Berger ( July 20 , 1924 - July 13 , 2014 ) was an American novelist . Probably best known for his picaresque novel Little Big Man and the subsequent film by Arthur Penn , Berger explored and manipulated many genres of fiction throughout his career , including the crime novel , the hard-boiled detective story , science fiction , the utopian novel , plus re-workings of classical mythology , Arthurian legend , and the survival adventure . Berger 's biting wit led many reviewers to refer to him as a satirist or comic novelist , descriptions he preferred to reject . His admirers often bemoaned that his talent and achievement were under-appreciated , in view of his versatility across many forms of fiction , his precise use of language , and his probing intelligence ."}]}, {'value': 'Myra Breckinridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge_(film)', 'summary': "Myra Breckinridge is a 1970 American comedy film based on Gore Vidal 's 1968 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Michael Sarne , and featured Raquel Welch in the title role . It also starred John Huston as Buck Loner , Mae West as Leticia Van Allen , Farrah Fawcett , Rex Reed , Roger Herren , and Roger C. Carmel . Tom Selleck made his film debut in a small role as one of Leticia 's studs . Theadora Van Runkle was costume designer for the film , though Edith Head designed West 's costumes . Like the novel , the picture follows the exploits of Myra Breckinridge ( née Myron ) , a transgender woman who has undergone a sex change operation . Claiming to be her own widow , she manipulates her uncle into giving her a position at his acting school , where she attempts to usurp Hollywood 's social order by introducing femdom into the curriculum . The picture was controversial for its sexual explicitness ( including acts like female-on-male rape ) , but it , unlike the novel , received little to no critical praise and has been cited as one of the worst films ever made ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Sarne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Sarne', 'summary': 'Michael Sarne ( born 6 August 1940 ) is a British actor , writer , producer and director , who also had a brief career as a pop singer in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raquel Welch , Rex Reed , John Huston , Mae West , Farrah Fawcett , Roger C. Carmel , Roger Herren , George Furth , Calvin Lockhart , Jim Backus , John Carradine , Andy Devine , Grady Sutton , Robert Lieb , Skip Ward , Kathleen Freeman , B.S . Pully , Buck Kartalian , Monte Landis , Tom Selleck , Toni Basil , Dan Hedaya and William Hopper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raquel_Welch', 'summary': "Raquel Welch ( born Jo Raquel Tejada ; September 5 , 1940 ) is an American actress and singer . She first won attention for her role in Fantastic Voyage ( 1966 ) , after which she won a contract with 20th Century Fox . They lent her contract to the British studio Hammer Film Productions , for whom she made One Million Years B.C . ( 1966 ) . Although she had only three lines of dialogue in the film , images of her in the doe-skin bikini which she wore became best-selling posters that turned her into an international sex symbol . She later starred in notable films including Bedazzled ( 1967 ) , Bandolero ! ( 1968 ) , 100 Rifles ( 1969 ) , Myra Breckinridge ( 1970 ) and Hannie Caulder ( 1971 ) . She made several television variety specials . Welch 's unique film persona made her an icon of the 1960s and 1970s , due to her portrayal of strong female characters and breaking the mold of the archetypal sex symbol . Because of this , her rise to stardom in the mid 1960s was partly credited with ending Hollywood 's vigorous promotion of the blonde bombshell . She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy in 1974 for her performance in The Three Musketeers . She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Television Film for her performance in the film Right to Die ( 1987 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rex_Reed', 'summary': 'Rex Taylor Reed ( born October 2 , 1938 ) is an American film critic , occasional actor and former co-host of the syndicated television show At the Movies . He writes the column On the Town with Rex Reed for The New York Observer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Huston', 'summary': "John Marcellus Huston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ; August 5 , 1906 - August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , actor , and visual artist . Huston was a citizen of the United States by birth but renounced U.S. citizenship to become an Irish citizen and resident . He returned to the United States , where he lived the rest of his life . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , winning twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins . Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career , sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , with little editing needed . Some of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting an heroic quest , as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming destructive alliances , giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism , and war . Huston has been referred to as a titan , a rebel , and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mae_West', 'summary': 'Mary Jane Mae West ( August 17 , 1893 - November 22 , 1980 ) was an American actress , singer , playwright , screenwriter , comedian , and sex symbol whose entertainment career spanned seven decades . She was known for her lighthearted , bawdy double entendres and breezy sexual independence . She was active in vaudeville and on the stage in New York City before moving to Hollywood to become a comedian , actress , and writer in the motion picture industry , as well as appearing on radio and television . The American Film Institute named her 15th among the greatest female stars of classic American cinema . West often used a husky contralto voice and was one of the more controversial movie stars of her day ; she encountered many problems , especially censorship . She once quipped , I believe in censorship . I made a fortune out of it . She bucked the system , making comedy out of conventional mores , and the Depression-era audience admired her for it . When her cinematic career ended , she wrote books and plays and continued to perform in Las Vegas and in the UK , on radio and television , and she recorded rock and roll albums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett', 'summary': "Farrah Leni Fawcett ( /ˈfærə ˈfɔːsɪt/ ; originally spelled Ferrah ; February 2 , 1947 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American actress of stage and screen , model , and artist . A five-time Emmy Award nominee and six-time Golden Globe Award nominee , Fawcett rose to international fame when she starred as private investigator Jill Munroe in the first season of the television series Charlie 's Angels ( 1976-1977 ) . Fawcett began her career in the 1960s appearing in commercials and guest roles on television . During the 1970s , she appeared in numerous television series , including recurring roles on Harry O ( 1974-1976 ) , and The Six Million Dollar Man ( 1974-1978 ) with her first husband , film and television star Lee Majors . Her breakthrough role came in 1976 when she was cast as Jill Munroe in Charlie 's Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith . The show propelled all three to stardom , but especially Fawcett , who was then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors . After appearing only in the first season , she decided to leave the show , but returned as a guest star in six episodes during the show 's third and fourth seasons ( 1978-1980 ) . For her role in Charlie 's Angels , she received her first Golden Globe nomination . In 1983 , Fawcett received positive reviews for her performance in the Off-Broadway play Extremities . She was subsequently cast in the 1986 film version and received a Golden Globe nomination . She received two Emmy Award nominations for her roles in TV movies , as a battered wife in the 1984 film The Burning Bed and as real-life murderer Diane Downs in the 1989 film Small Sacrifices . Her 1980s work in TV movies also earned her four additional Golden Globe nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roger_C._Carmel', 'summary': 'Roger Charles Carmel ( September 27 , 1932 - November 11 , 1986 ) was an American actor . He originated several roles on Broadway , played scores of guest roles in television series , was a lead in the sitcom The Mothers-in-Law and appeared in a number of motion pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Furth', 'summary': 'George Furth ( December 14 , 1932 - August 11 , 2008 ) was an American librettist , playwright , and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Lockhart', 'summary': "Calvin Lockhart ( born Bert McClossy Cooper ; October 18 , 1934 - March 29 , 2007 ) was a Bahamian-American stage and film actor . Lockhart was perhaps best known for his roles as ; Reverend Deke O'Malley in the 1970 film Cotton Comes to Harlem and Biggie Smalls in the 1975 Warner Bros. film Let 's Do It Again ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Backus', 'summary': "James Gilmore Backus ( February 25 , 1913 - July 3 , 1989 ) was an American radio , television , film , and voice actor . Among his most famous roles was the voice of nearsighted cartoon character Mr. Magoo , the rich Hubert Updike III on the radio version of The Alan Young Show , Joan Davis ' character 's husband ( a domestic court judge ) on TV 's I Married Joan , James Dean 's character 's father in Rebel Without a Cause , and Thurston Howell III , on the 1960s sitcom Gilligan 's Island . He also starred in his own show of one season , The Jim Backus Show , also known as Hot Off the Wire . An avid golfer , Backus made the 36-hole cut at the 1964 Bing Crosby Pro-Am tournament . He was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Carradine', 'summary': "John Carradine ( born Richmond Reed Carradine ; February 5 , 1906 - November 27 , 1988 ) was an American actor , one of the most prolific and famed character actors in Hollywood history . A member of Cecil B. DeMille 's stock company and later John Ford 's company , best known for his roles in horror films , Westerns , and Shakespearean theatre . In the latter decades of his career , he starred mostly in low-budget B-movies , but continued to also appear in higher-profile fare . In total , he holds 351 film and television credits , making him one of the most prolific English-speaking actors of all time . Carradine was married four times , had five children , and was the patriarch of the Carradine family , including four of his sons and four of his grandchildren who are or were also actors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Devine', 'summary': 'Andrew Vabre Devine ( October 7 , 1905 - February 18 , 1977 ) was an American character actor known for his distinctive raspy , crackly voice and roles in Western films . He is probably best remembered for his role as Cookie , the sidekick of Roy Rogers in 10 feature films . He also appeared alongside John Wayne in films like Stagecoach ( 1939 ) , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and How the West Was Won ( both 1962 ) . He is also remembered as Jingles on the TV series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok from 1951 to 1958 , as Danny McGuire in A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) and as the voice of Friar Tuck in the Disney Animation film Robin Hood ( 1973 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grady_Sutton', 'summary': 'Grady Harwell Sutton ( April 5 , 1906 - September 17 , 1995 ) was an American film and television actor from the 1920s to the 1970s . He appeared in more than 180 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_Freeman', 'summary': 'Kathleen Freeman ( February 17 , 1919 - August 23 , 2001 ) was an American film , television , voice actress , and stage actress . In a career that spanned more than 50 years , she portrayed acerbic maids , secretaries , teachers , busybodies , nurses , and battle-axe neighbors and relatives , almost invariably to comic effect .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B.S._Pully', 'summary': "B.S . Pully , ( born Murray Lerman , May 14 , 1910 - January 6 , 1972 ) was a New York nightclub comedian and stage actor who created the role of Big Jule in the musical Guys and Dolls . He was noted for his blue humor and thick , gravelly voice . Born in Newark , New Jersey , Pully began his career on the Borscht Belt and achieved fame originating the Big Jule role in the original Broadway production of Guys and Dolls , appearing in more than 1,000 performances . He also played the role in the 1955 film version . Other notable film roles include the gruff Christmas tree vendor in 1945 's A Tree Grows in Brooklyn and Joe the Bartender in 1945 's Nob Hill . Pully died of a heart attack in Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , at age 61 . He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery , Emerson , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monte_Landis', 'summary': 'Monte Landis ( born 20 April 1933 , Glasgow ) is a Scottish-born character actor best known for playing the comic foil in multiple episodes of The Monkees , most notably as Mr . Zero in The Devil and Peter Tork . He began his career in Britain before moving to the United States in 1963 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Selleck', 'summary': "Thomas William Selleck ( /ˈsɛlɪk/ ; born January 29 , 1945 ) is an American actor , film producer , and California Army National Guard veteran . He is most known for starring as private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum , P.I . ( 1980-1988 ) , as Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby , and as NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods on CBS since 2010 . Selleck also had a recurring role as Lance White , the likeable and naive partner of Jim Rockford ( played by James Garner ) on The Rockford Files and also played Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels . Selleck has appeared in more than 50 film and television roles since Magnum , P.I. , including Three Men and a Baby , Quigley Down Under , Mr . Baseball , and Lassiter . He appeared as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends and as A.J . Cooper on the TV series Las Vegas . He also had a lead role in the television western movie The Sacketts , based on two of Louis L'Amour 's books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toni_Basil', 'summary': 'Antonia Christina Basilotta ( born September 22 , 1943 ) , better known by her stage name Toni Basil , is an American singer , actress , choreographer , dancer , and filmmaker , best known for her multi-million-selling worldwide 1981 hit Mickey , which reached No . 1 in several countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_Hedaya', 'summary': "Daniel G. Hedaya ( born July 24 , 1940 ) is an American actor . He established himself as a supporting actor , often playing sleazy villains or wisecracking supporting characters . He has had major supporting roles in films like True Confessions ( 1981 ) , The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension , Tightrope , Blood Simple ( all 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Wise Guys ( 1986 ) , Joe Versus the Volcano ( 1990 ) , The Addams Family ( 1991 ) , Rookie of the Year ( 1993 ) , Boiling Point ( 1993 ) , Clueless ( 1995 ) , The First Wives Club , Daylight , Marvin 's Room ( all 1996 ) , Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action , A Night at the Roxbury ( both 1998 ) , The Hurricane , Dick ( both 1999 ) , Shaft , The Crew ( both 2000 ) , Swimfan ( 2002 ) , Robots , and Strangers with Candy ( both 2005 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Hopper', 'summary': "William DeWolf Hopper Jr. ( January 26 , 1915 - March 6 , 1970 ) was an American stage , film , and television actor . The only child of actor DeWolf Hopper and actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper , he appeared in predominantly minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and '40s . After serving in the United States Navy during World War II , he left acting , but in the mid-1950s , he was persuaded by director William Wellman to resume his film career . He became best known for his work as private detective Paul Drake in the CBS television series Perry Mason ."}]}, {'value': 'Baed on the novel of the same name by Gore Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Breckenridge', 'summary': "Myra Breckinridge is a 1968 satirical novel by Gore Vidal written in the form of a diary . Described by the critic Dennis Altman as part of a major cultural assault on the assumed norms of gender and sexuality which swept the western world in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the book 's major themes are feminism , transsexuality , American expressions of machismo and patriarchy , and deviant sexual practices , as filtered through an aggressively camp sensibility . The controversial book is also the first instance of a novel in which the main character undergoes a clinical sex-change . Set in Hollywood in the 1960s , the novel also contains candid and irreverent glimpses into the machinations within the film industry . Myra Breckinridge was dismissed by some of the era 's more conservative critics as pornographic at the time of its first publication in February 1968 ; nevertheless , the novel immediately became a worldwide bestseller and has since come to be considered a classic in some circles . It is tempting to argue that Vidal said more to subvert the dominant rules of sex and gender in Myra than is contained in a shelf of queer theory treatises , wrote Dennis Altman . Critic Harold Bloom cites the novel as a canonical work in his book The Western Canon . Vidal called Myra the favorite of his books , and published a sequel , Myron , in 1974 . The novel was adapted into a 1970 film of the same name , which was universally panned . Vidal disowned the film , calling it an awful joke . In his 1995 memoir Palimpsest , Vidal said the voice of Myra may have been inspired by the megalomania of Anaïs Nin 's diaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gore_Vidal', 'summary': "Eugene Luther Gore Vidal ( /vɪˈdɑːl/ ; born Eugene Louis Vidal , October 3 , 1925 - July 31 , 2012 ) was an American writer and public intellectual known for his epigrammatic wit , patrician manner , and polished style of writing . Vidal was born into a political family ; his maternal grandfather , Thomas Pryor Gore , served as United States senator from Oklahoma ( 1907-1921 and 1931-1937 ) . Vidal himself twice sought office - unsuccessfully - as a Democratic Party candidate , first in 1960 to the United States House of Representatives ( for New York ) , and later in 1982 to the U.S. Senate ( for California ) . :439 As a political commentator and essayist , Vidal 's primary focus was the history and society of the United States , especially how a militaristic foreign policy reduced the country to a decadent empire . His political and cultural essays were published in The Nation , the New Statesman , the New York Review of Books , and Esquire magazines . As a public intellectual , Gore Vidal 's topical debates on sex , politics , and religion with other intellectuals and writers occasionally turned into quarrels with the likes of William F. Buckley Jr. and Norman Mailer . Vidal thought all men and women are potentially bisexual . As a novelist , Vidal explored the nature of corruption in public and private life . His polished and erudite style of narration readily evoked the time and place of his stories , and perceptively delineated the psychology of his characters . His third novel , The City and the Pillar ( 1948 ) , offended the literary , political , and moral sensibilities of conservative book reviewers , the plot being about a dispassionately presented male homosexual relationship . In the historical novel genre , Vidal recreated the imperial world of Julian the Apostate ( r. AD 361-63 ) in Julian ( 1964 ) . Julian was the Roman emperor who used religious tolerance to re-establish pagan polytheism to counter the political subversion of Christian monotheism ."}]}, {'value': 'Monique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monique_(film)', 'summary': "Monique is a 1970 drama film directed and written by John Bown . It may be the first British film to tackle the then-taboo subject of 'troilism ' ."}]}, {'value': 'John Bown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "David Sumner , Joan Alcorn , Sibylla Kay , Nicola Bown , Jacob Fitz-Jones , Davilia O'Connor , Carol Hawkins and Howard Rawlinson", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Carol Hawkins ( born 31 January 1949 in Barnet , Hertfordshire ) is an English actress . She played the roles of Sharon Eversleigh in the film of the television series Please Sir ! , Sandra in the BBC TV series Porridge , and starred in two Carry On films ( Carry On Abroad as Marge and Carry On Behind as Sandra ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No desearás al vecino del quinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramón Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Fernández', 'summary': "Ramón S. Fernández ( born October 3 , 1953 ) is a Filipino former basketball player and current commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission . Fernandez won four PBA Most Valuable Player awards and a record 19 PBA conference cups . Fernandez stood at 6 ' 4 barefoot during his prime but due to mild gigantism grew to 6 ' 5 during his final seasons . He scored 18,996 points to finish as the PBA 's all-time scoring leader . He is also the PBA 's all-time leader in rebounds , blocked shots , free throws made , playing minutes and second all-time in assists , games played and steals . He played for five teams in his entire PBA career starting with the Toyota Tamaraws , Manila Beer , Tanduay , Purefoods , and with San Miguel . Fernandez played in many overseas tournaments as a member of the Philippine basketball team . He is often regarded by older analysts as the greatest player to have ever played in the Philippine Basketball Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfredo Landa , Jean Sorel , Princess Ira von Fürstenberg , Isabel Garcés , Margot Cottens , Adrián Ortega , Annabella Incontrera , Guadalupe Muñoz Sampedro , Franco Balducci and Malisa Longo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfredo_Landa', 'summary': 'Alfredo Landa Areta MML ( 3 March 1933 - 9 May 2013 ) was a Spanish actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Sorel', 'summary': 'Jean Sorel ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ sɔʁɛl ] ; born 25 September 1934 ) is a French actor . Born Jean Bernard de Chieusses de Combaud de Roquebrune , he worked extensively in European cinema during the 1960s and 1970s with directors such as Luis Buñuel and Luchino Visconti . However , since 1980 he has worked mostly in television . He was married to Italian actress Anna Maria Ferrero from 1962 until her death in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Princess_Ira_von_Fürstenberg', 'summary': 'Princess Virginia von Fürstenberg ( Virginia Carolina Theresa Pancrazia Galdina Prinzessin zu Fürstenberg ; born 18 April 1940 ) , known professionally as Ira von Fürstenberg , is a European socialite , actress , jewelry designer and former public relations manager for the fashion designer Valentino Garavani . She is a member by birth of the princely family of Fürstenberg and a former member by marriage of the princely family of Hohenlohe-Langenburg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Garcés', 'summary': 'Isabel Garcés Cerezal ( 1901-1981 ) was a Spanish stage and film actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margot_Cottens', 'summary': 'Margot Noemí Cottens Costa ( January 9 , 1922 - January 2 , 1999 ) was an Uruguayan actress who made most of her career in Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Annabella_Incontrera', 'summary': 'Annabella Incontrera ( 11 June 1943 - 19 September 2004 ) , sometimes credited as Pam Stevenson , was an Italian film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe_Muñoz_Sampedro', 'summary': 'Guadalupe Muñoz Sampedro ( 1896-1975 ) was a Spanish film actress . She was the mother of the actress Luchy Soto . Her sisters Matilde Muñoz Sampedro and Mercedes Muñoz Sampedro were also both actors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franco_Balducci', 'summary': 'Franco Balducci ( 23 November 1922 - 7 June 2001 ) was an Italian film actor . He appeared in 75 films between 1947 and 1978 . He was born in Umbria , Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malisa_Longo', 'summary': 'Malisa Longo ( born 13 July 1950 ) is an Italian actress , model and writer .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Sherlock_Holmes', 'summary': 'The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes is a 1970 DeLuxe Color film in Panavision written and produced by Billy Wilder and I . A. L. Diamond , and directed by Wilder . The film offers an affectionate , slightly parodic look at Sherlock Holmes , and draws a distinction between the real Holmes and the character portrayed by Watson in his stories for The Strand magazine . It stars Robert Stephens as Holmes and Colin Blakely as Doctor Watson . Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss , the creators and writers of the BAFTA and Emmy Award-winning series Sherlock , credited The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes as a source of inspiration for their show . Michael Hardwick and Mollie Hardwick authored a novelization of the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Wilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Wilder', 'summary': "Billy Wilder ( /ˈwaɪldər/ ; German : [ ˈvɪldɐ ] ; born Samuel Wilder , June 22 , 1906 - March 27 , 2002 ) was an Austrian-born American film director and screenwriter whose career spanned more than five decades . He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of the Hollywood Golden Age of cinema . With The Apartment , Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer , director , and screenwriter for the same film . Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin . After the rise of the Nazi Party , he left for Paris , where he made his directorial debut . He moved to Hollywood in 1933 , and in 1939 he had a hit when he co-wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy Ninotchka , starring Greta Garbo . Wilder established his directorial reputation with an adaption of James M. Cain 's Double Indemnity ( 1944 ) , a film noir . Wilder co-wrote the screenplay with crime novelist Raymond Chandler . Wilder earned the Best Director and Best Screenplay Academy Awards for the adaptation of a Charles R. Jackson story The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) , about alcoholism . In 1950 , Wilder co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed Sunset Boulevard , as well as Stalag 17 in 1953 . From the mid-1950s on , Wilder made mostly comedies . Among the classics Wilder created in this period are the farces The Seven Year Itch ( 1955 ) and Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) , and satires such as The Apartment ( 1960 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventure , comedy , crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Stephens , Colin Blakely , Geneviève Page , Christopher Lee , Irene Handl , Clive Revill , Tamara Toumanova , Stanley Holloway , Mollie Maureen , Catherine Lacey , James Copeland , Jenny Hanley and Alex McCrindle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Stephens', 'summary': "Sir Robert Graham Stephens ( 14 July 1931 - 12 November 1995 ) was a leading English actor in the early years of Britain 's Royal National Theatre . He was one of the most respected actors of his generation and was at one time regarded as the natural successor to Laurence Olivier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colin_Blakely', 'summary': 'Colin George Blakely ( 23 September 1930 - 7 May 1987 ) was a Northern Irish actor . He is perhaps known for his roles in the films A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) , Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , and Equus ( 1977 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Page', 'summary': 'Geneviève Page ( born Geneviève Bonjean , 13 December 1927 , in Paris ) is a French actress with a film career spanning fifty years . She is the daughter of French art collector Jacques Paul Bonjean ( 1899-1990 ) . She is perhaps best known to English speaking audiences as Countess Marish Larisch von Moennich in the 1968 film Mayerling co-starring with Ava Gardner and James Mason .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Lee', 'summary': "Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee , CBE , CStJ ( 27 May 1922 - 7 June 2015 ) was an English actor , singer and author . With a career spanning nearly 70 years , Lee was well known for portraying villains and became best known for his role as Count Dracula in a sequence of Hammer Horror films , a typecasting he always lamented . His other film roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) , Count Dooku in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 2002 and 2005 ) , and Saruman in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) and the Hobbit film trilogy ( 2012-2014 ) . Lee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009 , received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011 , and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013 . Lee considered his best performance to be that of Pakistan 's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic Jinnah ( 1998 ) , and his best film to be the British cult film The Wicker Man ( 1973 ) . He frequently appeared opposite his friend Peter Cushing in many horror films , and late in his career had roles in six Tim Burton films . Prior to his acting career , Lee served in the Royal Air Force , where he was attached to the No . 260 Squadron RAF as an intelligence officer and later the Special Operations Executive . Following his World War II service he retired from the RAF in 1946 with the rank of flight lieutenant . Always noted as an actor for his deep , strong voice , Lee was also known for his singing ability , recording various opera and musical pieces between 1986 and 1998 , and the symphonic metal album Charlemagne : By the Sword and the Cross in 2010 , after having worked with several metal bands since 2005 . The heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne : The Omens of Death was released on 27 May 2013 , Lee 's 91st birthday . He was honoured with the Spirit of Metal award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irene_Handl', 'summary': 'Irene Handl ( 27 December 1901 - 29 November 1987 ) was a British character actress who appeared in over a hundred British films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clive_Revill', 'summary': 'Clive Selsby Revill ( born 18 April 1930 ) is a New Zealand singer , character actor , and voice artist best known for his performances in musical theatre and on the London stage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Toumanova', 'summary': "Tamara Toumanova ( Russian : Тамара Туманова Georgian : თამარა თუმანოვა , Armenian : Թամար Թումանեան ; 2 March 1919 - 29 May 1996 ) was a Russian-American prima ballerina and actress . A child of exiles in Paris after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , she made her debut at the age of 10 at the children 's ballet of the Paris Opera . She became known internationally as one of the Baby Ballerinas of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo , after being discovered by her fellow émigré , balletmaster and choreographer George Balanchine . She was featured in numerous ballets in Europe . Balanchine also featured her in his productions at Ballet Theatre , New York , making her the star of his performances in the United States . While most of Toumanova 's career was dedicated to ballet , she appeared as a ballet dancer in several films , beginning in 1944 . She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1943 in Los Angeles , California ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Holloway', 'summary': 'Stanley Augustus Holloway , OBE ( 1 October 1890 - 30 January 1982 ) was an English stage and film actor , humourist , singer , poet and monologist . He was famous for his comic and character roles on stage and screen , especially that of Alfred P. Doolittle in My Fair Lady . He was also renowned for his comic monologues and songs , which he performed and recorded throughout most of his 70-year career . Born in London , Holloway pursued a career as a clerk in his teen years . He made early stage appearances before infantry service in the First World War , after which he had his first major theatre success starring in Kissing Time when the musical transferred to the West End from Broadway . In 1921 , he joined a concert party , The Co-Optimists , and his career began to flourish . At first , he was employed chiefly as a singer , but his skills as an actor and reciter of comic monologues were soon recognised . Characters from his monologues such as Sam Small , invented by Holloway , and Albert Ramsbottom , created for him by Marriott Edgar , were absorbed into popular British culture , and Holloway developed a following for the recordings of his many monologues . By the 1930s , he was in demand to star in variety , pantomime and musical comedy , including several revues . Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Holloway made short propaganda films on behalf of the British Film Institute and Pathé News and took character parts in a series of war films including Major Barbara , The Way Ahead , This Happy Breed and The Way to the Stars . After the war , he appeared in the film Brief Encounter and made a series of films for Ealing Studios , including Passport to Pimlico , The Lavender Hill Mob and The Titfield Thunderbolt . In 1956 he was cast as the irresponsible and irrepressible Alfred P. Doolittle in My Fair Lady , a role that he played on Broadway , the West End and in the film version in 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mollie_Maureen', 'summary': 'Mollie Maureen ( 16 August 1904 - 26 January 1987 ) was an Irish actress who worked mainly in Britain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Lacey', 'summary': 'Catherine Lacey ( 6 May 1904 - 23 September 1979 ) was an English actress of stage and screen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Copeland_(actor)', 'summary': "James Copeland ( 1 May 1918 , Helensburgh - 17 April 2002 , London ) was a Scottish actor . His film career included Mackay in The Seekers ( 1954 ) , the ship 's mate in The Maggie ( 1954 ) , Rockets Galore ! ( 1958 ) , a police constable ( at a road block ) in The 39 Steps ( 1959 ) , Farewell Performance ( 1963 ) , Torture Garden ( 1967 ) , and the guide in The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) . He also appeared on TV as the Gond leader Selris in the Doctor Who story The Krotons , Captain Ogilvie in Operation Kilt , an early episode of Dad 's Army , and the Scottish customer in Camping In , an episode of Are You Being Served ? . He later played Jamie Stewart in Take the High Road from 1982 to 1987 . He produced a collection of poetry entitled Some Work ( Bramma , 1972 ) which included the much anthologised poem 'Black Friday ' . He had a son James Cosmo who is also an actor , and a daughter Laura ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Hanley', 'summary': "Jenny Hanley ( born 15 August 1947 in Gerrards Cross , Buckinghamshire ) is an English actress . She remains best known for being one of the presenters of the ITV children 's magazine programme Magpie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_McCrindle', 'summary': 'Alex McCrindle ( 3 August 1911 - 20 April 1990 ) was a Scottish actor . He was best known for his role as General Jan Dodonna in Star Wars .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something for Everyone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_for_Everyone', 'summary': 'Something for Everyone is a 1970 American black comedy film starring Angela Lansbury , Michael York , Anthony Higgins , and Jane Carr . The film was based on the novel The Cook by Harry Kressing , with a screenplay by Hugh Wheeler . The plot to the film is quite different from the novel . Directed by Harold Prince ( in his feature directorial debut ) for Cinema Center Films , the film began shooting on 30 June 1969 and was originally released by National General Pictures in July 1970 . Lansbury was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In the UK , the film was retitled Black Flowers for the Bride ( subtitle : A Comedy of Evil ) and released in May 1971 . In 1986 and 1990 , a VHS of the film was issued followed by DVD and Blu-ray on 6 December 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold Prince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Prince', 'summary': "Harold Smith Prince ( born Harold Smith ; January 30 , 1928 - July 31 , 2019 ) , commonly known as Hal Prince , was an American theatrical producer and director associated with many of the best-known Broadway musical productions of the 20th century . Over the span of his career , he garnered 21 Tony Awards , more than any other individual , including eight for directing , eight for producing the year 's Best Musical , two as Best Producer of a Musical , and three special awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , crime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Lansbury , Michael York , Anthony Higgins , Jane Carr , Heidelinde Weis , Wolfried Lier , Despo Diamantidou , John Gill , Eva Maria Meineke , Klaus Havenstein and Walter Janssen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Lansbury', 'summary': "Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury DBE ( born 16 October 1925 ) is a British-American-Irish actress who has appeared in theatre , television , and film roles . Her career has spanned almost eight decades , much of it in the United States . Her work received international attention . Lansbury was born to Irish actress Moyna Macgill and English politician Edgar Lansbury , an upper-middle-class family in Regent 's Park , central London . To escape the Blitz , in 1940 she moved to the United States with her mother and two brothers , and studied acting in New York City . Proceeding to Hollywood in 1942 , she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and obtained her first film roles , in Gaslight ( 1944 ) and The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) , earning her two Oscar nominations and a Golden Globe Award . She appeared in eleven further films for MGM , mostly in supporting roles , and after her contract ended in 1952 she began supplementing her cinematic work with theatrical appearances . Although largely seen as a B-list star during this period , her appearance in the film The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) received widespread acclaim and is cited as being one of her finest performances . Moving into musical theatre , Lansbury finally gained stardom for playing the leading role in the Broadway musical Mame ( 1966 ) , which earned her a range of awards . Amid difficulties in her personal life , Lansbury moved from California to County Cork , Ireland in 1970 , and continued with her theatrical and cinematic appearances throughout the decade . These included leading roles in the stage musicals Gypsy , Sweeney Todd , and The King and I , Back in the U.S. , moving into television , she achieved worldwide fame as fictional writer and sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the American whodunit series Murder , She Wrote , which ran for twelve seasons from 1984 until 1996 , becoming one of the longest-running detective drama series in television history . Through Corymore Productions , a company that she co-owned with her husband Peter Shaw , Lansbury assumed ownership of the series and was its executive producer for the final four seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_York_(actor)', 'summary': "Michael York , OBE ( born Michael Hugh Johnson ; 27 March 1942 ) is an English actor and voice actor . A two-time Emmy Award nominee , for the ABC Afterschool Special : Are You My Mother ? ( 1986 ) and the AMC series The Lot ( 2001 ) , he has appeared in more than 70 films , including Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) , Cabaret ( 1972 ) , The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) , and the Austin Powers film series ( 1997-2002 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Higgins_(actor)', 'summary': 'Anthony Higgins ( born 9 May 1947 ) is an English stage , film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Carr', 'summary': "Ellen Jane Carr ( born 13 August 1950 ) is an English actress . She is well known for the voice role of Pud ' n on the animated The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ( US , 2001-2007 ) . She also played a character called Pudding in the Jilly Cooper-penned BBC sitcom It 's Awfully Bad For Your Eyes , Darling ( UK , 1971 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heidelinde_Weis', 'summary': 'Heidelinde Weis ( born 17 September 1940 in Villach , Carinthia ) is an Austrian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Despo_Diamantidou', 'summary': 'Despoina Despo Diamantidou ( Greek : Δέσπω Διαμαντίδου ; 13 July 1916 - 18 February 2004 ) was a Greek actress . She appeared in more than seventy films from 1949 to 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Maria_Meineke', 'summary': 'Eva Maria Meineke ( 8 October 1923 - 7 May 2018 ) was a German actress . She appeared in more than one hundred films from 1942 to 2008 , including Yesterday Girl and Something for Everyone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Havenstein', 'summary': 'Klaus Havenstein ( 7 April 1922 in Wittenberge , Germany - 19 March 1998 in Munich ) , was a German actor , cabaret artist , dubbing artist and television presenter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Janssen', 'summary': 'Walter Janssen ( 7 February 1887 - 1 January 1976 ) was a German film actor and director . He appeared in more than 160 films between 1917 and 1970 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tell_Me_That_You_Love_Me,_Junie_Moon', 'summary': 'Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon is a 1970 American comedy-drama film directed and produced by Otto Preminger . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Marjorie Kellogg .'}]}, {'value': 'Otto Preminger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Preminger', 'summary': 'Otto Ludwig Preminger ( /ˈprɛmɪndʒər/ , German pronunciation : [ ˈpreːmiŋɐ ] ; 5 December 1905 - 23 April 1986 ) was an American theatre and film director , originally from Austria-Hungary . He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the theatre . He first gained attention for film noir mysteries such as Laura ( 1944 ) and Fallen Angel ( 1945 ) , while in the 1950s and 1960s , he directed a number of high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works . Several of these later films pushed the boundaries of censorship by dealing with topics which were then taboo in Hollywood , such as drug addiction ( The Man with the Golden Arm , 1955 ) , rape ( Anatomy of a Murder , 1959 ) and homosexuality ( Advise & Consent , 1962 ) . He was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director . He also had a few acting roles .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liza Minnelli , Ken Howard , Robert Moore , James Coco , Kay Thompson , Fred Williamson , Ben Piazza , Emily Yancy , Leonard Frey , Clarice Taylor , James Beard , Julie Bovasso , Gina Collens , Barbara Logan and Nancy Marchand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liza_Minnelli', 'summary': "Liza May Minnelli ( born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actress and singer . Best known for her Academy Award-winning performance in Cabaret ( 1972 ) , she is famous for her energetic stage presence and her powerful mezzo-soprano singing voice . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Seeking theatrical work , Minnelli moved to New York City in 1961 , where she began her career as a musical theatre actress , nightclub performer and traditional pop music artist . She made her professional stage debut in the 1963 Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward and won a Tony Award for starring in Flora the Red Menace in 1965 , which marked the start of her lifelong collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb . They wrote , produced or directed many of Minnelli 's future stage acts and TV shows and helped create her stage persona of a stylized survivor , including her career-defining performances of anthems of survival ( New York , New York , Cabaret and Maybe This Time ) . Along with her roles on stage and screen , this persona and her style of performance added to Minnelli 's status as an enduring gay icon . Critically lauded for her early non-musical screen performances - especially The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress - Minnelli rose to international stardom , starring in Cabaret and the Emmy Award-winning TV special Liza with a Z ( 1972 ) . Most of her following films - including Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , New York , New York ( 1977 ) , Rent-a-Cop ( 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) - were panned by the critics and bombed at the box office , and she had no more major movie hits except Arthur ( 1981 ) . She returned to Broadway on a number of occasions , including The Act ( 1977 ) , The Rink ( 1984 ) and Liza 's at The Palace . ( 2008 ) , worked on various television formats and has predominantly focused on music hall and nightclub performances since the late 1970s . Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 , and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ken_Howard', 'summary': "Kenneth Joseph Howard Jr. ( March 28 , 1944 - March 23 , 2016 ) was an American actor , best known for his roles as Thomas Jefferson in 1776 and as basketball coach and former Chicago Bulls player Ken Reeves in the television show The White Shadow ( 1978-1981 ) . Howard won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play in 1970 for his performance in Child 's Play , and later won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his work in Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) . Howard was elected president of the actors ' union , Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) , in September 2009 and reelected to a second term , in September 2011 . He was the last president of the Screen Actors Guild and the first president of the newly formed union , SAG-AFTRA , after the Screen Actors Guild and another union , the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( AFTRA ) , voted to merge in 2012 . He was reelected in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Moore_(director)', 'summary': 'Robert Moore ( February 1 , 1927 - May 10 , 1984 ) was an American stage , film and television director and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Coco', 'summary': 'James Emil Coco ( March 21 , 1930 - February 25 , 1987 ) was an American stage and screen actor . He was the recipient of a Primetime Emmy Award , a Drama Desk Award and three Obie Awards , as well as nominations for a Tony Award , an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . Coco is perhaps best known for his supporting roles in the films Man of La Mancha ( 1972 ) and Only When I Laugh ( 1981 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kay_Thompson', 'summary': "Kay Thompson ( born Catherine Louise Fink ; November 9 , 1909 - July 2 , 1998 ) was an American author , singer , vocal arranger , vocal coach , composer , musician , dancer and actress . She is best known as the creator of the Eloise children 's books and for her role in the movie Funny Face ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Williamson', 'summary': 'Frederick Robert Williamson ( born March 5 , 1938 ) , also known as The Hammer , is an American actor and former professional American football defensive back who played mainly in the American Football League during the 1960s . Williamson is perhaps best known for his film career , starring as Tommy Gibbs in the 1973 crime drama film Black Caesar and its sequel Hell Up in Harlem . Williamson also had other notable roles in other 1970s blaxploitation films such as Hammer ( 1972 ) , That Man Bolt ( 1973 ) and Three the Hard Way ( 1974 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Piazza', 'summary': 'Ben Piazza ( July 30 , 1933 - September 7 , 1991 ) was an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Frey', 'summary': 'Leonard Frey ( September 4 , 1938 - August 24 , 1988 ) was an American actor . He is best remembered for his performance in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Frey made his stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of Little Mary Sunshine and received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination for The National Health .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clarice_Taylor', 'summary': 'Clarice Taylor ( September 20 , 1917 - May 30 , 2011 ) was an American stage , film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Bovasso', 'summary': 'Julia Anne Bovasso ( August 1 , 1930 - September 14 , 1991 ) was an American actress of stage , screen , and television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Marchand', 'summary': 'Nancy Lou Marchand ( June 19 , 1928 - June 18 , 2000 ) was an American actress . She began her career in theatre in 1951 . She was perhaps most famous for her television portrayals of Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant and Livia Soprano on The Sopranos .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Marjorie Kellogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marjorie_Kellogg', 'summary': "Marjorie Kellogg ( July 17 , 1922 - December 19 , 2005 ) was an American author born in Santa Barbara , California . Kellogg attended the University of California , Berkeley where she later dropped out and left for San Francisco to pursue a career in writing . In San Francisco , she worked at the San Francisco Chronicle as a copy editor . She later received a job with Salute Magazine , where she was sent to write about the aftermath of World War II in France and Spain . When she returned to the United States , Kellogg earned a master 's degree in social work at Smith College . She relocated to New York City , where she worked in various agencies as a social worker , which she credited as her inspiration for the characters in her books , plays and films . In 1968 , Kellogg published Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon , her first novel and most famous work , and two years later , she wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation . The movie was directed by Otto Preminger and starred Liza Minnelli . She later wrote a screenplay adaptation of Sylvia Plath 's novel The Bell Jar . Her second novel was Like the Lion 's Tooth , which was about three emotionally distraught children . Carl Williams directed The Oldest Trick in the World , which was Kellogg 's first work as a playwright . She later followed with The Smile of the Cardboard Man and After You 've Gone , both of which starred Sylvia Short , who became her lover ."}]}, {'value': 'Trash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trash_(1970_film)', 'summary': "Trash ( alternate title : Andy Warhol 's Trash ) is a 1970 American drama film directed and written by Paul Morrissey and starring Joe Dallesandro , Holly Woodlawn and Jane Forth . Dallesandro had previously starred in several other Andy Warhol/Paul Morrissey films such as The Loves of Ondine , Lonesome Cowboys , San Diego Surf , and Flesh . Dallesandro was Morrissey 's preferred leading man . Woodlawn made her screen debut in this film ; director George Cukor famously instigated a write-in campaign to have her nominated for an Academy Award , but this did n't materialize . Jane Forth , a 17-year-old model , also makes her debut in this film . She would shortly afterwards appear on the cover of Look magazine . The film also features other Warhol superstars such as Andrea Feldman and Geri Miller . Sissy Spacek also made a quick uncredited appearance as ' a girl who sits at the bar ' but was cut from the final film . The film features graphic scenes of intravenous drug use , sex , and frontal nudity ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Morrissey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Morrissey', 'summary': 'Paul Morrissey ( born February 23 , 1938 ) is an American film director , best known for his association with Andy Warhol . He was also director of the first film in which a transgender actress , Holly Woodlawn , starred as a cisgender woman and girlfriend of the main character played by Joe Dallesandro in Trash ( 1970 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Dallesandro , Holly Woodlawn , Jane Forth , Michael Sklar , Geri Miller , Andrea Feldman , Johnny Putnam , Bruce Pecheur and Diane Podlewski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Dallesandro', 'summary': "Joseph Angelo D'Allesandro III ( born December 31 , 1948 ) is an American actor and Warhol superstar . Having also crossed over into mainstream roles like mobster Lucky Luciano in The Cotton Club , Dallesandro is generally considered to be the most famous male sex symbol of American underground films of the 20th century , as well as a sex symbol of gay subculture . Dallesandro starred in the 1968 film produced by Andy Warhol , Flesh , as a teenage street hustler . Rolling Stone in 1970 declared his second starring vehicle , Trash , the Best Film of the Year , making him a star of the youth culture , sexual revolution and subcultural New York City art collective of the 1970s . Dallesandro also starred in 1972 's Heat , another Warhol film that was conceived as a parody of Sunset Boulevard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn', 'summary': "Holly Woodlawn ( October 26 , 1946 - December 6 , 2015 ) was a transgender Puerto Rican actress and Warhol superstar who appeared in the movies Trash ( 1970 ) and Women in Revolt ( 1971 ) . She is best known as the Holly in Lou Reed 's hit pop song Walk on the Wild Side ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Forth', 'summary': 'Jane Forth ( born 1953 ) is an American actress and model , best known for having been one of the Warhol superstars , and starring in films such as Trash .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Sklar', 'summary': 'Michael Joel Sklar ( July 12 , 1944 - March 5 , 1984 ) was an American actor , writer and fashion retailer . Sklar died of lymphoma at the New York University Medical Center on March 5 , 1984 , and was survived by his mother , Bertha Sklar , a sister , Carol Wueste , and a brother , Norman Sklar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Feldman', 'summary': 'Andrea Feldman ( April 1 , 1948 - August 8 , 1972 ) was an American actress and Warhol Superstar . She committed suicide in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valerie and Her Week of Wonders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_and_Her_Week_of_Wonders_(film)', 'summary': 'Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( Czech : Valerie a týden divů ) is a 1970 Czechoslovak surrealist horror film directed by Jaromil Jireš and based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Vítězslav Nezval . It is considered part of the Czechoslovak New Wave movement . The film portrays the heroine as living in a disorienting dream , cajoled by priests , vampires , and men and women alike . The film blends elements of the fantasy and horror film genres .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaromil Jireš', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaromil_Jireš', 'summary': "Jaromil Jireš ( 10 December 1935 - 24 October 2001 ) was a director associated with the Czechoslovak New Wave movement . His 1963 film The Cry was entered into the 1964 Cannes Film Festival . It is often described as the first film of the Czechoslovak New Wave , a movement known for its dark humor , use of non-professional actors , and art-cinema realism . Another of Jireš 's prominent works is The Joke ( 1969 ) , adapted from a novel by Milan Kundera . It tells the story of Ludvik Jahn , a man expelled from the Czechoslovakian Communist Party for an idle joke to his girlfriend , and the revenge he later seeks through adultery . The film was produced during the political liberalization of the 1968 Prague Spring and contains many scenes which satirize and criticize the country 's communist leadership . Released after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia , the film had initial success in theaters but was then banned by authorities for the next twenty years . Amos Vogel wrote that the film was possibly the most shattering indictment of totalitarianism to come out of a Communist country . Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( 1970 ) , set in the early 19th century , was based on a novel by Vítězslav Nezval . It is a film in a Gothic style concerning the onset of menstruation and the sexual awakening of a thirteen-year-old girl . His 1979 film The Young Man and Moby Dick was entered into the 11th Moscow International Film Festival . Following the Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia , Jireš continued to work in the country , making less controversial material ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaroslava Schallerová , Helena Anýzová , Petr Kopriva , Jirí Prýmek , Jan Klusák , Libuse Komancová , Karel Engel , Alena Stojáková and Otto Hradecký', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaroslava_Schallerová', 'summary': 'Jaroslava Schallerová Czech pronunciation ( help·info ) ( born 25 April 1956 ) ( sometimes credited as Jarka Shallerová ) was a popular Czech film star during the 1970s . Her film debut was at the age of 13 in the Czech New Wave classic Valerie and Her Week of Wonders . Her film career spanned the 1970s and continued intermittently into the 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jan_Klusák', 'summary': 'Klusák was born to a Czech Jewish family , who owned a farm in Prosek , Prague . After he graduated from the gymnasium , he pursued his studies at the Prague Music Academy as a pupil of Jaroslav Řídký and Pavel Bořkovec ( in 1953-57 ) . Later he concentrated solely on composing . He has never worked directly with music groups or schools , although his style was temporarily influenced by the music of Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky , and later by the Second Viennese School , especially by Alban Berg and Serialism . Since 1959 he cooperated closely with Czech conductor Libor Pešek and with Chamber Philharmony . However , after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 , Klusák was condemned as a politically undesirable person ( he composed music for prohibited films ) . During the normalization Klusák was engaged in the Jára Cimrman Theatre , but he was forced to leave in 1975 . In the 1980s Klusák focused more on vocal compositions . He began to compose song cycles , cantatas , and wrote an opera . Following the Velvet Revolution in 1989 , he began to participate in public life again , and worked as a member and director of various cultural institutions in the Czech republic . He was awarded a Classic 1995 Award for his compositions and for his String Quartet No . 5 in particular .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karel_Engel', 'summary': 'Karel Engel ( 28 May 1940 - 30 December 2018 ) was a Czech wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Vítězslav Nezval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_and_Her_Week_of_Wonders', 'summary': "Valerie and Her Week of Wonders ( Czech : Valerie a týden divů ) is a novel by surrealist Czech writer Vítězslav Nezval , written in 1935 and first published ten years afterward in 1945 . The avant-garde experimental novel was written before Nezval 's dramatic shift to Socialist Realism . It was made into a 1970 Czech film directed by Jaromil Jireš , an example of Czech New Wave cinema . With this novel , Nezval explored the gothic themes and settings of such novels as Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1818 ) and M. G. Lewis ' The Monk ( 1796 ) , as well as F. W. Murnau 's film Nosferatu ( 1922 ; based on 1897 novel Dracula by Bram Stoker ) . The 2005 English edition features the illustrations by Kamil Lhoták that appeared in the original edition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vítězslav_Nezval', 'summary': 'Vítězslav Nezval ( Czech : [ ˈviːcɛslaf ˈnɛzval ] ; 26 May 1900 - 6 April 1958 ) was one of the most prolific avant-garde Czech writers in the first half of the twentieth century and a co-founder of the Surrealist movement in Czechoslovakia .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1970_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1970. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}	null	null	Who wrote a novel based on the film staring Robert Stephens and Colin Blakely ?	Michael Hardwick and Mollie Hardwick
05b71dfed098fce1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minority_Leaders_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico', 'title': 'List of Minority Leaders of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico', 'header': ['Name', 'Took office', 'Left office', 'Party', 'Whip'], 'data': [{'value': 'Manuel Martínez Dávila', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The Liberal Party of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Partido Liberal de Puerto Rico ) was a pro-independence political party . The Liberal Party was founded in 1932 as a formal disaffiliation between two political parties which composed the political coalition known as the Alianza ( Alliance ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernesto Ramos Antonini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernesto_Ramos_Antonini', 'summary': 'Ernesto Ramos Antonini [ note 1 ] ( April 24 , 1898 - January 9 , 1963 ) was the President of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico and co-founder of the Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico ( Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico ) .'}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The Liberal Party of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Partido Liberal de Puerto Rico ) was a pro-independence political party . The Liberal Party was founded in 1932 as a formal disaffiliation between two political parties which composed the political coalition known as the Alianza ( Alliance ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernesto Ramos Antonini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernesto_Ramos_Antonini', 'summary': 'Ernesto Ramos Antonini [ note 1 ] ( April 24 , 1898 - January 9 , 1963 ) was the President of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico and co-founder of the Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico ( Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico ) .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leopoldo Figueroa Carreras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leopoldo_Figueroa', 'summary': "Leopoldo Figueroa ( September 21 , 1887 - October 15 , 1969 ) a.k.a . The deacon of the Puerto Rican Legislature , was a Puerto Rican politician , journalist , medical doctor and lawyer . Figueroa , who began his political career as an advocate of Puerto Rican Independence , was the co-founder of the Independence Association , one of three political organizations which merged to form the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . Figueroa , had changed political ideals and in 1948 , was a member of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño ( Puerto Rican Statehood Party ) . That year , he was the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico PPD , who opposed the PPD 's approval of the infamous Law 53 , also known as Puerto Rico 's Gag Law and Ley de La Mordaza , which violated the civil rights of those who favored Puerto Rican Independence . On December 22 , 2006 , the Puerto Rican Legislature approved a law declaring every September 21 , Leopoldo Figueroa Carreras Day ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statehood Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico_(1903)', 'summary': "The Republican Party of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico ) is the local affiliate of the national United States Republican Party in Puerto Rico . The affiliation started in 1903 . The party does not participate in the November elections mandated by the Constitution of Puerto Rico for local registered political parties because it is not a registered party in Puerto Rico for local electoral purposes . Instead , the party holds its own elections to select the Puerto Rico delegates to the Republican National Convention and holds presidential primaries on the last Sunday of February . [ a ] The Republican Party of Puerto Rico 's ideology supports statehood for Puerto Rico . Congresswoman Jenniffer González-Colón , resident commissioner of Puerto Rico , is the current local party chairperson . [ citation needed ] The local affiliate is based in San Juan , Puerto Rico ."}]}, {'value': 'Baldomero Roig Vélez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baldomero Roig Vélez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Statehood Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico_(1903)', 'summary': "The Republican Party of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico ) is the local affiliate of the national United States Republican Party in Puerto Rico . The affiliation started in 1903 . The party does not participate in the November elections mandated by the Constitution of Puerto Rico for local registered political parties because it is not a registered party in Puerto Rico for local electoral purposes . Instead , the party holds its own elections to select the Puerto Rico delegates to the Republican National Convention and holds presidential primaries on the last Sunday of February . [ a ] The Republican Party of Puerto Rico 's ideology supports statehood for Puerto Rico . Congresswoman Jenniffer González-Colón , resident commissioner of Puerto Rico , is the current local party chairperson . [ citation needed ] The local affiliate is based in San Juan , Puerto Rico ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis E. Ramos Yordán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_E._Ramos_Yordán', 'summary': 'Luis Ernesto Ramos Yordán ( February 5 , 1915 - January 27 , 2005 ) was a Puerto Rican physician , legislator , and President of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico from 1973 to 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Olga Cruz de Nigaglioni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel Viera Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Viera_Martínez', 'summary': 'Attorney Ángel Viera Martínez ( 1915 - December 6 , 2005 ) was a prominent pro-statehood public servant in Puerto Rico during the second half of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Hernán Padilla Ramírez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hernán_Padilla', 'summary': 'Hernán Padilla Ramirez ( born May 5 , 1938 ) in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico , is a retired physician and former two-term Mayor of San Juan , Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'Severo Colberg Ramírez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Severo_Colberg_Ramírez', 'summary': 'Severo E. Colberg Ramírez [ note 1 ] ( 1924-1990 ) was a Puerto Rican politician . He served as a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , and was the Speaker from 1982 to 1985 . He was affiliated to the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'José R. Jarabo Alvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Ronaldo_Jarabo', 'summary': 'José Ronaldo Ronny Jarabo Alvarez ( born April 7 , 1944 ) , born and raised by his mother in Cayey , Puerto Rico , was the Speaker of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1985 to 1992 , having served as a member of that legislative body for twenty years from 1973 to 1992 . Currently , he is an advisor to Puerto Rico Senate Minority Leader José Luis Dalmau and his expertise as a political analyst is tapped by local news media .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel Viera Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Viera_Martínez', 'summary': 'Attorney Ángel Viera Martínez ( 1915 - December 6 , 2005 ) was a prominent pro-statehood public servant in Puerto Rico during the second half of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'José N. Granados Navedos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Granados', 'summary': 'José Granados Navedo , ( born February 1 , 1946 ) , is a former Speaker Pro Tem of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico . Married , with three children , he lives with his family in Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'José N. Granados Navedos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Granados', 'summary': 'José Granados Navedo , ( born February 1 , 1946 ) , is a former Speaker Pro Tem of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico . Married , with three children , he lives with his family in Florida .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edison_Misla_Aldarondo', 'summary': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo is a Puerto Rican Republican politician who served as the Speaker of the Puerto Rican House of Representatives from 1997 to 2001 . He was a founder of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico ( NPP ) . He had also served as Representative from the 4th District ( San Juan ) from 1977 to 2002 , and as Chairman of the San Juan NPP Municipal Committee from 1998 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edison_Misla_Aldarondo', 'summary': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo is a Puerto Rican Republican politician who served as the Speaker of the Puerto Rican House of Representatives from 1997 to 2001 . He was a founder of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico ( NPP ) . He had also served as Representative from the 4th District ( San Juan ) from 1977 to 2002 , and as Chairman of the San Juan NPP Municipal Committee from 1998 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos J. López Nieves', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso López Chaar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolando Ortiz Velázquez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolando_Ortiz_Velázquez', 'summary': 'Rolando Ortiz Velázquez is a Puerto Rican politician and the current mayor of Cayey . Ortiz is affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) and has served as mayor since 1997 . Earned a juris doctor from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law . Before being elected mayor , Ortiz served as member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 1997 . He represented District 29 . At the 2012 general election , Ortiz received 73.29% of the votes . This was the largest margin of victory for any mayor in that election , which led a newspaper to label him as one of the most powerful mayors in the island .'}]}, {'value': 'José E. Arrarás Mir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Enrique_Arrarás', 'summary': 'José Enrique Arrarás Mir ( born 25 September 1937 ) is a Puerto Rican politician and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Severo E. Colberg Toro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Severo_E._Colberg_Toro', 'summary': 'Severo Colberg Toro ( born in November 6 , 1953 in Cabo Rojo , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician and attorney . He served as a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1993 to 2004 . He is affiliated to the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Severo E. Colberg Toro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Severo_E._Colberg_Toro', 'summary': 'Severo Colberg Toro ( born in November 6 , 1953 in Cabo Rojo , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician and attorney . He served as a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1993 to 2004 . He is affiliated to the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferdinand Lugo González', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aníbal Acevedo Vilá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aníbal_Acevedo_Vilá', 'summary': "Aníbal Salvador Acevedo Vilá ( born 13 February 1962 ) is a Puerto Rican politician and lawyer . He served as governor of Puerto Rico , a Commonwealth of the United States , from 2005 to 2009 . He is a Harvard University alumnus ( LL.M . 1987 ) and a graduate of the University of Puerto Rico School of Law , where he obtained his Juris Doctor degree . Acevedo Vilá has held various public service positions in the Puerto Rico government under the Popular Democratic Party , serving as a member of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico ( 1993-2001 ) and Resident Commissioner ( 2001-2005 ) , before he was sworn in as Governor on 2 January 2005 . Acevedo Vilá was also a member of the National Governors Association , the Southern Governors ' Association and the Democratic Governors Association , and a collaborator of President Barack Obama 's presidential campaign . Also he is currently an adjunct professor of the University of Puerto Rico School of Law . On 27 March 2008 , Acevedo Vilá was indicted in the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico on 19 counts of campaign finance violations . He subsequently organized a press conference , where he claimed that he is innocent of all charges presented against him . On 19 August 2008 , he was charged with five more counts . On 1 December 2008 Judge Paul Barbadoro determined that 15 of those charges were based on a flawed theory , leaving him with only nine charges . On 20 March 2009 , Acevedo Vilá was found by a jury not guilty of all the charges against him ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Cruz Rodríguez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Víctor García San Inocencio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víctor_García_San_Inocencio', 'summary': 'Víctor García San Inocencio ( born February 6 , 1958 in Santurce , San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a lawyer and politician from Puerto Rico that served as Minority Leader in the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico for the Puerto Rican Independence Party from 1997 to 2009 . García San Inocencio was known for obtaining the most votes between all candidates aspiring for Representative at-large , regardless of political party , usually obtaining 2-4% more than the second best .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PIP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party', 'summary': 'The Puerto Rican Independence Party ( Spanish : Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño , PIP ) is a social-democratic political party in Puerto Rico that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from United States suzerainty . Those who follow the PIP ideology are usually called independentistas , pipiolos , or sometimes just pro-independence activists .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edison_Misla_Aldarondo', 'summary': 'Edison Misla Aldarondo is a Puerto Rican Republican politician who served as the Speaker of the Puerto Rican House of Representatives from 1997 to 2001 . He was a founder of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico ( NPP ) . He had also served as Representative from the 4th District ( San Juan ) from 1977 to 2002 , and as Chairman of the San Juan NPP Municipal Committee from 1998 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Iris M. Ruiz Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iris_Miriam_Ruiz', 'summary': "Iris Miriam Ruiz Class is a Puerto Rican politician who served in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives and currently holds the office of Ombudswoman . Ruiz , a member of the New Progressive Party , served as At-Large Representative from 1997 to 2010 and as Chairwoman of the New Progressive Party Women 's Organization from 2002 to 2010 . She was designated by Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño as the Puerto Rico Ombudsman or Ombudswoman in March 2010 . A former television reporter , she is married to former Representative Roberto Cruz Rodríguez , a member of the opposition Popular Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Aníbal Vega Borges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aníbal_Vega_Borges', 'summary': 'Aníbal Vega Borges is a Puerto Rican politician and was mayor of Toa Baja until June 30 , 2016 . He also served as a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005 . Vega Borges was elected as a representative for District 10 at the 1992 general elections . He was reelected in 1996 and 2000 . He completed his secondary education at the Caribbean University at Bayamon . While working in private enterprise and public service , he continued his studies in the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico Ponce . In 1986 , he obtained the degree of Juris Doctor . Exercise in private practice at the same time that continued graduate studies at the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico and at the University of Valladolid in Spain , obtaining the PhD in law degree . Vega Borges was elected as mayor of Toa Baja at the 2004 general elections . He was reelected in 2008 receiving more than 70% of the votes . He was the mayor with the largest margin of victory . In 2016 , Vega Borges was defeated by Bernardo Márquez García at the PNP primaries .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partido_Nuevo_Progresista_de_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'The New Progressive Party ( Spanish : Partido Nuevo Progresista , PNP ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates statehood . The PNP is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength and currently holds both the seat of the governor and of the resident commissioner . In legislative matters , the party has a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives ; a majority that gives the party full control over all legislations , including constitutional amendments , without political opposition . These majorities over the legislative branch , the control over the governorship seat , and a majority of Supreme Court justices affiliated with the party give the PNP absolute control over all three branches of government without political opposition . The party , however , has a minority in the number of mayors on the island . Domestically , the party is primarily contrasted by two other political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , which advocates maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self-government , and the smaller Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) , which advocates for the independence of Puerto Rico . [ a ] [ b ] In national/mainland politics , members are split , with some party members affiliating with the Republican Party and some with the Democratic Party . The party traces its history back to 1967 . In that year , the Partido Estadista Republicano instructed its members to not participate in a referendum held that year . Unhappy with the mandate , several dissidents left the Statehood Party and founded the PNP afterwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Iris M. Ruiz Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iris_Miriam_Ruiz', 'summary': "Iris Miriam Ruiz Class is a Puerto Rican politician who served in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives and currently holds the office of Ombudswoman . Ruiz , a member of the New Progressive Party , served as At-Large Representative from 1997 to 2010 and as Chairwoman of the New Progressive Party Women 's Organization from 2002 to 2010 . She was designated by Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño as the Puerto Rico Ombudsman or Ombudswoman in March 2010 . A former television reporter , she is married to former Representative Roberto Cruz Rodríguez , a member of the opposition Popular Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Héctor Ferrer Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Ferrer_Ríos', 'summary': 'Héctor Jose Ferrer Ríos [ a ] ( March 27 , 1970 - November 5 , 2018 ) was a Puerto Rican politician and attorney . He served as a legislator in the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico from 2001 to 2012 for three consecutive terms . He was the president of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico ( PPD ) from 2008 to 2011 , and later from 2017 to October 2018'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "The Popular Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Popular Democrático , PPD ) is a political party in Puerto Rico that advocates to continue as a Commonwealth of the United States with self-government . [ a ] [ b ] The party was founded in 1938 by dissidents from the Puerto Rican Liberal Party and the Unionist Party and originally promoted policies on the center-left . [ c ] In recent years , however , its leaders have described the party as centrist . [ d ] [ e ] As one of the long-standing parties on the island , the PPD has played a significant role in the history of Puerto Rico . In the early 1950s , for example , the party held a majority in the delegation convened to draft the Constitution of Puerto Rico . Once the constitution was ratified , the document was proclaimed by the party 's leader and co-founder , Luis Muñoz Marín - who , in doing so , became the first Puerto Rican governor elected by the people of Puerto Rico . The party ruled all branches of the Puerto Rican government afterward for 36 of the past 68 years , while establishing many of the institutions that permeate Puerto Rican society today . Today , the party is one of the two major parties in Puerto Rico with significant political strength . In the executive branch , the party 's last governor was Alejandro García Padilla who governed the island from 2013-2017 . It also holds minorities in the legislative and judicial branches by holding minorities in the Senate , in the House , and in the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , however , is from the PPD ; a circumstance that allows the party to designate political appointees in the judicial branch since the Chief Justice is also constitutionally the chief judicial administrator . Finally , in the municipal landscape , the party holds more than half of the seats of mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis R. Torres Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_R._Torres_Cruz', 'summary': 'Luis Raúl Torres Cruz ( born March 5 , 1960 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) . He is a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives since 2000 , representing the 2nd District . Since February 2012 , he is serving as Minority Leader for his party , after the resignation of Héctor Ferrer .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikipedia list article The following people have served as Minority Leaders of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico :', 'uid': 'List_of_Minority_Leaders_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico_0', 'intro': 'The following people have served as Minority Leaders of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico:'}	null	null	What year was the party formed that Ernesto Ramos Antonini was a part of from 1943 to 1945 ?	1938
05b8faee31099ad0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II', 'header': ['Name', 'Service', 'Rank', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'James D. La Belle †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_D._La_Belle', 'summary': 'Private First Class James Dennis La Belle ( November 22 , 1925 - March 8 , 1945 ) enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on November 18 , 1943 . Fifteen months later , in his first and last battle , he heroically sacrificed his life at Iwo Jima and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military honor awarded by the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 8 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salvador J. Lara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salvador_J._Lara', 'summary': 'Salvador J. Lara ( July 11 , 1920 - September 1 , 1945 ) was a U.S. Army veteran of World War II and recipient of the Medal of Honor . He was of Mexican American descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'Aprilia , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1944 - May 28 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William R. Lawley , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_R._Lawley,_Jr.', 'summary': "William Robert Bill Lawley Jr. ( August 23 , 1920 - May 29 , 1999 ) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'over Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert E. Laws', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_E._Laws', 'summary': "Robert Earl Laws ( January 18 , 1921 - January 1 , 1990 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'Pangasinan Province , Luzon , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 12 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel W. Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_W._Lee', 'summary': "Daniel Warnel Lee , Sr. ( June 23 , 1919 - January 22 , 1985 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreval , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John H. Leims', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_H._Leims', 'summary': 'Captain John Harold Leims ( June 8 , 1921 - June 28 , 1985 ) was a Marine who earned the Medal of Honor as a second lieutenant on Iwo Jima for his heroic actions on March 7 , 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turney W. Leonard †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turney_W._Leonard', 'summary': "Turney White Leonard ( June 18 , 1921 - November 6 , 1944 ) was a United States Army officer who received the U.S. military 's highest award , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Kommerscheidt , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 4 , 1944 - November 6 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William F. Leonard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_F._Leonard', 'summary': "William F. Leonard ( August 9 , 1913 - August 4 , 1985 ) was a U.S. Army veteran of World War II and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . Born in Lockport , New York , Leonard would enter the United States Army from Portland , Maine , on November 17 , 1942 . President Barack Obama posthumously awarded him the Medal of Honor in a March 18 , 2014 , ceremony in the White House . The award resulted from a Defense Authorization Act which directed a review of all Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from World War II , the Korean War and the Vietnam War who had been awarded lower-precedence valor awards to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor . In Leonard 's case , he had originally been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , the United States ' second-highest decoration for combat valor ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'Near St . Die , France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred F. Lester †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Faulkner_Lester', 'summary': "Fred Faulkner Lester ( April 29 , 1926 - June 8 , 1945 ) was a United States Navy hospital corpsman who was killed in action during World War II while assigned to a Marine Corps rifle company . He was posthumously awarded the nation 's highest military decoration for valor , the Medal of Honor , for heroic actions above and beyond the call of duty on June 8 , 1945 , during the Battle of Okinawa . Lester was buried at Clarendon Hills Cemetery in Darien , Illinois . The destroyer escort USS Lester ( DE-1022 ) was named in his honor , as was Camp Lester , a Marine Corps installation , at Chatan , Okinawa , Japan , the former site of U.S . Naval Hospital Okinawa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Hospital Apprentice First class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hospitalman', 'summary': 'A hospital corpsman ( HM /ˈkɔːrmən/ [ or corpsman ] ) is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy , who may also serve in a U.S. Marine Corps unit . The corresponding rating within the United States Coast Guard is health services technician ( HS ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Shima , Ryukyu Chain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 8 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrell R. Lindsey †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_R._Lindsey', 'summary': 'Darrell Robins Lindsey ( December 30 , 1919 - August 9 , 1944 ) was a bomber pilot in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II and a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': "L'Isle Adam railroad bridge over the Seine , France", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 9 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jake W. Lindsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_W._Lindsey', 'summary': "Jake William Lindsey , Sr. , ( May 1 , 1921 - July 18 , 1988 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'near Hamich , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 16 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floyd K. Lindstrom †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floyd_K._Lindstrom', 'summary': "Floyd K. Lindstrom ( June 21 , 1912 - February 3 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'near Mignano , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'November 11 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edgar H. Lloyd †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_H._Lloyd', 'summary': "Edgar Harold Lloyd ( February 28 , 1922 - November 16 , 1944 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'near Pompey , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald R. Lobaugh †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_R._Lobaugh', 'summary': "Donald Ronald Lobaugh ( February 7 , 1925 - July 22 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'near Afua , New Guinea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 22 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James M. Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_M._Logan', 'summary': "James Marion Logan ( December 19 , 1920 - October 9 , 1999 ) was an American and former National Guard soldier who was a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . Logan joined the Texas National Guard from Luling , Texas in 1936 , at the age of 15 . By September 9 , 1943 he was serving as a Sergeant in the 142nd Infantry Regiment , 36th Infantry Division . On that day , he participated in the Allied landings near Salerno , Italy . Logan single-handedly captured a German machine gun emplacement and later killed an enemy sniper . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor ten months later , on July 5 , 1944 . Logan reached the rank of technical sergeant before leaving the Army in March and then National Guard in May 1945 . He was inducted to the Texas Military Hall of Honor in 1982 , and awarded the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor on May 30 , 1997 . He died at age 78 on October 9 , 1999 and was buried at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'near Salerno , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'September 9 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose M. Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_M._Lopez', 'summary': "José Mendoza López ( July 10 , 1910 - May 16 , 2005 ) was a Mexican-born United States Army soldier who was awarded the United States ' highest military decoration for valor in combat - the Medal of Honor - for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge , in which he single-handedly repulsed a German infantry attack , killing at least 100 enemy troops ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'near Krinkelt , Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacklyn H. Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacklyn_H._Lucas', 'summary': "Jacklyn Harrell Jack Lucas ( February 14 , 1928 - June 5 , 2008 ) was an American Marine in World War II who was awarded the Medal of Honor at the age of 17 years as a private first class in the Marine Corps during the Battle of Iwo Jima . During a close firefight in two trenches between Lucas and three Marines with 11 Japanese soldiers , Lucas saved the lives of the other three Marines from two enemy hand grenades that were thrown into their trench by unhesitatingly placing himself on one grenade , while in the next instant pulling the other grenade under him . The grenade he covered with his body exploded , and wounded him severely ; the other grenade did not explode . He is the youngest Marine and the youngest serviceman in World War II to be awarded the United States ' highest military decoration for valor . He later reenlisted in the United States Army and reached the rank of captain ."}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Lummus †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Lummus', 'summary': 'Andrew Jackson Lummus Jr. ( October 22 , 1915 - March 8 , 1945 ) was a two-sport athlete at Baylor University , a professional football player with the New York Giants , and an officer in the United States Marine Corps . He fought , and died , at the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II and received the Medal of Honor for his valor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 8 , 1945', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'L', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II_10', 'intro': "This is a list of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II. The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States or an opposing foreign force. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific, many of which were upgraded from Distinguished Service Crosses during the Clinton administration. Additionally, Douglas Albert Munro was the only serviceman from the United States Coast Guard in United States military history to receive the Medal for his actions during the war. The earliest action for which a U.S. serviceman earned a World War II Medal of Honor was the attack on Pearl Harbor, for which 17 U.S. servicemen were awarded a Medal, although they did so while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force rather than enemy since the United States was neutral during the events of December 7, 1941."}	null	null	Out of all the Second Lieutenants , who lived the longest ?	Daniel W. Lee
05b92a171ad2b356	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinfonians', 'title': 'List of Sinfonians', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Julian Cannonball Adderley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julian_"Cannonball"_Adderley', 'summary': "Julian Edwin Cannonball Adderley ( September 15 , 1928 - August 8 , 1975 ) was an American jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s . Adderley is remembered for his 1966 soul jazz single Mercy , Mercy , Mercy , a crossover hit on the pop charts ( it was also covered by the Buckinghams ) . He worked with trumpeter Miles Davis , on his own 1958 Somethin ' Else album , and on the seminal Davis records Milestones ( 1958 ) and Kind of Blue ( 1959 ) . He was the older brother of jazz trumpeter Nat Adderley , a longtime member of his band ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Theta ( 1960 ) Xi Omega ( 1970 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Texas', 'summary': 'The University of North Texas ( UNT ) is a public research university in Denton , Texas . Eleven colleges , two schools , an early admissions math and science academy for exceptional high-school-age students from across the state , and a library system comprise the university core . Its research is driven by about 38 doctoral degree programs . North Texas was founded as a nonsectarian , coeducational , private teachers college in 1890 and was formally adopted by the state 11 years later . UNT is the flagship institution of the University of North Texas System , which includes additional universities in Dallas and Fort Worth . UNT also has a satellite campus in Frisco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frostburg_State_University', 'summary': "Frostburg State University ( FSU ) is a public university in Frostburg , Maryland . The university is the only four-year institution of the University System of Maryland west of the Baltimore-Washington passageway in the state 's Appalachian highlands . Founded in 1898 by Maryland State Senator , John Leake , Frostburg was selected because the site offered the best suitable location without a cost to the state . Today , the institution is a largely residential university . With an enrollment of approximately 5,396 students , the university offers 47 undergraduate majors , 16 graduate programs , and a doctorate in educational leadership . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and places primary emphasis on its role as a teaching and learning institution ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxophonist and bandleader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamey Aebersold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamey_Aebersold', 'summary': 'Wilton Jameson Jamey Aebersold ( born July 21 , 1939 ) is an American publisher , educator , and jazz saxophonist . His Play-A-Long series of instructional books and CDs , using the chord-scale system , the first of which was released in 1967 , are an internationally renowned resource for jazz education . His summer workshops have educated students of all ages since the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Omega ( 1976 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_University', 'summary': 'Indiana State University ( ISU ) is a public university in Terre Haute , Indiana . It was founded in 1865 and offers over 100 undergraduate majors and more than 75 graduate and professional programs . Indiana State is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Doctoral/Research University .'}]}, {'value': 'Saxophonist and music educator ; known for his jazz improvisation education', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Count Basie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Count_Basie', 'summary': 'William James Count Basie ( /ˈbeɪsi/ ; August 21 , 1904 - April 26 , 1984 ) was an American jazz pianist , organist , bandleader , and composer . In 1935 , Basie formed his own jazz orchestra , the Count Basie Orchestra , and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording . He led the group for almost 50 years , creating innovations like the use of two split tenor saxophones , emphasizing the rhythm section , riffing with a big band , using arrangers to broaden their sound , and others . Many musicians came to prominence under his direction , including the tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans , the guitarist Freddie Green , trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry Sweets Edison and singers Jimmy Rushing , Helen Humes , Thelma Carpenter , and Joe Williams .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Nu ( 1970 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University', 'summary': "Louisiana Tech University , colloquially referred to as Louisiana Tech , La . Tech , or simply Tech is a public research university in Ruston , Louisiana . It is a space grant college , member of the Southeastern Universities Research Association , member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities , and Carnegie Doctoral University with high research activity ( R2 ) . It is a member of the University of Louisiana System . Louisiana Tech conducts research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Louisiana Tech is one of fewer than 50 comprehensive research universities in the nation and the only university in Louisiana to be designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education and Research and a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . Also , the FAA named Louisiana Tech to the National Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems . The university is known for its engineering and science programs . Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution . The original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana . Four years later in 1898 , the state constitution changed the school 's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute . In 1921 , the college changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its development as a larger institute of technology ."}]}, {'value': 'Pianist , bandleader ; 1981 Kennedy Center honoree ; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ; Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award recipient', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors', 'summary': 'The Kennedy Center Honors is an annual honor given to those in the performing arts for their lifetime of contributions to American culture . The honors have been presented annually since 1978 , culminating each December in a star-studded gala celebrating the honorees in the Kennedy Center Opera House in Washington , D.C .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame', 'summary': 'The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of musicians , actors , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce holds trademark rights to the Hollywood Walk of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award', 'summary': 'The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is a special Grammy Award that is awarded by The Recording Academy to performers who , during their lifetimes , have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording . This award is distinct from the Grammy Hall of Fame Award , which honors specific recordings rather than individuals , and the Grammy Trustees Award , which honors non-performers .'}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Batiste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Batiste', 'summary': 'Alvin Batiste ( November 7 , 1932 - May 6 , 2007 ) was an Avant-garde jazz clarinetist born in New Orleans , Louisiana . He taught at his own jazz institute at Southern University in Baton Rouge . His final album was a tribute produced by Branford Marsalis and also features Russell Malone and Herlin Riley . Several well-known musicians studied under Batiste while at Southern University . They include Branford Marsalis , Randy Jackson ( American Idol ) , his brother Herman , Donald Harrison , Henry Butler , Charlie Singleton ( Cameo ) , Ronald Myers and Woodie Douglas ( Spirit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Psi ( 1973 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University', 'summary': "Southern University and A & M College ( Southern University , Southern , SUBR or SU ) is a public historically black university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . It is the largest HBCU in Louisiana , a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and the flagship institution of the Southern University System . Its campus encompasses 512 acres , with an agricultural experimental station on an additional 372-acre site , five miles north of the main campus on Scott 's Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the northern section of Baton Rouge . Southern University 's 13 intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the Jaguars , and are members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) in NCAA Division I . The Human Jukebox is the internationally renowned collegiate marching band that has been representing the university since 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Avant-garde clarinetist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Baylock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Baylock', 'summary': "Alan Baylock is an American composer , arranger , educator , bandleader , clinician , instrumentalist , and the former leader of the Alan Baylock Jazz Orchestra . He was also the Jazz Composer-in-Residence at Shenandoah Conservatory in Winchester , Virginia from 2012 until 2016 and served as the Chief Arranger for The Airmen of Note jazz ensemble in Washington , D.C. for 20 years before moving to his current position as the Director of the One O'Clock Lab Band at the University of North Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Nu Psi ( 2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenandoah_University', 'summary': 'Shenandoah University is a private university in Winchester , Virginia . It has an enrollment of approximately 4,000 students across more than 200 areas of study in seven schools : College of Arts & Sciences , Harry F. Byrd Jr. School of Business , Shenandoah Conservatory , Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy , Eleanor Wade Custer School of Nursing , School of Health Professions ( Athletic Training , Occupational Therapy , Physician Assistant Studies and Physical Therapy ) and the School of Education & Leadership . Shenandoah University is one of five United Methodist Church-affiliated institutions of higher education in the Commonwealth of Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Composer , arranger , educator , bandleader , clinician , instrumentalist and bandleader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louie Bellson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louie_Bellson', 'summary': "Louis Bellson ( born Luigi Paulino Alfredo Francesco Antonio Balassoni on July 6 , 1924 - February 14 , 2009 ) , known by the stage name Louie Bellson ( his own preferred spelling , although he is often seen in sources as Louis Bellson ) , was an American jazz drummer . He was a composer , arranger , bandleader , and jazz educator , and is credited with pioneering the use of two bass drums . Bellson was an internationally acclaimed artist who performed in most of the major capitals around the world . Bellson and his wife , actress and singer Pearl Bailey ( married from 1952 until Bailey 's death in 1990 ) , had the second highest number of appearances at the White House ( only Bob Hope had more ) . Bellson was a vice president at Remo , a drum company . He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Omega ( 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frostburg_State_University', 'summary': "Frostburg State University ( FSU ) is a public university in Frostburg , Maryland . The university is the only four-year institution of the University System of Maryland west of the Baltimore-Washington passageway in the state 's Appalachian highlands . Founded in 1898 by Maryland State Senator , John Leake , Frostburg was selected because the site offered the best suitable location without a cost to the state . Today , the institution is a largely residential university . With an enrollment of approximately 5,396 students , the university offers 47 undergraduate majors , 16 graduate programs , and a doctorate in educational leadership . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and places primary emphasis on its role as a teaching and learning institution ."}]}, {'value': 'Drummer ; invented the double bass drum at age 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Butler', 'summary': 'Henry Butler ( September 21 , 1948 - July 2 , 2018 ) was an American jazz and blues pianist . He learned piano , drums , and saxophone in school . He received a college degree and graduate degree and taught at the New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts . He worked as a soloist and in groups in Los Angeles and New York City . Despite his blindness , he spent time as a photographer and had his work exhibited in galleries .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Psi ( 1969 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University', 'summary': "Southern University and A & M College ( Southern University , Southern , SUBR or SU ) is a public historically black university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . It is the largest HBCU in Louisiana , a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and the flagship institution of the Southern University System . Its campus encompasses 512 acres , with an agricultural experimental station on an additional 372-acre site , five miles north of the main campus on Scott 's Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the northern section of Baton Rouge . Southern University 's 13 intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the Jaguars , and are members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) in NCAA Division I . The Human Jukebox is the internationally renowned collegiate marching band that has been representing the university since 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blind pianist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Cunliffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Cunliffe', 'summary': 'William Henry Cunliffe Jr. ( born June 26 , 1956 ) , known professionally as Bill Cunliffe , is an American jazz pianist and composer . He has written books on jazz for Alfred Publications and has taught at California State University , Fullerton .'}]}, {'value': 'Omicron Pi ( 2010 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton', 'summary': "California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF or Cal State Fullerton ) is a public university in Fullerton , California . With a total enrollment of about 40,400 , it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system , and its approximately 5,800 graduate student body is also the largest in the CSU and one of the largest in all of California . As of Fall 2016 , the school had 2,083 faculty , of which 782 were on the tenure track . The university offers 109 degrees : 57 bachelor 's degrees and 52 graduate degrees , including three doctorates . CSUF is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution ( AANAPISI ) . The university is nationally accredited in art , athletic training , business , chemistry , communications , communicative disorders , computer science , dance , engineering , music , nursing , public administration , public health , social work , teacher education and theater . Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $ 2.26 billion to the California and local economy , and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide . CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans . They compete in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Grammy Award -winning pianist and composer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke Ellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_Ellington', 'summary': "Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington ( April 29 , 1899 - May 24 , 1974 ) was an American composer , pianist , and leader of a jazz orchestra , which he led from 1923 until his death over a career spanning more than six decades . Born in Washington , D.C. , Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward and gained a national profile through his orchestra 's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem . In the 1930s , his orchestra toured in Europe . Although widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz , Ellington embraced the phrase beyond category as a liberating principle and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music rather than to a musical genre such as jazz . Some of the jazz musicians who were members of Ellington 's orchestra , such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges , are considered to be among the best players in the idiom . Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz . Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades . A master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format , Ellington wrote more than one thousand compositions ; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy , with many of his pieces having become standards . Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen , for example Juan Tizol 's Caravan , and Perdido , which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz . In the early 1940s , Ellington began a nearly thirty-year collaboration with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn , whom he called his writing and arranging companion . With Strayhorn , he composed many extended compositions , or suites , as well as additional short pieces . Following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival , in July 1956 , Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major revival and embarked on world tours ."}]}, {'value': 'Rho Upsilon ( 1969 ) Gamma Delta ( 1969 ) Alpha Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temple_University', 'summary': "Temple University ( Temple or TU ) is a public research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was founded in 1884 by the Baptist minister Russell Conwell . In 1882 , Conwell came to Pennsylvania to lead the Grace Baptist Church while he began tutoring working-class citizens late at night to accommodate their work schedules . These students - later dubbed night owls - were taught in the basement of Conwell 's Baptist Temple , hence the origin of the university 's name and mascot . By 1907 , the institution revised its institutional status and was incorporated as a university . As of 2019 , about 40,000 undergraduate , graduate and professional students were enrolled in more than 600 academic degree programs offered at sites across the globe , including eight campuses across Pennsylvania , Rome and Japan . Temple is among the world 's largest providers of professional education ( law , medicine , podiatry , pharmacy , dentistry , and architecture ) , preparing the largest body of professional practitioners in Pennsylvania . Temple 's sports teams , the Owls , compete in NCAA Division I sporting events ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murray_State_University', 'summary': 'Murray State University ( MSU ) is a public university in Murray , Kentucky . In addition to the main campus in Calloway County in southwestern Kentucky , Murray State operates extended campuses offering upper level and graduate courses in Paducah , Hopkinsville , Madisonville , and Henderson .'}]}, {'value': 'Pianist and bandleader ; has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ; recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 , and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom', 'summary': 'The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the United States . The Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal are the highest civilian awards of the United States . The presidential medal seeks to recognize those people who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Evans', 'summary': "William John Evans ( August 16 , 1929 - September 15 , 1980 ) was an American jazz pianist and composer who mostly played in trios . His use of impressionist harmony , inventive interpretation of traditional jazz repertoire , block chords , and trademark rhythmically independent , singing melodic lines continue to influence jazz pianists today . Born in Plainfield , New Jersey , in 1929 , he was classically trained at Southeastern Louisiana University and the Mannes School of Music , where he majored in composition and received the Artist Diploma . In 1955 , he moved to New York City , where he worked with bandleader and theorist George Russell . In 1958 , Evans joined Miles Davis 's sextet , which in 1959 , then immersed in modal jazz , recorded Kind of Blue , the best-selling jazz album of all time . During that time , Evans was also playing with Chet Baker for the album Chet . In late 1959 , Evans left the Miles Davis band and began his career as a leader , with bassist Scott LaFaro and drummer Paul Motian , a group now regarded as a seminal modern jazz trio . In 1961 , ten days after finishing an engagement at the New York Village Vanguard jazz club , LaFaro died in a car accident . After months of seclusion , Evans re-emerged with a new trio , featuring bassist Chuck Israels . In 1963 , Evans recorded Conversations with Myself , a solo album using the unconventional technique of overdubbing over himself . In 1966 , he met bassist Eddie Gómez , with whom he would work for eleven years . Many of Evans 's compositions , such as Waltz for Debby , have become standards , played and recorded by many artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Omega ( 1949 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Louisiana_University', 'summary': "Southeastern Louisiana University ( Southeastern ) is a public university in Hammond , Louisiana . It was founded in 1925 by Linus A. Sims as Hammond Junior College . Sims succeeded in getting the campus moved to north Hammond in 1928 , when it became known as Southeastern Louisiana College . It achieved university status in 1970 . In the fall of 2019 there were 14,298 students enrolled . During the 1990s , Southeastern was one of the fastest-growing colleges in the United States . The university is the third largest in Louisiana , trailing only LSU and the University of Louisiana at Lafayette . Southeastern 's colors are green and gold , and the mascot is a lion named Roomie . Southeastern 's sports teams participate in NCAA Division I ( FCS for football ) in the Southland Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Pianist and composer ; posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maynard Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson', 'summary': "Walter Maynard Ferguson CM ( May 4 , 1928 - August 23 , 2006 ) was a Canadian jazz trumpeter and bandleader . He came to prominence in Stan Kenton 's orchestra before forming his own big band in 1957 . He was noted for his bands , which often served as stepping stones for up-and-coming talent , his versatility on several instruments , and his ability to play in a high register ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Chi ( 1976 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Tech_University', 'summary': 'Tennessee Technological University ( Tennessee Tech ) is a public university in Cookeville , Tennessee . It was formerly known as Tennessee Polytechnic Institute ( 1915 ) , and before that as University of Dixie , the name under which it was founded as a private institution in 1909 . Tennessee Tech places special emphasis on undergraduate education in fields related to engineering and technology , although degrees in education , liberal arts , agriculture , nursing , and other fields of study can be pursued as well . Additionally , there are graduate offerings in engineering , education , business , and the liberal arts . Affiliated with the Tennessee Board of Regents , the university is governed by a Board of Trustees . Its athletic teams compete in the Ohio Valley Conference . As of the 2018 fall semester , Tennessee Tech enrolls more than 10,000 students ( 9,006 undergraduate and 1,180 graduate students ) , and its campus has 87 buildings on 235 acres ( 95 ha ) centered along Dixie Avenue in northern Cookeville .'}]}, {'value': 'Trumpeter and bandleader ; recipient of the 2006 Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_E._Lutton_Man_of_Music_Award', 'summary': 'The Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award is one of the highest honors awarded to members of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity for a lifelong achievement in uplifting the world through art and music . Its recipients include musical legends such as Aaron Copland , W. Francis McBeth , James Levine , Frederick Fennell , Maynard Ferguson , and Col. John R. Bourgeois , USMC ( Ret . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Harrison Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Harrison_Jr.', 'summary': 'Donald Harrison Jr. ( born June 23 , 1960 ) is a jazz saxophonist from New Orleans , Louisiana . He is married to Mary Alicė Spears-Harrison and the father of Victoria Harrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Psi ( 1979 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saxophonist and orchestral composer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stan Kenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Kenton', 'summary': 'Stanley Newcomb Kenton ( December 15 , 1911 - August 25 , 1979 ) was an American popular music and jazz artist . As a pianist , composer , arranger and band leader he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades . Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s , his music was always forward looking . Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education , creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( 1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University', 'summary': "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ."}]}, {'value': 'Pianist , composer , arranger , and bandleader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Bones Malone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Malone_(musician)', 'summary': 'Thomas Bones Malone ( born June 16 , 1947 ) is an American jazz musician , arranger and producer . As his nickname implies , he specializes on the trombone , but also plays trumpet , tuba , various saxophones , clarinets , flutes , piccolo and other instruments . He is famous for being a member of The Blues Brothers band , Saturday Night Live Band ( served as leader of the band from 1981 to 1985 ) , and a member of the CBS Orchestra , the house band for the Late Show with David Letterman .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Theta ( 2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Texas', 'summary': 'The University of North Texas ( UNT ) is a public research university in Denton , Texas . Eleven colleges , two schools , an early admissions math and science academy for exceptional high-school-age students from across the state , and a library system comprise the university core . Its research is driven by about 38 doctoral degree programs . North Texas was founded as a nonsectarian , coeducational , private teachers college in 1890 and was formally adopted by the state 11 years later . UNT is the flagship institution of the University of North Texas System , which includes additional universities in Dallas and Fort Worth . UNT also has a satellite campus in Frisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Member of The Blues Brothers band ; member of the CBS Orchestra , the house band for the Late Show with David Letterman ; former arranger for Saturday Night Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers', 'summary': "The Blues Brothers are an American blues and soul revivalist band founded in 1978 by comedians Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live . Belushi and Aykroyd fronted the band , in character , respectively , as lead vocalist 'Joliet ' Jake Blues and harmonica player/vocalist Elwood Blues . The band was composed of well-known musicians , and debuted as the musical guest in a 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live , opening the show performing Hey Bartender , and later Soul Man . In 1978 , the band released their debut album , Briefcase Full of Blues , and opened for the Grateful Dead at the closing of Winterland Arena in San Francisco . They gained further notoriety after spawning a Hollywood comedy film in 1980 , The Blues Brothers . After Belushi 's death in 1982 , the Blues Brothers continued to perform with a rotation of guest singers and other band members . The band reformed in 1988 for a world tour and again in 1998 for a sequel film , Blues Brothers 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CBS_Orchestra', 'summary': "Paul Shaffer and the World 's Most Dangerous Band is an American musical ensemble led by Paul Shaffer . It is best known for being David Letterman 's house band for 33 years . The band formed in 1982 to serve as house band for NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman . When Letterman moved to CBS and began hosting the Late Show with David Letterman in 1993 , the band added a horn section and second guitarist , renaming itself ( due to an intellectual property dispute with NBC ) the CBS Orchestra , a name that lasted until Letterman left the Late Show in 2015 . After a two-year hiatus , in 2017 , the band was revived by Shaffer using its original name and released an album titled Paul Shaffer & The World 's Most Dangerous Band , followed by a tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman', 'summary': "Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS , the first iteration of the Late Show franchise . The show debuted on August 30 , 1993 , and was produced by Letterman 's production company , Worldwide Pants , and CBS Television Studios . The show 's music director and leader of the house band , the CBS Orchestra , was Paul Shaffer . The head writer was Matt Roberts and the announcer was originally Bill Wendell , then Alan Kalter . Of the major U.S. late-night programs , Late Show ranked second in cumulative average viewers over time and third in number of episodes over time . [ citation needed ] In most U.S. markets the show aired from 11:35 p.m. to 12:35 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time , and recorded Monday to Wednesdays at 4:30 p.m. , and Thursdays at 3:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time . The second Thursday episode usually aired on Friday of that week . In 2002 , Late Show with David Letterman was ranked No . 7 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . As host of both Late Night and Late Show for more than 30 years , Letterman surpassed Johnny Carson as the longest running late-night talk show host in 2013 . That same year , Late Night and Late Show were ranked at # 41 on TV Guide 's 60 Best Series of All Time . In 2014 , Letterman announced his retirement and the final episode of Late Show aired on May 20 , 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live', 'summary': "Saturday Night Live ( known as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which often parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest , who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 . Since Michaels ' return he has held the job of show-runner . Many SNL cast members have found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , and starring in television and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , SNL has aired 884 episodes since its debut , and began its forty-fifth season on September 28 , 2019 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Mangione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Mangione', 'summary': "Charles Frank Mangione ( /mændʒiˈoʊni/ ; born November 29 , 1940 ) is an American flugelhorn player , trumpeter and composer . He was a member of Art Blakey 's band and co-led the Jazz Brothers with his brother , Gap . He achieved international success in 1977 with his jazz-pop single Feels So Good . Mangione has released more than 30 albums since 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Nu ( 1971 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music', 'summary': "The Eastman School of Music is the professional school of music of the University of Rochester in Rochester , New York . It was established in 1921 by industrialist and philanthropist George Eastman . It offers Bachelor of Music ( B.M . ) degrees , Master of Arts ( M.A . ) degrees , Master of Music ( M.M . ) degrees , Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) degrees , and Doctor of Musical Arts ( D.M.A . ) degrees in many musical fields . The school also awards a Performer 's Certificate or Artist 's Diploma . In 2015 , there were more than 900 students enrolled in the collegiate division of the Eastman School ( approximately 500 undergraduate and 400 graduate students ) . Students came from almost every state of the United States , with approximately 25% foreign students . Each year approximately 2000 students apply ( 1000 undergraduates and 1000 graduates ) . The acceptance rate was 13% in 2011 and about 1,000 students ( ranging in age from 16 years to over 80 years of age ) are enrolled in the Eastman Schools Community Music School ."}]}, {'value': 'Flugelhornist and bandleader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelly Manne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelly_Manne', 'summary': 'Sheldon Manne ( June 11 , 1920 - September 26 , 1984 ) , professionally known as Shelly Manne , was an American jazz drummer . Most frequently associated with West Coast jazz , he was known for his versatility and also played in a number of other styles , including Dixieland , swing , bebop , avant-garde jazz and fusion , as well as contributing to the musical background of hundreds of Hollywood films and television programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Omicron Pi ( 1969 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drummer , frequently associated with West Coast jazz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branford Marsalis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branford_Marsalis', 'summary': 'Branford Marsalis ( born August 26 , 1960 ) is an American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader . While primarily known for his work in jazz as the leader of the Branford Marsalis Quartet , he also performs frequently as a soloist with classical ensembles and has led the group Buckshot LeFonque .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Psi ( 1979 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saxophonist ; former bandleader of the Tonight Show Band on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno', 'summary': "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was an American late-night talk show hosted by Jay Leno that first aired from May 25 , 1992 , to May 29 , 2009 , and resumed production on March 1 , 2010 until its ending on February 6 , 2014 . The fourth incarnation of the Tonight Show franchise debuted on May 25 , 1992 , three days after Johnny Carson 's retirement as host of the program . The program originated from NBC Studios in Burbank , California , and was broadcast Monday through Friday at 11:35 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones ( 10:35 p.m. Central/Mountain time ) . Unlike Carson or his predecessor Jack Paar , Leno only once used a guest host , preferring to host the series in person . The series , which followed the same basic format as that of its predecessors ( an opening monologue followed by comedy routines , interviews and performances ) , ran until May 29 , 2009 , after which Leno was succeeded by Conan O'Brien . NBC signed Leno to a new deal for a nightly talk show in the 10:00 pm ET timeslot . The primetime series , titled The Jay Leno Show , debuted on September 14 , 2009 , following a similar format to the Leno incarnation of Tonight . Neither O'Brien 's version of the program , which premiered June 1 , 2009 , nor The Jay Leno Show generated the ratings NBC had expected . The network decided to move a condensed 30-minute version of Leno 's show to O'Brien 's time slot , and O'Brien 's Tonight Show a half-hour later . This decision met with opposition from O'Brien , whose stint on The Tonight Show ended January 22 , 2010 , after which he began his own talk show , Conan , on TBS . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno then began its second incarnation , the sixth of the franchise , on March 1 , 2010 . Leno left The Tonight Show for good on February 6 , 2014 and on February 17 , was succeeded by Late Night host Jimmy Fallon , at which time the series returned to New York for the first time since 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ellis Marsalis , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellis_Marsalis,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Ellis Louis Marsalis Jr. ( born November 14 , 1934 ) is an American jazz pianist and educator . Active since the late 1940s , Marsalis came to greater attention in the 1980s and 1990s as the patriarch of a musical family , with sons Branford Marsalis and Wynton Marsalis rising to international acclaim .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Lambda ( 1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana Music Hall of Fame jazz pianist and music educator ; father of Branford and Wynton Marsalis ; recipient of the Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Music_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame ( LMHOF ) is an IRS certified 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization based in the state 's capital of Baton Rouge , that seeks to honor and preserve Louisiana 's rich music culture and heritage and to further educate its citizens and people worldwide about the state 's unique role in contributing to American indigenous and popular music in the 20th century . The motto of the LMHOF is honoring and preserving Louisiana 's greatest renewable natural resource . Its primary outreach currently consists of a growing online multimedia virtual museum . The organization is also actively developing partnerships and programs for collections , exhibitions , education aids and programs and performances . The LMHOF also seeks to stimulate economic growth by promoting the rejuvenation of the state 's music industry . In one specific example , in 2009 LMHOF facilitated pro bono an advertising endorsement agreement between Al Carnival Time Johnson and the Louisiana Lottery Corp. which resulted in unprecedented media exposure and royalties to Johnson for use of his image , voice and signature song in a scratch ticket promotion during Mardi Gras season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Branford_Marsalis', 'summary': 'Branford Marsalis ( born August 26 , 1960 ) is an American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader . While primarily known for his work in jazz as the leader of the Branford Marsalis Quartet , he also performs frequently as a soloist with classical ensembles and has led the group Buckshot LeFonque .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis', 'summary': "Wynton Learson Marsalis ( born October 18 , 1961 ) is an American virtuoso trumpeter , composer , teacher , and artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center . He has promoted classical and jazz music , often to young audiences . Marsalis has been awarded nine Grammy Awards and his Blood on the Fields was the first jazz composition to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music . He is the son of jazz musician Ellis Marsalis Jr. ( pianist ) , grandson of Ellis Marsalis Sr. , and brother of Branford ( saxophonist ) , Delfeayo ( trombonist ) , and Jason ( drummer ) . Marsalis 's son , Jasper Armstrong Marsalis , is a music producer known professionally as Slauson Malone . Marsalis is the only musician to win a Grammy Award in jazz and classical during the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Metheny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Metheny', 'summary': "Mike Metheny ( /məˈθiːni/ mə-THEE-nee ; born August 28 , 1949 in Lee 's Summit , Missouri ) is an American jazz musician and music journalist . He is the brother of the jazz guitarist Pat Metheny . Mike Metheny studied music education at the University of Missouri School of Music and Northeast Missouri State University , then played trumpet in the U.S. Army Field Band , Washington D.C. ( 1971-74 ) . Following his time in the Army , he became an adjunct lecturer and assistant to the head of the trumpet department at the Berklee College of Music ( 1976-83 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Upsilon Phi ( 1974 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truman_State_University', 'summary': 'Truman State University ( TSU or Truman ) is a public university in Kirksville , Missouri . It had 6,379 enrolled students in the fall of 2015 , with 6,039 undergraduate and 340 postgraduate students , pursuing degrees in 50 undergraduate , and eight graduate programs . The university is named for U.S. President Harry Truman , who was born in Missouri . From 1972 until 1996 , the school was known as Northeast Missouri State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Flugelhornist and music journalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doc Severinsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doc_Severinsen', 'summary': 'Carl Hilding Doc Severinsen ( July 7 , 1927 ) is an American jazz trumpeter who led the band for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Lambda ( 1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moorhead_State_University', 'summary': 'Minnesota State University Moorhead ( MSUM ) is a public university in Moorhead , Minnesota . The school has an enrollment of 7,534 students in 2019 and 266 full-time faculty members . MSUM is a part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system . MSUM is located on the western border of Minnesota on the Red River of the North in Moorhead ; across the river lies Fargo , North Dakota .'}]}, {'value': 'Trumpeter ; former bandleader of the NBC Orchestra ( later the Tonight Show Band ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson', 'summary': "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is an American talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the Tonight Show franchise that aired on NBC from October 1 , 1962 through May 22 , 1992 . It originally aired during late-night . For its first decade , Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show was based at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , with some episodes recorded at NBC 's West Coast studios in Burbank , California ; on May 1 , 1972 , the show moved to Burbank as its main venue and remained there exclusively after May 1973 until Carson 's retirement . In 2002 , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked No . 12 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2013 it was ranked No . 22 on their list of 60 Best Series ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sinfonians_21', 'intro': 'This is a list of distinguished members of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity who have achieved significant recognition in their respective fields, including (but not limited to) education, film, industry, literature, music, philanthropy, public service, radio, science, and television. In determining the classification for each Sinfonian listed here, an attempt was made to classify the individual based on what he is most known for. In some cases, a person such as Aaron Copland may be known equally as a conductor and a composer. In other cases, an individual such as Branford Marsalis may be known equally as a jazz musician and a television personality. Honorary members are in italics, charter members are in bold.'}	null	null	A member of a fraternity at Louisiana Tech University , what American jazz musician has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ?	Count Basie
05ba2d9f50945c14	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ocean_liners', 'title': 'List of ocean liners', 'header': ['Ship name', 'Year launched', 'Other names', 'Fate'], 'data': [{'value': 'RFA Maine ( 1924 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RFA_Maine_(1924)', 'summary': 'RFA Maine was a 7,432 GRT hospital ship which was built in 1924 as the ocean liner Leonardo da Vinci by SA Ansaldo , La Spezia , Italy for the Società di Navigazione Transatlantica Italiana . In 1941 , she was captured by the British at Kismayu , Italian Somaliland . Declared a prize of war , she was passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and renamed Empire Clyde , serving as a hospital ship for the British Army during the Second World War . In 1948 , ownership was passed to the Admiralty and she entered service with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary as RFA Maine . She served during the Korean War and was scrapped in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Leonardo da Vinci ( 1925-1943 ) SS Empire Clyde ( 1943-1947 ) RFA Empire Clyde ( 1947-1948 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RMS Majestic ( 1914 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Majestic_(1914)', 'summary': "RMS Majestic was a White Star ocean liner working on the North Atlantic run , originally launched in 1914 as the Hamburg America Line liner SS Bismarck . At 56,551 gross register tons , she was the largest ship in the world until completion of SS Normandie in 1935 . The third and largest member of German HAPAG Line 's trio of transatlantic liners , her completion was delayed by World War I . She never sailed under the German flag except on her sea trials in 1922 . Following the war , she was finished by her German builders , handed over to the allies as war reparations and became the White Star Line flagship Majestic . She was the second White Star ship to bear the name , the first being the RMS Majestic of 1889 . She served successfully throughout the 1920s but the onset of the Great Depression made her increasingly unprofitable . She managed to struggle through the first half of the 1930s before being sold off for scrapping to Thos W Ward . She was taken possession of by the British Admiralty before demolition commenced after an agreement was reached with White Star and Thomas Ward . She served the Royal Navy as the training ship HMS Caledonia before catching fire in 1939 and sinking . She was subsequently raised and scrapped in 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Bismarck ( 1914-1920 ) HMS Caledonia ( 1937-1943 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caught fire , and sank on September 29 , 1939 ; scrapped in 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Malolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Malolo', 'summary': 'SS Malolo ( later known as Matsonia , Atlantic , and Queen Frederica ) was an American ocean liner and cruise ship built by William Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia in 1926 for the Matson Line . She was the first of a number of ships designed by William Francis Gibbs for the line , which did much to develop tourism in the Hawaiian Islands . In 1927 Matson commissioned its largest ship yet , the Malolo ( flying fish ) for the first-class luxury service between San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Honolulu . The Malolo and other Matson liners advertised superb public rooms , spacious cabins , swimming pools , a gymnasium , and a staff , including a hairdresser , to provide a high standard of service .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matsonia ( 1937-1948 ) Atlantic ( 1948-1955 ) Queen Frederica ( 1955-1977 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1977 at Eleusina , Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleusina', 'summary': 'Eleusis ( Greek : Ελευσίνα Elefsina , Ancient Greek : Ἐλευσίς Eleusis ) is a town and municipality in West Attica Regional unit in Greece . It is situated about 18 kilometres ( 11 miles ) northwest from the centre of Athens and is part of its Metropolitan area . It is located in the Thriasian Plain , at the northernmost end of the Saronic Gulf . North of Eleusis are Mandra and Magoula , while Aspropyrgos is to the northeast . It is the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the birthplace of Aeschylus . Today , Eleusis is a major industrial centre , with the largest oil refinery in Greece as well as the home of the Aeschylia Festival , the longest-lived arts event in the Attica Region . On 11 November 2016 Eleusis was named the European Capital of Culture for 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'SS Manchuria ( 1903 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Manchuria_(1903)', 'summary': 'SS Manchuria was a passenger and cargo liner launched 1903 for the San Francisco-trans Pacific service of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company . During World War I the ship was commissioned 25 April 1918-11 September 1919 for United States Navy service as USS Manchuria ( ID-1633 ) . After return to civilian service the ship was acquired by the Dollar Steamship Line in 1928 until that line suffered financial difficulties in 1938 and ownership of Manchuria was taken over by the United States Maritime Commission which chartered the ship to American President Lines which operated her as SS President Johnson . During World War II she operated as a War Shipping Administration transport with American President Lines its agent allocated to United States Army requirements . After World War II , she was returned to American President Lines , sold and renamed SS Santa Cruz . The liner was scrapped in Italy in 1952 .'}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS President Johnson ( 1928-1948 ) SS Santa Cruz ( 1948-1952 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1952 at Savona , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savona', 'summary': "Savona ( Italian : [ saˈvoːna ] ( listen ) ; local Ligurian : Sann-a [ ˈsaŋˑa ] , Genoese : Savonn-a ) is a seaport and comune in the west part of the northern Italian region of Liguria , capital of the Province of Savona , in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea . Savona used to be one of the chief seats of the Italian iron industry , having iron-works and foundries , shipbuilding , railway workshops , engineering shops , and a brass foundry . One of the most celebrated former inhabitants of Savona was the navigator Christopher Columbus , who farmed land in the area while chronicling his journeys . 'Columbus 's house ' , a cottage situated in the Savona hills , lay between vegetable crops and fruit trees . It is one of several residences in Liguria associated with Columbus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'SS Manhattan ( 1931 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Manhattan_(1931)', 'summary': 'The SS Manhattan was a 24,189-ton luxury liner of the United States Lines , named after the borough of New York City . On 15 June 1941 , the Manhattan was commissioned as the USS Wakefield and became the largest vessel ever operated by the US Coast Guard . In 1942 , the ship caught fire and was rebuilt as a troop ship . The Manhattan never saw commercial service again .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Wakefield ( 1941-1964 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS Marco Polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Marco_Polo', 'summary': "MS Marco Polo is a cruise ship owned by the Global Maritime Group under charter to UK-based Cruise & Maritime Voyages , having been previously operated by Transocean Tours , Germany . She was built as an ocean liner in 1965 by Mathias-Thesen-Werft , East Germany as Aleksandr Pushkin for the Soviet Union 's Baltic Shipping Company . After major alterations and additions , the ship sailed as Marco Polo for Orient Lines from 1993 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Pushkin ( 1965-1991 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Mariposa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Mariposa', 'summary': 'SS Mariposa was a luxury ocean liner launched in 1931 ; one of four ships in the Matson Lines White Fleet which included SS Monterey , SS Malolo and SS Lurline . It was later renamed the SS Homeric .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Homeric ( 1953-1974 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TS Maxim Gorkiy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TS_Maxim_Gorkiy', 'summary': "TS Maxim Gorkiy was , until 30 November 2008 , a cruise ship owned by Sovcomflot , Russia , under long-term charter to Phoenix Reisen , Germany . She was built in 1969 by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft , Hamburg , West Germany for the German Atlantic Line as TS Hamburg . In late 1973 she was very briefly renamed TS Hanseatic . The following year she was sold to the Black Sea Shipping Company , Soviet Union and received the name Maksim Gorkiy in honour of the writer Maxim Gorky , renamed to Maxim Gorkiy after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 . On 20 August 2008 Maxim Gorkiy was sold to Orient Lines . She was due to enter service with her new owners on 15 April 2009 under the name TS Marco Polo II , but in November 2008 the relaunch of the Orient Lines brand was cancelled . On 8 January 2009 the ship was sold for scrap , and she was beached at Alang , India on 26 February 2009 . Although never used as such , the ship was originally planned as a dual ocean liner/cruise ship , for service between Hamburg and New York City as well as cruising . She was the first major passenger liner built in Germany since 1938 . On entering service for the Black Sea Shipping Company , she became the first four-star cruise ship operated under the Soviet flag . Several variants of the ship 's name were used through her career . Some sources refer to her with the prefix TS ( turbine ship ) instead of SS ( steamship ) , while her final name Maxim Gorkiy was also written as Maksim Gorkiy and Maxim Gorki ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamburg ( 1968-1973 ) Hanseatic ( 1973-1974 ) Maksim Gorkiy ( 1974-1992 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS Mediterranean Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Mediterranean_Sky', 'summary': 'MS Mediterranean Sky was a combination-passenger liner built in 1953 by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering , Barrow-in-Furness , United Kingdom as City of York . In 1971 , she was sold , alongside with her three sister ships , to Karageorgis lines and renamed Mediterranean Sky . Two of them , including City of York and City of Exeter ( renamed into Mediterannean Sea were rebuilt into ultramodern ferries . The Mediterranean Sky was sailed for the last time in 1996 . She started listing after being laid up in Eleusis Bay , Greece . The abandoned ship was then towed to shallow water where she grounded , capsized and sank in 2003 with the half-submerged wreck still visible in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of York ( 1953-1982 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sank in 2003 after capsizing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Mercury ( ID-3012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Mercury_(ID-3012)', 'summary': 'USS Mercury ( ID-3012 ) was a United States Navy transport ship during World War I . She was formerly the Norddeutscher Lloyd liner SS Barbarossa built by Blohm & Voss , Hamburg , Germany , in 1897 , and operated by the North German Lloyd Line . At the outset of World War I the ship was interned by the United States and , when that country entered the conflict in 1917 , was seized and converted to a troop transport . After decommissioning by the U.S. Navy , the ship was turned over to the Army Transport Service and then to the U.S . Shipping Board . She was sold for scrapping in February 1924 .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Barbarossa ( 1896-1917 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Minnedosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Minnedosa', 'summary': "SS Minnedosa was a 15,000 ton steam ocean liner the hull of which was built in Glasgow on the River Clyde for the Canadian Pacific Shipping Line by Barclay Curle , under sub-contract to Harland and Wolff , in Belfast . The ship had been ordered by the Hamburg America Line but when World War I broke out , the ship was purchased by Canadian Pacific . It was launched in Glasgow on 17 October 1917 and towed to Belfast for completion , being handed over to Canadian Pacific on 21 November 1918 . After initial voyages as a troop ship bringing home Canadian soldiers , she was used on the Liverpool to Saint John , New Brunswick run and called at all the major transatlantic ports . She carried numerous immigrants to Canada and the United States and for a period in the late 1920s was commanded by Captain Ronald Niel Stuart , VC and was entitled to fly the Blue Ensign as a result . The ship was refitted in 1925 , which increased her overall tonnage . In 1935 she was sold for scrap , but was purchased by Mussolini 's Italian government and refitted as a troopship named Piemonte . During World War II , she was torpedoed and damaged in the Mediterranean Sea north of Sicily by the Royal Navy submarine HMS Umbra on 17 November 1942 . She put into Messina , Sicily , where she was withdrawn from service . She was scuttled when Axis forces evacuated Messina in August 1943 . Her wreck was raised in 1949 and towed to La Spezia , Italy , for scrapping . Minnedosa had a nearly identical sister ship SS Melita , also sold to the Italian government in 1935 , which became the troop ship Liguria , scuttled at Tobruk in 1941 ."}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piemonte ( 1935-1949 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scuttled in 1943 by Axis forces , wreck raised and scrapped in 1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axis_powers', 'summary': "The Axis powers ( German : Achsenmächte ; Italian : Potenze dell'Asse ; Japanese : 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku ) , also known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis ( also acronymized as Roberto ) , were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies . The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies , but did not completely coordinate their activity . The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany , Italy and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s . The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936 . Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome-Berlin axis , thus creating the term Axis . The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact , an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan . Italy and Spain joined the Pact in 1937 . The Rome-Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel , with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany , Italy and Japan . At its zenith during World War II , the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe , North Africa , and East Asia . There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal , with slightly more between Germany and Italy . The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance . As in the case of the Allies , membership of the Axis was fluid , with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war ."}]}, {'value': 'SS Mongolia ( 1903 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Mongolia_(1903)', 'summary': 'SS Mongolia was a 13,369-ton passenger-and-cargo liner originally built for Pacific Mail Steamship Company in 1904 . She later sailed as USS Mongolia ( ID-1615 ) for the U.S. Navy , as SS President Fillmore for the Dollar Line and as SS Panamanian for Cia Transatlantica Centroamericano .'}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President Fillmore ( 1929-1940 ) Panamanian ( 1940-1946 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1946 at Shanghai , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'SS Mongolia ( 1922 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Mongolia_(1922)', 'summary': 'The SS Mongolia was a steam turbine-driven twin-screw passenger-and-cargo ocean liner launched in 1922 for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) for service from the United Kingdom to Australia . Later in P & O service she sailed for New Zealand , and in 1938 she was chartered to a P & O subsidiary , the New Zealand Shipping Company , as SS Rimutaka .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Rimutaka ( 1938-1950 ) SS Europa ( 1950-1951 ) SS Nassau ( 1951-1961 ) SS Acapulco ( 1961-1963 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Monterey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Monterey', 'summary': 'SS Monterey was a luxury ocean liner launched on 10 October 1931 . The ship was completed April 1932 and is shown in registers as a 1932 ship . [ note 1 ] Monterey was the third of the four ships of the Matson Lines White Fleet , which were designed by William Francis Gibbs and also included SS Malolo , SS Mariposa and SS Lurline . Monterey was identical to Mariposa and very similar to Lurline . During World War II Monterey was used as a troopship operated by Matson as agents of the War Shipping Administration ( WSA ) . Monterey was a large , fast transport capable of sailing independently and was allocated to serving Army troop transport requirements . The ship was involved in an attack on a convoy near Cape Bougaroun .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matsonia ( 1956-1963 ) Lurline ( 1963-1970 ) Britanis ( 1970-1998 ) Belofin-1 ( 1998-2000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sank on October 21 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RMS Mooltan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Mooltan', 'summary': 'RMS Mooltan was an ocean liner and Royal Mail Ship of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ) . She was ordered in 1918 and completed in 1923 . She served in the Second World War first as the armed merchant cruiser HMS Mooltan ( F75 ) and then as a troop ship . She was retired from P & O service in 1953 and scrapped in 1954 . Mooltan was unusual in combining both quadruple-expansion steam engines and turbo-electric transmission . When completed in 1923 she had only her quadruple-expansion engines , but in 1929 turbo generators and electric propulsion motors were added alongside them to increase her speed .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Nitta Maru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Nitta_Maru', 'summary': 'Chūyō ( 冲鷹 , hawk which soars ) was a Taiyō-class escort carrier originally built as Nitta Maru ( 新田丸 ) , the first of her class of three passenger-cargo liners built in Japan during the late 1930s . She was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in late 1941 and was converted into an escort carrier in 1942 . She spent most of her service ferrying aircraft , cargo and passengers to Truk until she was torpedoed and sunk by an American submarine in late 1943 with heavy loss of life .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chūyō ( 1942-1943 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torpedoed and sunk on December 4 , 1943 by the USS Sailfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Sailfish_(SS-192)', 'summary': 'USS Sailfish ( SS-192 ) , was a US Sargo-class submarine , originally named Squalus . As the Squalus , the submarine sank off the coast of New Hampshire during test dives on 23 May 1939 . The sinking drowned 26 crew members , but an ensuing rescue operation using the McCann Rescue Chamber saved the lives of the remaining 33 aboard . The submarine was salvaged in late 1939 and decommissioned . The submarine was recommissioned as the Sailfish in May 1940 , and conducted numerous patrols in the Pacific War during World War II , earning nine battle stars . She was decommissioned in October 1945 and later scrapped ; the conning tower remains on display at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine .'}]}, {'value': 'SS Noordam ( 1902 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Noordam_(1902)', 'summary': 'SS Noordam ( 1902 ) was a 12,531 ton passenger liner of the Holland America Line , sailing mostly between Rotterdam and New York . She was built by Harland and Wolff . In April 1912 she alerted RMS Titanic to ice early into its ill-fated maiden voyage . She operated during part of World War I , but hit mines on two occasions and was laid up until the war ended . In 1923 she was chartered by Swedish American Line and operated as SS Kungsholm until 1926 when she reverted to Holland America as Noordam . She was scrapped in 1927 .'}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kungsholm ( 1923-1926 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Normandie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Normandie', 'summary': 'The SS Normandie was a French ocean liner built in Saint-Nazaire , France , for the French Line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ( CGT ) . She entered service in 1935 as the largest and fastest passenger ship afloat , crossing the Atlantic in a record 4.14 days , and remains the most powerful steam turbo-electric-propelled passenger ship ever built . Her novel design and lavish interiors led many to consider her the greatest of ocean liners . Despite this , she was not a commercial success and relied partly on government subsidy to operate . During service as the flagship of the CGT , she made 139 westbound transatlantic crossings from her home port of Le Havre to New York . Normandie held the Blue Riband for the fastest transatlantic crossing at several points during her service career , during which the RMS Queen Mary was her main rival . During World War II , Normandie was seized by U.S. authorities at New York and renamed USS Lafayette . In 1942 , the liner caught fire while being converted to a troopship , capsized onto her port side and came to rest on the mud of the Hudson River at Pier 88 , the site of the current New York Passenger Ship Terminal . Although salvaged at great expense , restoration was deemed too costly and she was scrapped in October 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Lafayette ( 1941-1946 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caught fire and capsized in 1942 ; scrapped in 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SS Oceanic ( 1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Oceanic_(1965)', 'summary': "SS Oceanic was a cruise ship owned and operated by Peace Boat . She was built in 1965 by Cantieri Riuniti dell ' Adriatico , Monfalcone , Italy for Home Lines . Between 1985 and 2000 , she sailed for Premier Cruise Line under the names Starship Oceanic and Big Red Boat I , before being sold to Pullmantur Cruises and reverting to her original name . In 2009 she left the Pullmantur fleet for Peace Boat ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'StarShip Oceanic ( 1985-2000 ) Big Red Boat I ( 2000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scrapped in 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MS Oranje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Oranje', 'summary': "MS Oranje , later known as Angelina Lauro , was a Dutch passenger liner , a wartime hospital ship and finally a cruise ship that was burnt out and subsequently lost while being towed for scrap . She sank in a storm in the mid-Pacific , on 24 September 1979 . The ship underwent 25 years ' service as Oranje , and fifteen as Angelina Lauro . She was a cruise ship for the last seven years of her career ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelina Lauro ( 1965-1979 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caught fire , and sank on September 24 , 1979', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Multi-name -- M-P', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_ocean_liners_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of ocean liners past and present, which are passenger ships engaged in the transportation of passengers and goods in transoceanic voyages. Ships primarily designed for pleasure cruises are listed at List of cruise ships. Some ships which have been explicitly designed for both line voyages and cruises, or which have been converted from liners to cruise ships, may be listed in both places. Also included are cargo liners designed to carry both cargo and passengers.'}	null	null	what is the year launched of the ship that is a cruise ship owned by the Global Maritime Group under charter to UK-based Cruise & Maritime Voyages ?	1964
05baf7b5b3df3d00	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_vessel', 'title': 'Crane vessel', 'header': ['Vessel name', 'Company', 'Built', 'Lifting capacity ( t )', 'Type', 'Identifier'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sleipnir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SSCV_Sleipnir', 'summary': "Semi-submersible crane vessel ( SSCV ) Sleipnir is a large lifting ship owned and operated by Heerema Marine Contractors . It is named for Sleipnir , the eight-legged horse ridden by Odin in Norse mythology . The vessel is equipped with two revolving cranes built by Huisman Equipment B.V. , each with a capacity of 10,000 t ( 11,000 short tons ) ; the main cranes can be operated in tandem to jointly lift 20,000 t ( 22,000 short tons ) . It was ordered in 2015 and built in Singapore by Sembcorp Marine . After its completion in 2019 , SSCV Sleipnir succeeded Heerema 's earlier SSCV Thialf as the largest crane vessel in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Heerema Marine Contractors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerema_Marine_Contractors', 'summary': 'Heerema Marine Contractors ( HMC ) is a contractor headquartered in the Netherlands most notable for operation of three of the largest crane vessels in the offshore industry .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,000 ( 10,000 + 10,000 tandem , revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-submersible', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9781425', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Thialf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SSCV_Thialf', 'summary': 'The SSCV Thialf is a semi-submersible crane vessel operated by Heerema Marine Contractors , and it was the largest crane vessel in the world until the SSCV Sleipnir became the largest in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heerema Marine Contractors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerema_Marine_Contractors', 'summary': 'Heerema Marine Contractors ( HMC ) is a contractor headquartered in the Netherlands most notable for operation of three of the largest crane vessels in the offshore industry .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,200 ( 7,100 + 7,100 tandem , revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-submersible', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 8757740', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Saipem 7000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saipem_7000', 'summary': "The Saipem 7000 is the world 's third largest semi-submersible crane vessel , after the SSCV Sleipnir and the SSCV Thialf . It is owned by the oil and gas industry contractor Saipem S.p.A ."}]}, {'value': 'Saipem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saipem', 'summary': "Saipem S.p.A. ( Società Anonima Italiana Perforazioni E Montaggi ) is an Italian multinational oilfield services company and one of the largest in the world . Until 2016 it was a subsidiary of Italian oil and gas supermajor Eni , which still retains approximately 30% of Saipem 's shares ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,000 ( 7,000 + 7,000 tandem , revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-submersible', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 8501567', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Hyundai-10000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyundai Heavy Industries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries', 'summary': "Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. , Ltd. ( or HHI ) is the world 's largest shipbuilding company . Its headquarters are in Ulsan , South Korea . HHI was founded in 1972 by Chung Ju-yung as a division of the Hyundai Group , and in 1974 , completed building its first ships . In 2002 , the company was spun-off from its parent company . HHI has four core business divisions : Shipbuilding , Offshore & Engineering , Industrial Plant & Engineering , and Engine & Machinery . HHI also has five non-core related subsidiaries : Hyundai Electric & Energy Systems , Hyundai Construction Equipment , Hyundai Robotics , Hyundai Heavy Industries Green Energy , and Hyundai Global Service . The Hyundai Group started as a small South Korean construction firm in 1947 , headed by its founder , Korean entrepreneur Chung Ju-Yung . Another widely known and closely related Korean company , the Hyundai Motor Company , was founded in 1967 , five years prior to the founding of the Heavy Industry Group . The motor company was also founded by Chung . The name is an informal romanisation of the Korean 현대 ( hyeondae ) meaning contemporary , which was Chung 's vision for the group of companies that he founded ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Monohull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': 'MMSI number : 440680000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity', 'summary': 'A Maritime Mobile Service Identity ( MMSI ) is a series of nine digits which are sent in digital form over a radio frequency channel in order to uniquely identify ship stations , ship earth stations , coast stations , coast earth stations , and group calls . These identities are formed in such a way that the identity or part thereof can be used by telephone and telex subscribers connected to the general telecommunications network to call ships automatically .'}]}, {'value': 'Svanen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Van Oord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Van_Oord', 'summary': "Royal Van Oord is a Dutch maritime contracting company that specializes in dredging , land reclamation and constructing man made islands . Royal Van Oord has undertaken many projects throughout the world , including land reclamation , dredging and beach nourishment . The company has one of the world 's largest dredging fleets ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catamaran', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9007453', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Hermod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermod_(ship)', 'summary': 'SSCV Hermod was a semi-submersible crane vessel operated by Heerema Marine Contractors .'}]}, {'value': 'Heerema Marine Contractors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerema_Marine_Contractors', 'summary': 'Heerema Marine Contractors ( HMC ) is a contractor headquartered in the Netherlands most notable for operation of three of the largest crane vessels in the offshore industry .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,100 ( 4,500 + 3,600 tandem ; 4,500 + 2,700 revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-submersible ( scrapped )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 7710214', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Lanjing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanjing', 'summary': 'Lanjing ( 蓝鲸 ) is a self-propelled , deep water crane vessel , owned by China National Offshore Oil Corporation ( CNOOC ) , the national oil exploration company of China , through its Hong Kong-listed subsidiary CNOOC Limited . Built in 2012 , it is one of the six large crane barges owned by COOEC and CNOOC , namely HYSY201 , HYSY 202 , Lanjing , Blue Xinjiang , Binhai 109 , HYSY286 , HYSY289 and HYSY291 .'}]}, {'value': 'CNOOC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNOOC', 'summary': "China National Offshore Oil Corporation , or CNOOC Group ( Chinese : 中国海洋石油总公司 Pinyin : Zhōngguó Háiyáng Shíyóu Zǒnggōngsī ) , is one of the largest national oil companies in China . It is the third-largest national oil company in the People 's Republic of China , after CNPC ( parent of PetroChina ) and China Petrochemical Corporation ( parent of Sinopec ) . [ citation needed ] The CNOOC Group focuses on the exploitation , exploration and development of crude oil and natural gas in offshore China , along with its subsidiary COOEC . The company is owned by the government of the People 's Republic of China , and the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council ( SASAC ) assumes shareholder rights and obligations on the government 's behalf . One subsidiary , CNOOC Limited , is listed on the Hong Kong exchange ; the other , China Oilfield Services , is listed on the Hong Kong and New York exchanges ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,500 ( 4,000 revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 8907527', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'VB-10,000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VB-10,000_(ship)', 'summary': "The VB-10,000 is a heavy-lift twin-gantry catamaran consisting of two truss space frames atop two barges . The design was derived from Versabar 's earlier VB-4000 ( aka Bottom Feeder ) , which was developed to clear debris from toppled oil drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico . Instead of sending divers to section the wreckage into pieces , the heavy-lift capability facilitates salvaging the platform as a single piece . The primary benefit is increasing safety by reducing the number of high-risk diving activities , but substantial cost savings can be realized by reducing the number of lifts and shortening the decommissioning schedule . VB-10,000 is the largest lift vessel ever built in the United States . The color and shape of the trusses on VB-10,000 have prompted comparisons to the famed McDonald 's signature Golden Arches ."}]}, {'value': 'Versabar Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catamaran', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MMSI number : 367490050', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity', 'summary': 'A Maritime Mobile Service Identity ( MMSI ) is a series of nine digits which are sent in digital form over a radio frequency channel in order to uniquely identify ship stations , ship earth stations , coast stations , coast earth stations , and group calls . These identities are formed in such a way that the identity or part thereof can be used by telephone and telex subscribers connected to the general telecommunications network to call ships automatically .'}]}, {'value': 'Balder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DCV_Balder', 'summary': 'DCV Balder is a deepwater construction vessel ( DCV ) operated by Heerema Marine Contractors .'}]}, {'value': 'Heerema Marine Contractors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerema_Marine_Contractors', 'summary': 'Heerema Marine Contractors ( HMC ) is a contractor headquartered in the Netherlands most notable for operation of three of the largest crane vessels in the offshore industry .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,300 ( 3,600 + 2,700 tandem ; 3,000 + 2,000 revolving )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-submersible', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 7710226', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneering Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneering_Spirit', 'summary': "Pioneering Spirit ( previously named Pieter Schelte ) is the world 's largest vessel by gross tonnage . It was designed for the single-lift installation and removal of large oil and gas platforms and the installation of record-weight pipelines . Designed by Swiss-based Allseas Group , the 382-metre ( 1,253 ft ) long , 124-metre ( 407 ft ) wide vessel was built in South Korea by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering ( 2011-14 ) at a cost of €2.6 billion and commenced offshore operations in August 2016 . In June 2017 , Pioneering Spirit commenced pipelay for the first line of SouthStream Transport B.V 's dual 930-kilometre ( 580 mi ) Turkish Stream pipeline in the Black Sea . Allseas has committed to building an even larger version of the same design , Allseas Amazing Grace , the delivery of which is planned for 2022 ."}]}, {'value': 'Allseas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allseas', 'summary': 'Allseas Group S.A. is a Swiss-based offshore contractor specialising in pipelay , heavy lift and subsea construction . The company , founded in 1985 by owner and president Edward Heerema , employs 4,000 people and operates worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000 ( tub crane only )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9593505', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Orion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DEME Offshore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DEME', 'summary': "Dredging , Environmental and Marine Engineering NV ( DEME ) is an international group of specialised companies in the field of capital and maintenance dredging , land reclamation , port infrastructure development , offshore related services for the oil & gas industry , farshore windfarm installation , environmental remediation a.o . The group is based in Zwijndrecht , Belgium , and has current operations on the five continents . The roots of the group date back to the mid 19th century . DEME is committed to the practice of sustainable development . In 2009 , the Flemish government agency Flanders Investment and Trade awarded the Export Lion 2009 to DEME for what was called its 'sustainable strategy of internationalization ' and 'the many prestigious assignments carried out worldwide ' . In a survey by temporary employment company Randstad Holding of 12,000 Belgians in early 2010 DEME was proclaimed one of the most attractive employers in Belgium ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Hercules III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Lift ( Keppel Fels / Smit International JV )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keppel_Corporation', 'summary': "Keppel Corporation ( also known as Keppel Corp ) is a Singaporean conglomerate headquartered in Keppel Bay Tower , HarbourFront . The company consists of several affiliated businesses that specialises in offshore & marine , property , infrastructure and asset management businesses . The company was founded in 1968 as Keppel Shipyard at the Keppel Harbour situated in Tanjong Pagar before moving its operations to Jurong , where the company focused on offshore and marine activities . Notable Keppel subsidiaries include Keppel Offshore & Marine ( world 's largest oil rig builder ) and Keppel Land ( world 's 2nd most sustainable diversified real estate developer ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Smit_International', 'summary': "Smit Internationale N.V. ( or Smit International ) is a Dutch company operating in the maritime sector . The company was founded in 1842 by Fop Smit as a towage company with only the 140 horsepower paddle steamer tug Kinderdijk . Fop 's sons , Jan and Leendert , continued the company under the name L.Smit & Co and expanded the fleet . In 1870 , they began using tugs with propellers . After a merger in 1923 with Internationale Sleepdienst , the name was changed to L. Smit & Co. 's Internationale Sleepdienst . Formerly listed at the NYSE Euronext stock exchange in Amsterdam , the company was fully acquired by Royal Boskalis Westminster in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Monohull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9660396', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Borealis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subsea 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subsea_7', 'summary': 'Subsea 7 S.A. is a subsea engineering , construction and services company serving the offshore energy industry . The company is registered in Luxembourg with its headquarters in London .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9452787', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Oleg Strashnov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaway Heavy Lifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subsea_7', 'summary': 'Subsea 7 S.A. is a subsea engineering , construction and services company serving the offshore energy industry . The company is registered in Luxembourg with its headquarters in London .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9452701', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'HL 5000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deep Offshore Technology', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Barge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceanic 5000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceanic Marine Contractors', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9559145', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaisho ( 海翔 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorigami Maritime Construction Co. , Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Barge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aegir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heerema Marine Contractors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerema_Marine_Contractors', 'summary': 'Heerema Marine Contractors ( HMC ) is a contractor headquartered in the Netherlands most notable for operation of three of the largest crane vessels in the offshore industry .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monohull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9605396', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Gulliver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scaldis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scaldis', 'summary': 'The Scheldt ( /ʃɛlt/ , French : Escaut [ ɛsko ] , Walloon : Escô , Dutch : Schelde [ ˈsxɛldə ] ) is a 350-kilometre ( 220 mi ) long river in northern France , western Belgium , and the southwestern part of the Netherlands . Its name is derived from an adjective corresponding to Old English sceald ( shallow ) , Modern English shoal , Low German schol , West Frisian skol , and Swedish ( obsolete ) skäll ( thin ) . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000 ( 2,000 + 2,000 tandem )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Barge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': 'IMO number : 9774094', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMO_number', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) number is a unique identifier for ships , registered ship owners and management companies . IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud . They consist of the three letters IMO followed by unique seven-digit numbers , assigned under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . The IMO number scheme has been mandatory for all ships since 1 January 1996 . The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship 's owner , country of registry or name changes . The ship 's certificates must also bear the IMO number . Since 1 July 2004 , passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Yosho ( 洋翔 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorigami Maritime Construction Co. , Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheerleg Barge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floating_sheerleg', 'summary': 'A floating sheerleg ( also : shearleg ) is a floating water vessel with a crane built on shear legs . Unlike other types of crane vessel , it is not capable of rotating its crane independently of its hull . There is a huge variety in sheerleg capacity . The smaller cranes start around 50 ton [ which ? ] in lifting capacity , with the largest being able to lift 10,000 tons . The bigger sheerlegs usually have their own propulsion system and have a large accommodation facility on board , while smaller units are floating pontoons that need to be towed to their workplace by tugboats . Sheerlegs are commonly used for salvaging ships , assistance in shipbuilding , loading and unloading large cargo into ships , and bridge building . They have grown considerably larger over the last decades due to a marked increase in vessel , cargo , and component size ( of ships , offshore oil rigs , and other large fabrications ) , resulting in heavier lifts both during construction and in salvage operations .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Heavy lift vessels', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Crane_vessel_0', 'intro': 'A crane vessel, crane ship or floating crane is a ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads. The largest crane vessels are used for offshore construction. Conventional monohulls are used, but the largest crane vessels are often catamaran or semi-submersible types as they have increased stability. On a sheerleg crane, the crane is fixed and cannot rotate, and the vessel therefore is manoeuvered to place loads. As of 2019, the largest crane vessel in the world is the CNOOC Limited owned Lanjing, having 3 cranes of capacities 7500 tonnes, 4000 tonnes and 1600 tonnes.'}	null	null	What sheerleg vessel is owned by the world 's largest shipbuilding company ?	Hyundai-10000
05bafc59d6070ee1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Belarusian_First_League', 'title': '2010 Belarusian First League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Position in 2009'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Gomel', 'summary': 'FC Gomel ( Belarusian : ФК Гомель ) , or FK Homel , is a Belarusian football club , playing in the city of Gomel . Their home stadium is Central Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomel', 'summary': 'Gomel ( official transliteration : Homieĺ ; also Homiel , Homel or Homyel ; [ citation needed ] Belarusian : Го́мель , Łacinka : Homiel , pronounced [ ˈɣomʲelʲ ] , Russian : Го́мель , pronounced [ ˈɡomʲɪlʲ ] ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants ( 2015 census ) the second-most populous city of Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Premier league , 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'Belarusian Premier League 2009 was the 19th season of top-tier football in Belarus . It started on April 4 and ended on November 8 , 2009 . BATE Borisov were the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Granit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Granit_Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Granit Mikashevichi ( Belarusian : Гранiт Мiкашэвiчы ) is a football club from Mikashevichi , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mikashevichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Mikashevichy ( Belarusian : Мікашэвічы , Mikaševičy , [ mʲikaˈʂɛvʲitʂɨ ] ; Russian : Микашевичи , Mikashevichi , Polish : Mikaszewicze ) is a city in the southwestern Belarusian Brest Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Premier league , 13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'Belarusian Premier League 2009 was the 19th season of top-tier football in Belarus . It started on April 4 and ended on November 8 , 2009 . BATE Borisov were the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Smorgon', 'summary': 'FC Smorgon is a Belarusian football club based in Smarhon . They will play in the Belarusian First League , the second level in Belarusian league system , after being relegated from the Belarusian Premier League in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smarhon', 'summary': 'Smarhon or Smorgon ( Belarusian : Смарго́нь , [ smarˈɣonʲ ] ; Russian : Сморгонь ; Lithuanian : Smurgainys ; Polish : Smorgonie ; Yiddish : סמאָרגאָן ) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus . It was the site of Smarhon air base , now mostly abandoned . Smarhon is located 107 km from the capital , Minsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Premier league , 14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'Belarusian Premier League 2009 was the 19th season of top-tier football in Belarus . It started on April 4 and ended on November 8 , 2009 . BATE Borisov were the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Volna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volna_Pinsk', 'summary': 'FC Volna Pinsk is a Belarusian football club based in Pinsk , Brest Oblast . The club plays in Belarusian First League .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinsk', 'summary': "Pinsk ( Belarusian : Пі́нск ; Russian : Пи́нск [ pʲin̪s̪k ] ; Ukrainian : Пі́нськ , Pins ' k ; Polish : Pińsk ; Yiddish/Hebrew : פינסק , Lithuanian : Pinskas ) is a city in Brest Region of Belarus , in the Polesia region , at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River . The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk and is southwest of Minsk . The city 's population is about 138,202 . The historic city has a restored city centre , with two-story buildings from the 19th century and the early 20th century . The centre has become an active place for youths of all ages with summer theme parks and a new association football stadium , which houses the city 's football club , FC Volna Pinsk ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_DSK_Gomel', 'summary': "FC DSK Gomel was a Belarusian football club based in Gomel . DSK stands for Домостоительный комбинат ( Domostroitel'ny Kombinat , English : House-building Combine ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomel', 'summary': 'Gomel ( official transliteration : Homieĺ ; also Homiel , Homel or Homyel ; [ citation needed ] Belarusian : Го́мель , Łacinka : Homiel , pronounced [ ˈɣomʲelʲ ] , Russian : Го́мель , pronounced [ ˈɡomʲɪlʲ ] ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants ( 2015 census ) the second-most populous city of Belarus .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Veras_Nesvizh', 'summary': 'Veras Nesvizh is a defunct Belarusian football club based in Nyasvizh , Minsk Voblast . The team played in Belarusian Second League and later in Belarusian First League from 1995 till 2010 . In February 2011 Veras was disbanded due to a loss of main sponsor .'}]}, {'value': 'Nesvizh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nesvizh', 'summary': 'Nesvizh , Niasviž ( Belarusian : Нясві́ж [ nʲaˈsʲvʲiʐ ] ; Russian : Не́свиж ; Polish : Nieśwież ; Lithuanian : Nesvyžius ; Yiddish : ניעסוויז ; Latin : Nesvisium ) is a city in Belarus . It is the administrative center of the Nyasvizh District ( rajon ) of Minsk Region and location of the Niasviž Castle World Heritage Site . Its 2009 population is 14,300 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKVICH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_SKVICH_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC SKVICH Minsk was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk , last playing in the Belarusian Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baranovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Baranovichi', 'summary': 'FC Baranovichi is a Belarusian football club based in Baranovichi , Brest Oblast . Their home stadium is Lokomotiv Stadium , Baranovichi . The club was founded in 1945 and had changed its name several times during its history . Team colors are red and blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Baranovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baranovichi', 'summary': 'Baranavichy ( /bəˈrɑːnəvɪtʃiː/ ( listen ) ; Belarusian : Бара́навічы [ baˈranavʲitʂɨ ] , Łacinka : Baranavičy ; Russian : Бара́новичи , Polish : Baranowicze , Lithuanian : Baranovičiai , Yiddish : באראנאוויטש , Baranovitsh ) is a city in the Brest Region of western Belarus , with a population ( as of 2019 ) of 179,000 . It is a significant railway junction and home to Baranavichy State University .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khimik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Khimik_Svetlogorsk', 'summary': 'FC Khimik Svetlogorsk is a Belarusian football club based in Svetlogorsk , Gomel Voblast . The club is notable for being the only club in Belarus that has been playing the First League since the very first season ( 1992 ) without a single promotion or relegation for 29 seasons in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetlogorsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlahorsk', 'summary': 'Svietlahorsk ( Belarusian : Светлаго́рск , [ sʲvʲetɫaˈɣorsk ] , Svetlogorsk ( Russian : Светлого́рск ) , until 1961 Šacilki , Belarusian : Шацілкі ) is a town in the Svietlahorsk District of Gomel Region of Belarus , the administrative center of the rajon ( district ) . It is located by the Berezina River and has 68,593 inhabitants ( 2015 estimate ) . Svietlаhorsk-na-Biarezinie ( Svietlаhorsk on Biarezina ) is also a railroad station on the Zhlobin - Kalinkavichy railway line .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vedrich-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rechitsa-2014', 'summary': 'FC Rechitsa-2014 was a Belarusian football club based in Rechytsa .'}]}, {'value': 'Rechitsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rechitsa', 'summary': 'Rechytsa ( Belarusian : Рэчыца , pronounced [ ˈrɛtʂɨtsa ] ; Russian : Речица ; Polish : Rzeczyca ; Lithuanian : Rečyca ) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus . It is center of Rechytsa District . The city is situated at the mouth of Rechytsa River , flowing into the Dnieper . As of 2005 [ update ] the population was 65,532 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belcard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Belcard_Grodno', 'summary': "Belcard Grodno is a football club based in Grodno . Club 's name is derived from BelCard plant in Grodno ( specializing in cardan shaft production ) , which has been a primary sponsor of the club and its youth academy ."}]}, {'value': 'Grodno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kommunalnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kommunalnik_Slonim', 'summary': 'FC Kommunalnik Slonim was a Belarusian football club based in Slonim , Grodno Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Slonim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slonim', 'summary': 'Slonim ( Belarusian : Сло́нім , Russian : Сло́ним , Lithuanian : Slanimas , Polish : Słonim , Yiddish : סלאָנים , Slonim ) is a city in Grodno Region , Belarus , capital of the Slonim district . It is located at the junction of the Shchara and Isa rivers , 143 km ( 89 mi ) southeast of Grodno . The population in 2015 was 49,739 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lida', 'summary': 'FC Lida is a Belarusian association football club based in Lida , Grodno Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lida', 'summary': 'Lida ( Belarusian : Лі́да [ ˈlʲid̪ä ] ; Russian : Ли́да [ ˈlʲid̪ə ] ; Lithuanian : Lyda ; Polish : Lida ; Yiddish : לידע ) is a city 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Minsk in western Belarus in Grodno Region .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Polotsk', 'summary': 'FC Polotsk was a Belarusian professional football club based in Polotsk , Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polotsk', 'summary': 'Polotsk ( Russian : По́лоцк ; Belarusian : По́лацк , romanized : Polatsk ; Lithuanian : Polockas ; Polish : Połock ) is a historical city in Belarus , situated on the Dvina River . It is the center of the Polotsk District in Vitsebsk Voblast . Its population is more than 80,000 people . It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base . The city is also considered to be the geographical center of Europe .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slavia_Mozyr', 'summary': 'FC Slavia Mazyr ( Belarusian : ФК Славія Мазыр , FK Slaviya Mazyr ) is a Belarusian football team , based in Mazyr , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mozyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozyr', 'summary': 'Mazyr ( Belarusian : Мазыр , pronounced [ maˈzɨr ] ; Russian : Мозырь Mozyr [ ˈmozɨrʲ ] , Polish : Mozyrz , Yiddish : מאזשיר ) - a city in Gomel Region of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 kilometres ( 130 miles ) east of Pinsk and 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050 ; 29.250 . The population is 111,770 ( 2004 estimate ) . The total urban area including Kalinkavichy across the river has a population of 150,000 . Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining , salt extraction , machine building , and food processing in Belarus . It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus , pumping out 18 million metric tons per year . The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia splitting in two at Mazyr . One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudensk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rudensk', 'summary': 'FC Rudensk is a Belarusian football club . Though the team officially represents the town of Rudensk , since the formation they play all their home matches in Maryina Horka , 22 km from Rudensk .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryina Gorka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryina_Gorka', 'summary': "Marjina Horka Belarusian : Ма́р'іна Го́рка , romanized : Marjina Horka , Russian : Марьина Горка , Maryina Gorka , Polish : Maryjna Górka ) is a town in Minsk Voblast , Belarus , the capital of the Pukhavichy Raion . As of 2009 its population was 22,500 . Maryina Horka is located 60 km ( 37.28 mi ) south of Minsk . It is traversed by the M5 highway , between Minsk and Babruysk ."}]}, {'value': 'Second league , 1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams and venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Belarusian_First_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2010 Belarusian First League is the 20th season of 2nd level football in Belarus. It started on April 17 and ended on November 13, 2010.'}	null	null	what was the position of the team in 2009 that played in Belarusian Second League and later in Belarusian First League from 1995 till 2010 in a location which 2009 population is 14,300 ?	4
05bbed149bcdf383	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_films_of_2012', 'title': 'List of Canadian films of 2012', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': "L'Affaire Dumont", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Affaire_Dumont", 'summary': "L'Affaire Dumont is a Canadian drama film , released in 2012 . Written by Danielle Dansereau and directed by Daniel Podz Grou , the film stars Marc-André Grondin as Michel Dumont , a divorced young father of two who is accused of a sexual assault he did not commit . The film 's cast also includes Geneviève Brouillette , Patrick Hivon and Marilyn Castonguay . The film garnered seven Canadian Screen Awards nominations at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Grondin ) , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Castonguay ) , Best Art Direction and Production Design ( André Guimond ) , Best Editing ( Valérie Héroux ) , Best Sound Editing ( Pierre-Jules Audet , Michelle Cloutier , Thierry Bourgault D'Amico , Nathalie Fleurant and Cédrick Marin ) and Best Make-Up ( Marlène Rouleau and André Duval ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Grou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Grou', 'summary': "Daniel Grou ( born August 19 , 1967 ) , frequently credited as Podz , is a Canadian film and television director . His credits include the films 10½ , L'Affaire Dumont , 7 Days ( Les 7 jours du Talion ) , King Dave and Mafia Inc. as well as episodes of the television series Drop the Beat , The Hunger , Big Wolf on Campus , Vampire High , Les Bougon , Minuit , le soir , 19-2 , Vikings , Cardinal and Au nom de la loi . He took the nickname Podz from the fact that his surname differs in spelling , but not in pronunciation , from the far more common French Canadian surname Groulx , meaning that he was frequently forced to state his surname to people as Grou , pas d'lx . He is a four-time Gémeaux Award winner for Best Direction in a Dramatic Television Series or Program , winning in 2003 for the television film Exils , in 2006 and 2007 for Minuit , le soir , and in 2011 for the French version of 19-2 . He was a Jutra Award nominee for Best Director in 2011 for 10½ and in 2013 for L'Affaire Dumont , a Genie Award nominee for Best Director at the 31st Genie Awards in 2010 for 10½ , and a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Direction in a Dramatic Television Series at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016 for the 19-2 episode School ."}]}, {'value': 'Marc-André Grondin , Geneviève Brouillette , Marilyn Castonguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc-André_Grondin', 'summary': "Marc-André Grondin ( born March 11 , 1984 ) is a Canadian actor , best known to date as Zachary Beaulieu in Jean-Marc Vallée 's film C.R.A.Z.Y . ( 2005 ) , for which he won a Jutra award for best actor . He was born in Montreal , Quebec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Brouillette', 'summary': 'Geneviève Brouillette ( born August 23 , 1969 in Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec ) is a French Canadian television and film actress from Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec . Since 1998 she has gradually appeared in film and she appeared in A Sunday in Kigali in 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marilyn_Castonguay', 'summary': "Marilyn Castonguay is a Canadian actress , best known for her performance in the 2012 film L'Affaire Dumont . A graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada , her performance in L'Affaire Dumont garnered a nomination for Best Actress at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards . She has also appeared in the films Louis Cyr , Miraculum , Guardian Angel ( L'Ange gardien ) , Ça sent la coupe , An Extraordinary Person ( Quelqu'un d'extraordinaire ) , Wild Skin ( La peau sauvage ) and The Decline ( Jusqu'au déclin ) , and the television series Vertige , Au secours de Béatrice and Fatale-Station ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All That You Possess ( Tout ce que tu possèdes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_That_You_Possess', 'summary': 'All That You Possess ( French : Tout ce que tu possèdes ) is a Canadian drama film , released in 2012 . Written and directed by Bernard Émond , the film stars Patrick Drolet as Pierre Leduc , a doctoral student and university lecturer in Quebec City who dreams of abandoning his academic career to translate the poetry of Edward Stachura . The film garnered three nominations at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards , including Best Director and Best Original Screenplay nods for Émond and Best Actor for Drolet .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernard Émond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Émond', 'summary': 'Bernard Émond ( born 1951 , in Montreal ) is a Québecois and Canadian director , screenwriter , novelist and essayist working in the French-language . He studied anthropology at university and lived for several years in the Canadian north where he worked for the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation . He began his film career making documentaries , later moving to feature-length films , all of which have been shot in Quebec . He is noted for the humanistic , sometimes spiritual depth of his films , in particular his trilogy of feature films ( 2007 , 2009 , 2012 ) based on the three Christian virtues , faith , hope , and charity . Other themes in his work include human dignity and frailty , and cultural loss . He describes himself as an agnostic and a conservative socialist . Bernard Émond is married to Catherine Martin , also a Quebec film director . They live in Montreal .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Drolet , Gilles Renaud , Isabelle Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Drolet', 'summary': "Patrick Drolet is a Canadian film and television actor . His credits include the films Father and Guns ( De père en flic ) , All That You Possess ( Tout ce que tu possèdes ) and The Novena ( La neuvaine ) , and the television series Les Invincibles , Mémoires vives , Les Bougon : C'est aussi ça la vie and Trauma . He was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 2010 Genie Awards for his performance in De père en flic , and for Best Actor at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards for his performance in Tout ce que tu possèdes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Renaud', 'summary': "Gilles Renaud ( born 25 September 1944 ) is a Canadian actor who has starred in cinema and television in Quebec . In 1983 , he was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Actor for the film A Day in a Taxi . In 2016 , he appeared in the film Bad Seeds . While heavily involved in that production , he filmed a death scene for his character in his TV series Mémoires Vives , which began airing in 2013 . In 2017 , he starred in François Girard 's film Hochelaga , Land of Souls , as a Montreal archaeologist in search of Hochelaga ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antiviral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antiviral_(film)', 'summary': "Antiviral is a 2012 Canadian-French science fiction horror film directed by Brandon Cronenberg . The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . Cronenberg re-edited the film after the festival to make it tighter , trimming nearly six minutes out of the film . The revised film was first shown at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival , and was a co-winner , alongside Jason Buxton 's Blackbird , of the festival 's Best Canadian First Feature Film award ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandon Cronenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Cronenberg', 'summary': "Brandon Cronenberg ( born circa 1980 ) is a Canadian writer and film director . He is the son of acclaimed director David Cronenberg . He studied film at Ryerson University in Toronto , Canada . He initially considered himself to be a book nerd growing up , who was interested in becoming a writer , painter or musician . He came to realize that film contained all those elements and attended film school . His first feature film Antiviral debuted at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section . Cronenberg re-edited the movie after the festival to make it tighter , trimming nearly six minutes out of the film . The revised film was first shown at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival Cronenberg 's next film Possessor stars Christopher Abbott , Andrea Riseborough , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Stacy Martin and Sean Bean ."}]}, {'value': 'Caleb Landry Jones , Sarah Gadon , Malcolm McDowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caleb_Landry_Jones', 'summary': 'Caleb Landry Jones ( born December 7 , 1989 ) is an American actor and musician , best known for his roles as Banshee in X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , Jeremy Armitage in Get Out ( 2017 ) , and Red Welby in Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Gadon', 'summary': "Sarah Lynn Gadon ( born April 4 , 1987 ) is a Canadian actress . She first gained recognition for her performances in David Cronenberg 's films A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) and Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) . She has guest starred in a number of television series , including Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1999 ) , In a Heartbeat ( 2000 ) , Mutant X ( 2002 ) , and Dark Oracle ( 2004 ) . She has also worked as a voice actress on various productions . In 2015 , Gadon co-starred in Miramax 's supernatural thriller The 9th Life of Louis Drax and portrayed a young Elizabeth II in the comedy A Royal Night Out . The following year , she starred as Sadie in the Hulu miniseries 11.22.63 , an adaptation of Stephen King 's novel 11/22/63 . In 2017 , Gadon played the lead role in the CBC miniseries Alias Grace , which is based on the Margaret Atwood novel of the same name , and joined the cast of the Crave comedy series Letterkenny in its third season . In 2019 , she starred in the third season of the HBO anthology series True Detective . Throughout her career , she has earned numerous accolades , including two Canadian Screen Awards , for her performances in Alias Grace and Denis Villeneuve 's Enemy ( 2014 ) . In 2016 , she received the Award of Excellence by the Alliance of Canadian Cinema , Television , and Radio Artists ( ACTRA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_McDowell', 'summary': "Malcolm McDowell ( born Malcolm John Taylor ; 13 June 1943 ) is an English actor , known for his boisterous and often villainous roles . He trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art . In a career spanning over 50 years , McDowell has played varied film roles across different genres as a character actor . He is perhaps best known for the controversial roles of Alex DeLarge in Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) , the title character in Tinto Brass 's Caligula ( 1979 ) , and Mick Travis in Lindsay Anderson 's trilogy of if . ( 1968 ) , O Lucky Man ! ( 1973 ) and Britannia Hospital ( 1982 ) . He has appeared in films such as Time After Time ( 1979 ) , Cat People ( 1982 ) , Star Trek Generations ( 1994 ) , Tank Girl ( 1995 ) , I Spy ( 2002 ) , Easy A ( 2010 ) and The Artist ( 2011 ) . He also appeared as Dr. Samuel Loomis in the 2007 remake Halloween and its 2009 sequel , Halloween II . He portrayed businessman Rupert Murdoch in the drama Bombshell ( 2019 ) . McDowell has had a string of roles on numerous television series such as Entourage ( 2006-2007 ; 2009-2011 ) , Heroes ( 2006-2007 ) , The Mentalist ( 2010-2013 ) , Franklin & Bash ( 2011-2014 ) , and Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014-2018 ) . He narrated the documentary The Compleat Beatles ( 1982 ) , and in recent years has become a prolific voice actor in films , television series and video games such as Metalocalypse ( 2007-2012 ) , Bolt ( 2008 ) , Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) , God of War III ( 2010 ) , Call of Duty : Black Ops III ( 2015 ) and The Elder Scrolls Online ( 2015 ) . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_My_Heart_Falls', 'summary': "Before My Heart Falls ( French : Avant que mon cœur bascule ) is a Canadian drama film , directed by Sébastien Rose and released in 2012 . The film centres on Sarah ( Clémence Dufresne-Deslières ) , a young con artist who regularly fakes a crisis on the side of the road so that she can rob men who stop to help her ; however , after one of her cons results in a man 's accidental death , she befriends the man 's grieving widow Françoise ( Sophie Lorain ) while simultaneously trying to maintain her relationship with her crime boss Ji-Guy ( Sébastien Ricard ) . The film premiered on September 14 , 2012 at the Quebec City Film Festival , before opening commercially on November 12 . Brendan Kelly of the Montreal Gazette gave the film a mixed review , praising Dufresne-Deslières 's performance as a force of nature but concluding that the film ultimately just does n't have the emotional punch it should have . The film received two Prix Jutra nominations at the 15th Jutra Awards in 2013 , for Best Supporting Actor ( Ricard ) and Best Supporting Actress ( Lorain ) . The film was broadcast by Ici Radio-Canada Télé in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sébastien Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Rose', 'summary': 'Sébastien Rose ( born June 30 , 1969 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter . His debut film , How My Mother Gave Birth to Me During Menopause ( Comment ma mère accoucha de moi durant sa ménopause ) , won the Claude Jutra Award for the best Canadian film by a first-time director in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sophie Lorain , Sébastien Ricard , Alexis Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Lorain', 'summary': 'Sophie Lorain ( born Sophie-Hélène Lorain ; 20 November 1957 ) is a French-Canadian actress , director and producer . She is known for having played Anne Fortier in the highly rated television series Fortier that first aired in Quebec , Canada . She is the daughter of actors Jacques Lorain and Denise Filiatrault . Her sister is French-Canadian actress Danièle Lorain . In addition to her work as an actress , she has directed the films Heat Wave ( Les grandes chaleurs ) and Slut in a Good Way ( Charlotte a du fun ) , as well as episodes of the television series La galère and Nouvelle adresse . She is married to director and cinematographer Alexis Durand-Brault .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Ricard', 'summary': "Sébastien Ricard ( born May 25 , 1972 ) is a Canadian musician and actor from Quebec most noted as a member of the hip hop band Loco Locass . As an actor , he won the Prix Jutra for Best Actor at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010 for his performance as Dédé Fortin in Through the Mist ( Dédé , à travers les brumes ) , and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 15th Jutra Awards in 2013 for his performance as Ji-Guy in Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule ) . His other film roles have included Raphaël in Gabrielle , Christophe Ducharme in Chorus , Léopold Lacroix in Hochelaga , Land of Souls ( Hochelaga , terre des âmes ) and Christophe in The Acrobat ( L'Acrobate ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Martin_(actor)', 'summary': "Alexis Martin ( born June 9 , 1964 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian actor and writer . A 1986 graduate of the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal , he has acted in film , television and stage productions , and has written both theatrical plays and film screenplays . As an actor , his credits have included the films Cordélia , The Party ( Le Party ) , Cosmos , Karmina , Nô , Matroni and Me ( Matroni et moi ) , August 32nd on Earth ( Un 32 août sur terre ) , The Collector ( Le Collectionneur ) , Audition ( L'Audition ) , Le Banquet , Route 132 , A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche à Kigali ) , Babine , Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule ) , Bad Seeds ( Les mauvaises herbes ) and We Are Gold ( Nous sommes Gold ) , and the television series L'Amour avec un Grand A , Radio Enfer , Sous le signe du lion , Fortier , Trauma and Les Parent . His plays have included Oreille , tigre et bruit , Matroni et moi , L'An de Grâce , Bureaux , L'Apprentissage des marais and Révolutions , and he wrote the screenplays for Matroni et moi and Bad Seeds . He was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor at the 31st Genie Awards in 2010 for Route 132 , and for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Matroni et moi . His play Bureaux was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for French-language drama at the 2004 Governor General 's Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bestiaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bestiaire', 'summary': 'Bestiaire is a 2012 Canadian-French avant-garde nature documentary film directed by Denis Côté . The film centers on how humans and animals observe each other . It has received mostly positive critical reception . It was filmed at Parc Safari in Hemmingford , Quebec , and had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival . It was also shown at the Berlin Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Denis Côté', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Côté', 'summary': 'Denis Côté ( born November 16 , 1973 ) is an independent filmmaker and producer living in Quebec , of Brayon origin . His experimental films have been shown at major film festivals around the world .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackbird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackbird_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Blackbird is a 2012 Canadian drama film written and directed by Jason Buxton . The film stars Connor Jessup as a socially isolated and bullied goth teenager who befriends his puck bunny classmate ( Alexia Fast ) , but is falsely accused of plotting a school shooting after he makes a threat against her boyfriend in an online chat session .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Buxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Buxton', 'summary': 'Jason Buxton is a Canadian film director and screenwriter . He wrote and directed three short films , A Fresh Start , The Garden and The Drawing , [ citation needed ] before debuting his first full-length feature film , Blackbird , in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Connor Jessup , Alexia Fast , Jeremy Akerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connor_Jessup', 'summary': 'Connor William Jessup ( born June 23 , 1994 ) is a Canadian actor , writer , and director . He is known for his role as Ben Mason on the TNT science fiction television series Falling Skies ( 2011-2015 ) and for his roles in the ABC anthology series American Crime ( 2016-2017 ) . He has also starred in feature films , most notably in the award-winning Blackbird ( 2012 ) and Closet Monster ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexia_Fast', 'summary': 'Alexia Fast ( born 12 September 1992 ) is a Canadian actress who began her career at the age of seven when she wrote , directed and starred in the short film The Red Bridge , which premiered at the 2002 Atlantic and Reel to Reel Film Festivals . She obtained her first agent at the age of 11 and starred in her first feature film , Fido ( 2006 ) , at 13 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Akerman', 'summary': 'Jeremy Bernard Akerman ( born May 28 , 1942 ) is a former Canadian politician , writer and actor and a former leader of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Bossé Empire ( L'Empire Bossé )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Desrosiers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy A. Lepage , Claude Legault , Élise Guilbault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_A._Lepage', 'summary': 'Guy A. Lepage ( French : [ ləpaʒ ] ; born Guy Antoine Lepage , August 30 , 1960 ) is a Canadian ( Québécois ) comedian , actor , talk-show host , and producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claude_Legault', 'summary': 'Claude Legault ( born May 26 , 1963 ) is a Canadian actor and television writer from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Élise_Guilbault', 'summary': 'Élise Guilbault ( born April 8 , 1961 ) is a Canadian film and television actress . She won the Genie Award for Best Actress for her role in the film The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , and was a nominee for Cap Tourmente . She also starred in several later films by The Woman Who Drinks director Bernard Émond , also appearing in The Novena ( La Neuvaine ) , The Legacy ( La Donation ) and A Place to Live ( Pour vivre ici ) . Her television roles have included Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin , Le Coeur a ses raisons , Annie et ses hommes , Un gars , une fille and René Lévesque .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Boxing Girls of Kabul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boxing_Girls_of_Kabul', 'summary': 'The Boxing Girls of Kabul is a 2012 Canadian documentary film directed by Ariel Nasr which follows young women boxers and their coach , Sabir Sharifi , at Afghanistans female boxing academy , as these athletes face harassment and threats in their efforts to represent their country in international competition and attempt to qualify for the 2012 Olympic Games . Training takes place at Ghazi Stadium , Afghanistans national stadium , which had previously been the site of executions by the Taliban . The 52-minute documentary was produced by Annette Clarke for the National Film Board of Canada . Julia Kent composed music for the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Ariel Nasr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Film Board Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}]}, {'value': 'Bydlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bydlo_(film)', 'summary': "Bydlo is a Canadian animated short film , directed by Patrick Bouchard and released in 2012 . Inspired by the fourth movement of Modest Mussorgsky 's classical composition Pictures at an Exhibition , the stop-motion animated film depicts a group of men who are plowing a field with an ox , but overwork both themselves and the animal virtually to the point of death . The film premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2012 . The film was named to TIFF 's annual year-end Canada 's Top Ten list for 2012 , and won the Prix Jutra for Best Animated Short Film at the 15th Prix Jutra . It was an Annie Award nominee for Best Animated Short Subject at the 40th Annie Awards , and a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Animated Short at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Bouchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Bouchard', 'summary': 'Patrick Bouchard ( born 1974 in Saguenay , Quebec ) is a Canadian animator . A graduate of the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi , he made his first animated film Jean Leviériste while attending that institution . He is a four-time winner of the Prix Jutra for Best Animated Short Film for his films The Brainwashers ( 2003 ) , Dehors novembre ( 2006 ) , Bydlo ( 2012 ) and The Subject ( 2018 ) , and a three-time Genie Award and Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Animated Short Film , for Dehors novembre , Bydlo and The Subject .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animated short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camion', 'summary': 'Camion is a 2012 Canadian drama film directed by Rafaël Ouellet .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafaël Ouellet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julien Poulin , Patrice Dubois , Stéphane Breton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Poulin', 'summary': 'Julien Poulin ( born April 20 , 1946 ) is an actor , film director , screenwriter , film producer , and composer in Quebec , Canada . He has portrayed numerous roles in several popular Quebec films and series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Breton_(actor)', 'summary': "Stéphane Breton ( Lévis , Québec ) is a Canadian actor . He graduated from the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catimini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathalie Saint-Pierre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Émilie Bierre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Émilie_Bierre', 'summary': 'Émilie Bierre is a Canadian actress from Quebec . She is most noted for her performance in the film A Colony ( Une colonie ) , for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019 . She won a Young Artist Award in 2018 for her performance in the television series Jenny . She has also appeared in the films Catimini and Genesis ( Genèse ) , and in the television series Mémoires vives , Les beaux malaises and Lâcher prise .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cosmopolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosmopolis_(film)', 'summary': "Cosmopolis is a 2012 drama-thriller film written , produced , and directed by David Cronenberg and starring Robert Pattinson in the lead with Paul Giamatti , Samantha Morton , Sarah Gadon , Mathieu Amalric , Juliette Binoche , Jay Baruchel and Kevin Durand . It is based on the novel of the same name by Don DeLillo . On 25 May 2012 , the film premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , drawing mixed early critical reactions . The film was released in Canada on 8 June 2012 , and began a limited release in the United States on 17 August 2012 by eOne Films . It is Cronenberg 's first foray into script writing since 1999 's eXistenZ ."}]}, {'value': 'David Cronenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cronenberg', 'summary': "David Paul Cronenberg CC OOnt FRSC ( born March 15 , 1943 ) is a Canadian filmmaker . He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre , with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation , infection , technology and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical . In the first third of his career he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction films such as Scanners ( 1981 ) and Videodrome ( 1983 ) , although his work has since expanded beyond these genres . Cronenberg 's films have polarized critics and audiences alike ; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence . The Village Voice called him the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world . His films have won numerous awards , including , for Crash , the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually , but only at the request of the official jury , who in this case gave the award for originality , for daring and for audacity ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Pattinson , Jay Baruchel , Juliette Binoche , Samantha Morton , Emily Hampshire , Sara Gorden , Paul Giamatti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Pattinson', 'summary': "Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson ( born 13 May 1986 ) is an English actor . After starting to act in a London theatre club at the age of 15 , he began his film career at age 18 by playing Cedric Diggory in the fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . He went on to star as Edward Cullen in the film adaptations of the Twilight novels , consisting of five films between 2008 and 2012 , which earned a combined total of over $ 3.3 billion worldwide . It brought Pattinson worldwide fame and established him among the highest-paid actors in the world . In 2010 , Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world , and he was featured in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list . After starring in the romantic dramas Remember Me ( 2010 ) and Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , Pattinson began working in independent films helmed by auteurs , which earned him critical recognition . He played a manipulative billionaire in David Cronenberg 's thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , an aspiring actor in Cronenberg 's satire Maps to the Stars ( 2014 ) , an explorer in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , a bank robber in the Safdie Brothers ' crime drama Good Time ( 2017 ) , a criminal in a spaceship in Claire Denis ' science fiction drama High Life ( 2018 ) , and a troubled lighthouse keeper in Robert Eggers ' horror film The Lighthouse ( 2019 ) . Pattinson composes and plays his own music . He sang songs for the Twilight film series and the 2008 independent comedy-drama film How to Be . Since 2015 , Pattinson is the ambassador of the GO Campaign , a nonprofit organization that raises awareness and funds to help orphans and vulnerable children around the world . He is also a supporter of the End Child Prostitution and Trafficking ( ECPAT ) campaign , Parents and Abducted Children Together ( PACT ) , is a member of International Medical Corps , and has shared details about cancer through PSAs to raise awareness about the disease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jay_Baruchel', 'summary': "Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel ( /ˈbæruːʃɛl/ ; born April 9 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actor , director , stand-up comedian and screenwriter . He is known for his voice role as Hiccup in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise , and for his roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up , Tropic Thunder , Fanboys , She 's Out of My League , Goon , This Is the End and the action-fantasy film The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . He played lead character Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy television series Man Seeking Woman and played the lead character Steven Karp in Judd Apatow 's comedy series Undeclared ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliette_Binoche', 'summary': "Juliette Binoche ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒyljɛt binɔʃ ] ; born 9 March 1964 ) is a French actress , artist , and dancer . She has appeared in more than 60 feature films , been the recipient of numerous international awards , and performed frequently on stage - both as an actress and dancer - internationally . She began taking acting lessons during adolescence and , after performing in several stage productions , was cast in the films of such notable auteur directors as Jean-Luc Godard ( Hail Mary , 1985 ) , Jacques Doillon ( Family Life , 1985 ) , and André Téchiné ; the latter would make her a star in France with the leading role in his 1985 drama Rendez-vous . Her sensual performance in her English-language debut The Unbearable Lightness of Being ( 1988 ) , directed by Philip Kaufman , launched her international career . She sparked the interest of Steven Spielberg , who offered her several parts , including a role in Jurassic Park which she declined , choosing instead to join Krzysztof Kieślowski in Three Colors : Blue ( 1993 ) , a performance for which she won the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actress and a César . Three years later , Binoche gained further acclaim in Anthony Minghella 's The English Patient ( 1996 ) , for which she was awarded an Academy Award and a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress , in addition to the Best Actress Award at the 1997 Berlin International Film Festival . For her performance in Lasse Hallström 's romantic comedy Chocolat ( 2000 ) , Binoche was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2001 . During the 2000s she maintained a successful career , alternating between French and English language roles in both mainstream and art-house productions . In 2010 , she won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival for her role in Abbas Kiarostami 's Certified Copy making her the first actress to win the European Best Actress Triple Crown ( for winning best actress awards at the Berlin , Cannes and Venice film festivals ) . Throughout her career Binoche has intermittently appeared on stage , most notably in a 1998 London production of Luigi Pirandello 's Naked and in a 2000 production of Harold Pinter 's Betrayal on Broadway for which she was nominated for a Tony Award . In 2008 she began a world tour with a modern dance production in-i devised in collaboration with Akram Khan . Often referred to as La Binoche by the press , her other notable performances include : Mauvais Sang ( 1986 ) , Les Amants du Pont-Neuf ( 1991 ) , Damage ( 1992 ) , The Horseman on the Roof ( 1995 ) , Code Unknown ( 2000 ) , Caché ( 2005 ) , Breaking and Entering ( 2006 ) , Flight of the Red Balloon ( 2007 ) , Camille Claudel 1915 ( 2013 ) , and Clouds of Sils Maria ( 2014 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samantha_Morton', 'summary': 'Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress and director . She has received numerous accolades , including a British Academy Television Award , a British Independent Film Award and a Golden Globe Award , as well as nominations for two Academy Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a British Academy Film Award . Morton was a member of the Central Junior Television Workshop in her native Nottingham , and later began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and had a bigger role in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) , and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter led director Woody Allen to cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . Established as a prominent force on the independent film scene by the early 2000s , Morton starred in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) , which garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination for her performance in In America ( 2003 ) , this time for Best Actress . Her role in the commercially successful sci-fi thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) was followed by biographical portrayals of Myra Hindley in Longford ( 2006 ) , Deborah Curtis in Control ( 2007 ) , and Mary , Queen of Scots in Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( 2007 ) . For her role in Longford , she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film . Morton made her directorial debut with the television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , which won the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama . She had also starred in films such as The Messenger ( 2009 ) , John Carter ( 2012 ) , Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) . By the late 2010s , she often ventured back into television , starring in the series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) , Rillington Place ( 2016 ) , Harlots ( 2017-present ) , and The Walking Dead ( 2019-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emily_Hampshire', 'summary': "Emily Hampshire ( born 1981/1982 ) is a Canadian actress . Her best known roles include Angelina in the 1998 romantic comedy Boy Meets Girl , Vivienne in the 2006 film Snow Cake , Jennifer Goines in the Syfy drama series 12 Monkeys ( 2015-2018 ) , and Stevie Budd in the CBC comedy series Schitt 's Creek ( 2015-present ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Giamatti', 'summary': "Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti ( /ˌdʒiːəˈmɑːti/ ; born June 6 , 1967 ) is an American actor and producer . He first garnered attention for his breakout role in Private Parts ( 1997 ) as Kenny Pig Vomit Rushton , which led to him playing more supporting roles such as Sergeant Hill in Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Bob Zmuda in Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , John Maxwell in Big Momma 's House ( 2000 ) , and Marty Wolf in Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) . He won acclaim for his leading roles as Harvey Pekar in American Splendor ( 2003 ) , Miles Raymond in Sideways ( 2004 ) and Mike Flaherty in Win Win ( 2011 ) while continuing to play supporting roles , like Joe Gould in Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , Chief Inspector Uhl in The Illusionist ( 2006 ) , Karl Hertz in Shoot 'Em Up ( 2007 ) , Nicholas Nick Claus in Fred Claus ( 2007 ) , Tom Duffy in The Ides of March ( 2011 ) , Theophilus Freeman in 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) , Ralph in Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) , Eugene Landy in Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) , Dr. Lawrence Hayes in San Andreas ( 2015 ) and Jerry Heller in Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) . He played the titular character in the HBO miniseries John Adams ( 2008 ) , which earned him a Golden Globe Award , a Primetime Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award . He stars as U.S. Attorney Chuck Rhoades Jr. in the Showtime television series Billions ( 2016-present ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chained', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chained_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Chained is a 2012 Canadian psychological thriller film directed by Jennifer Lynch and based on a screenplay by Damian O'Donnell . Starring Vincent D'Onofrio , Eamon Farren , and Julia Ormond , it depicts the relationship between a serial killer ( D'Onofrio ) and a young man he kidnapped ( Farren ) , whom he seeks to turn into his protégé . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival and was released direct-to-video in the United States by Anchor Bay Entertainment . It received a polarized although generally positive response , with some contention over its content and ending , while the performances were praised ."}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Lynch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Lynch', 'summary': 'Jennifer Chambers Lynch is an American film and television director and screenwriter . She is the daughter of filmmaker David Lynch . She is also known as the author of the book The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer .'}]}, {'value': "Vincent D'Onofrio , Julia Ormond", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Vincent_D'Onofrio", 'summary': "Vincent Philip D'Onofrio ( /dəˈnɒfrioʊ/ ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American actor , producer , director , and singer . He is known for his supporting and starring roles in both film and television . He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Saturn Awards , winning one for his supporting role in Men in Black . His roles include Private Leonard Gomer Pyle Lawrence in Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in Daredevil ( 2015-2018 ) , NYPD Detective Robert Goren in Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Edgar the Bug in Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and Vic Hoskins in Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Among other honors , D'Onofrio is a Saturn Award winner , an Emmy Award nominee and a Jay Award 2018 winner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julia_Ormond', 'summary': "Julia Karin Ormond ( born 4 January 1965 ) is an English actress . She rose to prominence by appearing in The Baby of Mâcon ( 1993 ) , Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) , First Knight ( 1995 ) , Sabrina ( 1995 ) , Smilla 's Sense of Snow ( 1997 ) and The Barber of Siberia ( 1998 ) . She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the HBO film Temple Grandin ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Crackin ' Down Hard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Crackin'_Down_Hard", 'summary': "Crackin ' Down Hard is a Canadian short comedy film , directed by Mike Clattenburg and released in 2012 . The films stars Nicolas Wright as a man trying to relax in isolation California 's Joshua Tree National Park , when another man ( Yoursie Thomas ) shows up to offer him a prostitute . The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival , where it received an honorable mention from the Best Canadian Short Film award jury . In December 2012 , the film was named to TIFF 's annual year-end Canada 's Top Ten list for short films ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Clattenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Clattenburg', 'summary': 'Mike Clattenburg is a Canadian television and film director , producer , and screenwriter . He is best known as creator , executive producer , writer and director of the TV comedy series Trailer Park Boys , for his work with This Hour Has 22 Minutes ( January-November 2004 ) , and as the co-creator of the Adult Swim series Black Jesus .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Wright , Yoursie Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Wright', 'summary': "Nicolas Wright ( born March 23 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actor . Wright has performed on stage , television and film . In 2004 , he received the most promising newcomer award at the Just for Laughs film festival in Montreal for his short film , Toutouffe . Recently he appeared in Mike Clattenburg 's 2011 film Afghan Luke . He appeared in 2016 film Independence Day : Resurgence ."}]}, {'value': 'Short comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Crimes of Mike Recket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Sweeney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Sweeney', 'summary': 'Bruce Sweeney is a Canadian film director . Born in Sarnia , Ontario , he has spent his career based primarily in Vancouver , British Columbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicholas Lea , Gabrielle Rose , Agam Darshi , Jillian Fargey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Lea', 'summary': 'Nicholas Lea ( born Nicholas Christopher Herbert ; June 22 , 1962 ) is a Canadian actor known for his portrayal of Alex Krycek on The X-Files and of Tom Foss on Kyle XY .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Rose_(actress)', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Rose ( born 1954 ) is a Canadian film and stage actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Agam_Darshi', 'summary': 'Agamdeep Darshi is an English-born actress , now based in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demoni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demoni_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Demoni is a Canadian-Bulgarian animated short film , directed by Theodore Ushev and released in 2012 . A music video for the song of the same name by Bulgarian musician Kottarashky , the film depicts scenes of Eastern European folk art on a spinning vinyl record . The film was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Animated Short Film at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Theodore Ushev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Ushev', 'summary': 'Theodore Asenov Ushev ( Bulgarian : Теодор Асенов Ушев , born February 4 , 1968 ) is a Bulgarian animator , graphic designer , illustrator and multimedia artist in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . He is best known for his work at the National Film Board of Canada , including the 2016 Oscar-nominated Blind Vaysha .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animated short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Disappeared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Disappeared_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'The Disappeared is a Canadian drama film written and directed by author and filmmaker Shandi Mitchell . A story of survival and self-discovery for six men lost at sea in the North Atlantic , it stars Billy Campbell , Shawn Doyle , Brian Downey , Gary Levert , Ryan Doucette , and Neil Matheson . The film premiered at the Atlantic Film Festival September 14 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shandi Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shandi_Mitchell', 'summary': "Shandi Mitchell is a Canadian novelist and filmmaker . Her first novel Under This Unbroken Sky won a 2010 Commonwealth Writers ' Prize and other awards . She graduated from Dalhousie University . Her newest novel , The Waiting Hours , is slated for publication in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Campbell , Shawn Doyle , Brian Downey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Campbell', 'summary': "William Oliver Campbell ( born July 7 , 1959 ) is an American film and television actor . He first gained recognition for his recurring role as Luke Fuller in the TV series Dynasty . Since then , he became known for playing Rick Sammler on Once and Again , Det . Joey Indelli on Crime Story , Jordan Collier on The 4400 , and Dr. Jon Fielding on the Tales of the City miniseries . His most notable films include The Rocketeer , Bram Stoker 's Dracula and Enough . He portrayed Darren Richmond on the AMC television series The Killing , and played Dr. Alan Farragut in the SyFy series Helix ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Doyle', 'summary': 'Shawn Doyle ( born September 19 , 1968 ) is a Canadian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Downey_(actor)', 'summary': "Brian Downey ( born 31 October 1944 in St. John 's , Newfoundland ) is a Canadian actor best known for his portrayal of Stanley Tweedle in the science-fiction television series Lexx . Downey is a character actor who has appeared in various films and guest starring roles on TV , including a recurring role on Millennium . His first film role was in a 1986 Andy Jones film called The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood , which features the entire cast of CODCO . Downey has enjoyed a long professional relationship with Lexx creator Paul Donovan , dating back at least to 1988 , when Donovan cast Downey in the time travel adventure film Norman 's Awesome Experience . Downey also appeared as Cardinal Juan de Mella in Donovan 's medieval TV thriller The Conclave . Downey has worked with Jessica Lange , JoBeth Williams , Sam Rockwell , and directors such as Joe Sargent . He won the 2010 only acting award at the 2010 Atlantic Film Festival for his role in Whirligig , directed by Chaz Thorne , with whom he has worked on two previous features . He played the evil gang leader The Drake , who runs the town in the feature film Hobo with a Shotgun , starring Rutger Hauer and directed by Jason Eisener . Downey is also a musician and writer . Before being recruited as an actor , he spent many years as a bass player , guitarist , and blues harmonica player . He has been a writer for many stage plays and has led many script writing workshops . His first full length stage play , Peter 's Other War , was produced during the summer of 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmond Was a Donkey ( Edmond était un âne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmond_Was_a_Donkey', 'summary': "Edmond Was a Donkey ( French : Edmond était un âne ) is a Canadian-French animated short film , directed by Franck Dion and released in 2012 . The film tells the story of Edmond , an unhappy office worker who discovers his true nature after his coworkers play a prank that involves forcing him to wear donkey ears . The film 's French voice cast included Bérangère Bonvoisin , Benoist Brione , Gaëtan Gallier and Patrick Bouchitey , while its English voice cast included Kathleen Fee , Richard Dumont , Kent McQuaid and Daniel Brochu . The film won the Bravo ! FACT Award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 2012 CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival . It was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Animated Short Film at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards , and a César Award nominee for Best Animated Film at the 38th César Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Franck Dion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animated short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ésimésac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ésimésac', 'summary': "Ésimésac is a Canadian fantasy drama film , directed by Luc Picard and released in 2012 . Although an unofficial sequel to the 2008 film Babine , unlike the earlier film Ésimésac was not directly based on Fred Pellerin 's previously published stories ; instead , the film 's screenplay placed some of Pellerin 's established characters in a new original story . The film stars Nicola-Frank Vachon as Ésimésac Gélinas , a young but physically strong man whose distinguishing trait is that he does not cast a shadow . He convinces the village of Saint-Élie-de-Caxton to plant and maintain a community garden after an economic crisis has left many of the townspeople hungry , but finds himself in conflict with village blacksmith Riopel 's ( Gildor Roy ) plan to focus on building tracks for a railroad . The film 's cast also includes Picard as Toussaint Brodeur , Sophie Nélisse as Marie Gélinas , Marie-Chantal Perron as Jeannette Brodeur , Marie Brassard as Madame Gélinas , Maude Laurendeau as Lurette Riopelle , René Richard Cyr as Méo Bellemare , Alain Sauvage as Le Curé Flambant , Isabel Richer as the Witch , and Denis Trudel as Hubert . The film received five Prix Jutra nominations at the 13th Prix Jutra in 2013 , for Best Supporting Actor ( Roy ) , Best Makeup ( Kathryn Casault ) , Best Costume Design ( Carmen Alie ) , Best Score ( Michel Corriveau ) and Best Hairstyling ( Denis Parent ) . Alie won the award for costume design ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc Picard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicola-Frank Vachon , Marie Brassard , Isabel Richler , Luc Picard , Gildor Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie_Brassard', 'summary': 'Marie Brassard is a Canadian actress , theatrical writer and director . She is known for her work with playwright and actor Robert Lepage and later for her own French and English theatrical pieces , which have been presented in many countries in the Americas , Europe and in Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gildor_Roy', 'summary': 'Gildor Roy ( born May 11 , 1960 in Abitibi-Témiscamingue and raised in Rigaud , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois actor . Gildor is the brother of Québécois actors Luc Roy , Yvon Roy and Maxim Roy .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Snow ( Première neige )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Snow_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'First Snow ( French : Première neige ) is a Canadian short drama film , directed by Michaël Lalancette and released in 2012 . The film centres on a family of adult siblings whose father is in desperate need of a kidney transplant , and who are wrestling with the difficult decision of which one of them will be the donor . The cast includes François Bernier , David Boutin , Karine Gonthier-Hyndman , Benoît Gouin , Louise Latraverse , Marie-Laurence Moreau and Noémie Yelle . The film was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Michaël Lalancette', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'François Bernier , David Boutin , Karine Gonthier-Hyndman , Benoît Gouin , Louise Latraverse , Marie-Laurence Moreau , Noémie Yelle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short drama', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article Cinema of Canada List of Canadian films 1898–1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 vte This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2012 :', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_films_of_2012_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2012:'}	null	null	Who directed the film that garnered seven Canadian Screen Awards nominations at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards ?	Daniel Grou
05be957f5ee91a4c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lamar Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamar_Alexander', 'summary': 'Andrew Lamar Alexander Jr. ( born July 3 , 1940 ) is an American politician who is currently serving as the senior United States Senator from Tennessee , a seat he has held since 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he also was the 45th governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987 and the 5th United States Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 , where he helped the implementation of Education 2000 . Born in Maryville , Tennessee , Alexander graduated from Vanderbilt University and the New York University School of Law . After establishing a legal career in Nashville , Tennessee , Alexander ran for Governor of Tennessee in 1974 , but was defeated by Democrat Ray Blanton . Alexander ran for governor again in 1978 , and this time defeated his Democratic opponent . He won re-election in 1982 and served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1985 to 1986 . Alexander served as the president of the University of Tennessee from 1988 until 1991 , when he accepted appointment as Secretary of Education under President George H. W. Bush . Alexander sought the presidential nomination in the 1996 Republican primaries , but withdrew before the Super Tuesday primaries . He sought the nomination again in the 2000 Republican primaries , but dropped out after a poor showing in the Iowa Straw Poll . In 2002 , Alexander won election to succeed retiring Senator Fred Thompson . Alexander defeated Congressman Ed Bryant in the Republican primary and Congressman Bob Clement in the general election . He served as Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 2007 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1965 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudy Boschwitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Boschwitz', 'summary': 'Rudolph Ely Boschwitz ( born November 7 , 1930 ) is an American politician and former Independent-Republican United States Senator from Minnesota . He served in the Senate from December 1978 to January 1991 , in the 96th , 97th , 98th , 99th , 100th , and 101st congresses . In 1990 he was defeated by Paul Wellstone .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern M.B.A. , 1950 , Law J.D. , 1953', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Irving Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Irving_Edwards', 'summary': 'Edward Irving Edwards ( December 1 , 1863 - January 26 , 1931 ) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 37th Governor of New Jersey from 1920 to 1923 and in the United States Senate from 1923 to 1929 .'}]}, {'value': 'Law , LL.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1923-1929 ) , Governor of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jersey 's state government . The office of governor is an elected position , for which elected officials serve four-year terms . Governors can not be elected to more than two consecutive terms , but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve . The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket , a mansion located in Princeton , New Jersey ; the office of the governor is at the New Jersey State House in Trenton . The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston , who served from August 31 , 1776 , to July 25 , 1790 . The current governor is Phil Murphy , a Democrat who assumed office on January 16 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Drury Hatfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Drury_Hatfield', 'summary': 'Henry Drury Hatfield ( September 15 , 1875 - October 23 , 1962 ) was an American Republican politician from Logan County , West Virginia . He served a term as the 14th Governor of the state , in addition to one term in the United States Senate . Hatfield was nephew to Devil Anse Hatfield , leader of the Hatfield clan . Hatfield was born in Logan County ( present-day Mingo County , West Virginia ) on September 15 , 1875 . He graduated from Franklin College in New Athens , Ohio . He later obtained medical degrees from what is now known as the University of Louisville and later from New York University . In 1895 , he married South Carolina Carrie Bronson . He was appointed as surgeon for the Norfolk and Western Railway ( 1895-1913 ) and surgeon in chief of State Hospital # 1 in Welch , West Virginia ( 1899-1913 ) . He entered local politics first as commissioner of district roads of McDowell County ( 1900-1905 ) , eventually becoming member of the State senate ( 1908-1912 ) , and serving as president of the senate in 1911 . He was elected as Governor of West Virginia in 1912 , when the southern coalfields were embroiled in the deadly Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike . His predecessor , William E. Glasscock , had imposed martial law and imprisoned many striking miners . Hatfield began his term by pardoning Mother Jones and the miners who had been imprisoned by military courts , and then moving to negotiate a compromise to end the strike .'}]}, {'value': 'Med M.D. , 1904', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'The New York University School of Medicine is the medical school of New York University . Founded in 1841 as the University Medical College , the NYU School of Medicine is one of the foremost medical schools in the United States , ranking 9th in research according to U.S. News & World Report . As of 2017 , it is one of the most selective medical schools in the United States , with an acceptance rate of 1.6% . In 2014 , New York University School of Medicine attracted over $ 304.5 million in external research funding from the National Institutes of Health alone . The School of Medicine is part of NYU Langone Medical Center , named after Kenneth Langone , the investment banker and financial backer of The Home Depot . It is located at 550 First Avenue in New York City . The School of Medicine has 1,177 full-time faculty and 3,091 part-time faculty . Additionally , there are 104 endowed professorships , 1,078 residents/fellows , 68 M.D./Ph.D . candidates and 400 postdoctoral fellows as of 2011 [ update ] . The NYU Medical Center is home to the School of Medicine , the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences , and the Charles C. Harris Skin & Cancer Pavilion . In 2016-17 , NYU Langone Medical Center was also recognized on the U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals Honor Roll , ranking 10th among the top hospitals in the nation with 13 nationally ranked specialties including cancer , cardiology & heart surgery , neurology & neurosurgery , orthopedics , diabetes & endocrinology , nephrology , geriatrics , gastroenterology , ear , nose & throat , rehabilitation , pulmonology , rheumatology , and urology . Graduates of New York University School of Medicine are accepted into competitive residency programs and leading medical centers .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1929-1935 ) , Governor of West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "The governor of West Virginia is the head of the executive branch of West Virginia 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except when prosecution has been carried out by the House of Delegates , to grant pardons and reprieves . Since West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , during the American Civil War , 34 men have served as governor . Two , Arch A. Moore Jr. ( West Virginia 's 28th and 30th governors ) and Cecil H. Underwood ( West Virginia 's 25th and 32nd governors ) , served two nonconsecutive terms in office . The longest-serving governor was Moore , who served for three terms over twelve years . The state 's first governor after admission into the Union , Arthur I. Boreman , served the most consecutive terms , resigning a week before the end of his third term . Before the state 's admission , Francis H. Pierpont , the , Father of West Virginia , was elected governor during the Wheeling Convention of 1861 . Daniel D.T . Farnsworth was senate president at the time ; he filled the last seven days of Boreman 's term and remains the shortest-serving governor . Underwood has the unusual distinction of being both the youngest person to be elected as governor ( age 34 upon his first term in 1957 ) and the oldest to both be elected and serve ( age 74 upon his second term in 1997 ; age 78 at the end of his second term in 2001 ) . The current governor is Republican Jim Justice , who assumed office on January 16 , 2017 . West Virginia 's 36th governor , Justice was elected as a Democrat , but switched to the Republican Party on August 4 of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob Javits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Javits', 'summary': "Jacob Koppel Javits ( May 18 , 1904 - March 7 , 1986 ) was an American politician who represented New York in both houses of Congress . After graduating from New York University School of Law , he established a law practice in New York City . During World War II , he served in the United States Army 's Chemical Warfare Department . Outraged by the corruption of Tammany Hall , Javits joined the Republican Party and supported New York Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia . He won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1946 and served in that body until 1954 . In the House , Javits supported President Harry S. Truman 's Cold War foreign policy and voted to fund the Marshall Plan . He defeated Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. in the 1954 election for Attorney General of New York , and defeated Democrat Robert F. Wagner Jr. in the 1956 Senate election . Javits won re-election to the Senate in 1962 , 1968 , and 1974 . In the House and Senate , Javits established himself as a liberal Republican . He opposed the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 and supported much of Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society programs and civil rights legislation . He voted for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution but came to question Johnson 's handling of the Vietnam War . To rein in presidential war powers , Javits sponsored the War Powers Resolution ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS 1923 , B.A. , Law 1926 , LL.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'James Edward Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Edward_Murray', 'summary': 'James Edward Murray ( May 3 , 1876 - March 23 , 1961 ) was a United States Senator from Montana , and a liberal leader of the Democratic Party . He served in the United States Senate from 1934 until 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1900 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1934-1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasker Lowndes Oddie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasker_Lowndes_Oddie', 'summary': 'Tasker Lowndes Oddie ( October 20 , 1870 - February 17 , 1950 ) was an American politician . He was the 12th Governor of Nevada and a United States Senator . He was a member of the Republican Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1895 , LL.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1921-1933 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': "James Aloysius O'Gorman", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/James_Aloysius_O'Gorman", 'summary': "James Aloysius O'Gorman , Sr. ( May 5 , 1860 - May 17 , 1943 ) was a one-term United States Senator from New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Law 1887 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1911-1917 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Packwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Packwood', 'summary': 'Robert William Packwood ( born September 11 , 1932 ) is an American former attorney and politician from Oregon and a member of the Republican Party . He resigned from the United States Senate , under threat of expulsion , in 1995 after allegations of sexual harassment , abuse and assault of women emerged .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1957 , J.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate ( 1969-1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Abraham Alexander Ribicoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Alexander_Ribicoff', 'summary': "Abraham Alexander Ribicoff ( April 9 , 1910 - February 22 , 1998 ) was an American Democratic Party politician . He served as a United States Senator , as the 80th Governor of Connecticut and as President John F. Kennedy 's Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . He was Connecticut 's first and to date only Jewish governor ."}]}, {'value': 'B.A. , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Senate 1963-1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Elihu Root', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elihu_Root', 'summary': 'Elihu Root ( /ˈɛlɪhjuː ˈruːt/ ; February 15 , 1845 - February 7 , 1937 ) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the Secretary of State under President Theodore Roosevelt and as Secretary of War under Roosevelt and President William McKinley . He moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington , D.C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City . For that reason , he is sometimes considered to be the prototype of the 20th century political wise man , advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic issues . He was elected by the state legislature as a U.S . Senator from New York and served one term , 1909-1915 . Root was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 . Root was a leading lawyer , whose clients included major corporations and such powerful players as Andrew Carnegie . Root served as president or chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , the Carnegie Institution of Washington , and the Carnegie Corporation of New York . As Secretary of War under McKinley and Roosevelt , Root designed American policies for the new colonial possessions , especially the Philippines and Cuba . His role in suppressing a Filipino revolt angered anti-imperialist activists at home . Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration , emphasizing technology , engineering , and disinterested public service , as exemplified by the ethical standards of the Progressive Era . He helped design the Foraker Act of 1900 , the Philippine Organic Act ( 1902 ) , and the Platt Amendment of 1901 , which authorized American intervention in Cuba in the future if needed to maintain a stable government .'}]}, {'value': 'Law 1867 , LL.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Walsh_(Senator)', 'summary': 'Arthur Walsh ( February 26 , 1896 - December 13 , 1947 ) was an American politician and World War I veteran who served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey from November 26 , 1943 to December 7 , 1944 . He was a member of the Democratic Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern 1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Politics , law and government -- Members of the United States Senate', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_15', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."}	null	null	What is the relation to NYU of the alumnus who died on February 7 , 1937 ?	Law
05bf066710ad9e08	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria', 'title': 'List of herbaria', 'header': ['Name', 'No . Specimens', 'Abbr', 'Location', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': "Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Muséum_national_d'histoire_naturelle", 'summary': "The French National Museum of Natural History , known in French as the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle ( MNHN ; French : [ myzeœ̃ nasjɔnal distwar natyʁɛl ] ) , is the natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of Sorbonne Universities . The main museum is located in Paris , on the left bank of the Seine . It was established in 1635 by King Louis XIII as the royal garden of medicinal plants , and in 1793 , after the Revolution , it was reorganized in its present form and under its present title . As of 2017 , the museum has 14 sites throughout France , including the original location at the Jardin des Plantes , which remains one of the seven departments of MNHN ."}]}, {'value': '9,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P , PC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France ; Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': '[ 52 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Komarov Botanical Institute ( Ботанический институт имени В.Л . Комарова )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komarov_Botanical_Institute', 'summary': 'The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( Russian : Ботанический институт им . В.Л.Комарова РАН ) is a leading botanical institution in Russia , It is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg , and is named after the Russian botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov ( 1869-1945 ) . The institute was established in 1931 as merger of the Botanical Garden and the Botanical Museum of the Academy of Sciences . The institute hosts Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden as well as herbarium collections that house over seven million specimens of plants and fungi . The latter is the largest collection in Russia , and among the three largest in the world . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7,160,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia ; St. Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': '[ 53 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Botanic Gardens Kew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Kew', 'summary': 'Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew ( brand name Kew ) is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . An internationally important botanical research and education institution , it employs 1,100 staff . Its board of trustees is chaired by Dame Amelia Fawcett . The organisation manages botanic gardens at Kew in Richmond upon Thames in southwest London , and at Wakehurst , a National Trust property in Sussex which is home to the internationally important Millennium Seed Bank , whose scientists work with partner organisations in more than 95 countries . Kew , jointly with the Forestry Commission , founded Bedgebury National Pinetum in Kent in 1923 , specialising in growing conifers . In 1994 the Castle Howard Arboretum Trust , which runs the Yorkshire Arboretum , was formed as a partnership between Kew and the Castle Howard Estate . In 2018 the organisation had 1,858,513 public visitors at Kew , and 354,957 at Wakehurst . Its 326-acre ( 132 ha ) site at Kew has 40 historically important buildings ; it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 3 July 2003 . The collections at Kew and Wakehurst include over 27,000 taxa of living plants , 8.3 million plant and fungal herbarium specimens , and over 40,000 species in the seed bank .'}]}, {'value': '7,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK ; Kew , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kew', 'summary': "Kew ( /kjuː/ ) is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) north-east of Richmond and 7.1 miles ( 11.4 km ) west by south-west of Charing Cross ; its population at the 2011 census was 11,436 . Kew is the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( Kew Gardens ) , now a World Heritage Site , which includes Kew Palace . Kew is also the home of important historical documents such as Domesday Book , which is held at The National Archives . Julius Caesar may have forded the Thames at Kew in 54 BC during the Gallic Wars . Successive Tudor , Stuart and Georgian monarchs maintained links with Kew . During the French Revolution , many refugees established themselves there and it was the home of several artists in the 18th and 19th centuries . Since 1965 Kew has incorporated the former area of North Sheen which includes St Philip and All Saints , the first barn church consecrated in England . It is now in a combined Church of England parish with St Luke 's Church , Kew . Today , Kew is an expensive residential area because of its suburban hallmarks . Among these are sports-and-leisure open spaces , schools , transport links , architecture , restaurants , no high-rise buildings , modest road sizes , trees and gardens . Most of Kew developed in the late 19th century , following the arrival of the District line of the London Underground . Further development took place in the 1920s and 1930s when new houses were built on the market gardens of North Sheen and in the first decade of the 21st century when considerably more river-fronting flats and houses were constructed by the Thames on land formerly owned by Thames Water ."}]}, {'value': '[ 54 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservatory_and_Botanical_Garden_of_the_City_of_Geneva', 'summary': 'The Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the city of Geneva ( Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève ) is a museum and an institution of the City of Geneva .'}]}, {'value': '6,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland ; Geneva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': '[ 55 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naturalis Biodiversity Center ( Nationaal Herbarium Nederland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center', 'summary': 'Naturalis Biodiversity Center ( Dutch : Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis ) is a national museum of natural history and a research center on biodiversity in Leiden , Netherlands . The museum , exceptt the research facilities , was closed from September 2018 to mid 2019 due to renovations . Temporary exhibitions were held in the Pesthuis ( historical Plague hospital ) entrance building during the renovations . Although its current name and organization are relatively recent , the history of Naturalis can be traced back to the early 1800s . Its collection includes approximately 37 million specimens , making it one of the largest natural history collections in the world .'}]}, {'value': '5,700,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMD , L , U , WAG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands ; Leiden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leiden', 'summary': "Leiden ( /ˈlaɪdən/ , Dutch : [ ˈlɛi̯də ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden ) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland , Netherlands . The municipality of Leiden had a population of 123,856 in August 2017 , but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest , Leiderdorp , Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 206,647 inhabitants . The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) further includes Katwijk in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 270,879 , and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen , Noordwijk , and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 348,868 inhabitants . Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn , at a distance of some 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) from The Hague to its south and some 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Amsterdam to its north . The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes ( Kagerplassen ) lies just to the northeast of Leiden . A university city since 1575 , Leiden has been one of Europe 's most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries . Leiden is a typical university city , university buildings are scattered throughout the city and the many students from all over the world give the city a bustling , vivid and international atmosphere . Many important scientific discoveries have been made here , giving rise to Leiden 's motto : City of Discoveries . The city houses Leiden University , the oldest university of the Netherlands , and Leiden University Medical Center . Leiden University is one of Europe 's top universities , with thirteen Nobel Prize winners . It is a member of the League of European Research Universities and positioned highly in all international academic rankings . It is twinned with Oxford , the location of the United Kingdom 's oldest university ."}]}, {'value': '[ 56 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Museum of Natural History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Museum_of_Natural_History', 'summary': "The Natural History Museum in London is a natural history museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history . It is one of three major museums on Exhibition Road in South Kensington , the others being the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum . The Natural History Museum 's main frontage , however , is on Cromwell Road . The museum is home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 80 million items within five main collections : botany , entomology , mineralogy , paleontology and zoology . The museum is a centre of research specialising in taxonomy , identification and conservation . Given the age of the institution , many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value , such as specimens collected by Charles Darwin . The museum is particularly famous for its exhibition of dinosaur skeletons and ornate architecture - sometimes dubbed a cathedral of nature - both exemplified by the large Diplodocus cast that dominated the vaulted central hall before it was replaced in 2017 with the skeleton of a blue whale hanging from the ceiling . The Natural History Museum Library contains extensive books , journals , manuscripts , and artwork collections linked to the work and research of the scientific departments ; access to the library is by appointment only . The museum is recognised as the pre-eminent centre of natural history and research of related fields in the world . Although commonly referred to as the Natural History Museum , it was officially known as British Museum ( Natural History ) until 1992 , despite legal separation from the British Museum itself in 1963 . Originating from collections within the British Museum , the landmark Alfred Waterhouse building was built and opened by 1881 and later incorporated the Geological Museum . The Darwin Centre is a more recent addition , partly designed as a modern facility for storing the valuable collections ."}]}, {'value': '5,200,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK ; London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '[ 57 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naturhistorisches Museum Wien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wien', 'summary': "The Natural History Museum Vienna ( German : Naturhistorisches Museum Wien ) is a large natural history museum located in Vienna , Austria . and one of the most important natural history museums worldwide . The NHM Vienna is one of the largest museums and non-university research institutions in Austria and an important center of excellence for all matters relating to natural sciences . The museum 's 39 exhibition rooms cover 8,460 square meters and present more than 100,000 objects . It is home to 30 million objects available to more than 60 scientists and numerous guest researchers who carry out basic research in a wide range of topics related to human sciences , earth sciences , and life sciences ."}]}, {'value': '5,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria ; Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '[ 58 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swedish Museum of Natural History ( Naturhistoriska riksmuseet )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History', 'summary': 'The Swedish Royal Museum of Natural History ( Swedish : Naturhistoriska riksmuseet , literally , the National Museum of Natural History ) , in Stockholm , is one of two major museums of natural history in Sweden , the other one being located in Gothenburg . The museum was founded in 1819 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , but goes back to the collections acquired mostly through donations by the academy since its foundation in 1739 . These collections had first been made available to the public in 1786 . The museum was separated from the Academy in 1965 . One of the keepers of the collections of the academy during its earlier history was Anders Sparrman , a student of Carl Linnaeus and participant in the voyages of Captain James Cook . Another important name in the history of the museum is the zoologist , paleontologist and archaeologist Sven Nilsson , who brought the previously disorganised zoological collections of the museum into order during his time as keeper ( 1828-1831 ) before returning to Lund as professor . The present buildings for the museum in Frescati , Stockholm , was designed by the architect Axel Anderberg and completed in 1916 , topped with a dome . As of 2014 [ update ] it is the largest museum building in Sweden . The main campus of Stockholm University was later built next to the museum .'}]}, {'value': '4,400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden ; Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '[ 59 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Université Montpellier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Montpellier', 'summary': 'The University of Montpellier ( French : Université de Montpellier ) is a French public research university in Montpellier in south-east of France . Established in 1289 , the University of Montpellier is one of the oldest universities in the world . The university was split into three universities during 45 years ( the University of Montpellier 1 , the University of Montpellier 2 and the Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3 ) between 1970 and 2015 when it was subsequently reunified by the merger of the former two , with the latter , now named Paul Valéry University Montpellier , remaining a separate entity .'}]}, {'value': '4,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MPU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France ; Montpellier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montpellier', 'summary': 'Montpellier ( UK : /mɒntˈpɛlieɪ/ , US : /ˌmoʊnpɛlˈjeɪ/ , French : [ mɔ̃pəlje , -pɛl- ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Montpelhièr [ mumpeˈʎɛ ] ) is a city near the south coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea . It is the capital of the Hérault department . It is located in the Occitanie region . In 2016 , 607,896 people lived in the urban area and 281,613 in the city itself . Nearly one third of the population are students from three universities and from three higher education institutions that are outside the university framework in the city .'}]}, {'value': '[ 60 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Université Claude Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1', 'summary': 'Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 ( French : Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 , UCBL ) , is one of the three public universities of Lyon , France . It is named after the French physiologist Claude Bernard and specialises in science and technology , medicine , and sports science . It was established in 1971 by the merger of the faculté des sciences de Lyon with the faculté de médecine . The main administrative , teaching and research facilities are located in Villeurbanne , with other campuses located in Gerland , Rockefeller , and Laennec in the 8th arrondissement of Lyon . Attached to the University are the Hospices Civils de Lyon , including the Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud , which is the largest teaching hospital in the Rhône-Alpes region and the second-largest in France . [ citation needed ] Of the 2630 faculty , 700 are medical practitioners at local teaching hospitals . The university has been independent since January 2009 and has an annual budget of over €420 million .'}]}, {'value': '4,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France ; Lyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyon', 'summary': "Lyon or Lyons ( UK : /ˈliːɒ̃/ , US : /liˈoʊn/ , [ c ] French : [ ljɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Liyon , pronounced [ ʎjɔ̃ ] ; Italian : Lione , pronounced [ liˈone ] ) is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France . It is located in the country 's east-central part at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône , about 470 km ( 292 mi ) south of Paris , 320 km ( 199 mi ) north of Marseille and 56 km ( 35 mi ) northeast of Saint-Étienne . Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais . Lyon had a population of 513,275 in 2015 . It is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . The Lyon metropolitan area had a population of 2,265,375 in 2014 . The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy , and historical and architectural landmarks ; part of it is registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site . Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk . Lyon played a significant role in the history of cinema : it is where Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph . It is also known for its light festival , the Fête des Lumières , which begins every 8 December and lasts for four days , earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights . Economically , Lyon is a major centre for banking , as well as for the chemical , pharmaceutical , and biotech industries . The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games , and in recent years has fostered a growing local start-up sector ."}]}, {'value': '[ 61 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbarium Haussknecht Friedrich Schiller University Jena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany , Jena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jena', 'summary': "Jena ( /ˈjeɪnə/ ; German pronunciation : [ ˈjeːna ] ( listen ) ) is a German university city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of about 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies . Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel . The city 's economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance ."}]}, {'value': '[ 62 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joint Herbarium of the University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Z+ZT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland , Zurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zurich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': '[ 63 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botanic Garden Meise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botanic_Garden_Meise', 'summary': 'The Meise Botanic Garden ( Dutch : Plantentuin Meise , French : Jardin botanique de Meise ; until 2014 called the National Botanic Garden of Belgium ( Dutch : Nationale Plantentuin van België , French : Jardin Botanique National de Belgique ) ) is located in the grounds of Bouchout Castle in the town of Meise , just north of Brussels in the province of Flemish Brabant . It is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world with an extensive collection of living plants in addition to a herbarium of over 3 million specimens . The current garden was established in 1958 after it moved from the centre of Brussels ; the former site is now the Botanical Garden of Brussels . Researchers at the garden conduct research particularly on Belgian and African plants . The Botanic Garden contains about 18,000 plant species - about 6% of all known plant species of the world . Half are in greenhouses , the other half , including cultivated and indigenous plants , are outdoors . The gardens are grouped around the castle and lake of the Bouchout domain . The mission statement of the Meise Botanic Garden specifies the increasing and spreading the knowledge of plants and contributions to the conservation of biodiversity . The Botanic Garden was property of the Belgian federal government , but after several years of negotiations it was eventually transferred to the Flemish Community ( Flanders ) effective 1 January 2014 . The French Community still has its own employees and representation in the board of directors . The plants , library , etc . remain property of the federal State but given as commodate to the Flemish Community .'}]}, {'value': '3,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium , Meise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meise', 'summary': 'Meise ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmɛi̯sə ] ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant . The municipality comprises the towns of Meise proper and Wolvertem ( a deelgemeente ) , and , several smaller villages like Sint-Brixius-Rode , Oppem , Meusegem , Impde/Imde , Rossem , Westrode and quarters as Bouchout , Nerom and Slozen . As of January 1 , 2006 , Meise had a total population of 18,464 . The total area is 34.82 km² which gives a population density of 530 inhabitants per km² . Meise is also a last name of a few families originating from Germany .'}]}, {'value': '[ 64 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem , Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botanical_Garden_in_Berlin', 'summary': "The Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum ( German : Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem ) is a botanical garden in the German capital city of Berlin , with an area of 43 hectares and around 22,000 different plant species . It was constructed between 1897 and 1910 , under the guidance of architect Adolf Engler , in order to present exotic plants returned from German colonies . The garden is located in the Lichterfelde locality of the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf . When it was founded , a part of it was located in Dahlem , a fact that is still reflected in its name . This part of Dahlem became part of Lichterfelde in 1938 . Today , the garden is part of the Free University of Berlin . The Botanical Museum ( Botanisches Museum ) , with a large herbarium ( Herbarium Berolinense ) and a large scientific library , is attached to the garden . The complex consists of several buildings and glass-houses , such as the Cactus Pavilion and the Pavilion Victoria ( which features a collection of orchids , carnivorous plants and giant white water lily Victoria-Seerosen ) . The total area of all glass-houses is 6,000 m² . The garden 's open-air areas , sorted by geographical origin , have a total area of 13 hectares . The garden 's arboretum is 14 hectares . The best-known part of the garden is the Great Pavilion ( Großes Tropenhaus ) ."}]}, {'value': '3,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany , Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '[ 65 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finnish Museum of Natural History ( University of Helsinki )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History', 'summary': 'The Finnish Museum of Natural History ( Finnish : Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo , Swedish : Naturhistoriska centralmuseet ) , established in 1988 , is a research institution under the University of Helsinki in Finland , based in Helsinki , Finland . It is a natural history museum responsible for the national botanical , zoological , geological and paleontological collections , which consist of samples from around the world . The collections serve scientific , public informational and educational purposes . In regard to locations and buildings , the museum is divided into three : The Natural History Museum , the Kaisaniemi Botanic Garden , and the Kumpula Botanic Garden . From 1869 to 2014 it also included an independent geological department , but that has now been moved to the Kumpula Botanic Garden .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Helsinki', 'summary': "The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities ."}]}, {'value': '3,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland , Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsinki ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋki/ HEL-sink-ee or /hɛlˈsɪŋki/ ( listen ) hel-SINK-ee , Finnish : [ ˈhelsiŋki ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [ hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ helsiŋˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland , and has a population of 650,058 . The city 's urban area has a population of 1,268,296 , making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics , education , finance , culture , and research . Helsinki is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities . Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns , Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which has a population of nearly 1.5 million . Often considered to be Finland 's only metropolis , it is the world 's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries . Swedish and Finnish are both official languages . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa , with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012 , the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world ."}]}, {'value': '[ 66 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botanische Staatssammlung München', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botanische_Staatssammlung_München', 'summary': "The Botanische Staatssammlung München is a notable herbarium and scientific center maintained by the Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns , and located within the Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg at Menzinger Straße 67 , München , Bavaria , Germany . Its library is open to the public ; scientific collections are open to researchers by appointment . The institution was established in 1813 by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria to maintain the royal herbarium , which grew to include major collections from the University of München and botanist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber , a student of Carl von Linné . In 1817 , Maximilian sent botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius on a three-year expedition to Brazil , and upon his return appointed him the herbarium 's curator . Martius ' collection of South American vascular plants is among the world 's foremost at 25,000-30,000 specimens representing 7,300 species . Today the herbarium contains about 3 million dried specimens of plants and fungi , which is estimated to reflect about 25% of the world 's known plant species . It has major strengths in the flora of Bavaria and the Alps , and vascular plants of Brazil , Chile , Central Asia , and regions of Africa , as well as in lichens and fungi . As of 2009 , collection sizes were approximately as follows : vascular plants ( 1,800,000 specimens ) ; bryophytes ( 350,000 specimens ) ; fungi ( 350,000 specimens ) ; lichens ( 300,000 specimens ) ; and algae ( 150,000 specimens ) . The herbarium grows at an average rate of 16,000 specimens per year . The center 's research focuses on exploration and study of European , South-East Asian and South American flowering plants as well as of fungi , lichens , and algae . It also offers expert advice and identification services for certain types of plants and fungi ."}]}, {'value': '3,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany , Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 67 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Copenhagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen', 'summary': 'The University of Copenhagen ( UCPH ) ( Danish : Københavns Universitet ) is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark . Founded in 1479 as a studium generale , it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University ( 1477 ) . The university today is state-funded , and has 23,473 undergraduate students , 17,398 postgraduate students , 2,968 doctoral students and over 9,000 employees . The university has four campuses located in and around Copenhagen , with the headquarters located in central Copenhagen . Most courses are taught in Danish ; however , many courses are also offered in English and a few in German . The university has several thousands of foreign students , about half of whom come from Nordic countries . The university is a member of the International Alliance of Research Universities ( IARU ) , along with University of Cambridge , Yale University , The Australian National University , and UC Berkeley , amongst others , and of the League of European Research Universities ( LERU ) . The 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Scandinavia and 26th in the world , the 2020 U.S. News & World Report ranks it as 7th in Europe and 32nd in the World , the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as 101st in the world , and the 2016-2017 QS World University Rankings as 68th in the world . As of October 2019 , the university has had 39 Nobel laureates affiliated as alumni , faculty members and researchers , and has produced one Turing Award recipient .'}]}, {'value': '2,510,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark , Copenhagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copenhagen', 'summary': "Copenhagen [ a ] ( Danish : København [ kʰøpm̩ˈhau̯ˀn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark . As of 1 January 2020 , the city had a population of 794,128 , 632,340 in Copenhagen Municipality , 104,305 in Frederiksberg Municipality , 42,989 in Tårnby Municipality , and 14,494 in Dragør Municipality . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen ( population 1,320,629 ) and the Copenhagen metropolitan area ( population 2,557,737 ) . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another small portion of the city is located on Amager , and it is separated from Malmø , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund . The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road . Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand , Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century . Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions , defences and armed forces . During the renaissance the city served as the de facto capital being the seat of government of the Kalmar Union , governing the entire present day Nordic region in a personal union with Sweden and Norway ruled by the Danish monarch serving as the head of state . The city flourished as the cultural and economic center of Scandinavia under the union for well over 120 years , starting in the 15th century up until the beginning of the 16th century when the union was dissolved with Sweden leaving the union through a rebellion . After a plague outbreak and fire in the 18th century , the city underwent a period of redevelopment . This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts . After further disasters in the early 19th century when Horatio Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city , rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen 's architecture ."}]}, {'value': '[ 68 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungarian Natural History Museum - Department of Botany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungarian_Natural_History_Museum', 'summary': 'The Hungarian Natural History Museum ( Hungarian : Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum ) in Budapest , dating back to 1802 , houses the largest natural history collections of Hungary and the region .'}]}, {'value': '2,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budapest , Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budapest,_Hungary', 'summary': "Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/ , Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈbudɒpɛʃt ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary , and the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits . The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres ( 203 square miles ) . Budapest is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area , which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres ( 2,944 square miles ) and a population of 3,303,786 , comprising 33% of the population of Hungary . The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum , the capital of Lower Pannonia . The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century , but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42 . Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century . The Battle of Mohács , in 1526 , was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule . After the reconquest of Buda in 1686 , the region entered a new age of prosperity , with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest on 17 November 1873 , with the name 'Budapest ' given to the new capital . Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a great power that dissolved in 1918 , following World War I . The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Battle of Budapest in 1945 , and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Budapest is an Alpha − global city with strengths in commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment . It is Hungary 's financial centre and was ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '[ 69 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Botanic Garden , Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh', 'summary': "The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh ( RBGE ) is a scientific centre for the study of plants , their diversity and conservation , as well as a popular tourist attraction . Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants , today it occupies four sites across Scotland - Edinburgh , Dawyck , Logan and Benmore - each with its own specialist collection . The RBGE 's living collection consists of more than 13,302 plant species , ( 34,422 accessions ) whilst the herbarium contains in excess of 3 million preserved specimens . The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government . The Edinburgh site is the main garden and the headquarters of the public body , which is led by Regius Keeper , Simon Milne ."}]}, {'value': '2,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK ; Edinburgh , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 70 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbarium Hamburgense', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,800,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HBG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany , Hamburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburg', 'summary': "Hamburg ( English : /ˈhæmbɜːrɡ/ , German : [ ˈhambʊʁk ] ( listen ) , locally also [ ˈhambʊɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) [ ˈhambɔːχ ] ; Low Saxon : Hamborg ) , officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ( German : Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg ; Low Saxon : Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg ) , is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million . One of Germany 's 16 federal states , it is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south . The city 's metropolitan region is home to more than five million people . Hamburg lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries , the River Alster and the River Bille . The official name reflects Hamburg 's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire . Before the 1871 Unification of Germany , it was a fully sovereign city state , and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg , North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids , the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe . Hamburg is Europe 's third-largest port . Major regional broadcaster NDR , the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city . Hamburg is the seat of Germany 's oldest stock exchange and the world 's oldest merchant bank , Berenberg Bank . Media , commercial , logistical , and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus , Blohm + Voss , Aurubis , Beiersdorf , and Unilever . The city hosts specialists in world economics and international law , including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , the EU-LAC Foundation , and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning , multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 71 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Europe', 'section_text': 'For herbaria with fewer than 300,000 specimens , see List of herbaria in Europe .', 'uid': 'List_of_herbaria_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of herbaria, organized first by continent where the herbarium is located, then within each continent by size of the collection. A herbarium (plural herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in alcohol or other preservative. The same term is often used in mycology to describe an equivalent collection of preserved fungi and in phycology to describe a collection of algae. To preserve their form and color, plants collected in the field are spread flat on sheets of newsprint and dried, usually in a plant press, between blotters or absorbent paper. The specimens, which are then mounted on sheets of stiff white paper, are labeled with all essential data, such as date and place found, description of the plant, altitude, and special habitat conditions. The sheet is then placed in a protective case. As a precaution against insect attack, the pressed plant is frozen or poisoned and the case disinfected. Most herbaria utilize a standard system of organizing their specimens into herbarium cases. Specimen sheets are stacked in groups by the species to which they belong and placed into a large lightweight folder that is labelled on the bottom edge. Groups of species folders are then placed together into larger, heavier folders by genus. The genus folders are then sorted by taxonomic family according to the standard system selected for use by the herbarium and placed into pigeonholes in herbarium cabinets.'}	null	null	How many undergraduates are in a city with a population of 794,128 people ?	23,473
05c0dca61a42e5fa	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_stations_in_Wales', 'title': 'List of bus stations in Wales', 'header': ['Bus station', 'Location', 'Number of stands', 'City Destinations', 'Local Destinations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aberdare bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberdare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdare', 'summary': 'Aberdare ( /ˌæbərˈdɛər/ ab-ər-DAIR ; Welsh : Aberdâr ) is a town in the Cynon Valley area of Rhondda Cynon Taf , Wales , at the confluence of the Rivers Dare ( Dâr ) and Cynon . Aberdare has a population of 14,462 ( mid-2017 estimate ) . Aberdare is 4 miles ( 6 km ) south-west of Merthyr Tydfil , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north-west of Cardiff and 22 miles ( 35 km ) east-north-east of Swansea . During the 19th century it became a thriving industrial settlement , which was also notable for the vitality of its cultural life and as an important publishing centre .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trecynon ; Penywaun ; Hirwaun ; Rhigos ; Cwmdare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trecynon', 'summary': 'Trecynon is a village near Aberdare situated in the Cynon Valley , in Rhondda Cynon Taf , Wales . It dates from the early nineteenth century and its developed as a result of the opening of the Aberdare Ironworks at Llwydcoed in 1800 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Penywaun', 'summary': 'Penywaun ( Welsh : Pen-y-waun ) is a community , electoral ward and north-western suburb of Aberdare in the Cynon Valley within the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf , Wales . At the 2011 census , the population of the ward was registered as 3,063 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hirwaun', 'summary': 'Hirwaun ( Welsh Long Meadow ) is a village and community at the north end of the Cynon Valley in the County Borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf , South Wales . It is 4 miles ( 6 km ) NW of the town of Aberdare , and comes under the Aberdare post town . At the 2001 census , Hirwaun had a population of 4,851. increasing at the 2011 census to 4,990 . The village is on the Heads of the Valleys Road and at the southern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhigos', 'summary': 'Rhigos ( /rˈiɡɒs/ ) is a village on the saddle of higher ground between the Vale of Neath and the Cynon Valley , in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf , South Wales . The population of the community at the 2011 census was 894 . For postal purposes it comes under the town of Aberdare , although it is some 7 miles ( 11 km ) from Aberdare town centre , and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from Glyn Neath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cwmdare', 'summary': "Cwmdare ( Welsh : Cwmdâr ) is a village near Aberdare , in Rhondda Cynon Taf , Wales . The village 's history is intertwined with coal-mining , and since the decline of the industry in the 1980s , it has become primarily a commuter base for the larger surrounding towns of Aberdare and Merthyr Tydfil and Pontypridd , as well as the cities of Cardiff and Swansea ."}]}, {'value': 'Abergavenny bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abergavenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abergavenny', 'summary': "Abergavenny ( /ˌæbərɡəˈvɛni/ ; Welsh : Y Fenni pronounced [ ə ˈvɛnɪ ] , archaically Abergafenni meaning Mouth of the River Gavenny ) is a market town and community in Monmouthshire , Wales . Abergavenny is promoted as a Gateway to Wales . It is located on the A40 trunk road and the A465 Heads of the Valleys road and is approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) from the border with England . Originally the site of a Roman fort , Gobannium , it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh Marches . The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales . Abergavenny is situated at the confluence of the River Usk and a tributary stream , the Gavenny . It is almost entirely surrounded by mountains and hills : the Blorenge ( 559 m , 1,834 ft ) , the Sugar Loaf , ( 596 m , 1,955 ft ) , Ysgyryd Fawr ( Great Skirrid ) , Ysgyryd Fach ( Little Skirrid ) , Deri , Rholben and Mynydd Llanwenarth , known locally as Llanwenarth Breast . Abergavenny provides access to the nearby Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons National Park . The Offa 's Dyke Path is close by and the Marches Way , the Beacons Way and Usk Valley Walk all pass through the town . In the UK 2011 census , the six relevant wards ( Lansdown , Grofield , Castle , Croesonen , Cantref and Priory ) collectively listed Abergavenny 's population as 12,515 . The town hosted the 2016 National Eisteddfod of Wales ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff Hereford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cwmbran Brecon Abergavenny Circular Mardy Monmouth Llanellen Brynmawr Hollywell Crescent ( O/S 80 ) Pontrilas Ashvale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberystwyth bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberystwyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberystwyth', 'summary': "Aberystwyth ( /ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ/ ( listen ) , Welsh : [ abɛˈrəstʊɨθ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Mouth of the Ystwyth ' ) is an ancient market town , administrative centre , community , and holiday resort in Ceredigion , Wales . It is located near the confluence of the Ystwyth and the Afon Rheidol . Aberystwyth is in the historic county of Cardiganshire . Since the late 19th century , it has been a major Welsh educational centre , with the establishment of a university college there in 1872 . At the 2001 census , the town 's population was 15,935 ; it was reduced to 13,040 at the 2011 Census . During nine months of the year , there is an influx of students - to a total number of 10,400 as of September 2012 . Including the suburbs of Llanbadarn Fawr , the population is 16,420 , the built-up area having a population of 18,749 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Swansea , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardigan ; Llangollen ; Machynlleth ; Dolgellau ; Bangor ; Newtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardigan,_Ceredigion', 'summary': 'Cardigan ( Welsh : Aberteifi , pronounced [ abɛrˈtəivɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a town and community in the county of Ceredigion in Wales . The town lies on a tidal reach of the River Teifi at the point where Ceredigion , formerly Cardiganshire , meets Pembrokeshire . Cardigan was the county town of the historic county and is the second-largest town in Ceredigion . The largest town , Aberystwyth , is one of the two administrative centres ; the other is Aberaeron . The settlement at Cardigan was developed around the Norman castle built in the late 11th or early 12th century . The castle was the location of the first National Eisteddfod in 1176 . The town became an important port in the 18th century , but declined by the early 20th century owing to its shallow harbour . The castle underwent restoration in 2014 . The population in 2001 was 4,203 , reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census . Modern Cardigan is a compact and busy town , having most of the facilities for retail , education , health , worship and sport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Llangollen', 'summary': 'Llangollen ( Welsh pronunciation : [ ɬaŋˈɡɔɬɛn ] ) is a small town and community in Denbighshire , north-east Wales , on the River Dee at the edge of the Berwyn mountains and the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB . It had a population of 3,658 at the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Machynlleth', 'summary': "Machynlleth ( pronounced [ maˈχənɬɛθ ] ( listen ) ) , sometimes referred to colloquially as Mach , is a market town , community and electoral ward in Powys , Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire ( Welsh : Sir Drefaldwyn ) . It is in the Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 and the A489 roads . At the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,147 , rising to 2,235 in 2011 . Machynlleth was the seat of Owain Glyndŵr 's Welsh Parliament in 1404 , and as such claims to be the ancient capital of Wales . However , it has never held any official recognition as a capital . It applied for city status in 2000 and 2002 , but was unsuccessful . It is twinned with Belleville , Michigan . Machynlleth hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1937 and 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dolgellau', 'summary': 'Dolgellau ( Welsh pronunciation : [ dɔlˈɡɛɬaɨ ] ; formerly Dolgell ( e ) y [ dɔlˈɡɛɬi ] ; see below ) is a market town and community in Gwynedd , north-west Wales , lying on the River Wnion , a tributary of the River Mawddach . It is traditionally the county town of the historic county of Merionethshire ( Welsh : Meirionnydd , Sir Feirionnydd ) , which lost its administrative status when Gwynedd was created in 1974 . Dolgellau is the main base for climbers of Cadair Idris . Although very small , it is the second largest settlement in Southern Gwynedd after Tywyn . The community includes Penmaenpool .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd', 'summary': 'Bangor ( English : /ˈbæŋɡər/ ; Welsh : [ ˈbaŋɡɔr ] ) is a city and community in Gwynedd , northwest Wales . It is the oldest city in Wales , and one of the smallest cities in the United Kingdom . Historically in Caernarfonshire , it is a university city with a population of 18,808 at the 2011 census , including around 10,500 students at Bangor University . It is one of only six places classed as a city in Wales , although it is only the 25th-largest urban area by population . At the 2001 census , 46.6 per cent of the non-student resident population spoke Welsh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newtown,_Powys', 'summary': 'Newtown ( Welsh : Y Drenewydd ) , the largest town in the county of Powys , Mid Wales , lies on the River Severn in the community of Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn , within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire . It was designated a new town in 1967 and saw large population growth as firms settled , changing its market town character . Its 2001 population of 12,783 eased to 11,357 at the 2011 census . It was the birthplace of Robert Owen in 1771 , whose house stood on the present site of the HSBC Bank . The town has a theatre , Theatr Hafren , and a public gallery , Oriel Davies , displaying contemporary arts and crafts .'}]}, {'value': 'Ammanford bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ammanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ammanford', 'summary': 'Ammanford ( Welsh : Rhydaman ) is a town and community in Carmarthenshire , Wales , with a population of 5,411 at the 2011 census . It is a former coal mining town . According to the 2001 census , 75.88% of the population were competent in the Welsh language , compared to roughly 61% in Carmarthenshire as a whole and 21.8% in Wales as a whole . [ citation needed ] Ammanford is served by the A483 and A474 roads . Ammanford railway station is a stop on the Heart of Wales Line , with trains to Llanelli and Swansea to the south and Shrewsbury to the north . Ammanford is twinned with Breuillet , Essonne .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Carmarthenshire ; Pontardawe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmarthenshire', 'summary': 'Carmarthenshire ( /kərˈmɑːrðənʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Gaerfyrddin ; [ siːr gɑːɨrˈvərðɪn ] or informally Sir Gâr ) is a unitary authority in southwest Wales , and one of the historic counties of Wales . The three largest towns are Llanelli , Carmarthen and Ammanford . Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre . Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times . The county town was founded by the Romans , and the region was part of the Principality of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages . After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated , along with other parts of Wales , by Edward I of England . There was further unrest in the early 15th century , when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr , and during the English Civil War . Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county , apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining , steel-making and tin-plating . In the north of the county , the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century . The economy depends on agriculture , forestry , fishing and tourism . West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base , and the low profitability of the livestock sector . Carmarthenshire , as a tourist destination , offers a wide range of outdoor activities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pontardawe', 'summary': "Pontardawe ( Welsh pronunciation : [ pɔntarˈdawɛ ] ) is a town in the Swansea Valley ( Welsh : Cwmtawe ) in Wales . The community of Pontardawe , with a population of some 6,800 , comprises the electoral wards of Pontardawe and Trebanos . A town council is elected . Pontardawe forms part of the county borough of Neath Port Talbot . On the opposite bank of the River Tawe , the village of Alltwen , part of the community of Cilybebyll , is administered separately from Pontardawe , but has close ties to the town . Pontardawe first came into existence as a small settlement on the northwestern bank of the Tawe at the point where the drovers ' road from Neath to Llandeilo crossed the river and then , just beyond it , the ancient way , today 's A4067 road , running up the valley from Swansea towards Brecon . Its best-known landmark is the tall spire of St Peter 's church which dominates the centre of the town from its site on a high point of the valley floor close to the Swansea Canal . Pontardawe is at the crossroads of the A4067 road which runs the length of the Swansea Valley and on to Sennybridge on the A40 and the A474 from Briton Ferry and Neath to Ammanford . First Cymru provides bus services linking Pontardawe to Swansea , Neath , and Ystradgynlais . National Cycle Route 43 which connects Swansea with Builth Wells runs through the centre of the town and part of the recreation ground ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangor bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd', 'summary': 'Bangor ( English : /ˈbæŋɡər/ ; Welsh : [ ˈbaŋɡɔr ] ) is a city and community in Gwynedd , northwest Wales . It is the oldest city in Wales , and one of the smallest cities in the United Kingdom . Historically in Caernarfonshire , it is a university city with a population of 18,808 at the 2011 census , including around 10,500 students at Bangor University . It is one of only six places classed as a city in Wales , although it is only the 25th-largest urban area by population . At the 2001 census , 46.6 per cent of the non-student resident population spoke Welsh .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caernarfon Aberystwyth Holyhead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llanberis Penrhos Garnedd Deiniolen Parc Menai Gwastadnant Menai Bridge Llangefni Llangoed Amlwch Glan-yr-afon Carmel Llanddona Maesgeirchen Llandudno Colwyn Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bargoed Interchange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bargoed_Interchange', 'summary': 'Bargoed Interchange ( Welsh : Cyfnewidfa Bargod ) is a bus station located in the town centre of Bargoed , South Wales . It is situated near the High Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Bargoed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bargoed', 'summary': "Bargoed ( Welsh : Bargod ) is a town and community in the Rhymney Valley , Wales , one of the South Wales Valleys . It lies on the Rhymney River in the county borough of Caerphilly . It straddles the ancient boundary of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire , with Bargoed lying in Glamorgan and Aberbargoed in Monmouthshire . 'Greater Bargoed ' , as defined by the local authority Caerphilly County Borough Council , consists of the towns of Bargoed , Aberbargoed and the village of Gilfach . The combined population of these settlements is approximately 13,000 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Newport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwood , Merthyr Tydfil , Caerphilly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwood Interchange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwood_Interchange', 'summary': 'Blackwood Interchange ( Welsh : Cyfnewidfa Coed Duon ) is a bus station located in the town centre of Blackwood , Caerphilly , South Wales . It is situated on Gordon Road adjacent to the High Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwood,_Caerphilly', 'summary': 'Blackwood ( Welsh : Coed Duon ) is a town , community and an electoral ward on the Sirhowy River in the South Wales Valleys administered as part of Caerphilly County Borough . It is located within the historic county of Monmouthshire . The town houses a growing number of light industrial and high-tech firms . It is the home town of influential rock band Manic Street Preachers .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Newport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}]}, {'value': 'Pontypridd , Cwmbran , Tredegar , Bargoed , Ystrad Mynach railway station , Wyllie , New Tredegar , Abertillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontypridd', 'summary': 'Pontypridd ( Welsh pronunciation : [ poːntəˈprɨ̞ð ] ) is both the county town of Rhondda Cynon Taf in Wales and a community . Often colloquially known as Ponty , it is 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Cardiff .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cwmbran', 'summary': 'Cwmbran ( /kʊmˈbrɑːn , kuːm-/ kuum-BRAHN , koom- ; Welsh : Cwmbrân [ kʊmˈbraːn ] , also in use as an alternative spelling in English ) is a new town in Wales . Lying within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire , it forms part of the county borough of Torfaen . Cwmbran was designated as a new town in 1949 to provide new employment opportunities in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tredegar', 'summary': "Tredegar ( pronounced /trɪˈdiːɡər/ , Welsh : [ trɛˈdeːɡar ] ) is a town and community situated on the banks of the Sirhowy River in the county borough of Blaenau Gwent , in the southeast of Wales . Within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire , it became an early centre of the Industrial Revolution in Wales . The historic Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond , Virginia , United States was named in honour of the town . The relevant wards ( Tredegar Central and West , Sirhowy and Georgetown ) collectively listed the town 's population as 15,103 in the UK 2011 census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bargoed', 'summary': "Bargoed ( Welsh : Bargod ) is a town and community in the Rhymney Valley , Wales , one of the South Wales Valleys . It lies on the Rhymney River in the county borough of Caerphilly . It straddles the ancient boundary of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire , with Bargoed lying in Glamorgan and Aberbargoed in Monmouthshire . 'Greater Bargoed ' , as defined by the local authority Caerphilly County Borough Council , consists of the towns of Bargoed , Aberbargoed and the village of Gilfach . The combined population of these settlements is approximately 13,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ystrad_Mynach_railway_station', 'summary': 'Ystrad Mynach railway station is a railway station serving the town of Ystrad Mynach , south Wales . It is a stop on the Rhymney Line of the Valley Lines network . The nearest bus interchange is Blackwood Interchange , eighteen minutes away . From 2020 , the rail linc bus ( 901 ) that links with the train no longer operated . It operated to Maesycwmmer , Pontllanfraith , and ended at Blackwood .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyllie,_Caerphilly', 'summary': "Most of the houses were built between 1926-1930 by the Tredegar Iron and Coal Company . Included in the village was a large church , post office and miners ' institute which was converted into a pub in the 1990s . The post office has recently closed and the church has been replaced by a small block of apartments known as Marion Jones Court . The village has recently expanded with the building of new houses on the old coal tip from Wyllie Colliery at the south end of the village . There are now 27 modern houses covering the colliery ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Tredegar', 'summary': "New Tredegar ( Welsh : Tredegar Newydd ) is a former mining town and community in the Rhymney Valley , Caerphilly county borough , Wales , within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire . New Tredegar is now home to 'The Winding House ' , a county museum which opened in 2008 . It is controlled by CCBC Museums service and the Friends of the Winding House community group . The area is rich in the mining heritage of the South Wales mining industry . The area is supported by two primary schools ; White Rose Primary school and Phillipstown Primary school . The area also contains a number of religious buildings including ; Saint Dingat 's Church and the Presbyterian Church of Wales . Along with other parts of Rhymney , New Tredegar was one of the last areas within Monmouthshire to retain the Welsh Language , with native speakers using the language in shops and banks into the 1970s . Welsh-only monuments in the local cemetery testify to the strength of the language locally in the first quarter of the 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abertillery', 'summary': 'Abertillery ( /ˌæbərtɪˈlɛəri/ ; Welsh : Abertyleri , meaning mouth of the River Tyleri ) is the largest town and a community of the Ebbw Fach valley in the historic county of Monmouthshire , Wales . Following local government reorganisation it became part of the Blaenau Gwent County Borough administrative area . The surrounding landscape borders the Brecon Beacons National Park and the Blaenavon World heritage Site . Formerly a major coal mining centre the Abertillery area was transformed in the 1990s using EU and other funding to return to a greener environment . Situated on the A467 the town is 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of the M4 and 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of the A465 Heads of the Valleys trunk road . It is about 25 miles ( 40 km ) by road from Cardiff and 47 miles ( 76 km ) from Bristol . According to the 2001 Census and information gathered by The Welsh Language Board ( Welsh : Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg ) , 1,146 ( 9.9% ) of Abertillery speaks Welsh . In the 2011 Census , this figure dropped to 7.2% , a 2.7 percentage point drop .'}]}, {'value': 'Brecon bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brecon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brecon', 'summary': 'Brecon ( /ˈbrɛkən/ ; Welsh : Aberhonddu pronounced [ ˌabɛrˈhɔnðɪ ] ) , archaically known as Brecknock , is a market and minster town in Powys , mid-Wales . In 1841 , it had a population of 5,701 . The population in 2001 was 7,901 , increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census . Historically it was the county town of Brecknockshire ( Breconshire ) ; although its role as such was eclipsed with the formation of the County of Powys , it remains an important local centre . Brecon is the third-largest town in Powys , after Newtown and Ystradgynlais . It lies north of the Brecon Beacons mountain range , but is just within the Brecon Beacons National Park .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hereford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hereford', 'summary': 'Hereford ( /ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ( listen ) ) is a cathedral city , civil parish and county town of Herefordshire , England . It lies on the River Wye , approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of the border with Wales , 24 miles ( 39 km ) southwest of Worcester , and 23 miles ( 37 km ) northwest of Gloucester . With a population of 60,415 , it is by far the largest settlement in Herefordshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Hay-on-Wye ; Brecon Beacons ; Merthyr Tydfil ; Abergavenny ; Ystradgynlais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hay-on-Wye', 'summary': "Hay-on-Wye ( Welsh : Y Gelli Gandryll or just Y Gelli ) , often abbreviated to just Hay , is a small market town and community in the historic county of Brecknockshire ( Breconshire ) in Wales , currently administered as part of the unitary authority of Powys . With over twenty bookshops , it is often described as the town of books , and is both the National Book Town of Wales and the site of the annual Hay Festival . The settlement 's name is first referred to between 1135 and 1147 as Haya ; in 1299 the name of La Haye is used . By the 16th century it was simply called Hay , and the use of the river as a suffix is a later addition . In 1215 , a Welsh name , Gelli was recorded , and Gelli gandrell in 1614 ; the two names may have been used concurrently in 1625 . The English language name , Hay , is derived from Old English hæg , possibly meaning a fenced area and a noun used in late Saxon and Norman times for an enclosure in a forest . The Welsh word celli ( lenited to Gelli ) has a range of meanings including wooded areas of various extents . The population of the town in 1841 was 1,455 . This had grown to 1,680 by 1901 . The Town 's size has not changed much since , with 2018 estimates at 1900 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brecon_Beacons', 'summary': "The Brecon Beacons ( Welsh : Bannau Brycheiniog , IPA : [ ˈbanai̯ brəˈχəi̯njɔɡ ] ) are a mountain range in South Wales . In a narrow sense , the name refers to the range of Old Red Sandstone peaks which lie to the south of Brecon . Sometimes referred to as the central Beacons they include South Wales ' highest mountain , Pen y Fan . The range forms the central section of the Brecon Beacons National Park ( Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog ) , a designation which also encompasses ranges both to the east and the west of the central Beacons . This much wider area is also commonly referred to as the Brecon Beacons , and it includes the Black Mountains to the east as well as the similarly named but quite distinct Black Mountain to the west . The highest peaks include Fan Brycheiniog to the west and Pen y Fan in the central part . They share the same basic geology as the central range , and so exhibit many similar features , such as the north-facing escarpment and glacial features such as lakes and cwms ( cirques )"}, {'url': '/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil', 'summary': 'Merthyr Tydfil ( /ˈmɜːrθər ˈtɪdvɪl/ ; Welsh : Merthyr Tudful [ ˈmɛrθɨr ˈtɨdvɨ̞l ] ) is the main town in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough . The town is administered by Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council and is about 23 miles ( 37 km ) north of Cardiff , Wales . The town has a population of 43,820 ( 2011 Census ) . The town is said to be named after Tydfil , a daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog . According to her legend , she was slain at Merthyr by pagans around 480 AD ; the place was subsequently named Merthyr Tydfil in her honour . Although merthyr generally means martyr in modern Welsh , the meaning here is closer to the Latin martyrium : the mausoleum or church built over the relics of a martyr . Similar examples , all from south Wales , are Merthyr Cynog , Merthyr Dyfan and Merthyr Mawr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Abergavenny', 'summary': "Abergavenny ( /ˌæbərɡəˈvɛni/ ; Welsh : Y Fenni pronounced [ ə ˈvɛnɪ ] , archaically Abergafenni meaning Mouth of the River Gavenny ) is a market town and community in Monmouthshire , Wales . Abergavenny is promoted as a Gateway to Wales . It is located on the A40 trunk road and the A465 Heads of the Valleys road and is approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) from the border with England . Originally the site of a Roman fort , Gobannium , it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh Marches . The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales . Abergavenny is situated at the confluence of the River Usk and a tributary stream , the Gavenny . It is almost entirely surrounded by mountains and hills : the Blorenge ( 559 m , 1,834 ft ) , the Sugar Loaf , ( 596 m , 1,955 ft ) , Ysgyryd Fawr ( Great Skirrid ) , Ysgyryd Fach ( Little Skirrid ) , Deri , Rholben and Mynydd Llanwenarth , known locally as Llanwenarth Breast . Abergavenny provides access to the nearby Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons National Park . The Offa 's Dyke Path is close by and the Marches Way , the Beacons Way and Usk Valley Walk all pass through the town . In the UK 2011 census , the six relevant wards ( Lansdown , Grofield , Castle , Croesonen , Cantref and Priory ) collectively listed Abergavenny 's population as 12,515 . The town hosted the 2016 National Eisteddfod of Wales ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ystradgynlais', 'summary': 'Ystradgynlais ( Welsh : [ ˌəstradˈɡənlais ] , English : /ˌʌstrədˈɡʌnlaɪs/ ) is a town on the banks of the River Tawe in southwest Powys , Wales , and is the second largest in the principal area and county of Powys . It is in the historic county of Brecknockshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgend bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgend', 'summary': 'Bridgend ( English : /brɪˈdʒɛnd/ ; Welsh : Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont , meaning the end ( or head ) of the bridge on the Ogmore ) is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the capital Cardiff and 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Swansea . The river crossed by the original bridge , which gave the town its name , is the River Ogmore , but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town . Historically a part of Glamorgan , Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s - the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town and the 2011 census reported that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 - up from 128,700 in 2001 . This 8.2% increase was the largest increase in Wales except for Cardiff . The town is undergoing a redevelopment project , with the town centre mainly pedestrianised and ongoing works including Brackla Street Centre redevelopment to Bridgend Shopping Centre , Rhiw Car Park redevelopment , ongoing public realm improvements and the upgrade of the Bridgend Life Centre and demolition of Sunnyside offices to accommodate a large retirement complex .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Port Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Talbot', 'summary': 'Port Talbot ( /ˌpɔːrt ˈtɔːlbət/ , UK also /pɔːr- , pə- , -ˈtælbət , -ˈtɒlbət/ ) is a town and community in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot , Wales . It is 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the east of Swansea across the Swansea Bay , with a population , in 2011 , was 37,276 . It is best known for Port Talbot Steelworks , one of the biggest in the world . The steelworks has for many years been under threat of closure .'}]}, {'value': 'Brackla ; Sarn ; Maesteg ; Bridgend Designer Outlet ; Porthcawl ; Cowbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brackla', 'summary': "Brackla ( Welsh : Bracla ) is a large housing estate , community and electoral ward in the east of Bridgend in Bridgend County Borough , Wales . Along with the communities of Bridgend and Coychurch Lower , it makes up the town of Bridgend . At the 2001 census the community of Brackla had a population of 10,113 , increasing to 11,749 at the 2011 Census , making up nearly a quarter of Bridgend 's population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarn,_Bridgend', 'summary': "Sarn is a village ( and electoral ward ) in Bridgend County Borough , Wales , about 3 miles north of Bridgend and which lies just east of the confluence of the Ogmore and Llynfi rivers . It is located to the east of Aberkenfig , south of Brynmenyn , and south-east of Tondu . It is around 15 minutes ' walk from the M4 and the McArthurGlen Group Bridgend Designer Outlet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maesteg', 'summary': "Maesteg is a town and community in Bridgend County Borough , Wales . Maesteg lies at the northernmost end of the Llynfi Valley , close to the border with Neath Port Talbot . In 2011 , Maesteg had a population of 20,612 . The English translation of Maesteg is 'fair field ' . Historically a part of Glamorgan , the growth of the town started with the opening of ironworks in the 1820s , and 1830s . Once a coal mining area , the last pit closed in 1985 . With the decline of the coal industry and , more recently , the closure of one large factory producing cosmetics and another manufacturing vehicle components , the valley has become a residential/dormitory area for the Port Talbot , Bridgend and Cardiff journey to work areas . 11% ( 1,867 out of 20,702 ) of the town 's population speak Welsh with 27.9% of 3-15 year olds speaking the language . It is one of the few areas of Wales where the traditional Mari Lwyd is still celebrated during Christmas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgend_Designer_Outlet', 'summary': 'The Bridgend Designer Outlet , also known as McArthurGlen Designer Outlet ( and known locally as The Pines ) is a commercial retail park and outlet store development in Bridgend , Wales , United Kingdom . It is owned and operated by McArthurGlen Group .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Porthcawl', 'summary': 'Porthcawl ( English : /pɔːrθˈkɔːl/ , Welsh : [ pɔrθˈkaul ] ) is a town and community on the south coast of Wales in the county borough of Bridgend , 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the capital city , Cardiff and 19 miles ( 31 km ) southeast of Swansea . Historically part of Glamorgan and situated on a low limestone headland on the South Wales coast , overlooking the Bristol Channel , Porthcawl developed as a coal port during the 19th century , but its trade was soon taken over by more rapidly developing ports such as Barry . Northwest of the town , in the dunes known as Kenfig Burrows , are hidden the last remnants of the town and Kenfig Castle , which were overwhelmed by sand about 1400 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cowbridge', 'summary': 'Cowbridge ( Welsh : Y Bont-faen ) is a market town in the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales . The Cowbridge with Llanblethian community and civil parish elects a Town Council . Cowbridge is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of the centre of Cardiff .'}]}, {'value': 'Brynmawr bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brynmawr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brynmawr', 'summary': "Brynmawr ( /brɪnˈmaʊər/ ; Welsh : [ brɨnˈmaur ] , from Welsh , meaning 'big hill ' , is a market town , community and electoral ward in Blaenau Gwent , Wales . The town , sometimes cited as the highest town in Wales , is situated at 1,250 to 1,500 feet ( 380 to 460 m ) above sea level at the head of the South Wales Valleys . It grew with the development of the coal mining and iron industries in the early 19th century . Until the reorganisation of local authorities in 1974 , Brynmawr was administered as part of the county of Brecknockshire ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Newport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town Districts , Abergavenny , Hereford , Ebbw Vale , Merthyr Tydfil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmarthen bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmarthen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmarthen', 'summary': "Carmarthen ( /kɑːrˈmɑːrðən/ ; Welsh : Caerfyrddin [ kɑːɨrˈvərðɪn ] , Merlin 's fort or Sea-town fort ) is the county town of Carmarthenshire in Wales and a community . It lies on the River Towy 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay . Carmarthen has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales - Old Carmarthen and New Carmarthen became one borough in 1546 . Carmarthen was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th-18th centuries , described by William Camden as the chief citie of the country . Growth was stagnating by the mid-19th century , as new centres developed in the South Wales coalfield . The population in 2011 was 14,185 , down from 15,854 in 2001 . Dyfed-Powys Police headquarters , Glangwili General Hospital and a campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David are located in Carmarthen ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , Swansea , Aberystwyth , Llanelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aberystwyth', 'summary': "Aberystwyth ( /ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ/ ( listen ) , Welsh : [ abɛˈrəstʊɨθ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Mouth of the Ystwyth ' ) is an ancient market town , administrative centre , community , and holiday resort in Ceredigion , Wales . It is located near the confluence of the Ystwyth and the Afon Rheidol . Aberystwyth is in the historic county of Cardiganshire . Since the late 19th century , it has been a major Welsh educational centre , with the establishment of a university college there in 1872 . At the 2001 census , the town 's population was 15,935 ; it was reduced to 13,040 at the 2011 Census . During nine months of the year , there is an influx of students - to a total number of 10,400 as of September 2012 . Including the suburbs of Llanbadarn Fawr , the population is 16,420 , the built-up area having a population of 18,749 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Llanelli', 'summary': "Llanelli ( St Elli 's Parish ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ɬaˈnɛɬi ] ) is the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed , Wales . Located on the Loughor estuary , some 10 miles ( 16 km ) north-west of Swansea and 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-east of the county town , Carmarthen , Llanelli is famous for its rugby tradition and as a centre of tinplate production . Several communities nearby the town are often included colloquially in Llanelli ."}]}, {'value': 'Haverfordwest , Cardigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haverfordwest', 'summary': "Haverfordwest ( /ˌhævərfərdˈwɛst/ ; Welsh : Hwlffordd [ ˈhuːlfɔrð ] ) is the county town of Pembrokeshire , Wales , and the most populous urban area in Pembrokeshire with a population of 13,367 in 2001 , though its community boundaries made it the second-most populous settlement in the county , with 10,812 people . The 2011 census quoted a population of only 12,042 living within the confines of the parish . This agreed with the total population of all five wards involved : Castle , Prendergast , Portfield , Priory and Garth . Merlin 's Bridge is a contiguous village and community situated to the south . The suburbs include the former parish of Prendergast , Albert Town and the residential and industrial area of Withybush ( housing , retail parks , hospital , airport and showground ) . Haverfordwest has held a strategic position from the Roman era to the opening of the Cleddau Bridge ( 1975 ) because of being the lowest fordable point of the Western Cleddau ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cardigan,_Ceredigion', 'summary': 'Cardigan ( Welsh : Aberteifi , pronounced [ abɛrˈtəivɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a town and community in the county of Ceredigion in Wales . The town lies on a tidal reach of the River Teifi at the point where Ceredigion , formerly Cardiganshire , meets Pembrokeshire . Cardigan was the county town of the historic county and is the second-largest town in Ceredigion . The largest town , Aberystwyth , is one of the two administrative centres ; the other is Aberaeron . The settlement at Cardigan was developed around the Norman castle built in the late 11th or early 12th century . The castle was the location of the first National Eisteddfod in 1176 . The town became an important port in the 18th century , but declined by the early 20th century owing to its shallow harbour . The castle underwent restoration in 2014 . The population in 2001 was 4,203 , reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census . Modern Cardigan is a compact and busy town , having most of the facilities for retail , education , health , worship and sport .'}]}, {'value': 'Caernarfon bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caernarfon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caernarfon', 'summary': 'Caernarfon ( /kərˈnɑːrvən/ ; Welsh : [ kaɨrˈnarvɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a royal town , community , and port in Gwynedd , Wales , with a population of 9,852 ( With Caeathro ) . It lies along the A487 road , on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait , opposite the Isle of Anglesey . The city of Bangor is 8.6 miles ( 13.8 km ) to the north-east , while Snowdonia fringes Caernarfon to the east and south-east . Carnarvon and Caernarvon are Anglicised spellings that were superseded in 1926 and 1974 respectively . The town is also noted for its high percentage of native Welsh speakers . Due to this , Welsh is the predominant language of the town . Abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Strait enabled human habitation in prehistoric Britain . The Ordovices , a Celtic tribe , lived in the region during the period known as Roman Britain . The Roman fort Segontium was established around AD 80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain . The Romans occupied the region until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 382 , after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd . In the late 11th century , William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte-and-bailey castle at Caernarfon as part of the Norman invasion of Wales . He was unsuccessful , and Wales remained independent until around 1283 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberystwyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberystwyth', 'summary': "Aberystwyth ( /ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ/ ( listen ) , Welsh : [ abɛˈrəstʊɨθ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Mouth of the Ystwyth ' ) is an ancient market town , administrative centre , community , and holiday resort in Ceredigion , Wales . It is located near the confluence of the Ystwyth and the Afon Rheidol . Aberystwyth is in the historic county of Cardiganshire . Since the late 19th century , it has been a major Welsh educational centre , with the establishment of a university college there in 1872 . At the 2001 census , the town 's population was 15,935 ; it was reduced to 13,040 at the 2011 Census . During nine months of the year , there is an influx of students - to a total number of 10,400 as of September 2012 . Including the suburbs of Llanbadarn Fawr , the population is 16,420 , the built-up area having a population of 18,749 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangor ; Llandudno ; Porthmadog ; Pwllheli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llandudno', 'summary': "Llandudno ( /lænˈdɪdnoʊ/ , Welsh : [ ɬanˈdɨdnɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a seaside resort , town and community in Conwy County Borough , Wales , located on the Creuddyn peninsula , which protrudes into the Irish Sea . In the 2011 UK census , the community , which includes Gogarth , Penrhyn Bay , Craigside , Glanwydden , Penrhynside and Bryn Pydew had a population of 20,701 . The town 's name is derived from its patron saint , Saint Tudno . Llandudno is the largest seaside resort in Wales , and as early as 1861 was being called 'the Queen of the Welsh Watering Places ' ( a phrase later also used in connection with Tenby and Aberystwyth ; the word 'resort ' came a little later ) . Historically a part of Caernarfonshire , Llandudno was formerly in the district of Aberconwy within Gwynedd ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Porthmadog', 'summary': 'Porthmadog ( /pɔːrθˈmædɒɡ/ ; Welsh pronunciation : [ pɔrθˈmadoɡ ] ) , known locally as Port , is a small Welsh coastal town and former community , now in the community of Penrhyndeudraeth in the Eifionydd area of Gwynedd . Prior to local government re-organisation in 1974 it was in the administrative county of Caernarfonshire . It lies 5 miles ( 8 km ) east of Criccieth , 11 miles ( 18 km ) south-west of Blaenau Ffestiniog , 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Dolgellau and 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Caernarfon . It had a population of 4,185 ( 2011 census ) . It developed in the 19th century as a port exporting slate to England and elsewhere , but since the decline of the industry it has become a shopping centre and tourist destination . It has easy access to Snowdonia National Park and is the terminus of the Ffestiniog Railway . The 1987 National Eisteddfod was held in Porthmadog . It includes the nearby villages of Borth-y-Gest , Morfa Bychan and Tremadog .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pwllheli', 'summary': 'Pwllheli ( Welsh pronunciation : [ pʊɬˈhɛlɪ ] ) is a community and the main market town of the Llŷn Peninsula ( Welsh : Penrhyn Llŷn ) in Gwynedd , north-western Wales . It had a population of 4,076 in 2011 of whom a large proportion , 81% , are Welsh speaking . Pwllheli is the place where Plaid Cymru was founded . It is the birthplace of the Welsh poet Sir Albert Evans-Jones ( bardic name Cynan ) . Pwllheli has a range of shops and other services . As a local railhead with a market every Wednesday , the town is a gathering point for the population of the whole peninsula .'}]}, {'value': 'Caerphilly bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caerphilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caerphilly', 'summary': 'Caerphilly ( /kaɪərˈfɪli/ ; Welsh : Caerffili , Welsh pronunciation : [ ˌkɑːɨrˈfɪlɪ ] ) is a town and community in South Wales , at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley . It is the largest town in Caerphilly County Borough , within the historic borders of Glamorgan , on the border with Monmouthshire . At the 2011 Census , the town had a population of 41,402 while the wider Caerphilly Local Authority area has a population of 178,806 . It is a commuter town for Cardiff and Newport , 7.5 miles ( 12 km ) and 12 miles ( 19 km ) away respectively , and is separated from the Cardiff suburbs of Lisvane and Rhiwbina by Caerphilly mountain . The town is perhaps best known outside of Wales for Caerphilly cheese .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bargoed ; Newport ; Blackwood , Town Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bargoed', 'summary': "Bargoed ( Welsh : Bargod ) is a town and community in the Rhymney Valley , Wales , one of the South Wales Valleys . It lies on the Rhymney River in the county borough of Caerphilly . It straddles the ancient boundary of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire , with Bargoed lying in Glamorgan and Aberbargoed in Monmouthshire . 'Greater Bargoed ' , as defined by the local authority Caerphilly County Borough Council , consists of the towns of Bargoed , Aberbargoed and the village of Gilfach . The combined population of these settlements is approximately 13,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blackwood,_Caerphilly', 'summary': 'Blackwood ( Welsh : Coed Duon ) is a town , community and an electoral ward on the Sirhowy River in the South Wales Valleys administered as part of Caerphilly County Borough . It is located within the historic county of Monmouthshire . The town houses a growing number of light industrial and high-tech firms . It is the home town of influential rock band Manic Street Preachers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff Central bus station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_Central_bus_station', 'summary': 'Cardiff Central bus station was the main bus transport interchange in the Cardiff city centre until it closed on 1 August 2015 . With 34 stands , it was the largest bus station in Wales . It was located adjacent to Cardiff Central railway station forming a major interchange . Construction of a new bus station on the site of the former NCP multi-storey car park in Wood Street adjacent to the old bus station is due to begin early in 2018 with an expected date of completion in Spring 2023 . The station used to handle the vast majority of bus and coach services that run in and through the city . Notable exceptions were Megabus services ( which called at Kingsway and Cardiff University ) , Stagecoach South Wales route 122 ( which called at Greyfriars Road ) and EST route 89 ( which used Customhouse Street ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff city centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_city_centre', 'summary': "Cardiff city centre ( Welsh : Canol Dinas Caerdydd ) is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff , Wales . The area is tightly bound by the River Taff to the west , the Civic Centre to the north and railway lines and two railway stations - Central and Queen Street - to the south and east respectively . Cardiff became a city in 1905 . The city centre in Cardiff consists of principal shopping streets : Queen Street , St. Mary 's Street and the Hayes , as well as large shopping centres , and numerous arcades and lanes that house some smaller , specialized shops and boutiques . The city centre has undergone a number of redevelopment projects , including St. David 's 2 , which extended the shopping district southwards , creating 100 new stores and a flagship John Lewis , the only branch in Wales and the largest outside London . Compared to nearby cities , the new St David 's Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea . [ citation needed ] In 2008-9 , the annual footfall of shoppers was 55 million , and is expected to have risen to 66 million by 2009-10 . [ needs update ] Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom - behind London , Glasgow , Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool ."}]}, {'value': '34 ( prior to closure )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London ; Birmingham ; Northern England ; Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_England', 'summary': "Northern England , also known as the North of England or simply the North , is the northern part of England , considered as a single cultural area . It extends from the Anglo-Scottish border in the north to near the River Trent in the south , although precise definitions of its southern extent vary . Northern England approximately comprises three statistical regions : the North East , North West and Yorkshire and the Humber . These have a combined population of around 14.9 million as of the 2011 Census and an area of 37,331 km2 ( 14,414 sq mi ) . Northern England contains much of England 's national parkland but also has large areas of urbanisation , including the conurbations of Greater Manchester , Merseyside , Teesside , Tyneside , Wearside , and South and West Yorkshire . The region has been controlled by many groups , from the Brigantes , the largest Brythonic kingdom of Great Britain , to the Romans , to Anglo-Saxons and Danes . After the Norman conquest in 1066 , the Harrying of the North brought destruction . The area experienced Anglo-Scottish border fighting until the personal union of England and Scotland under the Stuarts , with some parts changing hands between England and Scotland many times . Many of the innovations of the Industrial Revolution began in Northern England , and its cities were the crucibles of many of the political changes that accompanied this social upheaval , from trade unionism to Manchester Capitalism . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the economy of the North was dominated by heavy industry such as weaving , shipbuilding , steel-making and mining . The deindustrialisation that followed in the second half of the 20th century hit Northern England hard , and many towns remain deprived compared with those in Southern England . Urban renewal projects and the transition to a service economy have resulted in strong economic growth in some parts of Northern England , but a definite North-South divide remains both in the economy and the culture of England ."}]}, {'value': 'City districts ; South Wales Valleys ; Vale of Glamorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cardiff', 'summary': 'This is a listing of places in Cardiff , county and capital city of Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys', 'summary': 'The South Wales Valleys ( Welsh : Cymoedd De Cymru ) are a group of industrialised peri-urban valleys in South Wales . Most of the valleys run north-south , roughly parallel to each other . Commonly referred to as The Valleys ( Welsh : Y Cymoedd ) , they stretch from eastern Carmarthenshire to western Monmouthshire ; to the edge of the pastoral country of the Vale of Glamorgan and the coastal plain near the cities of Swansea , Cardiff , and Newport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan', 'summary': "The Vale of Glamorgan ( Welsh : Bro Morgannwg [ ˈbroː mɔrˈɡanʊɡ ] ) , often referred to as The Vale , is a county borough in Wales , bordering Bridgend , Cardiff , and Rhondda Cynon Taf . With an economy based largely on agriculture and chemicals , it is the southernmost unitary authority in Wales . Attractions include Barry Island Pleasure Park , the Barry Tourist Railway , Porthkerry Park , St Donat 's Castle , Cosmeston Lakes Country Park and Cosmeston Medieval Village . It is also the location of Atlantic College , one of the United World Colleges . The largest town is Barry . Other towns include Penarth , Llantwit Major and Cowbridge . There are many villages in the county borough ."}]}, {'value': 'Chepstow bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chepstow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepstow', 'summary': 'Chepstow ( Welsh : Cas-gwent ) is a town and community in Monmouthshire , Wales , adjoining the border with Gloucestershire , England . It is located on the River Wye , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) above its confluence with the River Severn , and adjoining the western end of the Severn Bridge . It is 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of Newport , 28 miles ( 45 km ) east-northeast of Cardiff , 18 miles ( 29 km ) northwest of Bristol and 110 miles ( 180 km ) west of London . Chepstow Castle , situated on a clifftop above the Wye and its bridge , is often cited as the oldest surviving stone castle in Britain . The castle was established by William FitzOsbern immediately after the Norman conquest , and was extended in later centuries before becoming ruined after the Civil War . A Benedictine priory was also established within the walled town , which was the centre of the Marcher lordship of Striguil . The port of Chepstow became noted in the Middle Ages for its imports of wine , and also became a major centre for the export of timber and bark , from nearby woodland in the Wye valley and Forest of Dean . In the late eighteenth century the town was a focus of early tourism as part of the Wye Tour , and the tourist industry remains important . Other important industries included shipbuilding - one of the First World War National Shipyards was established in the town - and heavy engineering , including the prefabrication of bridges and wind turbine towers . Chepstow is also well known for its racecourse , which has hosted the Welsh National each year since 1949 . The town had a population of 10,821 according to the 2001 census , increasing to 12,350 at the 2011 census . It is served by the M48 motorway , and its accessibility to the cities of Bristol , Newport and Cardiff means it has a large number of commuters .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport ; Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Monmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monmouth', 'summary': "Monmouth ( /ˈmɒnməθ/ MON-məth , /ˈmʌn-/ MUN- ; Welsh : Trefynwy meaning town on the Monnow ) is the historic county town of Monmouthshire in Wales and also a community . Situated where the River Monnow joins the River Wye , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of the border with England . The town is 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of Cardiff , and 113 miles ( 182 km ) west of London . It is within the Monmouthshire local authority , and the parliamentary constituency of Monmouth . Monmouth 's population in the 2011 census was 10,508 , rising from 8,877 in 2001 . The town was the site of a small Roman fort , Blestium , and became established after the Normans built a castle here after 1067 . Its medieval stone gated bridge is the only one of its type remaining in Britain . The castle later came into the possession of the House of Lancaster , and was the birthplace of King Henry V in 1387 . In 1536 , it became the county town of Monmouthshire . A market town and a focus of educational and cultural activities for the surrounding rural area , Monmouth has become a tourism centre at the heart of the Wye Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'Cwmbran bus station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cwmbran_bus_station', 'summary': 'Cwmbran bus station ( Welsh : Gorsaf bws Cwmbrân ) is a bus terminus and interchange located in the town centre of Cwmbran , South Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Cwmbran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cwmbran', 'summary': 'Cwmbran ( /kʊmˈbrɑːn , kuːm-/ kuum-BRAHN , koom- ; Welsh : Cwmbrân [ kʊmˈbraːn ] , also in use as an alternative spelling in English ) is a new town in Wales . Lying within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire , it forms part of the county borough of Torfaen . Cwmbran was designated as a new town in 1949 to provide new employment opportunities in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , Bristol , Newport , Cardiff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pontypool ; Abergavenny , Blackwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontypool', 'summary': 'Pontypool ( Welsh : Pont-y-pŵl [ ˌpɔntəˈpuːl ] ) is a town that is home to approximately 36,000 people in the county borough of Torfaen , within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire in South Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Abergavenny', 'summary': "Abergavenny ( /ˌæbərɡəˈvɛni/ ; Welsh : Y Fenni pronounced [ ə ˈvɛnɪ ] , archaically Abergafenni meaning Mouth of the River Gavenny ) is a market town and community in Monmouthshire , Wales . Abergavenny is promoted as a Gateway to Wales . It is located on the A40 trunk road and the A465 Heads of the Valleys road and is approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) from the border with England . Originally the site of a Roman fort , Gobannium , it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh Marches . The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales . Abergavenny is situated at the confluence of the River Usk and a tributary stream , the Gavenny . It is almost entirely surrounded by mountains and hills : the Blorenge ( 559 m , 1,834 ft ) , the Sugar Loaf , ( 596 m , 1,955 ft ) , Ysgyryd Fawr ( Great Skirrid ) , Ysgyryd Fach ( Little Skirrid ) , Deri , Rholben and Mynydd Llanwenarth , known locally as Llanwenarth Breast . Abergavenny provides access to the nearby Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons National Park . The Offa 's Dyke Path is close by and the Marches Way , the Beacons Way and Usk Valley Walk all pass through the town . In the UK 2011 census , the six relevant wards ( Lansdown , Grofield , Castle , Croesonen , Cantref and Priory ) collectively listed Abergavenny 's population as 12,515 . The town hosted the 2016 National Eisteddfod of Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'Gorseinon bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorseinon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorseinon', 'summary': 'Gorseinon is a town within the City and County of Swansea , Wales , near the Loughor estuary . It was a small village until the late 19th century when it grew around the coal mining and tinplate industries . It is situated in the north west of Swansea City Centre , around 6 miles ( 10 km ) north west of the city centre . Gorseinon is a local government community with an elected town council . The population of the Gorseinon town council area in the 2011 Census is 8,693 . However , the ONS defines an area called the Gorseinon Urban Area which comprises all of the continuous built up area in and around Gorseinon . This area includes Gorseinon , Loughor , Garden Village and Penllergaer and has a population of 20,581 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea ; Llanelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Llanelli', 'summary': "Llanelli ( St Elli 's Parish ; Welsh pronunciation : [ ɬaˈnɛɬi ] ) is the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed , Wales . Located on the Loughor estuary , some 10 miles ( 16 km ) north-west of Swansea and 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-east of the county town , Carmarthen , Llanelli is famous for its rugby tradition and as a centre of tinplate production . Several communities nearby the town are often included colloquially in Llanelli ."}]}, {'value': 'Lliw Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mawr', 'summary': 'Mawr is both an electoral ward and a community of the City and County of Swansea , in south Wales , U.K. Mawr has its own elected community council . Its name simply means large , and it was given the name because it was the largest piece of land in the former parish of Llangyfelach .'}]}, {'value': 'Haverfordwest bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haverfordwest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haverfordwest', 'summary': "Haverfordwest ( /ˌhævərfərdˈwɛst/ ; Welsh : Hwlffordd [ ˈhuːlfɔrð ] ) is the county town of Pembrokeshire , Wales , and the most populous urban area in Pembrokeshire with a population of 13,367 in 2001 , though its community boundaries made it the second-most populous settlement in the county , with 10,812 people . The 2011 census quoted a population of only 12,042 living within the confines of the parish . This agreed with the total population of all five wards involved : Castle , Prendergast , Portfield , Priory and Garth . Merlin 's Bridge is a contiguous village and community situated to the south . The suburbs include the former parish of Prendergast , Albert Town and the residential and industrial area of Withybush ( housing , retail parks , hospital , airport and showground ) . Haverfordwest has held a strategic position from the Roman era to the opening of the Cleddau Bridge ( 1975 ) because of being the lowest fordable point of the Western Cleddau ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Victoria Aberystwyth Newport Cardigan Rochdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Victoria_station', 'summary': "Victoria station , also known as London Victoria , is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Victoria , in the City of Westminster , managed by Network Rail . Named after the nearby Victoria Street ( not the Queen ) , the main line station is a terminus of the Brighton main line to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and the Chatham main line to Ramsgate and Dover via Chatham . From the main lines , trains can connect to the Catford Loop Line , Dartford Loop Line , and the Oxted line to East Grinstead and Uckfield . Southern operates most commuter and regional services to south London , Sussex and parts of east Surrey , while Southeastern operates trains to south east London and Kent . Gatwick Express trains run direct to Gatwick . The Underground station is on the Circle and District lines between Sloane Square and St. James 's Park , and the Victoria line between Pimlico and Green Park . The area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport : a local bus station is in the forecourt and Victoria Coach Station is nearby . Victoria was built to serve both the Brighton and Chatham main lines , and has always had a split feel of being two separate stations . The Brighton station opened in 1860 with the Chatham station following two years later . It replaced a temporary terminus at Pimlico and construction involved building the Grosvenor Bridge over the River Thames . It became immediately popular as a London terminus , causing delays and requiring upgrades and rebuilding . It was well known for luxury Pullman train services and continental boat train trips and became a focal point for soldiers during World War I ."}]}, {'value': 'Withybush Tenby Tanerdy Wiston Broad Haven Burton Ferry Fishguard Albert Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llantwit Major bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llantwit Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llantwit_Major', 'summary': "Llantwit Major ( Welsh : Llanilltud Fawr ) is a town and community in Wales . Situated on the Bristol Channel coast , it is one of four towns in the Vale of Glamorgan , with the third largest population ( 13,366 in 2001 ) after Barry and Penarth , and ahead of Cowbridge . Llantwit Major is 4 1⁄2 miles ( 7.2 km ) from Cowbridge , 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Bridgend , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Barry , and 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Cardiff . Llanilltud Fawr is derived from the name of Saint Illtud , who came to the area from Brittany , Gaul . He founded the monastery of Illtud and the college attached to it , Cor Tewdws , which would grow into one of the most esteemed Christian colleges of the times . At its peak it attracted over 2000 students , including princes and numerous eminent clergymen , some now revered as saints . Destroyed by the Vikings in 987 , the monastery was rebuilt in 1111 and continued to be a centre of learning governed by Tewkesbury Abbey until it closed in 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries . The 13th-century St Illtyd 's Church , built near the ancient monastery , is a Grade I listed building and one of the oldest parish churches in Wales . In the 20th century , the modern town developed rapidly to accommodate Royal Air Force personnel from the St Athan base . The medieval cobbled streets and buildings of the 15th and 16th centuries remain . Colhugh Beach is a popular surfing venue and has the remnants of an Iron Age fort and some of the finest examples of Jurassic Period fossils in Wales . The pebble beach and its clifftops are protected by the Glamorgan Heritage Coast , which stretches for 14 miles ( 23 km ) from Gileston to the east to Southerndown and Newton Point to the west ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Bridgend', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cowbridge , Talbot Green , St Athan , Barry , Rhoose , Ogmore-By-Sea , Ewenny , Marcross , Monknash , St. Donats , Cardiff Airport ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maesteg bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maesteg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maesteg', 'summary': "Maesteg is a town and community in Bridgend County Borough , Wales . Maesteg lies at the northernmost end of the Llynfi Valley , close to the border with Neath Port Talbot . In 2011 , Maesteg had a population of 20,612 . The English translation of Maesteg is 'fair field ' . Historically a part of Glamorgan , the growth of the town started with the opening of ironworks in the 1820s , and 1830s . Once a coal mining area , the last pit closed in 1985 . With the decline of the coal industry and , more recently , the closure of one large factory producing cosmetics and another manufacturing vehicle components , the valley has become a residential/dormitory area for the Port Talbot , Bridgend and Cardiff journey to work areas . 11% ( 1,867 out of 20,702 ) of the town 's population speak Welsh with 27.9% of 3-15 year olds speaking the language . It is one of the few areas of Wales where the traditional Mari Lwyd is still celebrated during Christmas ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Talbot ; Bridgend ; Cardiff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Talbot', 'summary': 'Port Talbot ( /ˌpɔːrt ˈtɔːlbət/ , UK also /pɔːr- , pə- , -ˈtælbət , -ˈtɒlbət/ ) is a town and community in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot , Wales . It is 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the east of Swansea across the Swansea Bay , with a population , in 2011 , was 37,276 . It is best known for Port Talbot Steelworks , one of the biggest in the world . The steelworks has for many years been under threat of closure .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgend', 'summary': 'Bridgend ( English : /brɪˈdʒɛnd/ ; Welsh : Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont , meaning the end ( or head ) of the bridge on the Ogmore ) is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the capital Cardiff and 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Swansea . The river crossed by the original bridge , which gave the town its name , is the River Ogmore , but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town . Historically a part of Glamorgan , Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s - the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town and the 2011 census reported that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 - up from 128,700 in 2001 . This 8.2% increase was the largest increase in Wales except for Cardiff . The town is undergoing a redevelopment project , with the town centre mainly pedestrianised and ongoing works including Brackla Street Centre redevelopment to Bridgend Shopping Centre , Rhiw Car Park redevelopment , ongoing public realm improvements and the upgrade of the Bridgend Life Centre and demolition of Sunnyside offices to accommodate a large retirement complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Caerau Llangynwyd Maesteg Circular Cymmer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of bus stations in Wales :', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_stations_in_Wales_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of bus stations in Wales:'}	null	null	What city is 20 miles east of the location that has only a destination to Port Talbot ?	Cardiff
05c13974e6e98a9e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Macht', 'title': 'Gabriel Macht', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beverly Hills , 90210', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210', 'summary': "Beverly Hills , 90210 is an American teen drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by Aaron Spelling under his production company Spelling Television . The series ran for ten seasons on Fox from October 4 , 1990 , to May 17 , 2000 , and is the longest-running show produced by Spelling . It is the first of six television series in the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise and follows the lives of a group of friends living in the upscale and star-studded community of Beverly Hills , California , as they transition from high school to college and into the adult world . 90210 refers to one of the city 's five ZIP codes . The initial premise of the show was based on the adjustment and culture shock that twins Brandon ( Jason Priestley ) and Brenda Walsh ( Shannen Doherty ) experienced when they and their parents , Jim ( James Eckhouse ) and Cindy ( Carol Potter ) , moved from Minneapolis , Minnesota , to Beverly Hills , California . In addition to chronicling the characters ' friendships and romantic relationships , the show addressed topical issues such as sex , date rape , homophobia , animal rights , alcoholism , drug abuse , domestic violence , eating disorders , antisemitism , racism , teenage suicide , teenage pregnancy , and AIDS . After poor ratings during its first season , the series gained popularity during the summer of 1991 , when Fox aired a special summer season of the show while most other series were in reruns . Viewership increased dramatically , and 90210 became one of Fox 's top shows when it returned that fall . The show became a global pop culture phenomenon with its cast members , particularly Jason Priestley and Luke Perry , who became teen idols ; the series also made actresses Shannen Doherty and Jennie Garth household names in the US . The show is credited with creating or popularizing the teen soap genre that many other successful television shows followed in the years to come . The show had many cast changes ; Jennie Garth , Tori Spelling , Brian Austin Green , and Ian Ziering were the only actors to appear during its entire run and appeared on the first episode of Melrose Place . On February 27 , 2019 , it was announced that a six-episode reboot has been ordered by Fox and that the show would simply be titled BH90210 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tal Weaver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Leading from the Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Beverly_Hills,_90210_episodes', 'summary': 'Beverly Hills , 90210 is a United States primetime teen drama which ran on the FOX network for ten years , from October 4 , 1990 to May 17 , 2000 . The series lasted for 304 episodes ( a two-part pilot , 292 regular episodes and 11 specials ) . Note that the original pilot , which subsequently has aired , is not the original pilot of the show which did air .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Follow the River', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Draper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spin_City', 'summary': "Spin City is an American television sitcom that aired from September 17 , 1996 until April 30 , 2002 on ABC . Created by Gary David Goldberg and Bill Lawrence , the show was set in a fictionalized version of the New York City mayor 's office , and originally starred Michael J . Fox as Mike Flaherty , the Deputy Mayor of New York . Fox departed in 2000 at the conclusion of Season 4 due to symptoms of Parkinson 's disease , and Charlie Sheen assumed the lead role of Charlie Crawford for the final two seasons . The series was cancelled in May 2002 after a decline in ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'The Naked Guy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Snowbound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Spin_City_episodes', 'summary': 'The episode list for the ABC series Spin City . In total , there are 145 episodes , with Michael J . Fox starring in the first 100 episodes , and Charlie Sheen starring in the last 45 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sex and the City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sex_and_the_City', 'summary': "Sex and the City is an American romantic comedy-drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by HBO . Broadcast from 1998 until 2004 , the original run of the show had a total of 94 episodes . Throughout its six-year run , the show received contributions from various producers , writers , and directors , principally Michael Patrick King . Set and filmed in New York City and based on Candace Bushnell 's 1997 book of the same name , the show follows the lives of a group of four women - three in their mid-thirties and one in her forties - who , despite their different natures and ever-changing sex lives , remain inseparable and confide in each other . Starring Sarah Jessica Parker ( as Carrie Bradshaw ) and co-starring Kim Cattrall ( as Samantha Jones ) , Kristin Davis ( as Charlotte York ) , and Cynthia Nixon ( as Miranda Hobbes ) , the quirky series had multiple continuing storylines that tackled relevant and modern social issues such as sexuality , safe sex , promiscuity , and femininity , while exploring the difference between friendships and romantic relationships . The deliberate omission of the better part of the early lives of the four women was the writers ' way of exploring social life - from sex to relationships - through each of their four very different , individual perspectives . Sex and the City has received both acclaim and criticism for its subjects and characters , and is credited with helping to increase HBO 's popularity as a network . The series has won several accolades , including seven of its 54 Emmy Award nominations , eight of its 24 Golden Globe Award nominations , and three of its 11 Screen Actors Guild Award nominations . The series placed fifth on Entertainment Weekly 's New TV Classics list , and has been listed as one of the best television series of all time by Time in 2007 and TV Guide in 2013 . The series still airs in syndication worldwide . It spawned two feature films , Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) , and a prequel television series commissioned by The CW , The Carrie Diaries ( 2013-2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Barkley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Models and Mortals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Sex_and_the_City_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is a list of episodes from the American television series Sex and the City .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wasteland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasteland_(American_TV_series)', 'summary': "Wasteland is an American drama that aired on ABC from October 7 until October 21 , 1999 . The show was created by Kevin Williamson . Several of the topics explored were college , friendships , romance and homosexuality . It aired only three episodes in October 1999 before ABC canceled it . However , Showtime 's ShowNext channel aired the 10 remaining episodes in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Best Laid Plans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Audrey Hepburn Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Audrey_Hepburn_Story', 'summary': 'The Audrey Hepburn Story is a 2000 American biographical drama television film based on the life of actress and humanitarian Audrey Hepburn . Covering the years 1935 to the 1960s , it stars Jennifer Love Hewitt , who also produced the film . Emmy Rossum and Sarah Hyland appear as Hepburn in her early years . The film was shot in Montreal , Canada , and premiered on ABC on March 27 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'William Holden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Holden', 'summary': "William Holden ( born William Franklin Beedle Jr. ; April 17 , 1918 - November 12 , 1981 ) was an American actor who was one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1950s . He won the Oscar for Best Actor for the film Stalag 17 ( 1953 ) , and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for the television film The Blue Knight ( 1973 ) . Holden starred in some of Hollywood 's most popular and critically acclaimed films , including Sunset Boulevard , Sabrina , The Bridge on the River Kwai , The Wild Bunch , Picnic , and Network . He was named one of the Top 10 Stars of the Year six times ( 1954-1958 , 1961 ) , and appeared as 25th on the American Film Institute 's list of 25 greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'TV movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Others_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Others is an American television series created by John Brancato and Michael Ferris , and produced by Delusional Films , NBC Studios , and DreamWorks Television . It ran for thirteen 40-minute episodes from February 5 , 2000 , to June 10 , 2000 , airing on NBC . It concerned a group of people with various psychic talents as they encountered different , and often evil , paranormal forces . It was an ensemble show . It was part of the NBC 's Saturday night supernatural/paranormal programming block , Thrillogy ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Mark Gabriel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role , 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Numb3rs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Numbers_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Numbers ( stylized as NUMB3RS ) is an American crime drama television series that ran on CBS from January 23 , 2005 , to March 12 , 2010 . The series was created by Nicolas Falacci and Cheryl Heuton , and follows FBI Special Agent Don Eppes ( Rob Morrow ) and his brother Charlie Eppes ( David Krumholtz ) , a college mathematics professor and prodigy , who helps Don solve crimes for the FBI . Brothers Ridley and Tony Scott produced Numbers ; its production companies are the Scott brothers ' Scott Free Productions and CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television , and later CBS Paramount Network Television ) . The show focuses equally on the relationships among Don Eppes , his brother Charlie Eppes , and their father , Alan Eppes ( Judd Hirsch ) , and on the brothers ' efforts to fight crime , usually in Los Angeles . A typical episode begins with a crime , which is subsequently investigated by a team of FBI agents led by Don and mathematically modeled by Charlie , with the help of Larry Fleinhardt ( Peter MacNicol ) and Amita Ramanujan ( Navi Rawat ) . The insights provided by Charlie 's mathematics were always in some way crucial to solving the crime . On May 18 , 2010 , CBS announced that Numbers had been canceled after six seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Eppes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Unaired Pilot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pilot_(Numb3rs)', 'summary': "Pilot is the first episode of the American television show Numb3rs . Based on a real-life serial rape case , Pilot features two brothers , an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and a mathematics professor at a Southern California university , using their individual skills to capture a serial rapist who has begun to kill his victims . Pilot also introduces the theme of mathematics being used to solve crimes . Written by series creators Cheryl Heuton and Nicolas Falacci , the episode was filmed twice , once in Boston , Massachusetts and once in Los Angeles , California , with two different casts using two somewhat different scripts . The test audience could not believe that the three men who portrayed the family could be related to each other , so the producers made cast changes to the family . They also made several changes to the rest of the cast to accommodate the changes in the script . Heuton and Falacci changed the script to focus on the brothers ' relationship with each other . When filming finished , CBS picked up the episode and the series three weeks later . Pilot first aired in the United States on January 23 , 2005 . The episode received mixed reviews . Mathematicians and students at California Institute of Technology enjoyed the episode and were impressed with the mathematics in it . In contrast , television critics felt as though the episode 's plot about a serial rapist was unoriginal , although one critic called the math boring ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archangel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archangel_(2005_film)', 'summary': 'Archangel is a television adaptation of the 1998 novel of the same name by Robert Harris . Made by the BBC in 2005 , it was filmed in the city of Arkhangelsk .'}]}, {'value': "R.J. O'Brian", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miniseries', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suits_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Suits is an American legal drama television series created and written by Aaron Korsh . The series premiered on USA Network on June 23 , 2011 and is produced by Universal Cable Productions . It is the network 's longest-running original series in terms of seasons and episodes . The series concluded on September 25 , 2019 . Suits is set at a fictional New York City law firm and follows talented college dropout Mike Ross ( Patrick J. Adams ) , who starts working as a law associate for Harvey Specter ( Gabriel Macht ) despite never having attended law school . The show focuses on Harvey and Mike closing cases , while maintaining Mike 's secret . The show also features the characters Louis Litt ( Rick Hoffman ) , Rachel Zane ( Meghan Markle ) , Donna Paulsen ( Sarah Rafferty ) , and Jessica Pearson ( Gina Torres ) . On January 30 , 2018 , the series was renewed for an eighth season without Adams and Markle , and Katherine Heigl joined the cast as Samantha Wheeler . Recurring characters Alex Williams ( Dulé Hill ) and Katrina Bennett ( Amanda Schull ) were promoted to series regulars . The show was renewed for a 10-episode ninth and final season on January 23 , 2019 , which premiered on July 17 , 2019 . Throughout its run , Suits has been nominated for several awards , with Torres and Adams receiving individual praise . Besides two nominations recognizing her role as a supporting actress , Torres was awarded Outstanding Performance in a Television Series at the 2013 NHMC Impact Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvey Specter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lead role ( 9 seasons , 134 episodes ) , also producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearson_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Pearson is an American political drama television series created by Aaron Korsh and Daniel Arkin that premiered on USA Network . It is a spin-off of the show Suits and stars Gina Torres reprising her role of Jessica Pearson . It premiered on July 17 , 2019 . In October 2019 , the series was cancelled after a single season .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvey Specter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 episode', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gabriel_Macht_1', 'intro': 'Gabriel Swann Macht (born January 22, 1972) is an American actor and film producer best known for playing The Spirit in the eponymous 2008 film adaptation, as well as for his role as Harvey Specter on the USA Network series Suits.'}	null	null	Who was the star for the majority of the show on which Gabriel Macht played a role with a title instead of a name ?	Michael J . Fox
05c2da9240ec0459	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1984', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1984', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast'], 'data': [{'value': 'Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_(1984_film)', 'summary': "Angel is a 1984 action thriller film directed by Robert Vincent O'Neil , written by O'Neil and Joseph Michael Cala , and starring Donna Wilkes . It was released by New World Pictures ."}]}, {'value': "Robert Vincent O'Neill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action , thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cliff Gorman , Susan Tyrrell , Dick Shawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Gorman', 'summary': 'Cliff Gorman ( October 13 , 1936 - September 5 , 2002 ) was an American stage and screen actor . He won an Obie award in 1968 for the stage presentation of The Boys in the Band , and went on to reprise his role in the 1970 film version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Susan_Tyrrell', 'summary': "Susan Tyrrell ( born Susan Jillian Creamer ; March 18 , 1945 - June 16 , 2012 ) was an American character actress . Tyrrell 's career began in theater in New York City in the 1960s in Broadway and off Broadway productions . Her first film was Shoot Out ( 1971 ) . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Oma in John Huston 's Fat City ( 1972 ) . In 1978 , Tyrrell received the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Andy Warhol 's Bad ( 1977 ) . Her New York Times obituary described her as a whiskey-voiced character actress ( with ) talent for playing the downtrodden , outré , and grotesque ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dick_Shawn', 'summary': "Dick Shawn ( born Richard Schulefand , December 1 , 1923 - April 17 , 1987 ) was an American actor and comedian . He played a wide variety of supporting roles and was a prolific character actor . During the 1960s he played small roles in madcap comedies , usually portraying caricatures of counter culture personalities , such as deadbeat son Sylvester Marcus in It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World and the hippie actor Lorenzo Saint DuBois ( L.S.D . ) in The Producers ( 1968 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Another Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Country_(film)', 'summary': 'Another Country is a 1984 British romantic historical drama written by Julian Mitchell , adapted from his play of the same name . Directed by Marek Kanievska , the film stars Rupert Everett and Colin Firth in his feature film debut . Another Country is loosely based on the life of the spy and double agent Guy Burgess , Guy Bennett in the film . It explores his homosexuality and exposure to Marxism , while examining the hypocrisy and snobbery of the English public school system .'}]}, {'value': 'Marek Kanievska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marek_Kanievska', 'summary': 'Marek Kanievska ( born 30 November 1952 ) is a British film director . His films have won awards at the Cannes Film Festival and the Florence Film Festival . His 2004 film A Different Loyalty was entered into the 26th Moscow International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rupert Everett , Colin Firth , Cary Elwes , Michael Jenn , Robert Addie , Rupert Wainwright , Tristan Oliver , Piers Flint-Shipman ( credited as Frederick Alexander ) , Adrian Ross Magenty , Geoffrey Bateman , Philip Dupuy , Guy Henry , Jeffry Wickham , John Line , Gideon Boulting , Nicholas Rowe , Anna Massey and Betsy Brantley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rupert_Everett', 'summary': "Rupert James Hector Everett ( /ˈɛvərɪt/ ; born 29 May 1959 ) is an English actor , writer and singer . He first came to public attention in 1981 , when he was cast in Julian Mitchell 's play and subsequent film Another Country ( 1984 ) as a gay pupil at an English public school in the 1930s ; the role earned him his first BAFTA Award nomination . He went on to receive a second BAFTA Award nomination and his first Golden Globe Award nomination for his role in My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) , followed by a second Golden Globe nomination for An Ideal Husband ( 1999 ) . Everett has performed in many other prominent films , including The Madness of King George ( 1994 ) , Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) , The Next Best Thing ( 2000 ) , The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) , Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) , Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Stardust ( 2007 ) , Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) , Wild Target ( 2010 ) and Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colin_Firth', 'summary': "Colin Andrew Firth CBE ( born 10 September 1960 ) is an English actor who has received an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , two BAFTA Awards , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival . In 2010 , Firth 's portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper 's The King 's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor . Identified in the late 1980s with the Brit Pack of rising , young British actors , it was not until his portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice that he received more widespread attention . This led to roles in films , such as The English Patient , Bridget Jones 's Diary , for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award , Shakespeare in Love , and Love Actually . In 2009 , Firth received widespread critical acclaim for his leading role in A Single Man , for which he gained his first Academy Award nomination , and won a BAFTA Award . Firth played secret agent Harry Hart in the 2014 film Kingsman : The Secret Service and the 2017 sequel Kingsman : The Golden Circle . In 2018 , he co-starred in the musical fantasy Mary Poppins Returns and the following year he appeared in the war film 1917 . Firth 's films have grossed more than $ 3 billion from 42 releases worldwide . In 2011 , he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and was also selected as one of the Time 100 . Firth has campaigned for the rights of indigenous tribal people and is a member of Survival International . He has campaigned on issues of asylum seekers , refugees ' rights , and the environment . He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study into the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cary_Elwes', 'summary': "Ivan Simon Cary Elwes ( /ˈɛlwɪs/ ; born 26 October 1962 ) is an English actor and writer . He is best known for his leading film roles as Westley in The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) , Robin Hood in Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) , and Dr. Lawrence Gordon in the Saw film series . He is also known for leading roles in films like Glory ( 1989 ) , Hot Shots ! ( 1991 ) , and The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) , as well as supporting roles in films including Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , Kiss the Girls ( 1997 ) , Liar Liar ( 1997 ) , Michael Collins in From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) , Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ) , Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) , The Cat 's Meow ( 2001 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) , and No Strings Attached ( 2011 ) . He has had recurring roles in television series including The X-Files , Psych , and Stranger Things . He joined the third season of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel as Gavin Hawk , a famed Broadway actor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Addie', 'summary': 'Robert Alastair Addie ( 10 February 1960 - 20 November 2003 ) was an English film and theatre actor , who came to prominence playing the role of Sir Guy of Gisbourne in the 1980s British television drama series Robin of Sherwood .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rupert_Wainwright', 'summary': "Rupert Wainwright is an English film and television director , writer , and actor . Rupert Wainwright is an award-winning director who brings a unique visual style and driving sense of storytelling to the worlds of features , tv and commercials . His feature Stigmata ( MGM ) starring Patricia Arquette , Gabriel Byrne and Jonathan Pryce , is an original vision of a classical horror film blended with a personal search for faith . Praised for its striking imagery , Stigmata opened # 1 in the US and made over $ 100 million worldwide . The Fog ( Sony Pictures ) starring Tom Welling , Maggie Grace and Selma Blair also opened # 1 in theatres in the US . The Sadness of Sex a festival favorite , was described by the Los Angeles Times as an inspired tour de force and Wainwrights debut feature Blank Check ( Disney ) has been described as a kids ' favorite . His newest feature project is the New York Times best-seller Not Without Hope , a true life thriller of endurance in the face of an ocean tragedy , shooting spring 2020 . Born in England , Wainwright studied at Oxford University while acting in British films such as Another Country and Dreamchild . He attended UCLA on a Fulbright scholarship where he started directing music videos most notably for NWA , Michael Jackson and MC Hammer . His commercial collaborations include Reebok , Gatorade , Sprite , Footlocker ATT etc. , and he has directed winning bid films for the Olympics and FIFA World Cup . Wainwright has won numerous awards for his work , including two Grand Effies ( one for his work with Reebok ) , several MTV Video Music Awards , several Cannes Gold Dolphins and a Grammy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Piers_Flint-Shipman', 'summary': 'Piers Frederick Alexander Flint-Shipman ( 23 January 1962-2 June 1984 ) was a 20th century English actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guy_Henry_(actor)', 'summary': 'Guy Henry ( born 17 October 1960 ) is an English stage and screen actor , whose roles include Henrik Hanssen in Holby City , Pius Thicknesse in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 and Part 2 , Gaius Cassius Longinus in Rome and Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue One .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeffry_Wickham', 'summary': "Jeffry Wickham ( 5 August 1933 - 17 June 2014 ) was an English stage , film and television actor . He served as President of the actors ' trade union Equity from 1992 to 1994 and was the father of the actress Saskia Wickham . His death after a long illness was announced on 18 June 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(actor)', 'summary': 'Nicholas James Sebastian Rowe ( born 22 November 1966 ) is a Scottish actor . At the commencement of his career he appeared as the lead in the cinema film Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Massey', 'summary': "Anna Raymond Massey CBE ( 11 August 1937 - 3 July 2011 ) was an English actress . She won a BAFTA Award for the role of Edith Hope in the 1986 TV adaptation of Anita Brookner 's novel Hotel du Lac , a role that one of her co-stars , Julia McKenzie , has said could have been written for her ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Betsy_Brantley', 'summary': 'Betsy Brantley ( born September 20 , 1955 ) is an American actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Before Stonewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_Stonewall', 'summary': 'Before Stonewall : The Making of a Gay and Lesbian Community is a 1984 American documentary film about the LGBT community prior to the 1969 Stonewall riots . It was narrated by author Rita Mae Brown , directed by Greta Schiller , co-directed by Robert Rosenberg , and co-produced by John Scagliotti and Rosenberg , and Schiller . It premiered at the 1984 Toronto Festival of Festivals and was released in the United States on June 27 , 1985 . In 1999 , producer Scagliotti directed a companion piece , After Stonewall . To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Teddy Awards , the film was shown at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016 . To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots in 2019 , the film was restored and re-released by First Run Features in June 2019 . Later in 2019 , the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant .'}]}, {'value': 'John Scagliotti , Greta Schiller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Scagliotti', 'summary': 'John Scagliotti is an American film director and producer , and radio broadcaster . He has received honors for his work on documentaries about LGBT issues including Before Stonewall and After Stonewall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greta_Schiller', 'summary': 'Greta Schiller is an American film director and producer , best known for the 1984 documentary Before Stonewall : The Making of a Gay and Lesbian Community .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Bannon , Lisa Ben , Gladys Bentley , George Buse , Carroll Davis , Martin Duberman , Allen Ginsberg , Barbara Gittings , Barbara Grier , Mabel Hampton , Harry Hay , Evelyn Hooker , Jim Kepner , Audre Lorde , Bruce Nugent and Craig Rodwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Bannon', 'summary': "Ann Weldy ( born September 15 , 1932 ) , better known by her pen name Ann Bannon , is an American author who , from 1957 to 1962 , wrote six lesbian pulp fiction novels known as The Beebo Brinker Chronicles . The books ' enduring popularity and impact on lesbian identity has earned her the title Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction . Bannon was a young housewife trying to address her own issues of sexuality when she was inspired to write her first novel . Her subsequent books featured four characters who reappeared throughout the series , including her eponymous heroine , Beebo Brinker , who came to embody the archetype of a butch lesbian . The majority of her characters mirrored people she knew , but their stories reflected a life she did not feel she was able to live . Despite her traditional upbringing and role in married life , her novels defied conventions for romance stories and depictions of lesbians by addressing complex homosexual relationships . Her books shaped lesbian identity for lesbians and heterosexuals alike , but Bannon was mostly unaware of their impact . She stopped writing in 1962 . Later , she earned a doctorate in linguistics and became an academic . She endured a difficult marriage for 27 years and , as she separated from her husband in the 1980s , her books were republished ; she was stunned to learn of their influence on society . They were released again between 2001 and 2003 and were adapted as an award-winning Off-Broadway production . They are taught in Women 's and LGBT studies courses , and Bannon has received numerous awards for pioneering lesbian and gay literature ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Ben', 'summary': 'Edythe D. Eyde ( November 7 , 1921 - December 22 , 2015 ) better known by her pen name Lisa Ben , was an American editor , author , active fantasy-fiction fan and fanzine contributor ( often using the name Tigrina in these activities ) , and songwriter . She created the first known lesbian publication in the world , Vice Versa . Ben produced the magazine for a year and distributed it locally in Los Angeles , California in the late 1940s . She was also active in lesbian bars as a musician in the years following her involvement with Vice Versa . Eyde has been recognized as a pioneer in the LGBT movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Bentley', 'summary': "Gladys Alberta Bentley ( August 12 , 1907 - January 18 , 1960 ) was an American blues singer , pianist , and entertainer during the Harlem Renaissance . Her career skyrocketed when she appeared at Harry Hansberry 's Clam House in New York in the 1920s , as a black , lesbian , cross-dressing performer . She headlined in the early 1930s at Harlem 's Ubangi Club , where she was backed up by a chorus line of drag queens . She dressed in men 's clothes ( including a signature tuxedo and top hat ) , played piano , and sang her own raunchy lyrics to popular tunes of the day in a deep , growling voice while flirting with women in the audience . On the decline of the Harlem speakeasies with the repeal of Prohibition , she relocated to southern California , where she was billed as America 's Greatest Sepia Piano Player and the Brown Bomber of Sophisticated Songs . She was frequently harassed for wearing men 's clothing . She tried to continue her musical career but did not achieve as much success as she had had in the past . Bentley was openly lesbian early in her career , but during the McCarthy Era she started wearing dresses and married , claiming to have been cured by taking female hormones ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Duberman', 'summary': 'Martin Bauml Duberman ( born August 6 , 1930 ) is an American historian , biographer , playwright , and gay rights activist . Duberman is Professor of History Emeritus at Herbert Lehman College in the Bronx , New York City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg', 'summary': "Irwin Allen Ginsberg ( /ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/ ; June 3 , 1926 - April 5 , 1997 ) was an American poet , philosopher , and writer . As a Columbia University college student in the 1940s , he began friendships with William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac , forming the core of the Beat Generation . He vigorously opposed militarism , economic materialism , and sexual repression , and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs , hostility to bureaucracy , and openness to Eastern religions . Ginsberg is best known for his poem Howl in which he denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States . San Francisco police and US Customs seized Howl in 1956 , and it attracted widespread publicity in 1957 when it became the subject of an obscenity trial , as it described heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when sodomy laws made homosexual acts a crime in every state . The poem reflected Ginsberg 's own sexuality and his relationships with a number of men , including Peter Orlovsky , his lifelong partner . Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that Howl was not obscene : Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms ? Ginsberg was a Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively . He lived modestly , buying his clothing in second-hand stores and residing in apartments in New York 's East Village . One of his most influential teachers was Tibetan Buddhist Chögyam Trungpa , the founder of the Naropa Institute in Boulder , Colorado . At Trungpa 's urging , Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974 . Ginsberg took part in decades of political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Gittings', 'summary': 'Barbara Gittings ( July 31 , 1932 - February 18 , 2007 ) was a prominent American activist for LGBT equality . She organized the New York chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis ( DOB ) from 1958 to 1963 , edited the national DOB magazine The Ladder from 1963-66 , and worked closely with Frank Kameny in the 1960s on the first picket lines that brought attention to the ban on employment of gay people by the largest employer in the US at that time : the United States government . Her early experiences with trying to learn more about lesbianism fueled her lifetime work with libraries . In the 1970s , Gittings was most involved in the American Library Association , especially its gay caucus , the first such in a professional organization , in order to promote positive literature about homosexuality in libraries . She was a part of the movement to get the American Psychiatric Association to drop homosexuality as a mental illness in 1972 . Her self-described life mission was to tear away the shroud of invisibility related to homosexuality , which had theretofore been associated with crime and mental illness . She was awarded a lifetime membership in the American Library Association , and the ALA named an annual award for the best gay or lesbian novel the Barbara Gittings Award . The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) also named an activist award for her . At her memorial service , Matt Foreman , the executive director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said , What do we owe Barbara ? Everything .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Grier', 'summary': 'Barbara Grier ( November 4 , 1933 - November 10 , 2011 ) was an American writer and publisher most widely known for co-founding Naiad Press and writing and editing The Ladder under the pseudonym Gene Damon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mabel_Hampton', 'summary': 'Mabel Hampton ( May 2 , 1902 - October 26 , 1989 ) was an American lesbian activist , a dancer during the Harlem Renaissance , and a philanthropist for both black and lesbian/gay organizations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Hay', 'summary': "Henry Harry Hay Jr. ( April 7 , 1912 - October 24 , 2002 ) was a prominent American gay rights activist , communist , and labor advocate . He was a founder of the Mattachine Society , the first sustained gay rights group in the United States , as well as the Radical Faeries , a loosely affiliated gay spiritual movement . Born to an upper middle class family in England , Hay was raised in Chile and California . From an early age he acknowledged his same-sex sexual attraction , and came under the influence of Marxism . Briefly studying at Stanford University , he subsequently became a professional actor in Los Angeles , where he joined the Communist Party USA , becoming a committed activist in left-wing labor and anti-racist campaigns . As a result of societal pressure , he attempted to become heterosexual by marrying a female Party activist in 1938 , with whom he adopted two children . Recognizing that he remained homosexual , his marriage ended and in 1950 he founded the Mattachine Society . Although involved in campaigns for gay rights , he resigned from the Society in 1953 . Hay 's developing belief in the cultural minority status of homosexuals led him to take a stand against the assimilationism advocated by the majority of gay rights campaigners . He subsequently became a co-founder of the Los Angeles chapter of the Gay Liberation Front in 1969 , although in 1970 he moved to New Mexico with his longtime partner John Burnside . Hay 's ongoing interest in American Indian religion led the couple to co-found the Radical Faeries in 1979 with Don Kilhefner and Mitchell L. Walker . Returning to Los Angeles , Hay remained involved in an array of activist causes throughout his life , and became a well-known , albeit controversial , elder statesman within the country 's gay community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Evelyn_Hooker', 'summary': "Evelyn Hooker ( née Gentry , September 2 , 1907 - November 18 , 1996 ) was an American psychologist most notable for her 1957 paper The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual in which she administered several psychological tests to groups of self-identified male homosexuals and heterosexuals and asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health . The experiment , which other researchers subsequently repeated , argues that homosexuality is not a mental disorder , as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment . Her work argued that a false correlation between homosexuality and mental illness had formed the basis of classifying homosexuality as a mental disorder by studying only a sample group that contained homosexual men with a history of treatment for mental illness . This is of critical importance in refuting cultural heterosexism because it argues that homosexuality is not developmentally inferior to heterosexuality . Her demonstration that it is not an illness led the way to the eventual removal of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Kepner', 'summary': 'James Lynn Kepner , Jr. ( 1923 - 15 November 1997 ) was a journalist , author , historian , archivist and leader in the gay rights movement . His work was intertwined with One , Inc. and One Magazine , and eventually contributed to the formation of the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Audre_Lorde', 'summary': "Audre Lorde ( /ˈɔːdri lɔːrd/ ; born Audrey Geraldine Lorde ; February 18 , 1934 - November 17 , 1992 ) was an American writer , feminist , womanist , librarian , and civil rights activist . As a poet , she is best known for technical mastery and emotional expression , as well as her poems that express anger and outrage at civil and social injustices she observed throughout her life . Her poems and prose largely deal with issues related to civil rights , feminism , lesbianism , illness and disability , and the exploration of black female identity . In relation to non-intersectional feminism in the United States , Lorde famously said , those of us who stand outside the circle of this society 's definition of acceptable women ; those of us who have been forged in the crucibles of difference - those of us who are poor , who are lesbians , who are Black , who are older - know that survival is not an academic skill . It is learning how to take our differences and make them strengths . For the master 's tools will never dismantle the master 's house . They may allow us temporarily to beat him at his own game , but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change . And this fact is only threatening to those women who still define the master 's house as their only source of support ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Nugent', 'summary': 'Richard Bruce Nugent ( July 2 , 1906 - May 27 , 1987 ) , aka Richard Bruce and Bruce Nugent , was a queer writer and painter in the Harlem Renaissance . Despite being a part of a group of many gay Harlem artists , Nugent was among only a few who were publicly out . Recognized initially for the few short stories and paintings that were published , Nugent had a long productive career bringing to light the creative process of gay and black culture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Craig_Rodwell', 'summary': 'Craig L. Rodwell ( October 31 , 1940 - June 18 , 1993 ) was an American gay rights activist known for founding the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop on November 24 , 1967 , the first bookstore devoted to gay and lesbian authors and as the prime mover for the creation of the New York City pride demonstration . Rodwell is considered by some to be quite possibly the leading gay rights activist in the early homophile movement of the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'The Bostonians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)', 'summary': "The Bostonians is a 1984 British romantic drama film based on Henry James 's novel The Bostonians . It was adapted by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala . The film stars Vanessa Redgrave , Christopher Reeve , Madeleine Potter and Jessica Tandy . The movie received respectable reviews and showings at arthouse theaters in New York , London and other cities . Vanessa Redgrave received 1984 Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for Best Actress , and the movie earned other award nominations for its costume design ."}]}, {'value': 'James Ivory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Ivory_(director)', 'summary': "James Francis Ivory ( born June 7 , 1928 ) is an American film director , producer , and screenwriter . For many years he worked extensively with Indian-born film producer Ismail Merchant , his domestic as well as professional partner , and with screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala . All three were principals in Merchant Ivory Productions , whose films have won six Academy Awards ; Ivory himself has been nominated for four Oscars , winning one . Ivorys directorial work includes A Room with a View ( 1986 ) , Maurice ( 1987 ) , Howards End ( 1992 ) , and The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) . For his work on Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) , which he wrote and produced , Ivory won awards for Best Adapted Screenplay from the Academy Awards , British Academy of Film and Television Arts , Writers Guild of America , the Critics ' Choice Awards , and the Scripter Awards , among others . Upon winning the Oscar and BAFTA at the age of 89 , Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any category for both awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Reeve , Vanessa Redgrave , Jessica Tandy , Madeleine Potter , Nancy Marchand , Wesley Addy , Barbara Bryne , Linda Hunt , Charles McCaughan , Nancy New , John Van Ness Philip and Wallace Shawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Reeve', 'summary': "Christopher D'Olier Reeve ( September 25 , 1952 - October 10 , 2004 ) was an American actor , writer and director . He was best known for playing DC comic book superhero Superman , beginning with the acclaimed Superman ( 1978 ) , for which he won a BAFTA Award . Reeve appeared in other critically acclaimed films such as The Bostonians ( 1984 ) , Street Smart ( 1987 ) and The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) . He received a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in the television remake of Rear Window ( 1998 ) . On May 27 , 1995 , Reeve was left quadriplegic after being thrown from a horse during an equestrian competition in Culpeper , Virginia . He used a wheelchair and needed a portable ventilator to breathe for the rest of his life . He lobbied on behalf of people with spinal cord injuries and for human embryonic stem cell research , founding the Christopher Reeve Foundation and co-founding the Reeve-Irvine Research Center ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave', 'summary': "Vanessa Redgrave CBE ( born 30 January 1937 ) is an English actress of stage , screen , and television , and a political activist . She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee , and received the 2010 BAFTA Fellowship . Redgrave rose to prominence in 1961 playing Rosalind in the Shakespeare comedy As You Like It with the Royal Shakespeare Company and has since starred in more than 35 productions in London 's West End and on Broadway , winning the 1984 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Revival for The Aspern Papers , and the 2003 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the revival of Long Day 's Journey into Night . She also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy . On screen she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee , winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the title role in the film Julia ( 1977 ) . Her other nominations were for Morgan : A Suitable Case for Treatment ( 1966 ) , Isadora ( 1968 ) , Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1971 ) , The Bostonians ( 1984 ) , and Howards End ( 1992 ) . Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) , Blowup ( 1966 ) , Camelot ( 1967 ) , The Devils ( 1971 ) , Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , Prick Up Your Ears ( 1987 ) , Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) , Atonement ( 2007 ) , Coriolanus ( 2011 ) , and The Butler ( 2013 ) . Redgrave was proclaimed by Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams as the greatest living actress of our times , and has won the Oscar , Emmy , Tony , BAFTA , Olivier , Cannes , Golden Globe , and the Screen Actors Guild awards . A member of the Redgrave family of actors , she is the daughter of Sir Michael Redgrave and Lady Redgrave ( the actress Rachel Kempson ) , the sister of Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave , the mother of actresses Joely Richardson and Natasha Richardson , the aunt of British actress Jemma Redgrave , the mother-in-law of actor Liam Neeson , and the grandmother of Daisy Bevan , Micheál and Daniel Neeson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Tandy', 'summary': "Jessie Alice Tandy ( 7 June 1909 - 11 September 1994 ) was an English-American actress . Tandy appeared in over 100 stage productions and had more than 60 roles in film and TV , receiving such accolades as an Academy Award , four Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award . Born in London , she was only 18 when she made her professional debut on the London stage in 1927 . During the 1930s , she acted in many plays in London 's West End , playing roles such as Ophelia ( opposite John Gielgud 's legendary Hamlet ) and Katherine ( opposite Laurence Olivier 's Henry V ) . During this period , she also worked in a number of British films . Following the end of her marriage to the British actor Jack Hawkins , she moved to New York City in 1940 , where she met Canadian actor Hume Cronyn . He became her second husband and frequent partner on stage and screen . She received the Tony Award for best performance by a Leading Actress in A Play for her performance as Blanche DuBois in the original Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 . Tandy shared the prize with Katharine Cornell ( who won for the female lead in Antony and Cleopatra ) and Judith Anderson ( for the latter 's portrayal of Medea ) in a three-way tie for the award . Over the following three decades , her career continued sporadically and included a supporting role in Alfred Hitchcock 's horror film , The Birds ( 1963 ) , and a Tony Award-winning performance in The Gin Game ( 1977 , playing in the two-hander play opposite Hume Cronyn ) . Along with Cronyn , she was a member of the original acting company of the Guthrie Theater . In the mid-1980s she had a career revival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madeleine_Potter', 'summary': "Madeleine Daly Potter ( born September 1 , 1958 ) is an American actress who has played roles in over twenty films and TV shows , including four productions directed by James Ivory . She has also appeared in numerous stage productions in the United States and United Kingdom . She made her New York stage debut in Loves Labor 's Lost at The Shakespeare Center , produced by the Riverside Shakespeare Company in 1981 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Marchand', 'summary': 'Nancy Lou Marchand ( June 19 , 1928 - June 18 , 2000 ) was an American actress . She began her career in theatre in 1951 . She was perhaps most famous for her television portrayals of Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant and Livia Soprano on The Sopranos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Addy', 'summary': 'Robert Wesley Addy ( August 4 , 1913 - December 31 , 1996 ) was an American actor of stage , television , and film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Bryne', 'summary': 'Barbara Bryne ( born 1 April 1929 ) is a British-born U.S.-based stage , film and television actress . Onstage she has appeared in comedy , dramatic and musical productions . The London-born actress studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts ( RADA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Linda_Hunt', 'summary': "Lydia Susanna Hunt ( born April 2 , 1945 ) , better known by her stage name Linda Hunt , is an American actress . After making her film debut playing Mrs. Oxheart in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Hunt 's breakthrough came playing the male character Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , becoming the first person to win an Oscar portraying a character of the opposite sex . She has had great success in films such as The Bostonians ( 1984 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , Silverado ( 1985 ) , Eleni ( 1985 ) , Waiting for the Moon ( 1987 ) , She-Devil ( 1989 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) , Rain Without Thunder ( 1992 ) , Twenty Bucks ( 1993 ) , Younger and Younger ( 1993 ) , Prêt-à-Porter ( 1994 ) , Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , The Relic ( 1997 ) , Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) , Dragonfly ( 2002 ) , Yours Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , and Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) . Hunt has also had a successful television career . She played Rose in the television movie Basements ( 1987 ) and narrated in the television movie The New Chimpanzees . She guest-starred on Hallmark Hall of Fame in both 1978 and 1987 , Space Rangers in 1993 , Carnivale in both 2003 and 2005 , Without a Trace in 2008 , The Unit in 2008 , and Nip/Tuck in 2009 . From 1997 to 2002 , Hunt played the recurring role of Judge Zoey Hiller on The Practice . She currently portrays Henrietta Hetty Lange on the CBS television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a role she has played since 2009 , for which she has received two Teen Choice Awards . She is also the narrator for the Greek era of the God of War video game franchise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_McCaughan', 'summary': 'Charles McCaughan is an American actor and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallace_Shawn', 'summary': 'Wallace Michael Shawn ( born November 12 , 1943 ) is an American actor , voice artist , comedian , playwright and essayist . His film roles have included those of Wally Shawn ( a fictionalized version of himself ) in the Louis Malle directed drama My Dinner with Andre ( 1981 ) , John Lahr in Prick Up Your Ears ( 1987 ) , Vizzini in The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) , Mr. James Hall in Clueless ( 1995 ) and providing the voice of Rex in the Toy Story franchise . He has appeared in a variety of television series , including recurring roles as Grand Nagus Zek in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Manny in the game Kings Quest ( 2016 ) , Cyrus Rose in Gossip Girl ( 2008-2012 ) , and Dr. John Sturgis in Young Sheldon . His plays include Obie Award winning Aunt Dan and Lemon ( 1985 ) , The Designated Mourner ( 1996 ) and Grasses of a Thousand Colors ( 2008 ) . He also co-wrote the screenplay for My Dinner with Andre with Andre Gregory , and he scripted A Master Builder ( 2013 ) , a film adaptation of the play by Henrik Ibsen , which he also starred in . His book Essays was published in 2009 by Haymarket Books .'}]}, {'value': 'La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_3:_The_Wedding', 'summary': "La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding ( French : La cage aux folles 3 - 'Elles ' se marient ) is a 1985 comedy film and the third and final installment in the La Cage aux Folles series . Unlike the first two films , which were directed by Édouard Molinaro , this third installment is directed by Georges Lautner ."}]}, {'value': 'Georges Lautner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georges_Lautner', 'summary': "Georges Lautner ( French : [ lotnɛʁ ] ; 24 January 1926 - 22 November 2013 ) was a French film director and screenwriter , known primarily for his comedies created in collaboration with screenwriter Michel Audiard . Lautner 's ventures into other genres were less successful though the thriller Le Professionnel starring Jean-Paul Belmondo was a big commercial hit in France in 1981 . He was born in Nice , the son of actress Renée Saint-Cyr ."}]}, {'value': 'France Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Serrault , Ugo Tognazzi , Antonella Interlenghi , Saverio Vallone , Michel Galabru , Benny Luke , Stéphane Audran , Gianluca Favilla and Umberto Raho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Serrault', 'summary': 'Michel Serrault ( 24 January 1928 - 29 July 2007 ) was a French stage and film actor who appeared from 1954 until 2007 in more than 130 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi', 'summary': 'Ugo Tognazzi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈuːɡo toɲˈɲattsi ] ; 23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990 ) was an Italian film , TV , and theatre actor , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonella_Interlenghi', 'summary': 'Antonella Interlenghi ( born 6 August 1960 ) is an Italian stage , film and television actress . She is also known as Antonellina Interlenghi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Galabru', 'summary': 'Michel Louis Edmond Galabru ( 27 October 1922 - 4 January 2016 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Audran', 'summary': "Stéphane Audran ( born Colette Suzanne Dacheville ; 8 November 1932 - 27 March 2018 ) was a French film and television actress , known for her performances in award-winning movies such as The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie ( 1972 ) and Babette 's Feast ( 1987 ) and in critically acclaimed films like The Big Red One ( 1980 ) and Violette Nozière ( 1978 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Umberto_Raho', 'summary': 'Umberto Raho ( 4 June 1922 - 9 January 2016 ) was an Italian stage , film and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Der Sprinter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christoph Böll', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wieland Samolak , Gerhard Olschewski , Renate Muri , Dieter Eppler , Miriam Spoerri , Wichard von Roell and Jürgen Mikol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerhard_Olschewski', 'summary': 'Gerhard Olschewski ( born 30 May 1942 ) is a German actor . He has appeared in 94 films and television shows since 1966 . He starred in the 1976 film A Lost Life , which was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival , where he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dieter_Eppler', 'summary': 'Dieter Eppler ( 11 February 1927 , in Stuttgart - 12 April 2008 , in Stuttgart ) was a German television actor and director of radio dramas . He was born on February 11 , 1927 in Stuttgart , Germany . He was an actor , known for Jonas ( 1957 ) , The Country Doctor ( 1987 ) and The Last Winter ( 1960 ) . He was married to Magdalene Schnaitmann and they had five children . He was a prolific German character actor , seen in many TV crime series like Tatort , Derrick and The Old Fox . In the 1950s and 1960s , he had leading roles in several Edgar Wallace adaptations . Often portraying military types , he was noted for his starring role in U 47 - Kapitänleutnant Prien ( 1957 ) . He also did horror as in the character of the evil vampire in the 1962 film Slaughter of the Vampires . He stayed in Germany and worked there and in European films until his death in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)', 'summary': "Dune is a 1984 American epic science fiction adventure film written and directed by David Lynch and based on the 1965 Frank Herbert novel of the same name . The film stars Kyle MacLachlan ( in his film debut ) as young nobleman Paul Atreides , and includes an ensemble of well-known American and European actors in supporting roles . It was filmed at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico City and included a soundtrack by the rock band Toto , as well as Brian Eno . Set in the distant future , the film chronicles the conflict between rival noble families as they battle for control of the extremely harsh desert planet Arrakis , also known as Dune . The planet is the only source of the drug melange - also called the spice - which allows prescience and is vital to space travel , making it the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe . Paul Atreides is the scion and heir of a powerful noble family , whose inheritance of control over Arrakis brings them into conflict with its former overlords , House Harkonnen . Paul is also a candidate for the Kwisatz Haderach , a messianic figure in the Bene Gesserit religion . Besides MacLachlan , the film features a large ensemble cast of supporting actors , including Patrick Stewart , Brad Dourif , Dean Stockwell , Virginia Madsen , José Ferrer , Sting , Linda Hunt , and Max von Sydow , among others . After the novel 's initial success , attempts to adapt Dune as a film began in 1971 . A lengthy process of development followed throughout the 1970s , during which Arthur P. Jacobs , Alejandro Jodorowsky , and Ridley Scott unsuccessfully tried to bring their visions to the screen . In 1981 , executive producer Dino De Laurentiis hired Lynch as director . The film was a box-office failure , grossing $ 30.9 million from a $ 40 million budget , and was negatively reviewed by critics , which heavily criticized the screenwriting , lack of faith to the material source , the pacing , direction and editing although the visual effects , musical score , acting and action sequences were praised ."}]}, {'value': 'David Lynch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Lynch', 'summary': "David Keith Lynch ( born January 20 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker , painter , musician , singer , sound designer , photographer , and actor . He is best known for writing and directing films such as Eraserhead ( 1977 ) , Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) , and Mulholland Drive ( 2001 ) , which are often regarded by critics as among the best films of their respective decades , and for his successful television series Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ) . These works led to him being labeled the first popular Surrealist by film critic Pauline Kael . A recipient of an Academy Honorary Award in 2019 , he has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director , and has won the César Award for Best Foreign Film twice , as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival . He has been described by The Guardian as the most important director of this era , while AllMovie called him the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking . Born to a middle-class family in Missoula , Montana , Lynch spent his childhood traveling around the U.S. before he studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia , where he first made the transition to producing short films . He then moved to Los Angeles , where he produced his first film , the surrealist horror Eraserhead ( 1977 ) . After Eraserhead became a success on the midnight movie circuit , Lynch was hired to direct the biographical film The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) , from which he gained mainstream success . He was then employed by the De Laurentiis Entertainment Group and proceeded to make two films : the sci-fi epic Dune ( 1984 ) , which proved to be a critical and commercial failure , and the neo-noir mystery film Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) , which initially stirred controversy over its depiction of violence but later grew in reputation until it was critically acclaimed . Lynch next created his own television series with Mark Frost , the popular murder mystery Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ) , which ran for two seasons . He also created the film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , the road film Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , and the family film The Straight Story ( 1999 ) in the same period . Turning further towards surrealist filmmaking , three of his subsequent films operated on dream logic non-linear narrative structures : Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , Mulholland Drive ( 2001 ) , and Inland Empire ( 2006 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action , adventure , fantasy , sci-fi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francesca Annis , Leonardo Cimino , Brad Dourif , José Ferrer , Linda Hunt , Freddie Jones , Richard Jordan , Kyle MacLachlan , Virginia Madsen , Silvana Mangano , Everett McGill , Kenneth McMillan , Jack Nance , Sian Phillips , Jürgen Prochnow , Paul Smith , Patrick Stewart , Sting , Angélica Aragón , Dean Stockwell , Max von Sydow , Alicia Roanne Witt , Sean Young , Honorato Magalone , Judd Omen and Molly Wryn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesca_Annis', 'summary': 'Francesca Annis ( born 14 May 1945 ) is an English actress . She is known for television roles in Reckless ( 1998 ) , Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) , Deceit ( 2000 ) and Cranford ( 2007 ) . A six-time BAFTA TV Award nominee , she won the 1979 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the ITV serial Lillie . Her film appearances include Krull ( 1983 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , The Debt Collector ( 1999 ) and The Libertine ( 2004 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Cimino', 'summary': "Leonardo Cimino ( November 4 , 1917 - March 3 , 2012 ) was an American film , television and stage actor who in 1937 appeared in the original stage production of Marc Blitzstein 's The Cradle Will Rock . Cimino 's most well known roles are in the 1983 science fiction miniseries , V as Abraham Bernstein and the 1987 feature film The Monster Squad as the Scary German guy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brad_Dourif', 'summary': "Bradford Claude Dourif ( /ˈdɔːrɪf/ ; born March 18 , 1950 ) is an American actor . He was nominated for an Oscar , and won Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards for his supporting role as Billy Bibbit in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) . He is also known for his roles as the voice of Chucky in the Child 's Play franchise ( 1988-2017 ) , and Gríma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings series ( 2002-2003 ) . Dourif 's other film roles include Wise Blood ( 1979 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) , Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) , The Exorcist III ( 1990 ) and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . He also appeared in many television series , notably Deadwood ( 2004-2006 , 2019 ) , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Ferrer', 'summary': "José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón ( January 8 , 1912 - January 26 , 1992 ) , known as José Ferrer , was a Puerto Rican actor and theatre and film director . He was the first Puerto Rican-born actor , as well as the first Hispanic actor , to win an Academy Award ( in 1950 for Cyrano de Bergerac ) . In 1947 , Ferrer won the Tony Award for his theatrical performance of Cyrano de Bergerac , and in 1952 , he won the Distinguished Dramatic Actor Award for The Shrike , and also the Outstanding Director Award for directing the plays The Shrike , The Fourposter , and Stalag 17 . Ferrer 's contributions to American theatre were recognized in 1981 , when he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame . In 1985 , he received the National Medal of Arts from Ronald Reagan , becoming the first actor to receive that honor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linda_Hunt', 'summary': "Lydia Susanna Hunt ( born April 2 , 1945 ) , better known by her stage name Linda Hunt , is an American actress . After making her film debut playing Mrs. Oxheart in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Hunt 's breakthrough came playing the male character Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , becoming the first person to win an Oscar portraying a character of the opposite sex . She has had great success in films such as The Bostonians ( 1984 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , Silverado ( 1985 ) , Eleni ( 1985 ) , Waiting for the Moon ( 1987 ) , She-Devil ( 1989 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) , Rain Without Thunder ( 1992 ) , Twenty Bucks ( 1993 ) , Younger and Younger ( 1993 ) , Prêt-à-Porter ( 1994 ) , Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , The Relic ( 1997 ) , Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) , Dragonfly ( 2002 ) , Yours Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , and Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) . Hunt has also had a successful television career . She played Rose in the television movie Basements ( 1987 ) and narrated in the television movie The New Chimpanzees . She guest-starred on Hallmark Hall of Fame in both 1978 and 1987 , Space Rangers in 1993 , Carnivale in both 2003 and 2005 , Without a Trace in 2008 , The Unit in 2008 , and Nip/Tuck in 2009 . From 1997 to 2002 , Hunt played the recurring role of Judge Zoey Hiller on The Practice . She currently portrays Henrietta Hetty Lange on the CBS television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a role she has played since 2009 , for which she has received two Teen Choice Awards . She is also the narrator for the Greek era of the God of War video game franchise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Freddie_Jones', 'summary': 'Frederick Charles Jones ( 12 September 1927 - 9 July 2019 ) was an English actor who had an extensive career in television , theatre and cinema productions for almost sixty years . In theatre , he was best known for originating the role of Sir in The Dresser ; in film , he was best known for his role as the circus ringmaster Bytes in The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) ; and in television , he was best known for playing Sandy Thomas in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale from 2005 to 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Jordan', 'summary': "Robert Anson Jordan Jr. ( July 19 , 1937 - August 30 , 1993 ) was an American stage , screen , and television actor . A long-time member of the New York Shakespeare Festival , he performed in many Off Broadway and Broadway plays . His films include Logan 's Run , Les Misérables , Raise the Titanic , The Friends of Eddie Coyle , The Yakuza , Interiors , The Bunker , Dune , The Secret of My Success , Timebomb , The Hunt for Red October , Posse and Gettysburg ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan', 'summary': "Kyle Merritt MacLachlan ( /məˈɡlɒklən/ ; born February 22 , 1959 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , as well as roles in two of David Lynch 's films : Paul Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) and Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) . MacLachlan 's other film roles include Lloyd Gallagher in The Hidden ( 1987 ) , Ray Manzarek in The Doors ( 1991 ) , Cliff Vandercave in The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , Zack Carey in Showgirls ( 1995 ) , and the voice of Riley 's father in Inside Out ( 2015 ) . He has had prominent roles in television shows including appearing as Trey MacDougal in Sex and the City ( 2000-2002 ) , Orson Hodge in Desperate Housewives ( 2006-2012 ) , The Captain in How I Met Your Mother ( 2010-2014 ) , the Mayor of Portland in Portlandia ( 2011-2018 ) and Calvin Zabo in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014-2015 ) . MacLachlan has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama ( 1990 ) , and was nominated in the same category in 2017 , for playing the role of Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks . He has also been nominated for two Emmy Awards for Twin Peaks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Madsen', 'summary': "Virginia Gayle Madsen ( born September 11 , 1961 ) is an American actress and film producer . She made her film debut in Class ( 1983 ) , which was filmed in her native Chicago . After moving to Los Angeles , director David Lynch cast her as Princess Irulan in the science fiction film Dune ( 1984 ) . Madsen then starred in a series of successful teen movies , including Electric Dreams ( 1984 ) , Modern Girls ( 1986 ) , and Fire with Fire ( 1986 ) . Madsen received further recognition for her starring role as Helen Lyle in the horror film Candyman ( 1992 ) . She received critical acclaim for her performance as Maya in Alexander Payne 's comedy-drama film Sideways ( 2004 ) , for which she received numerous awards , including nominations for the Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other film appearances include Long Gone ( 1987 ) , Gotham ( 1988 ) , The Hot Spot ( 1990 ) , Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) , The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) , The Haunting ( 1999 ) , A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) , The Astronaut Farmer ( 2007 ) , The Haunting in Connecticut ( 2009 ) , Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) , All the Wilderness ( 2014 ) , Joy ( 2015 ) , Better Watch Out ( 2017 ) , and Her Smell ( 2018 ) . On television , Madsen has appeared in the comedy-drama series Moonlighting ( 1989 ) , the comedy series Frasier ( 1998 ) , the period drama series American Dreams ( 2002-2003 ) , the science fiction series The Event ( 2011 ) , the supernatural drama series Witches of East End ( 2013-2014 ) , the political thriller series Designated Survivor ( 2016-2017 ) , and the DC Universe superhero horror series Swamp Thing ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silvana_Mangano', 'summary': 'Silvana Mangano ( Italian pronunciation : [ silˈvaːna ˈmaŋɡano ] ; 21 April 1930 - 16 December 1989 ) was an Italian actress . Raised in poverty during World War II , Mangano trained as a dancer and worked as a model before winning a Miss Rome beauty pageant in 1946 . This led to work in films ; she achieved notable success in Bitter Rice ( 1949 ) and continued working in films for almost four more decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Everett_McGill', 'summary': 'Everett McGill ( born Charles Everett McGill III , October 21 , 1945 ) is an American actor , who first rose to prominence for his portrayal of a caveman in Quest for Fire ( 1981 ) . He went on to have prominent roles in films like Dune ( 1984 ) , Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) , Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) , Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) , The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) and Under Siege 2 : Dark Territory ( 1995 ) . On television he appeared as Big Ed Hurley in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ) . He retired from acting in 1999 , but returned in the Twin Peaks 2017 revival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_McMillan_(actor)', 'summary': 'Kenneth McMillan ( July 2 , 1932 - January 8 , 1989 ) was an American actor . McMillan was usually cast as gruff , hostile and unfriendly characters due to his rough image . However , he was sometimes cast in some lighter roles that highlighted his more benign side .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Nance', 'summary': 'Marvin John Nance ( December 21 , 1943 - December 30 , 1996 ) was an American actor of stage and screen . He was known for his work with director David Lynch , particularly for his starring roles in Eraserhead ( 1977 ) and Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siân_Phillips', 'summary': 'Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips , DBE ( born 14 May 1933 ) , known professionally as Siân Phillips ( /ˈʃɑːn/ ) , is a Welsh actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jürgen_Prochnow', 'summary': 'Jürgen Prochnow ( German pronunciation : [ ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈpʁɔxnoː ] listen ( help·info ) ; born 10 June 1941 ) is a German-born actor and voice actor . His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in Das Boot ( 1981 ) , Duke Leto Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) , the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in Air Force One ( 1997 ) , and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_L._Smith', 'summary': "Paul Lawrence Smith ( June 24 , 1936 - April 25 , 2012 ) , most frequently credited as Paul Smith or Paul L. Smith , was an American actor . Burly , bearded and imposing , he appeared in feature films and occasionally on television since the 1970s , generally playing heavies and bad guys . His most notable roles include Hamidou , the vicious prison guard in Midnight Express ( 1978 ) , Bluto in Robert Altman 's Popeye ( 1980 ) , Gideon in the ABC miniseries Masada ( 1981 ) and Glossu Rabban in David Lynch 's Dune ( 1984 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Stewart', 'summary': "Sir Patrick Stewart OBE ( born 13 July 1940 ) is an English actor , director and producer whose work has included roles on stage , television and film , in a career spanning seven decades . He has been nominated for Olivier , Golden Globe , Emmy , Screen Actors Guild , and Saturn Awards . Beginning his career with a long run with the Royal Shakespeare Company , Stewart received the 1979 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in Antony and Cleopatra in the West End . Stewart 's first major screen roles were in BBC-broadcast television productions during the mid-late 1970s , including Hedda , and the I , Claudius miniseries . From the 1980s onward , Stewart began working in American television and film , with prominent leading roles such as Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek : The Next Generation , its subsequent films , and 2020 's Star Trek : Picard ; as Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men series of superhero films ; the lead of the Starz TV series Blunt Talk ; and voice roles such as CIA Deputy Director Avery Bullock in American Dad ! and the narrator in Ted . Having remained with the Royal Shakespeare Company , in 2008 Stewart played King Claudius in Hamlet in the West End and won a second Olivier Award . In 1993 , TV Guide named Stewart the Best Dramatic Television Actor of the 1980s . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 16 December 1996 . In 2010 , Stewart was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to drama ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sting_(musician)', 'summary': "Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner CBE ( born 2 October 1951 ) , known professionally as Sting , is an English musician and actor . He was the principal songwriter , lead singer , and bassist for the new wave rock band the Police from 1977 to 1984 , and launched a solo career in 1985 . He has included elements of rock , jazz , reggae , classical , new-age and worldbeat in his music . As a solo musician and a member of the Police , Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards : he won Song of the Year for Every Breath You Take , three Brit Awards , including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002 , a Golden Globe , an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . In 2019 , he received a BMI Award for Every Breath You Take becoming the most played song in radio history . In 2002 , Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003 . In 2000 , he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording . In 2003 , Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music . He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014 , and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017 . With the Police , Sting became one of the world 's best-selling music artists . Solo and with the Police combined , he has sold over 100 million records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angélica_Aragón', 'summary': 'Angélica Espinoza Stransky , best known as Angélica Aragón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aŋˈxelika aɾaˈɣon ] ; born July 11 , 1953 ) is a Mexican film , television and stage actress and singer . She is daughter of the Mexican composer José Ángel Espinoza Ferrusquilla . She is recognized for her performances in various Mexican film productions such as Cilantro y perejil ( 1997 ) , Sexo , pudor y lágrimas ( 1999 ) and El crimen del Padre Amaro ( 2002 ) and in diverse American productions like A Walk in the Clouds ( 1995 ) and Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights ( 2002 ) among others . She is also famous for having starred in two famous Mexican telenovelas : Vivir un poco ( 1985 ) and Mirada de mujer ( 1997 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dean_Stockwell', 'summary': "Robert Dean Stockwell ( born March 5 , 1936 ) is an American actor of film and television , with a career spanning over 70 years . As a child actor under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , he first came to the public 's attention in films such as Anchors Aweigh ( 1945 ) , The Green Years ( 1946 ) , Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) , and Kim ( 1950 ) . As a young adult , he played a lead role in the 1957 Broadway and 1959 screen adaptations of Compulsion and in 1962 , Stockwell played Edmund Tyrone in the film version of Long Day 's Journey into Night , for which he won a Best Actor award at the Cannes Film Festival . He appeared in supporting roles in such films as Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) , To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) , Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) , and Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) . He received further critical acclaim for his performance in Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) , for which he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . He subsequently had roles in The Player ( 1992 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) . His television roles include playing Rear Admiral Albert Al Calavicci in Quantum Leap ( 1989-1993 ) and Brother Cavil in the Sci Fi Channel revival of Battlestar Galactica ( 2004-2009 ) . Following his roles on Quantum Leap and Battlestar Galactica , Stockwell appeared at numerous science fiction conventions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Max_von_Sydow', 'summary': "Max von Sydow ( /vɒn ˈsiːdoʊ/ von SEE-doh ; [ a ] born Carl Adolf von Sydow , 10 April 1929 ) is an actor who has appeared in European and American films . Von Sydow has appeared in more than 100 films and TV series . Some of his most memorable film roles include Knight Antonius Block in Ingmar Bergman 's The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , the first of his 11 films with Bergman which includes the iconic scenes in which he plays chess with Death , He also played Jesus Christ in George Stevens ' The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , and also appeared in William Friedkin 's The Exorcist , David Lynch 's Dune ( 1984 ) , Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , Penny Marshall 's Awakenings ( 1990 ) , Steven Spielberg 's Minority Report ( 2002 ) , Julian Schnabel 's , The Diving Bell and the Butterfly ( 2007 ) , and Martin Scorsese 's Shutter Island ( 2009 ) . Recently he appeared in Star Wars : The Force Awakens and in HBO 's Game of Thrones as Three-eyed Raven , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Throughout his long and varied career he has received two Academy Award nominations for his performances in Pelle the Conqueror ( 1987 ) and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close ( 2011 ) . Von Sydow received the Royal Foundation of Sweden 's Cultural Award in 1954 , was made a Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in 2005 , and was named a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur on 17 October 2012 . Originally from Sweden , von Sydow is a French citizen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alicia_Witt', 'summary': "Alicia Roanne Witt ( born August 21 , 1975 ) is an American actress , singer-songwriter , and pianist . She first came to fame as a child actress after being discovered by David Lynch , who cast her as Alia Atreides in his film Dune ( 1984 ) and in a guest role in his television series Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) . Witt had a critically acclaimed role as a disturbed teenager in Fun ( 1994 ) and appeared as a music student in Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) and as a terrorized college student in the horror film Urban Legend ( 1998 ) . She appeared in Cameron Crowe 's Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , Two Weeks Notice ( 2002 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , and the thriller 88 Minutes ( 2007 ) . Witt has made television appearances in The Walking Dead , The Sopranos , Nashville , Two and a Half Men , Friday Night Lights , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Cybill , Justified , Twin Peaks : The Return , and Orange Is the New Black . In addition to acting , Witt has been described as a musical prodigy , as an accomplished pianist , singer , and songwriter . She released her self-titled debut album in 2009 . Witt has also appeared in six Hallmark Channel movies , and one Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel movie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sean_Young', 'summary': 'Mary Sean Young ( born November 20 , 1959 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her performances in the films Stripes ( 1981 ) , Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , No Way Out ( 1987 ) , Wall Street ( 1987 ) , Cousins ( 1989 ) Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ( 1994 ) , and Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ein Mann wie EVA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radu Gabrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radu_Gabrea', 'summary': 'Radu Gabrea ( 20 June 1937 - 9 February 2017 ) was a Romanian film director and screenwriter . He directed more than twenty films between 1969 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biography , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eva Mattes , Lisa Kreuzer , Werner Stocker , Charles Regnier , Charles M. Huber , Carola Regnier , Albert Kitzl , Towje Kleiner , Lothar Borowsky , Maria Mettke , Loek Dikker , Frank Büssing , Heinz Kowalczyk , Sibylle Rauch and Frederike Wilde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Mattes', 'summary': 'Eva Mattes ( born 14 December 1954 , Tegernsee , Germany ) is an Austrian-German actress . Mattes was featured in four films directed by director Rainer Werner Fassbinder ( The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant , Jail Bait [ de ] , Effi Briest and In a Year of 13 Moons ) . In A Man Called Eva ( Ein Mann wie EVA , 1984 ) , she played a bearded film director , based on the recently deceased Fassbinder . She has also appeared in two films of Werner Herzog , a former partner . In 1980 they had a daughter together , Hanna Mattes . Eva Mattes also appeared in Germany , Pale Mother , and in Enemy at the Gates as the mother of Sasha Fillipov . Eva Mattes is well known in German-speaking countries for her role as Klara Blum in the Tatort television series . Eva Mattes lives in Berlin with the Austrian Artist Wolfgang Georgsdorf and two kids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Kreuzer', 'summary': 'Lisa Kreuzer ( born 2 December 1945 ) is a German television and film actress with credits for appearances in over 120 films and television series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Werner_Stocker_(actor)', 'summary': 'Werner Stocker ( April 7 , 1955 - May 27 , 1993 ) was a German actor . He studied acting at the Neue Münchner Schauspielschule [ de ] and at the Otto Falckenberg School of the Performing Arts . Stocker appeared in the 1987 American TV movie The Dirty Dozen : The Deadly Mission .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Regnier', 'summary': "Karl Friedrich Anton Hermann 'Charles ' Regnier ( 22 July 1914 - 13 September 2001 ) was a German actor , director and translator . He appeared in more than 135 films between 1949 and 2000 . In the 1950s and the 1960s , he was one of the busiest German theatre and film actors . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_M._Huber', 'summary': 'Charles M. Huber ( born December 3 , 1956 in Munich as Karl-Heinz Huber ) is a German politician and actor . He was one of the first two Bundestag members of African ancestry , alongside Karamba Diaby , who were both elected on September 23 , 2013 . Huber is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , and was elected in the federal state of Hesse whereas he failed to win the Darmstadt constituency . As an actor , Huber played Henry Johnson in the German crime series Der Alte .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Loek_Dikker', 'summary': 'Loek Dikker ( born 28 February 1944 ) is a Dutch pianist , conductor , and composer . Dikker is known for his scores for the films The Fourth Man , Body Parts , and Rosenstraße , among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sibylle_Rauch', 'summary': 'Sibylle Rauch ( born 14 June 1960 ) is a German former film actress , nude model and pornographic actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror Vacui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horror_vacui_(film)', 'summary': "Horror Vacui ( German : Horror Vacui - Die Angst vor der Leere ) is a 1984 German film directed by Rosa von Praunheim . Shot in a neo-expressionist style , the film is a satire on cults of any kind . The plot follows Frankie and Hannes , a young gay couple living in Berlin . One is studying art and the other medicine . Their happy life is disrupted when Frankie attends a lecture and quickly becomes involved in a sinister cult operating as a self-help group called Optimal Optimism . 'Madame C ' , a former Nazi party member , is the leader of 'Optimal Optimism ' . When the cult members discovers that Frankie is gay , he is repeatedly raped by both men and women of the group . Hannes must find a way to rescue him ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosa von Praunheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim', 'summary': 'Rosa von Praunheim ( born 25 November 1942 ) is a German film director , author , painter and the most famous gay rights activist in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . In over 50 years , von Praunheim has made more than 150 films ( short and feature-length films ) . His works influenced the development of LGBTQ rights movements worldwide . He began his career associated to the New German Cinema as a senior member of the Berlin school of underground filmmaking . He took the artistic female name Rosa von Praunheim to remind people of the pink triangle that homosexuals had to wear in Nazi concentration camps . A pioneer of Queer Cinema , von Praunheim has been an activist in the gay rights movement . He was an early advocate of AIDS awareness and safer sex , but has been a controversial figure even within the gay community . His films center on gay related themes and strong female characters . His works are characterized by excess and employ a campy style . His films have featured such personalities as Diamanda Galás , Jayne County , Vaginal Davis , Divine , Jeff Stryker and a row of Warhol superstars .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lotti Huber , Joaquin La Habana , Folkert Milster , Friedrich Steinhauer , Günter Thews , Ingrid van Bergen and Tom Vogt ( as Thomas Vogt )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotti_Huber', 'summary': 'Lotti Huber ( 16 October 1912 - 31 May 1998 ) was a German actress . She appeared in more than twenty films from 1978 to 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_van_Bergen', 'summary': 'Ingrid van Bergen ( born 15 June 1931 ) is a German film actress . She has appeared in 100 films since 1954 . She was born in Free City of Danzig , today Gdańsk , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hotel New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hotel_New_Hampshire_(film)', 'summary': "The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 comedy-drama film written and directed by Tony Richardson based on John Irving 's 1981 novel of the same name . A co-production from the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States , it stars Jodie Foster , Beau Bridges , Rob Lowe , and Nastassja Kinski , and also features Wilford Brimley , Amanda Plummer , Matthew Modine , and Seth Green in supporting roles . The film follows the Berry family that weathers all sorts of disasters and keeps going in spite of it all . In an introductory foreword that he wrote for a later edition of the novel , author Irving stated that he was thrilled when Richardson informed him that he wanted to adapt the book to the screen . Irving wrote that he was very happy with the adaptation , complaining only that he felt Richardson tried to make the film too faithful to the book , noting the manner in which Richardson would often speed up the action in an attempt to include more material onscreen . Noted for its assortment of oddball characters , The Hotel New Hampshire was theatrically released by Orion Pictures on March 9 , 1984 . Although a box office failure grossing $ 5.1 million against its $ 7.5 million budget , it has been praised by the critics , particularly for its screenplay , performances , and faithful adaptation . It has attained a cult following over the years and is considered by the cast members as one of their personal favourites ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Richardson', 'summary': 'Cecil Antonio Richardson ( 5 June 1928 - 14 November 1991 ) professionally as Tony Richardson , was an English filmmaker . He was best known for directing the films Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , which won him the Academy Award for Best Director ; The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) ; and his final film , Blue Sky ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jodie Foster , Beau Bridges , Rob Lowe , Nastassja Kinski , Wilford Brimley , Paul McCrane , Wallace Shawn , Lisa Banes , Jennifer Dundas , Seth Green , Anita Morris , Amanda Plummer , Matthew Modine , Robert Thomas , Lorena Gale and Joely Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jodie_Foster', 'summary': "Alicia Christian Jodie Foster ( born November 19 , 1962 ) is an American actress , director , and producer . She has received two Academy Awards , three British Academy Film Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , and the Cecil B. DeMille Award . For her work as a director , she has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award . Foster began her professional career as a child model when she was three years old , and she made her acting debut in 1968 in the television sitcom Mayberry R.F.D . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , she worked in several television series and made her film debut with Disney 's Napoleon and Samantha ( 1972 ) . Following appearances in the musical Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) and Martin Scorsese 's comedy-drama Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) , Foster 's breakthrough came with Scorsese 's psychological thriller Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , in which she played a child prostitute ; at age 14 , she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other roles as a teenager include the musical Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) and the thriller The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1976 ) , and she became a popular teen idol by starring in Disney 's Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) and Candleshoe ( 1977 ) , as well as Carny ( 1980 ) and Foxes ( 1980 ) . After attending college at Yale , Foster struggled to transition into adult roles until she gained critical acclaim for playing a rape survivor in the legal drama The Accused ( 1988 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . She won her second Academy Award three years later for the psychological horror The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) , in which she portrayed Clarice Starling . Foster made her debut as a film director the same year with Little Man Tate , and founded her own production company , Egg Pictures , in 1992 . The company 's first production was Nell ( 1994 ) , in which she also played the title role , garnering her fourth nomination for an Academy Award . Her other successful films in the 1990s were the romantic drama Sommersby , western comedy Maverick ( 1994 ) , science fiction Contact ( 1997 ) , and period drama Anna and the King ( 1999 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beau_Bridges', 'summary': 'Lloyd Vernet Beau Bridges III ( born December 9 , 1941 ) is an American actor and director . He is a three-time Emmy , two-time Golden Globe and one-time Grammy Award winner , as well as a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award nominee . Bridges was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 7 , 2003 , at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the television industry . He is the son of actor Lloyd Bridges and elder brother of fellow actor Jeff Bridges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Lowe', 'summary': "Robert Hepler Lowe ( /loʊ/ ; born March 17 , 1964 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He is the recipient of two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has been nominated for six Golden Globes Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award . Lowe made his acting debut at the age of 15 with ABC 's short-lived sitcom A New Kind of Family ( 1979-1980 ) . Following numerous television roles in the early 1980s , he came to prominence as a teen idol and member of the Brat Pack with roles in films like The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Class ( 1983 ) , The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) , Oxford Blues ( 1984 ) , St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , About Last Night . ( 1986 ) , and Square Dance ( 1987 ) . The success of these films established him as a Hollywood star . Following a 1988 sex tape scandal , Lowe 's public image and film career declined . By the turn of the millennium , his career saw a resurgence when he ventured back into television , making his breakthrough as Sam Seaborn on the NBC political drama The West Wing ( 1999-2003 ) , for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . His other television roles include Robert McCallister on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-2010 ) , Chris Traeger on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2010-2014 ) , Ethan Willis on the CBS medical drama Code Black ( 2015-2018 ) , and the A & E reality series The Lowe Files ( 2017 ) , in which he appears with his two sons , Matthew and John Owen . In 2018 , he made his directorial debut with the television film The Bad Seed , a remake of the 1956 film of the same name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski', 'summary': 'Nastassja Aglaia Kinski ( née Nakszynski ; born 24 January 1961 ) is a German actress and former model who has appeared in more than 60 films in Europe and the United States . Her worldwide breakthrough was with Stay as You Are ( 1978 ) . She then came to global prominence with her Golden Globe Award-winning performance as the title character in the Roman Polanski-directed film Tess ( 1979 ) . Other notable films in which she acted include the erotic horror film Cat People ( 1982 ) , the Wim Wenders dramas Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) and Faraway , So Close ! ( 1993 ) , and the biographical drama film , An American Rhapsody ( 2001 ) . Kinski is fluent in four languages : German , English , French and Italian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilford_Brimley', 'summary': 'Anthony Wilford Brimley ( born September 27 , 1934 ) is an American actor and singer . After serving in the Marines and doing a variety of jobs including ranch hand and wrangler , Brimley became an extra for Westerns , and in little more than a decade he had established himself as a character actor in films such as The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , The Thing ( 1982 ) and The Natural ( 1984 ) . Brimley was the long-time face of television advertisements for the Quaker Oats Company . He has also promoted diabetes education and appeared in related commercials for Liberty Medical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_McCrane', 'summary': 'Paul David McCrane ( born January 19 , 1961 ) is an American film , television and theatre actor , as well as a television director and singer . He is known for his portrayal of Montgomery MacNeil in the 1980 film Fame , Emil Antonowsky in RoboCop and RoboCop 3 ( 1993 , Flashback sequence only ) , and Robert Romano on the NBC medical drama television series ER .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallace_Shawn', 'summary': 'Wallace Michael Shawn ( born November 12 , 1943 ) is an American actor , voice artist , comedian , playwright and essayist . His film roles have included those of Wally Shawn ( a fictionalized version of himself ) in the Louis Malle directed drama My Dinner with Andre ( 1981 ) , John Lahr in Prick Up Your Ears ( 1987 ) , Vizzini in The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) , Mr. James Hall in Clueless ( 1995 ) and providing the voice of Rex in the Toy Story franchise . He has appeared in a variety of television series , including recurring roles as Grand Nagus Zek in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Manny in the game Kings Quest ( 2016 ) , Cyrus Rose in Gossip Girl ( 2008-2012 ) , and Dr. John Sturgis in Young Sheldon . His plays include Obie Award winning Aunt Dan and Lemon ( 1985 ) , The Designated Mourner ( 1996 ) and Grasses of a Thousand Colors ( 2008 ) . He also co-wrote the screenplay for My Dinner with Andre with Andre Gregory , and he scripted A Master Builder ( 2013 ) , a film adaptation of the play by Henrik Ibsen , which he also starred in . His book Essays was published in 2009 by Haymarket Books .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Banes', 'summary': "Lisa Banes ( born July 9 , 1955 ) is an American actress . She was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 1984 for Is n't it Romantic ? and won a 1981 Theatre World Award for her performance as Alison Porter Off-Broadway in Look Back in Anger . In film , she has appeared in Cocktail ( 1988 ) , Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . Appeared in the 2016 film A Cure for Wellness as the character Hollis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Dundas', 'summary': "Jennifer Dundas ( born January 14 , 1971 in Boston , Massachusetts ) is an American Actress best known for her role as Chris Paradis , Annie Paradis ( Diane Keaton ) 's lesbian daughter , in The First Wives Club . Other selected films include Puccini for Beginners , Legal Eagles , The Beniker Gang and The Hotel New Hampshire . Dundas has guest starred in TV shows such as Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna , Desperate Housewives and Law and Order : Criminal Intent . She has also performed in the New York Theatre , including the play Arcadia . She won an Obie ( Off-Broadway ) Award for her performance in Good as New by Peter Hedges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seth_Green', 'summary': "Seth Benjamin Green ( born Seth Benjamin Gesshel-Green ; February 8 , 1974 ) is an American actor , voice artist , comedian , producer , writer and director . He is known as a co-creator , executive producer , and most frequent voice on Adult Swim 's Robot Chicken and has also directed the Robot Chicken Star Wars and DC Comics specials . Green has appeared in the films Radio Days , My Stepmother Is an Alien , Airborne , the Austin Powers series , Ca n't Hardly Wait , The Italian Job , Scooby-Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed , Without a Paddle , Guardians of the Galaxy , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 , and The Lego Batman Movie . He is also known for his roles as Daniel Oz Osbourne on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel , voicing Chris Griffin on Fox 's Family Guy , and Jeff Joker Moreau in the Mass Effect video games . In 2019 , he released his first film as writer and director , titled Changeland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anita_Morris', 'summary': "Anita Rose Morris ( March 14 , 1943 - March 2 , 1994 ) was an American actress , singer and dancer . She began her career performing on Broadway musicals , including Jesus Christ Superstar , Seesaw and Nine , for which she received Tony Award nomination . During her career , Morris had starring roles in a number of films , include The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) , Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) , Ruthless People ( 1986 ) , Aria ( 1987 ) , 18 Again ! ( 1988 ) , Bloodhounds of Broadway ( 1989 ) and A Sinful Life ( 1989 ) . She had leading roles in two short-lived television series in 1980s : NBC prime time soap opera Berrenger 's ( 1985 ) , and Fox sitcom Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1987 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amanda_Plummer', 'summary': 'Amanda Michael Plummer ( born March 23 , 1957 ) is an American actress . She is known for her work on stage and for her roles in such films as Joe Versus the Volcano ( 1990 ) , The Fisher King ( 1991 ) , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , and The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) . Plummer won a Tony Award in 1982 for her performance in Agnes of God .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Modine', 'summary': "Matthew Avery Modine ( born March 22 , 1959 ) is an American actor , activist and filmmaker , who rose to prominence through his role as United States Marine Corps Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket . His other film roles include the title character in Alan Parker 's Birdy , the high school wrestler Louden Swain in Vision Quest , Drake Goodman in Pacific Heights and Dr. Ralph Wyman in Short Cuts . On television , Modine portrayed Dr. Martin Brenner in Stranger Things , the oversexed Sullivan Groff on Weeds , Dr. Don Francis in And the Band Played On and Ivan Turing in Proof . Modine has been nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television for his work in And the Band Played On and What the Deaf Man Heard and won a Special Golden Globe for him and the rest of the ensemble in Short Cuts . He was also nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special for And the Band Played On ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lorena_Gale', 'summary': 'Lorena Gale ( May 9 , 1958 - June 21 , 2009 ) was a Canadian actress , playwright and theatre director . She was active onstage and in films and television since the 1980s . She also authored two award-winning plays , Angélique and Je me souviens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joely_Richardson', 'summary': 'Joely Kim Richardson ( born 9 January 1965 ) is an English actress , known for her role as Julia McNamara in the FX drama series Nip/Tuck ( 2003-10 ) , and Queen Catherine Parr in the Showtime series The Tudors ( 2010 ) . She has also appeared in films such as 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) , Event Horizon ( 1997 ) , The Patriot ( 2000 ) , Return to Me ( 2000 ) , Anonymous ( 2011 ) , the Hollywood film adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) , the remake of Endless Love ( 2014 ) , and the thriller Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Improper Conduct', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Improper_Conduct', 'summary': "Mauvaise Conduite or Improper Conduct is a 1984 documentary film directed by Néstor Almendros and Orlando Jiménez Leal . The documentary interviews Cuban refugees to explore the Cuban government 's imprisonment of homosexuals , political dissidents , and Jehovah 's Witnesses into forced-labor camps under its policy of Military Units to Aid Production ( UMAP ) . The documentary was produced with the support of French television Antenne 2 and won the Best Documentary Audience Award at the 1984 San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Néstor Almendros , Orlando Jiménez Leal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Néstor_Almendros', 'summary': 'Néstor Almendros Cuyás , ASC ( 30 October 1930 - 4 March 1992 ) was a Spanish cinematographer . One of the highest appraised contemporary cinematographers , Almendros was an artist of deep integrity , who believed the most beautiful light was natural light.he will always be remembered as a cinematographer of absolute truth.a true master of light .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Muerte de Mikel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Muerte_de_Mikel', 'summary': 'La Muerte de Mikel ( English : The Death of Mikel ) is a 1984 Spanish film directed by Imanol Uribe , starring Imanol Arias . The film tells in flash back , the story of a gay member of ETA who died under mysterious circumstances .'}]}, {'value': 'Imanol Uribe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imanol_Uribe', 'summary': "Imanol Uribe ( born 28 February 1950 ) is a Spanish screenwriter and film director . He was born in San Salvador , and is of Basque ancestry . Uribe was married to María Barranco . He has won the Goya Award for Best Director for Días contados as well as the San Sebastian Film Festival 's Golden Shell for Bwana ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imanol Arias , Monserrat Salvador , Amaia Lasa , Fama ( Fernando Telletxea ) , Martín Adjermián , Alicia Sánchez and Xabier Elorriaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imanol_Arias', 'summary': 'Manuel María Arias Domínguez ( born 26 April 1956 in Riaño , León , Spain ) better known as Imanol Arias , is a Spanish actor and film director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xabier_Elorriaga', 'summary': 'Xabier González Elorriaga ( born April 1 , 1944 in Maracaibo ) is a Spanish film and TV actor , writer and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Mass Appeal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mass_Appeal_(film)', 'summary': 'Mass Appeal is a 1984 American dramedy film directed by Glenn Jordan and starring Jack Lemmon . The screenplay by Bill C. Davis is based on his 1980 play of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Glenn Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Jordan', 'summary': "Glenn Jordan ( born April 5 , 1936 ) is a retired American television director and producer . Born in San Antonio , Texas , Jordan directed multiple episodes of Family and has helmed numerous television movies , several based on real persons as diverse as Benjamin Franklin , George Armstrong Custer , Lucille Ball , Christa McAuliffe , and Karen Ann Quinlan . His directing credits include small-screen adaptions of The Picture of Dorian Gray , Les Misérables , Hogan 's Goat , Eccentricities of a Nightingale , A Streetcar Named Desire , O Pioneers ! , and A Christmas Memory . Additional television directing credits include Heartsounds , Botticelli , Sarah , Plain and Tall , To Dance with the White Dog , Barbarians at the Gate , The Long Way Home , Sarah , Plain and Tall : Winter 's End , The Boys , and Jane 's House . Jordan has directed three feature films : Only When I Laugh , The Buddy System , and Mass Appeal . Jordan has been nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards and won four , for producing the miniseries Benjamin Franklin , for producing and directing the Hallmark Hall of Fame production Promise , and for executive producing the HBO production Barbarians at the Gate . He won two New York area Emmys for the PBS series Actor 's Choice and New York Television Theatre . He won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Dramatic Series for Family and was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Specials or Movies for Television for Les Misérables . Three of his productions ( Benjamin Franklin , Heartsounds , and Promise ) have won Peabody Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Lemmon , Željko Ivanek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Lemmon', 'summary': "John Uhler Lemmon III ( February 8 , 1925 - June 27 , 2001 ) was an American actor who was nominated for an Academy Award eight times , winning twice . He starred in over 60 films , such as Mister Roberts ( 1955 , for which he won the year 's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ) , Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) , The Apartment ( 1960 ) , Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) , Irma la Douce ( 1963 ) , The Great Race ( 1965 ) , The Odd Couple ( 1968 , and its sequel The Odd Couple II ( 1998 ) , both with frequent co-star Walter Matthau ) , Save the Tiger ( 1973 , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor ) , The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , Missing ( 1982 ) , and Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Željko_Ivanek', 'summary': 'Željko Ivanek ( né Šimić-Ivanek ; /ˈʒɛlkoʊ ɪˈvɑːnɪk/ ; Slovene : [ ˈʒɛːlkɔ iˈʋaːnək ] ; born August 15 , 1957 ) is a Slovenian-American actor , known for his role as Ray Fiske on Damages , for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award . Ivanek is also known for his role of Ed Danvers on Homicide : Life on the Street and Homicide : The Movie , Governor James Devlin on Oz , Andre Drazen on 24 , Blake Sterling on the short-lived NBC series The Event , and Emile The Hunter Danko on Heroes . From 2014 until 2019 , he starred as Russell Jackson in the CBS drama Madam Secretary .'}]}, {'value': "Mike 's Murder", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mike's_Murder", 'summary': "Mike 's Murder is a 1984 American neo-noir drama mystery thriller film written and directed by James Bridges and starring Debra Winger , Mark Keyloun and Paul Winfield ."}]}, {'value': 'James Bridges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Bridges', 'summary': 'James Bridges ( February 3 , 1936 - June 6 , 1993 ) was an American screenwriter , film director , producer and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Debra Winger , Mark Keyloun , Darrell Larson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debra_Winger', 'summary': 'Debra Lynn Winger ( born May 16 , 1955 ) is an American actress . She starred in the films An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) , and Shadowlands ( 1993 ) , each of which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress for Terms of Endearment , and the Tokyo International Film Festival Award for Best Actress for A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) . Her other film roles include Urban Cowboy ( 1980 ) , Legal Eagles ( 1986 ) , Black Widow ( 1987 ) , Betrayed ( 1988 ) , Forget Paris ( 1995 ) , and Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) . In 2012 , she made her Broadway debut in the original production of the David Mamet play The Anarchist . In 2014 , she received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Transilvania International Film Festival . She currently stars as a series regular in the Netflix original television series The Ranch .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Larson', 'summary': "Darrell Ray Larson ( born December 13 , 1950 ) is an American film and television actor who appeared in the 1990 action/comedy film Men at Work . His work included roles in such films as The Student Nurses ( 1970 ) , Kotch ( 1971 ) , The Magnificent Seven Ride ( 1972 ) , Futureworld ( 1976 ) and Partners ( 1982 ) . He had a prominent role in the 1984 film Mike 's Murder , and a small part in the 1996 film Eye for an Eye . Larson 's television guest star appearances include Matlock , Designing Women , L.A. Law , Morningstar/Eveningstar , and Diagnosis Murder . He also appeared in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ."}]}, {'value': 'Monaco Forever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco_Forever', 'summary': 'Monaco Forever is a 1984 film directed by William A. Levey and starring Charles Pitt as an American jewel thief in Monaco . Michael ( Pitt ) is trying to set up a robbery of a jewel store , and runs into various characters along the way . The film runs 28 minutes and is most notable for the first ( although brief ) appearance of Jean-Claude van Damme as a character credited as Gay Karate Man .'}]}, {'value': 'William A. Levey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Pitt', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mother 's Meat and Freud 's Flesh", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mother's_Meat_and_Freud's_Flesh", 'summary': "Mother 's Meat and Freud 's Flesh is a Canadian comedy-drama cult film , released in 1984 . The directorial debut of underground filmmaker Demetrios Estdelacropolis , it was made while he was a film student at Concordia University ."}]}, {'value': 'Demetrios Estdelacropolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Agettees , Pierre Bastien , Christian Dufault , Demetri Estdelacropolis ( credited as Demetri Demetrios ) , Michel Gagnon , Lawrence Joseph , Harry Karagopian , W.A . MacGregor , Marjorie Morton , Claire Nadon , E.J . Sullivan , Michelle Tardif , Rick Trembles and Esther Vargas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poppers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José María Castellví II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giannina Facio , Agustín González ( credited as Agustín Gonzalez ) , Conrado San Martín ( credited as Conrado San Martin ) , Alfredo Mayo , Manuel de Blas , Luis Suárez ( credited as Luis Suarez ) , Andrés Mejuto , José Luis de Vilallonga , Miguel Ortiz , Bruna Calderón ( credited as Bruna Calderon ) , Miguel Lobato , Teresa Nieto and Clara González ( credited as Clara Gonzalez )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giannina_Facio', 'summary': "Giannina Facio , Lady Scott ( born September 10 , 1955 ) is a Costa Rican actress and producer who has appeared in a number of films , especially those of her husband , British film director and producer Sir Ridley Scott . She first worked with Scott on White Squall and has been his partner since Hannibal . Gladiator was the first of two films in which she plays the wife of Russell Crowe 's character , the other being Body of Lies . Since White Squall , Facio has made appearances in all of Scott 's films except for American Gangster , The Martian and Alien : Covenant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Agustín_González', 'summary': 'Agustín González Martínez ( 24 March 1930 in Linares - 16 January 2005 in Madrid ) was a Spanish actor who appeared in more than 180 films , including El nido ( 1980 ) , by Jaime de Armiñan ; Volver a empezar ( 1981 ) , by José Luis Garci ; La colmena ( 1982 ) , by Mario Camús ; Dos mejor que uno ( 1984 ) , by Ángel Llorente and Las bicicletas son para el verano ( 1984 ) , by Fernando Fernán Gómez .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conrado_San_Martín', 'summary': 'Conrado San Martín Prieto ( 20 February 1921 - 24 April 2019 ) was a Spanish actor with a long and prolific career . He made his film debut in 1941 and was particularly popular during the 1950s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alfredo_Mayo', 'summary': 'Alfredo Fernández Martínez ( 17 May 1911 in Barcelona - 19 May 1985 in Palma de Mallorca ) better known as Alfredo Mayo was a Spanish actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuel_de_Blas', 'summary': 'Manuel de Blas Muñoz ( born 12 April 1941 ) is a Spanish film , television , and stage actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Luis_de_Vilallonga', 'summary': "José Luis de Vilallonga y Cabeza de Vaca , 9th Marquess of Castellbell , GE ( 29 January 1920 - 30 August 2007 ) was a Spanish actor , author and aristocrat who rose to prominence when he co-starred with Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and Julie Christie in Darling ."}]}, {'value': 'Secret Places', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Secret_Places_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Secret Places is a 1984 British drama film directed by Zelda Barron and starring Marie Theres Relin , Tara MacGowran , Claudine Auger and Jenny Agutter . It was based on a novel by Janice Elliott . It was one of the most popular films shown at the 1984 Toronto International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Zelda Barron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zelda_Barron', 'summary': "Zelda Barron ( née Zelda Ruth Solomons , 31 March 1929 - 14 August 2006 ) was a British director , screenwriter , and producer known for films like Shag , Secret Places , and The Bulldance . Barron was born in Manchester , England , in 1929 , the fifth of six children born to a Russia-born tailor and an English mother from a wealthy family . She wanted to attend university , but her parents pushed her to instead go to secretarial school . She married British actor Ron Barron in 1953 while working as a secretary in the British film industry . By the 1960s , she was working as a script supervisor at Woodfall Film Productions on films like If . and Isadora , eventually gaining recognition for her talents as a script doctor on films like Reds and Yentl . Under Skreba Productions , which she co-founded with Simon Relph and Ann Skinner , she went to work on her own films , including Secret Places , which she wrote and directed . She 's also known for her work as a music video director ; she directed four videos for Boy George in the 80s . She retired from filmmaking after being diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease . She died in Ireland at the age of 77 . Her son , Steve Barron , is a U.K.-based director , and her daughter , Siobhan Barron , is a costume designer ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marie Theres Relin , Tara MacGowran , Claudine Auger , Jenny Agutter , Cassie Stuart , Ann-Marie Gwatkin , Pippa Hinchley , Sylvia Coleridge , Klaus Barner , Rosemary Martin , Amanda Grinling , Veronica Clifford , Adam Richardson , Zoe Caryl , Erika Spotswood , Bill Ward , Rosamund Greenwood , Maurice O'Connell , Margaret Lacey , Marissa Dunlop , Mike Heywood , Andrew Byatt , Tony London , Georgia Slowe , John Henson , Robert Kelly , Paul Ambrose , Francisco Morales , Stewart Guidotti , Mark Lewis , Jessica Walter , Sian Dunlop , Alan Berry , Lala Lloyd and John Segal", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudine_Auger', 'summary': 'Claudine Auger ( born Claudine Oger ; 26 April 1941 - 18 December 2019 ) was a French actress best known for her role as Bond girl , Dominique Domino Derval , in the James Bond film Thunderball ( 1965 ) . She earned the title of Miss France Monde ( the French representative of Miss World ) and was also the first runner-up in the 1958 Miss World contest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Agutter', 'summary': "Jennifer Ann Agutter OBE ( born 20 December 1952 ) is an English actress . She began her career as a child actress in 1964 , appearing in East of Sudan , Star ! , and two adaptations of The Railway Children - the BBC 's 1968 television serial and the 1970 film version . She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Walkabout and the TV film The Snow Goose ( both 1971 ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama . She relocated to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and subsequently appeared in Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) , Amy ( 1981 ) , An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) , and Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) . Parallel to her Hollywood film roles , Agutter continued appearing in high-profile British films such as The Eagle Has Landed ( 1976 ) , Equus ( 1977 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role , and The Riddle of the Sands ( 1979 ) . In 1981 , she also co-starred in The Survivor , an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel , and was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life , Agutter shifted her focus to television , and in 2000 , she appeared in a new television adaptation of The Railway Children , this time taking on the role of the mother . She has continued to work steadily in British television drama , and since 2012 , she has starred in the BBC 's primetime ratings hit Call the Midwife . She also made a return to Hollywood film-making in 2012 , appearing in Marvel 's The Avengers , and reprised her role in Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) . Agutter is married with one adult son . She supports several charitable causes , mostly in relation to cystic fibrosis , a condition from which her niece suffers , and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pippa_Hinchley', 'summary': "Philippa Lucy Hinchley ( born 7 April 1966 ) is an English actress who played Elaine Fenwick in Coronation Street . She has also been in The Bill , Bugs , Doctors , Holby City and EastEnders . She appeared in the one-off drama Z for Zachariah , part of the last run of the BBC 's Play For Today series in 1984 . Acting opposite Anthony Andrews , she took the role of teenager Ann Burden , one of apparently only two survivors of a nuclear holocaust . One of her earliest TV roles was as a teenaged holidaymaker in Michael Palin 's drama East of Ipswich ( 1986 ) , set in Southwold in the 1950s . She also appeared in the films Secret Places ( 1984 ) , Dead Man 's Folly ( 1986 ) and The Dressmaker ( 1988 ) , and on TV in Last of the Summer Wine , People Like Us and Touch . Hinchley was born in London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sylvia_Coleridge', 'summary': 'Sylvia Coleridge ( 10 December 1909 - 31 May 1986 ) was a British stage , film , radio and television actress . She was married to Albert George Fiddes-Watt and their daughter Kate , born 1943 , is also an actress as Kate Coleridge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rosemary_Martin', 'summary': "Rosemary Martin ( 17 December 1936 - 14 August 1998 ) was an English actress , born in Birmingham . She appeared in dozens of films from 1964 to 1998 and is also known for television roles including Mrs. Partridge in Last of the Summer Wine , Vera in Oh No , It 's Selwyn Froggitt ! , Marjorie in Pennies from Heaven , Miss Weber in The Insurance Man , Renie Fox in Fox and Verna Johnson in Tenko . Other TV credits include : Z-Cars , Crown Court , Bill Brand , Coronation Street , The Sweeney , Looking For Clancy , Maggie : It 's Me , Thomas & Sarah , Bergerac , The Chinese Detective , Jeeves and Wooster , Drop the Dead Donkey , Pie in the Sky , Cracker , Heartbeat , The Bill , Driving Ambition , Peak Practice and EastEnders . Her film credits include It Should n't Happen to a Vet ( 1976 ) , Tess ( 1979 ) , Britannia Hospital ( 1982 ) , Slayground ( 1983 ) , Secret Places ( 1984 ) , The Dressmaker ( 1988 ) , The Raggedy Rawney ( 1988 ) , A Dry White Season ( 1989 ) and The Object of Beauty ( 1991 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rosamund_Greenwood', 'summary': "Rosamund Mary Greenwood ( 12 June 1907 - 15 July 1997 ) was a British actress who was active on screen from 1935 until 1990 . After training at London 's Central School , she was on stage from the late 1920s . Her theatre work included starring in the original West End and Broadway productions of Thornton Wilder 's The Matchmaker in 1954-1957 . In a career stretching 60 years , Greenwood 's screen work included The Prince and the Showgirl , Night of the Demon , Upstairs , Downstairs , Angels , Crown Court , and A Perfect Spy . Her final role , at the age of 83 , came in 1990 when she played a witch in the screen adaptation of Roald Dahl 's novel The Witches . She died in July 1997 , a month after her 90th birthday ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Slowe', 'summary': 'Georgia Slowe ( born 3 June 1966 ) is an English actress . She is best known for playing Perdita Hyde-Sinclair on the British soap opera Emmerdale from 2006 to 2008 . Slowe received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for her performance as Juliet in a 1989 production of Romeo and Juliet .'}]}, {'value': 'The Times of Harvey Milk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Times_of_Harvey_Milk', 'summary': 'The Times of Harvey Milk is a 1984 American documentary film that premiered at the Telluride Film Festival , the New York Film Festival , and then on November 1 , 1984 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco . The film was directed by Rob Epstein , produced by Richard Schmiechen , and narrated by Harvey Fierstein , with an original score by Mark Isham . In 2012 , this film was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Epstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Epstein', 'summary': "Rob Epstein , also credited as Robert P. Epstein , is an American director , producer , writer , and editor . He has won two Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature , for the films The Times of Harvey Milk and Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt . In 1987 , Epstein and his filmmaking partner , Jeffrey Friedman , founded Telling Pictures , a production company and team known for groundbreaking feature documentaries . Epstein has transitioned from nonfiction documentaries into scripted narratives , producing such biopics as HOWL , his award-winning film about Allen Ginsberg 's controversial poem by the same name ( starring James Franco ) , and Lovelace , the story about the life and trials of pornographic superstar Linda Lovelace ( starring Amanda Seyfried ) . He is openly gay . Epstein is the currently the co-chair of the Film Program at California College of the Arts in San Francisco and Oakland , California ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey Fierstein ( narrator ) , Anne Kronenberg , Tom Ammiano , Sally Gearhart , Allan Baird , Harvey Milk , Dan White , George Moscone , Dianne Feinstein , Jimmy Carter and Bill Kraus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein', 'summary': 'Harvey Forbes Fierstein ( /ˈfaɪərˌstiːn/ FIRE-steen ; born June 6 , 1954 ) is an American actor , playwright , and voice actor . Fierstein has won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his own play Torch Song Trilogy ( about a gay drag-performer and his quest for true love and family ) and the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for playing Edna Turnblad in Hairspray . He also wrote the book for the musical La Cage aux Folles , for which he won the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical , and wrote the book for the Tony Award-winning Kinky Boots . He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anne_Kronenberg', 'summary': "Anne Kronenberg is an American political administrator and LGBT rights activist . She is best known for being Harvey Milk 's campaign manager during his historic San Francisco Board of Supervisors campaign in 1977 and his aide as he held that office until he and mayor George Moscone were assassinated . As an openly lesbian political activist , Kronenberg was noted for her instrumental role in the gay rights movement , both for Milk 's campaign and in her own right , though she has since married a man . Kronenberg appeared in the 1984 documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk [ unreliable source ? ] and her role in Milk 's life was portrayed in the Academy Award-winning 2008 film Milk . Kronenberg was one of the grand marshals of the 2009 New York City LGBT Pride parade , joining the film 's writer Dustin Lance Black and AIDS activist Cleve Jones who also worked with Milk . Kronenberg is currently the executive director of the San Francisco Department of Emergency Management , and she is known globally through her public appearances in her role as co-founder of the Harvey Milk Foundation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Ammiano', 'summary': "Tom Ammiano ( born December 15 , 1941 ) is an American politician and LGBT rights activist from San Francisco , California . Ammiano , a member of the California Legislative LGBT Caucus , served as a member of the California State Assembly from 2008 to November 30 , 2014 . He had previously been a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and had mounted an unsuccessful bid for mayor of San Francisco in 1999 . He was succeeded as California 's Assemblyman for District 17 by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President David Chiu on December 1 , 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sally_Miller_Gearhart', 'summary': 'Sally Miller Gearhart ( born April 15 , 1931 ) is an American teacher , feminist , science-fiction writer , and political activist . In 1973 , she became the first open lesbian to obtain a tenure-track faculty position when she was hired by San Francisco State University , where she helped establish one of the first women and gender study programs in the country . She later became a nationally known gay rights activist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Milk', 'summary': "Harvey Bernard Milk ( May 22 , 1930 - November 27 , 1978 ) was an American politician and the first openly gay elected official in the history of California , where he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors . Although he was the most pro-LGBT politician in the United States at the time , politics and activism were not his early interests ; he was neither open about his sexuality nor civically active until he was 40 , after his experiences in the counterculture movement of the 1960s . In 1972 , Milk moved from New York City to the Castro District of San Francisco amid a migration of gay and bisexual men . He took advantage of the growing political and economic power of the neighborhood to promote his interests and unsuccessfully ran three times for political office . Milk 's theatrical campaigns earned him increasing popularity , and in 1977 he won a seat as a city supervisor . His election was made possible by a key component of a shift in San Francisco politics . Milk served almost eleven months in office , during which he sponsored a bill banning discrimination in public accommodations , housing , and employment on the basis of sexual orientation . The Supervisors passed the bill by a vote of 11-1 and was signed into law by Mayor Moscone . On November 27 , 1978 , Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White , who was another city supervisor . White had recently resigned to pursue a private business enterprise , but that endeavor eventually failed and he sought to get his old job back . White was sentenced to seven years in prison for manslaughter , which was later reduced to five years . He was released in 1983 and committed suicide by carbon monoxide inhalation two years later ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_White', 'summary': 'Daniel James White ( September 2 , 1946 - October 21 , 1985 ) was an American politician who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk , on Monday , November 27 , 1978 , at City Hall . In a controversial verdict that led to the coining of the legal slang Twinkie defense , White was convicted of manslaughter rather than murder in the deaths of Milk and Moscone . White served five years of a seven-year prison sentence . Less than two years after his release he returned to San Francisco , where he ultimately committed suicide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Moscone', 'summary': "George Richard Moscone ( /məˈskoʊni/ ; November 24 , 1929 - November 27 , 1978 ) was an American attorney and Democratic politician . He was the 37th mayor of San Francisco , California from January 1976 until his assassination in November 1978 . He was known as the people 's mayor , who opened up City Hall and its commissions to reflect the diversity of San Francisco . Moscone served in the California State Senate from 1967 until becoming Mayor . In the Senate , he served as Majority Leader ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein', 'summary': "Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein ( /ˈfaɪnstaɪn/ ; born Dianne Emiel Goldman , June 22 , 1933 ) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from California . She took office on November 4 , 1992 . A member of the Democratic Party , Feinstein was Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988 . Born in San Francisco , Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in History . In the 1960s , she worked in city government , and she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1969 . She served as the board 's first female president in 1978 , during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk by Dan White drew national attention . Feinstein succeeded Moscone as Mayor of San Francisco and became the first woman to serve in that position . During her tenure , she led the renovation of the city 's cable car system , and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention . After losing a race for governor in 1990 , Feinstein won a 1992 special election to the U.S. Senate . Feinstein was first elected on the same ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer , and the two women became California 's first female U.S . Senators . Feinstein has been re-elected five times since then , and in the 2012 election , she received 7.75 million votes - the most popular votes in any U.S. Senate election in history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Carter', 'summary': "James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician , philanthropist , and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 . Since leaving the presidency , Carter has remained active in the private sector ; in 2002 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center . Raised in Plains , Georgia , Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy , where he served on submarines . After the death of his father in 1953 , Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family 's peanut-growing business . Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father 's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children . Nevertheless , his ambition to expand and grow the Carters ' peanut business was fulfilled . During this period , Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement . He became an activist within the Democratic Party . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate , and in 1970 , he was elected as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities . Carter remained as governor until 1975 . Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Kraus', 'summary': 'William James Bill Kraus ( June 26 , 1947 - January 11 , 1986 ) was an American gay-rights and AIDS activist as well as a congressional aide who served as liaison between the San Francisco gay community and its two successive US Representatives in the early 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'La triche', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yannick Bellon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Bellon', 'summary': "Marie-Annick Bellon , usually known as Yannick Bellon , ( 6 April 1924 - 2 June 2019 ) , was a French film director , editor and screenwriter . Initially known for her documentary work , in 1972 she made her first feature film , Quelque part quelquun ( Somewhere , Someone ) , presenting contemporary views of Paris . She went on to make several more feature films , including L'amour violé ( Rape of Love ) with its feminist insights in 1978 and Les Enfants du désordre in 1989 , evoking the difficulties a drug addict experiences when trying to return to normal life ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Lanoux , Anny Duperey , Valérie Mairesse , Xavier Deluc , Michel Galabru , Roland Blanche , Michèle Simonnet , Patrick Raynal , Gérard Hérold , Guy Tréjan , Jacky Laurent , Guillaume Boisseau , Jean Boissery , Franck Capillery and Patrick Catalifo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Lanoux', 'summary': 'Victor Lanoux ( 18 June 1936 - 4 May 2017 ) was a French actor best known to English speaking audiences for his role as Ludovic in Cousin , Cousine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anny_Duperey', 'summary': "Anny Duperey ( born Annie Legras ; 28 June 1947 in Rouen , Seine-Maritime , France ) is a French stage , film and television actress and best-selling author . She is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Valérie_Mairesse', 'summary': 'Valérie Mairesse ( born 8 June 1955 ) is a French stage and film actress . She was nominated for the César Awards 1978 for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Repérages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xavier_Deluc', 'summary': "Xavier Deluc ( born 18 March 1958 ) is a French actor , director and scriptwriter . He is most known for acting in TV series such as 'Marc Eliot ' ( a French police drama ) , Dolmen ( Brittany based family drama ) and 12 seasons of 'Research Unit ' ( another specialized French police drama ) as 'Captain Martin Bernier ' , and starring role in movies including He Died with His Eyes Open in 1985 and Captive in 1986 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Galabru', 'summary': 'Michel Louis Edmond Galabru ( 27 October 1922 - 4 January 2016 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roland_Blanche', 'summary': 'Roland Blanche ( 31 December 1943 - 13 September 1999 ) was a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gérard_Hérold', 'summary': 'Gérard Hérold ( Mulhouse , 10 September 1939 - Paris , 19 August 1993 ) was a French actor , appearing in several films , TV series and on theatre .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1984_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1984. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}	null	null	The director of this epic science fiction adventure based on a Frank Herbert novel also directed what movie in 2001 ?	Mulholland Drive
05c488ec38ecdb6f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Redlands United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redlands_United_FC', 'summary': 'Redlands United Football Club is an association football club based in Cleveland , Brisbane , Queensland . The club , formed in 1918 , is one of the oldest soccer clubs in Queensland . It re-entered the top tier , Brisbane Premier League ( BPL ) , in 2010 after merging with former Queensland State League ( QSL ) side Redland City Devils . In 2013 Redlands United gained a five-year licence for the new National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) competition which was renewed in 2018 . Redlands United are one of six state league teams to eliminate an A-League team in the FFA Cup , along with Blacktown City FC , Heidelberg United FC , Green Gully SC , Adelaide City FC and the Bentleigh Greens SC .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Queensland', 'summary': "The National Premier League Queensland , run by Football Queensland , is the top tier state-level football ( soccer ) competition in Queensland . The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues . The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams . Each team will be expected to field a senior team , five junior men 's teams from under-12 to under-20 starting in 2013 and women 's junior teams in under-13 , under-15 , and under-17 starting in 2014 . Each club has been granted a 5-year licence and there is no promotion or relegation from the league during this period . It was announced on December 16 , 2016 that there would be promotion and relegation to the FQPL as of the 2018 season and that the league would be expanded to 14 teams . This announcement came with the addition of the Football Queensland Premier League , a new tier immediately below the National Premier League . Peninsula Power and Eastern Suburbs were the first two teams promoted to the NPL from the FQPL for the 2019 season . No teams were relegated in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir Yeti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_SC', 'summary': 'Richmond Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club from Richmond , Victoria , an inner eastern suburb of Melbourne , Australia . Richmond compete in the Victorian State League Division 1 South-East competition , the third tier of football in Victoria , after successive relegations in 2016 and 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 , commonly referred to as NPL Victoria 2 , is a regional Australian semi-professional soccer league comprising teams from Victoria . The league sits at level 2 on the Victorian league system , behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , ( level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football Federation Victoria , the governing body of the sport in the state .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Ringwood City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ringwood_City_SC', 'summary': 'Ringwood City Football Club is an Australian soccer club from Ringwood , a suburb of Melbourne . The club was formed in 1953 , as Wilhelmina by Dutch Australians . The club currently competes in Victorian State League Division 4 East , where it has been since 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverina Rhinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverina_Rhinos', 'summary': 'Riverina Rhinos is an Australian association football club based in the city of Griffith , New South Wales . The club was founded in 2014 and as of 2017 competes in the ACT based NPL Capital Football .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Capital Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Capital_Football', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Capital Football 1 ( also known as NPL ACT 1 or simply NPL1 ) is an soccer competition contested by clubs affiliated to Capital Football . The league is the highest level ( level 1 ) competition in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . It is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and sits in Level 2 in the overall Australian league system .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Griffith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Griffith /ˈɡrɪfəθ/ is a major regional city in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area that is located in the north-western part of the Riverina region of New South Wales , known commonly as the food bowl of Australia . It is also the seat of the City of Griffith local government area . Like the Australian capital , Canberra , and the nearby town of Leeton , Griffith was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin . Griffith was named after Arthur Hill Griffith , the first New South Wales Minister of Public Works . Griffith was proclaimed a city in 1987 , and had a population of 20,251 in June 2018 . It can be accessed by road from Sydney and Canberra via the Hume Highway and the Burley Griffin Way and from Melbourne , Victoria , via the Newell Highway and either by using the Kidman Way or the Irrigation Way . Griffith can be accessed from other places like Adelaide , Orange , and Bathurst through the Mid-Western Highway and the Rankins Springs road from Rankins Springs and the Kidman Way from Goolgowi .'}]}, {'value': 'Riversdale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_3', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 3 is the fifth tier soccer competition ( behind the National Premier Leagues ) in Victoria , Australia , and the sixth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside Olympic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Olympic_FC', 'summary': "Riverside Olympic Football Club , is a soccer club which represents Launceston in the Tasmanian Northern Championship . The club also fields 37 teams across all junior divisions . Riverside Olympic play their home games at Windsor Park , in Launceston , Tasmania . Riverside has teams in the Northern Premier League , Premier League Reserves , Under 18 's , Men 's Division One and a Women 's Team . Riverside Olympic were promoted to the Tasmanian State League in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Championship', 'summary': "The Northern Championship is an association football ( soccer ) league in Northern Tasmania . Nationally it sits under the A-League and NPL Tasmania , equal to the Southern Championship . It is controlled by the Football Federation Tasmania ( FFT ) , the state 's governing body . Prior to the 2015 season it was known as the Northern Premier League and for sponsorship reasons as the Forestry Tasmania Northern Premier League . Between 2001 and 2012 the Southern and Northern Premier Leagues were the state 's highest level of soccer competition . In this period the top four teams from the Northern Premier League and the top four teams from the Southern Premier League play-off in a knock-out final series to decide the state champion . This system came into existence in 2009 and replaced the previous system whereby the Northern and Southern champions played off . The Northern Championship is determined by the team finishing top of the ladder being named league champion , in contrast to many Australian competitions which use a finals series . There is no promotion or relegation in the Northern Championship ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Launceston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania', 'summary': "Launceston ( /ˈlɒnsɛstən/ ( listen ) or /ˈlɔːnsɛstən/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the north of Tasmania , Australia , at the junction of the North Esk and South Esk rivers where they become the Tamar River ( kanamaluka ) . With a population of 87,328 , Launceston is the second most populous city in Tasmania after the state capital , Hobart , and the twelfth-largest non-capital city in Australia . Settled by Europeans in March 1806 , Launceston is one of Australia 's oldest cities and it has many historic buildings . Like many places in Australia , it was named after a town in the United Kingdom - in this case , Launceston , Cornwall . Launceston also had the first use of anaesthetic in the Southern Hemisphere , it was the first Australian city to have underground sewers , and it was the first Australian city to be lit by hydroelectricity . The city has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons . Local government is split between the City of Launceston and the Meander Valley and West Tamar Councils ."}]}, {'value': 'RMIT FC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochedale Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochedale_Rovers_FC', 'summary': 'Rochedale Rovers are a semi-professional football club that play at Underwood Park in Priestdale , next to Rochedale South in Queensland , Australia . Rochedale Rovers FC compete in the Football Queensland Premier League in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Football Queensland Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_Queensland_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Football Queensland Premier League is a football competition contested by clubs in Queensland , Australia . It is administered by Football Queensland and is the second tier of soccer in Queensland , behind the National Premier Leagues Queensland , to which the top two teams each season are promoted . The Premier League was founded in 2017 , with the first season held in 2018 ; previously there was no second-tier statewide competition .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockdale City Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockdale_City_Suns_FC', 'summary': "Rockdale Ilinden Football Club ( commonly known as the Rockdale City Suns Football Club ) , founded in 1969 , is an Australian soccer club based in Sydney suburb of Rockdale and competes in the highest men 's competition in New South Wales , the NSW Premier League . The Club 's home ground is Bicentennial Park South , located in the suburb of Rockdale , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues NSW are semi-professional soccer competitions in New South Wales , Australia . The competition is conducted by Football NSW , the organising body in New South Wales ( the other being the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW organised by Northern NSW Football ) . The league is a subdivision of the second tier National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) , which sits below the national A-League . Prior to becoming a subdivision of the NPL in 2013 , the league was previously known as the NSW Premier League . As of 2012 , all matches have been filmed and a weekly highlights package has been made available online , while the Grand Final has been streamed live through Football NSW since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockingham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockingham_City_FC', 'summary': "Rockingham City FC is an association football club based in Rockingham , Western Australia established in 1970 , and with their home field at the Lark Hill Sports Complex in 2008 . Rockingham City also hosts junior teams starting at Under 6 's and women teams . The youth squads all compete in the WA NPL . The club was promoted to the National Premier Leagues WA for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Football West State League Division 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_West_State_League_Division_1', 'summary': 'The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia . The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football West , the governing body of the sport in the state . The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Rockingham is a city and primary centre in Western Australia south-west of the Perth city centre and south of Fremantle . It has a beachside location at Mangles Bay , the southern extremity of Cockburn Sound . To its north stretches the maritime and resource-industry installations of Kwinana and Henderson . Offshore to the north-west is Australia 's largest naval fleet and submarine base , Garden Island , connected to the mainland by an all-weather causeway . To the west and south lies the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosebud Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rye,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Rye is a seaside resort town , approximately 95 km south of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , on the Mornington Peninsula . Its bay beach is popular with swimmers , fishermen , yachtsmen , and kitesurfers . Its ocean beach ( which is not patrolled ) is also popular with surfers . Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowville Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Rydalmere Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rydalmere_Lions_FC', 'summary': "Rydalmere Lions FC are a football ( soccer ) club , from the suburb of Rydalmere in the city of Parramatta . The club is also known as Rydalmere Football Club and Rydalmere FC and was founded in 1979 . The Men 's team currently plays in the New South Wales National Premier League 3 ( NSW NPL3 ) competition , the second tier of football in New South Wales and the third tier in Australia when including the national competition , the A-League . They gained promotion to NSW NPL2 after finishing as premiers of the 2017 NSW NPL3 ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_3', 'summary': 'The NSW NPL3 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 3 on the New South Wales league system ( Level 4 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . At the conclusion of the 2015 season it was announced that the State League 1 would become the NPL3'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- R', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_17', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'}	null	null	What league is the club part of who gained a five-year licence for the new National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) competition in 2013 ?	National Premier Leagues Queensland
05c55afb28e6111f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eagle_Scouts', 'title': 'List of Eagle Scouts', 'header': ['Name', 'Eagle Scout', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Zach Wahls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zach_Wahls', 'summary': 'Zacharia Wahls ( born July 15 , 1991 ) is an Iowa state senator , American activist on behalf of LGBT equality , and author .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGBT equality activist and politician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John D. Waiheʻe III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_D._Waiheʻe_III', 'summary': "John David Waiheʻe III ( born May 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the fourth governor of Hawaii from 1986 to 1994 . He was the first American of Native Hawaiian descent to be elected to the office from any state of the United States . After his tenure in the governor 's office , Waiheʻe became a nationally prominent attorney and lobbyist ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Native Hawaiian Governor of Hawaii ( 1986-1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Native_Hawaiians', 'summary': 'Native Hawaiians ( Hawaiian : kānaka ʻōiwi , kānaka maoli and Hawaiʻi maoli ) are the Aboriginal Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants . Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the original Polynesian settlers of Hawaiʻi . In the most recent US census , 527,000 people identified as Native Hawaiian . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , there were 371,000 people who identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian in combination with one or more other races or Pacific Islander groups . 156,000 people identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone . The majority of Native Hawaiians reside in the state of Hawaii ( two-thirds ) and the rest are scattered among other states , especially in the American Southwest and with a high concentration in California . The history of Native Hawaiians , like the history of Hawaii , is commonly classified into four major periods :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii', 'summary': "The Governor of Hawaii ( Hawaiian : Ke Kiaʻaina o Hawaiʻi ) is the chief executive of the state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments , as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V , Sections 1 through 6 . It is a directly elected position , votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state . The governor is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the Hawaii State Legislature and upholding rulings of the Hawaii State Judiciary . The role includes being commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Hawaii and having the power to use those forces to execute laws , suppress insurrection and violence and repel invasion . The Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii becomes acting governor upon the officeholder 's absence from the state or if the person is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office . Historically , the Governor of Hawaii has been from either the Democratic Party of Hawaii or Hawaii Republican Party . The current Governor of Hawaii is Democrat David Ige , who assumed the position on December 1 , 2014 . Hawaii was the first U.S. state to have an Asian American chief executive ; George Ariyoshi served three terms between 1974 and 1986 . The state currently has had three Asian American , one Native Hawaiian , as well as four white people holding the governorship ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Walden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Walden', 'summary': "Gregory Paul Walden ( born January 10 , 1957 ) is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative for Oregon 's 2nd congressional district , first elected to office in 1998 . He is a member of the Republican Party , and as of 2019 [ update ] the only Republican member of Oregon 's congressional delegation . The 2nd district covers more than two-thirds of the state ( generally , east of the Cascades ) . He is the son of three-term Oregon state representative Paul E. Walden . In October 2019 , Walden announced that he will not run for reelection in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '1975 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Representative from Oregon ( 1999-present )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David M. Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_M._Walker_(astronaut)', 'summary': 'David Mathieson Dave Walker ( May 20 , 1944 - April 23 , 2001 ) , ( Capt , USN ) , was an American naval officer and aviator , fighter pilot , test pilot , and a former NASA astronaut . He flew aboard four Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s .'}]}, {'value': '1960 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astronaut who flew missions STS-51-A , STS-30 , STS-53 and STS-69', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STS-51-A', 'summary': "STS-51-A was the 14th flight of NASA 's Space Shuttle program , and the second flight of Space Shuttle Discovery . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center on November 8 , 1984 , and landed just under eight days later on November 16 . STS-51-A marked the first time a shuttle deployed two communications satellites , and retrieved from orbit two other communications satellites . The Canadian Anik D2 and Syncom IV-1 satellites were both successfully deployed by the crew of Discovery . Palapa B2 and Westar 6 , meanwhile , had been deployed during the STS-41-B mission earlier in the year , but had been placed into improper orbits due to the malfunctioning of their kick motors ; they were both safely recovered and returned to Earth during STS-51-A ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-30', 'summary': 'STS-30 was the 29th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fourth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the fourth shuttle launch since the Challenger Disaster and the first shuttle mission since the disaster to have a female astronaut on board . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on 4 May 1989 , and landed four days later on 8 May . During the mission , Atlantis deployed the Venus-bound Magellan probe into orbit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-53', 'summary': 'STS-53 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission in support of the United States Department of Defense . The mission was launched on 2 December 1992 from Kennedy Space Center , Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-69', 'summary': 'STS-69 was a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission , and the second flight of the Wake Shield Facility ( WSF ) . The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida on 7 September 1995 . It was the 100th successful crewed NASA spaceflight , not including X-15 flights .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)', 'summary': 'Scott Kevin Walker ( born November 2 , 1967 ) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Born in Colorado Springs , Colorado , Walker was raised in Iowa and in Delavan , Wisconsin . He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992 , representing a district in western Milwaukee County . In 2002 , Walker was elected Milwaukee County Executive in a special election following the resignation of F. Thomas Ament ; he was elected to a full term in 2004 and was re-elected in 2008 . Walker ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 2006 , but dropped out of the race before the primary election . He ran again in 2010 and won . Shortly after his inauguration in 2011 , Walker gained national attention by introducing the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill ; the legislation proposed to limit collective bargaining for most Wisconsin public employees . In response , opponents of the bill protested at the Wisconsin State Capitol and Senate Democrats left the state in an effort to prevent the bill from being passed . Nevertheless , the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011 . Opposition to the law led to an attempt to recall Walker from office in 2012 . Walker prevailed in the recall election , becoming the first incumbent governor in the history of the United States to win a recall election .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor of Wisconsin ( 2011-2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Walton', 'summary': "Samuel Moore Walton ( March 29 , 1918 - April 5 , 1992 ) was an American businessman and entrepreneur best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam 's Club . Wal-Mart Stores Inc. grew to be the world 's largest corporation by revenue as well as the biggest private employer in the world . For a period of time , Walton was the richest man in America ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founder of Walmart and Sam 's Club , the world 's largest employers", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walmart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Sam's_Club", 'summary': "Sam 's West , Inc. ( doing business as Sam 's Club ) is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart Inc. , founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton . As of January 31 , 2019 [ update ] , Sam 's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $ 57.839 billion in sales ( in fiscal year 2019 ) behind rival Costco Wholesale . Its major competitors are Costco Wholesale and BJ 's Wholesale Club . As of January 31 , 2020 [ update ] , Sam 's Club operates 599 membership warehouse clubs in the United States in 44 states , Puerto Rico and the U.S Virgin Islands . Alaska ( all three locations in that state closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs ) , Massachusetts ( its last remaining location in that state , located in Worcester , closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs ) , Oregon , Rhode Island ( the state 's only location , in Warwick , closed in 2016 as part of a plan to close 269 stores globally , including four U.S. clubs ) , Vermont , and Washington ( all three locations in that state closed in 2018 as part of a plan to close 63 clubs ) are the only states where Sam 's Club does not operate , as is the case for the District of Columbia . Walmart International also operates Sam 's Club stores in Mexico and China . It has 163 locations in Mexico , and 26 in China . Grupo Big , formerly Walmart Brazil , which was de-consolidated from Walmart in August 2018 , also operates Sam 's Clubs in Brazil . Locations generally range in size from 34,000-168,000 sq ft ( 3,200-15,600 m2 ) , with an average club size of approximately 134,000 sq ft ( 12,400 m2 ) . On January 11 , 2018 , Sams Club announced the permanent closure of select stores . In a number of cases , employees showed up to work and found the doors locked and a notice saying that the store would soon be liquidated . Walmart eventually told Business Insider that 63 Sams Club stores would begin liquidating across the country , including in Alaska , Arizona , California , Illinois , New York , Ohio and Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Ehren Watada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ehren_Watada', 'summary': "Ehren Keoni Watada ( born 1978 ) is a former first lieutenant of the United States Army , best known as the first commissioned officer in the US armed forces to refuse , in June 2006 , to deploy to Iraq . Watada refused to deploy for his unit 's assigned rotation to Operation Iraqi Freedom , saying he believed the war to be illegal and that , under the doctrine of command responsibility , it would make him party to war crimes . At the time , he was assigned to duty with the 5th Battalion , 20th Infantry Regiment , part of the 3rd Brigade , 2nd Infantry Division , as a fire support officer . He was brought before a court-martial in 2007 which ended in a mistrial ; the Army subsequently discharged him under Other-Than-Honorable-Conditions ( OTH ) in 2009 . An OTH discharge is the least favorable type of administrative discharge from the Army , and is reserved for a pattern of behavior that constitutes a significant departure from the conduct expected of Soldiers of the Army ."}]}, {'value': '1994 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Army first lieutenant ; first commissioned officer in the U.S. armed forces to publicly refuse deployment to Iraq , saying that he believed the Iraq War to be illegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Command_responsibility', 'summary': 'Command responsibility , sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard or the Medina standard , and also known as superior responsibility , is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes . The term may also be used more broadly to refer to the duty to supervise subordinates , and liability for the failure to do so , both in government , military law , and with regard to corporations and trusts . The doctrine of command responsibility was established by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , partly based on the American Lieber code , a war manual for the Union forces signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 , and was applied for the first time by the German Supreme Court at the Leipzig War Crimes Trials after World War I , in the 1921 trial of Emil Müller . The United States incorporated the mentioned 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions on command responsibility into United States federal law through the precedent set by the United States Supreme Court ( called the Yamashita standard ) in the case of Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita . He was prosecuted in 1945 for atrocities committed by troops under his command in the Philippines , in the Pacific Theater during World War II . Yamashita was charged with unlawfully disregarding and failing to discharge his duty as a commander to control the acts of members of his command by permitting them to commit war crimes . Furthermore , the so-called Medina standard clarified the U.S. law to clearly also encompass U.S. officers , so that those as well as foreign officers such as General Yamashita can be prosecuted in the United States . The Medina standard is based upon the 1971 prosecution of U.S. Army Captain Ernest Medina in connection with the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War . It holds that a U.S. commanding officer , being aware of a human rights violation or a war crime , will be held criminally liable if he does not take action . However , Medina was acquitted of all charges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iraq_War', 'summary': "The Iraq War [ nb 1 ] was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein . The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government . An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 Iraqis were killed in the first three to four years of conflict . US troops were officially withdrawn in 2009 but are still fighting in Iraq , most of them having been redeployed following the spread of the Syrian Civil War and the territorial gains of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . Many former soldiers are employed by defence contractors and private military companies . The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition ; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue . The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration 's War on Terror , following the September 11 attacks . In October 2002 , Congress authorized President Bush to use military force against Iraq should he choose to . The Iraq War began on 20 March 2003 , when the U.S. , joined by the U.K. and several coalition allies , launched a shock and awe bombing campaign . Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S.-led forces swept through the country . The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government ; Saddam Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed three years later . The power vacuum following Saddam 's demise and the mismanagement of the Coalition Provisional Authority led to widespread civil war between Shias and Sunnis , as well as a lengthy insurgency against coalition forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Tripp Welborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tripp_Welborne', 'summary': 'Sullivan Anthony Tripp Welborne III ( born November 20 , 1968 ) is a former American football player . Welborne played college football , principally as a safety and punt returner , from 1987 to 1990 . He had five interceptions as a sophomore in 1988 and was selected as a unanimous first-team All-American in both 1989 and 1990 . As a senior , he set a Michigan single-season record with 455 punt return yards ( a record that stood until broken by Steve Breaston in 2003 ) and averaged 14.7 yards per return . Welborne sustained a serious injury in the 10th game of the 1990 season that required reconstructive surgery on his right knee . He was unable to play during the 1991 NFL season , but attempted a comeback the following year . He appeared in only two games for Minnesota Vikings during the 1992 NFL season before suffering an ACL injury to his left knee that required season ending surgery .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former collegiate ( Michigan ) and professional ( Minnesota Vikings ) American football player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) level . Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history . The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet , its fight song , its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium , and its many rivalries , particularly its annual , regular-season-ending game against Ohio State , known simply as The Game , once voted as ESPN 's best sports rivalry . Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879 . The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896 , and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916 , have been members since . Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles , and , since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 , has finished in the top 10 a total of 38 times . The Wolverines claim 11 national championships , most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll . From 1900 to 1989 , Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches , each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach . Fielding H. Yost became Michigan 's head coach in 1901 and guided his Point-a-Minute squads to a streak of 56 games without a defeat , spanning from his arrival until the season finale in 1905 , including a victory in the 1902 Rose Bowl , the first college football bowl game ever played . Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigan 's second Rose Bowl win . Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons ( 1969-1989 ) in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games , a program record . The first decade of his tenure was underscored by a fierce competition with his former mentor , Woody Hayes , whose Ohio State Buckeyes squared off against Schembechler 's Wolverines in a stretch of the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry dubbed the Ten-Year War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings', 'summary': "The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry D. Welch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_D._Welch', 'summary': 'General Larry D. Welch ( born June 9 , 1934 ) is a retired United States Air Force four star general who served as the 12th Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force . As Chief of Staff , he served as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization , training and equipping of a combined active duty , Guard , Reserve and civilian force serving at locations in the United States and overseas . As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , he and the other service chiefs functioned as the principal military advisers to the Secretary of Defense , National Security Council and the President . He currently serves as the Chairman of the Nuclear Weapon Surety Task Force for the Defense Science Board .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Air Force general ; president of the Institute for Defense Analyses ; fighter pilot ; Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force ( 1986-1990 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses', 'summary': 'The Institute for Defense Analyses ( IDA ) is an American non-profit corporation that administers three federally funded research and development centers ( FFRDCs ) - the Systems and Analyses Center ( SAC ) , the Science and Technology Policy Institute ( STPI ) , and the Center for Communications and Computing ( C & C ) - to assist the United States government in addressing national security issues , particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise . It is headquartered in Alexandria , Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( acronym : CSAF , or AF/CC ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 9033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Air Force , and as such is the principal military advisor to the Secretary of the Air Force for Air Force activities ; and is in a separate capacity a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and thereby a military adviser to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President . The Chief of Staff is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Air Force unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Air Force officers . The Chief of Staff of the Air Force is an administrative position based in the Pentagon , and while the Chief of Staff does not have operational command authority over Air Force forces ( that is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the Chief of Staff does exercise supervision of Air Force units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Air Force . The current Chief of Staff of the Air Force is General David L. Goldfein .'}]}, {'value': 'Togo D. West Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr.', 'summary': 'Togo Dennis West Jr. ( June 21 , 1942 - March 8 , 2018 ) was an American attorney and public official . A Democrat , he was the third person to occupy the post of Secretary of Veterans Affairs during the Bill Clinton administration serving from 1998 until his resignation in 2000 . He was the second African American to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attorney and public official , president of the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies ; Secretary of the Army ( 1993-1997 ) ; Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( 1998-2000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army', 'summary': 'The secretary of the Army ( SA , SECARM or SECARMY ) is a senior civilian official within the Department of Defense of the United States with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army : manpower , personnel , reserve affairs , installations , environmental issues , weapons systems and equipment acquisition , communications , and financial management . The secretary of the Army is nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The secretary is a non-Cabinet level official serving under the secretary of defense . This position was created on September 18 , 1947 , replacing the secretary of war , when the Department of War was split into the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force . On September 26 , 2019 , Ryan McCarthy was confirmed as the Secretary of the Army , and was sworn in to office on September 30 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs is the head of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the department concerned with veterans ' benefits , health care , and national veterans ' memorials and cemeteries . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and second to last at sixteenth in the line of succession to the presidency ( the position was last until the addition of the United States Department of Homeland Security in 2006 ) . Until the appointment of David Shulkin in 2017 , all appointees and acting appointees to the post were United States military veterans , but that is not a requirement to fill the position . When the post of Secretary is vacant , the United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs or any other person designated by the President serves as Acting Secretary until the President nominates and the United States Senate confirms a new Secretary ."}]}, {'value': 'William Westmoreland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Westmoreland', 'summary': "William Childs Westmoreland ( March 26 , 1914 - July 18 , 2005 ) was a United States Army General , most notably commander of United States forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968 . He served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1968 to 1972 . Westmoreland adopted a strategy of attrition against the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army , attempting to drain them of manpower and supplies . He also made use of the United States ' edge in artillery and air power , both in tactical confrontations and in relentless strategic bombing of North Vietnam . Many of the battles in Vietnam were technically United States victories , with the United States Army in control of the field afterward ; holding territory gained this way proved difficult , however . Public support for the war eventually diminished , especially after the Battle of Khe Sanh and the Tet Offensive in 1968 . By the time he was re-assigned as Army Chief of Staff , United States military forces in Vietnam had reached a peak of 535,000 personnel . Westmoreland 's strategy was ultimately politically unsuccessful . Growing United States casualties and the draft undermined United States support for the war , while large-scale casualties among non-combatants weakened South Vietnamese support . This also failed to weaken North Vietnam 's will to fight , and the Government of South Vietnam - a factor largely out of Westmoreland 's control - never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Army general ; commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak ; served as Army Chief of Staff ( 1968-1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vietnam_War', 'summary': "The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [ A 1 ] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; South Vietnam was supported by the United States , South Korea , the Philippines , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war , considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some , lasted 19 years , with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973 , and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War , which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975 . The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh . [ A 4 ] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state . The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated a guerrilla war in the south . North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents , establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng . :16 U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.:131 By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam . :16 North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People 's Republic of China . China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles . :371-4 By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Whisenhunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Whisenhunt', 'summary': 'Kenneth Moore Ken Whisenhunt ( born February 28 , 1962 ) is an American football coach . He was head coach of the Arizona Cardinals from 2007 to 2012 and Tennessee Titans from 2014 to 2015 . He led the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history during the 2008 season , as well as their first home playoff games in 60 years . However , following the retirement of Kurt Warner , Whisenhunt posted three straight non-winning seasons and was fired by the Cardinals . He was fired by the Titans after compiling a record of 3-20 through one and a half years . Previously , he was known for his offensive background , including the success he had with the Pittsburgh Steelers in his three years as their offensive coordinator under Bill Cowher and winning Super Bowl XL over the Seattle Seahawks during the 2005 season . Most recently , Whisenhunt served as the offensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Chargers for four seasons before being fired on October 28 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football coach for the Tennessee Titans ; head coach of the Arizona Cardinals ( 2007-2012 ) ; Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Titans', 'summary': "The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville , Tennessee . The Titans compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . Previously known as the Houston Oilers , the team began play in 1960 in Houston , Texas , as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Oilers won the first two AFL Championships , and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 . The team relocated from Houston to Tennessee in 1997 , and played at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis for one season . The team then moved to Nashville in 1998 and played in Vanderbilt Stadium . For those two years , they were known as the Tennessee Oilers , but changed their name to Tennessee Titans for the 1999 season . The team currently plays at Nissan Stadium in Nashville , which opened in 1999 as Adelphia Coliseum . The Titans ' training facility is at Saint Thomas Sports Park , a 31-acre ( 13 ha ) site at the MetroCenter complex in Nashville . Throughout the club 's history , the Titans have played in the Super Bowl once ( XXXIV , at the end of the 1999 NFL season ) ; the Titans lost 23-16 to the St. Louis Rams ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898 , and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States . The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium , which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale . The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17 , 1920 . Along with the Chicago Bears , the club is one of two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league 's founding ( the Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL a year after its creation in 1921 ) . The club then moved to St. Louis in 1960 and played in that city through 1987 ( sometimes referred to as the Football Cardinals or the Big Red to avoid confusion with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ) . Before the 1988 season , the team moved west to Tempe , Arizona , a college suburb east of Phoenix , and played their home games for the next 18 seasons at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University . In 2006 , the club moved to their current home field in Glendale , although the team 's executive offices and training facility remain in Tempe . The franchise has won two NFL championships , both while it was based in Chicago . The first occurred in 1925 , but is the subject of controversy , with supporters of the Pottsville Maroons believing that Pottsville should have won the title . Their second title , and the first to be won in a championship game , came in 1947 , nearly two decades before the first Super Bowl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL', 'summary': "Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2005 season . The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21-10 . The game was played on February 5 , 2006 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . With the win , the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls . The Steelers ' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV . Pittsburgh , who finished the regular season with an 11-5 record , also became the fourth wild card team , the third in nine years , and the first ever number 6 seed in the NFL playoffs , to win a Super Bowl . The Seahawks , on the other hand , in their 30th season , were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an NFC-best 13-3 regular season record . Pittsburgh capitalized on two big plays that were converted into touchdowns . The Steelers jumped to a 14-3 lead early in the third quarter with running back Willie Parker 's Super Bowl record 75-yard touchdown run . Seahawks defensive back Kelly Herndon 's Super Bowl record 76-yard interception return set up a Seattle touchdown to cut the lead 14-10 . But Pittsburgh responded with Antwaan Randle El 's 43-yard touchdown pass to Hines Ward , the first time a wide receiver threw a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , to clinch the game in the fourth quarter . Ward , who caught 5 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 18 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champions Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champions Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2008 season . The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27-23 . The game was played on February 1 , 2009 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . With this victory , the Steelers became the first team to win six Super Bowl championships . The win was also Pittsburgh 's second Super Bowl victory in four years , after winning Super Bowl XL at the end of the 2005 season . The Cardinals entered the game seeking their first NFL title since 1947 , the longest championship drought in the league . The club became an unexpected winner during the regular season , compiling a 9-7 record , and the playoffs with the aid of head coach Ken Whisenhunt , who was the Steelers ' offensive coordinator in Super Bowl XL , and the re-emergence of quarterback Kurt Warner , who was the Super Bowl MVP in Super Bowl XXXIV with his former team , the St. Louis Rams . Pittsburgh jumped to a 17-7 halftime lead , aided by linebacker James Harrison 's Super Bowl-record 100-yard interception return for a touchdown . Trailing 20-7 at the start of the fourth quarter , Arizona scored 16 consecutive points , including a safety by Pittsburgh that led to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald 's 64-yard touchdown reception , to take the first lead of the game with 2:37 remaining . But the Steelers marched 78 yards to score on wide receiver Santonio Holmes ' 6-yard game-winning touchdown catch with 35 seconds left . Holmes , who caught nine passes for 131 yards and a touchdown , including four receptions for 73 yards on that final game-winning drive , was named Super Bowl MVP . He became the sixth wide receiver to win the award , half of whom are Steelers ( Lynn Swann and Hines Ward ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter J . White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_J._White', 'summary': 'Peter J . White currently serves as Senior Policy Analyst on the Domestic Policy Council for President Donald Trump . White reports to Stephen Miller , a former staffer of Sen. Jeff Sessions who is a Trump senior advisor .'}]}, {'value': '2000 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attorney , pilot , and Senior Policy Analyst and aerospace advisor for President Donald Trump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerospace', 'summary': 'Aerospace is the human effort in science , engineering , and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth ( aeronautics ) and surrounding space ( astronautics ) . Aerospace organizations research , design , manufacture , operate , or maintain aircraft or spacecraft . Aerospace activity is very diverse , with a multitude of commercial , industrial and military applications . Aerospace is not the same as airspace , which is the physical air space directly above a location on the ground . The beginning of space and the ending of the air is considered as 100 km above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air pressure is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Advisor', 'summary': "An adviser or advisor is normally a person with more and deeper knowledge in a specific area and usually also includes persons with cross-functional and multidisciplinary expertise . An adviser 's role is that of a mentor or guide and differs categorically from that of a task-specific consultant . An adviser is typically part of the leadership , whereas consultants fulfill functional roles . The spellings adviser and advisor have both been in use since the 16th century . Adviser has always been the more usual spelling , though advisor has gained frequency in recent years and is a common alternative , especially in North America ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Trump', 'summary': "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ."}]}, {'value': 'John C. Whitehead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Whitehead', 'summary': 'John Cunningham Whitehead ( April 2 , 1922 - February 7 , 2015 ) was an American banker and civil servant , a board member of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation ( WTC Memorial Foundation ) , and , until his resignation in May 2006 , chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum ; former chairman of Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and Goldman Sachs ; veteran of World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_&_Museum', 'summary': "The National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum ) is a memorial and museum in New York City commemorating the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which killed 2,977 people , and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , which killed six . The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site , the former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks . It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds for , program , and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site . A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations . The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects , a New York- and San Francisco-based firm . Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design , creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood . In August 2006 , the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum . The design is consistent with the original master plan by Daniel Libeskind , which called for the memorial to be 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) below street level - originally 70 feet ( 21 m ) - in a plaza , and was the only finalist to disregard Libeskind 's requirement that the buildings overhang the footprints of the Twin Towers . The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007 . A dedication ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial on September 11 , 2011 , and it opened to the public the following day . The museum was dedicated on May 15 , 2014 , with remarks from Michael Bloomberg and President Barack Obama . The museum opened to the public on May 21 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Development_Corporation', 'summary': 'The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation was formed in November 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan and distribute nearly $ 10 billion in federal funds aimed at rebuilding downtown Manhattan . It is a subsidiary of the Empire State Development Corporation , which is a New York state public-benefit corporation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Goldman_Sachs', 'summary': 'The Goldman Sachs Group , Inc. , is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in New York City . It offers services in investment management , securities , asset management , prime brokerage , and securities underwriting . The bank is one of the largest investment banking enterprises in the world , and is a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market and more generally , a prominent market maker . The group also owns Goldman Sachs Bank USA , a direct bank . Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan with additional offices in other international financial centers . As a result of its involvement in securitization during the subprime mortgage crisis , Goldman Sachs suffered during the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , and received a $ 10 billion investment from the United States Department of the Treasury as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program , a financial bailout created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 . The investment was made in November 2008 and was repaid in June 2009 . Former employees of Goldman Sachs have moved on to government positions . Notable examples includes former U.S . Secretaries of the Treasury Robert Rubin and Henry Paulson ; current United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ; former Under Secretary of State John C. Whitehead ; former chief economic advisor Gary Cohn ; United States Senator and former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine ; former Prime Minister of Italy Mario Monti ; European Central Bank President Mario Draghi ; former Bank of Canada Governor and current Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney ; and the former Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Turnbull . In addition , former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange , the World Bank , and competing banks such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch . The company is ranked 62nd on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Whitman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Whitman', 'summary': "Charles Joseph Whitman ( June 24 , 1941 - August 1 , 1966 ) was an American mass murderer who became infamous as the Texas Tower Sniper . On August 1 , 1966 , he used knives in the slayings of his mother and his wife in their respective homes and then went to the University of Texas in Austin with multiple firearms and began indiscriminately shooting at people . He fatally shot three people inside the university tower . He then went to the tower 's 28th-floor observation deck , where he fired at random people for some 96 minutes , killing an additional 11 people ( including an unborn child ) , and wounding 31 others before he was shot dead by Austin police officers . Whitman killed a total of 17 people ; the 17th victim died 35 years later from injuries sustained in the attack ."}]}, {'value': '1953-1954 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spree killer known as the University of Texas tower sniper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin', 'summary': "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandon Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Wilson', 'summary': 'Brandon Wilson ( born October 2 , 1953 ) is known as an author of non-fiction travel narratives and explorer .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author and explorer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. O. Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._O._Wilson', 'summary': "Edward Osborne Wilson ( born June 10 , 1929 ) , usually cited as E. O. Wilson , is an American biologist , naturalist , and writer . His biological specialty is myrmecology , the study of ants , on which he has been called the world 's leading expert . Wilson has been called the father of sociobiology and the father of biodiversity for his environmental advocacy , and his secular-humanist and deist ideas pertaining to religious and ethical matters . Among his greatest contributions to ecological theory is the theory of island biogeography , which he developed in collaboration with the mathematical ecologist Robert MacArthur . This theory served as the foundation of the field of conservation area design , as well as the unified neutral theory of biodiversity of Stephen Hubbell . Wilson is [ update ] the Pellegrino University Research Professor , Emeritus in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University , a lecturer at Duke University , and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry . He is a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism . He is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction ( for On Human Nature in 1979 , and The Ants in 1991 ) and a New York Times bestselling author for The Social Conquest of Earth , Letters to a Young Scientist , and The Meaning of Human Existence ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biologist , researcher , theorist , naturalist ; two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(U.S._politician)', 'summary': "Addison Graves Joe Wilson Sr. ( born July 31 , 1947 ) is the U.S. Representative for South Carolina 's 2nd congressional district , serving since 2001 . The district stretches from the state capital , Columbia , to the Georgia-South Carolina border . From 1985 to 2001 , he served in the South Carolina Senate . He is a member of the Republican Party . He is a member of the House Republican Policy Committee and is an Assistant Republican Whip . In September 2009 , Wilson interrupted a speech by U.S. President Barack Obama to the joint session of Congress by shouting You lie ! The incident resulted in a reprimand by the House of Representatives ."}]}, {'value': '1963 c', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Representative from South Carolina ( 2001-present )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Wriston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Wriston', 'summary': "Walter Bigelow Wriston ( August 3 , 1919 - January 19 , 2005 ) was a banker and former chairman and CEO of Citicorp . As chief executive of Citibank / Citicorp ( later Citigroup ) from 1967 to 1984 , Wriston was widely regarded as the single most influential commercial banker of his time . During his tenure as CEO , the bank introduced , among other innovations , automated teller machines , interstate banking , the negotiable certificate of deposit , and pursued the credit card business in a way that no other bank was doing at the time . With then New York Governor Hugh Carey and investment banker Felix Rohatyn , Wriston helped save New York City from bankruptcy in the mid-1970s by setting up the Financial Control Board and the Municipal Assistance Corporation , and persuading the city 's union pension funds and banks to buy the latter corporation 's bonds ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman of Citicorp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citicorp', 'summary': 'Citigroup Inc. or Citi ( stylized as citi ) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services corporation headquartered in New York City . The company was formed by the merger of banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group in 1998 ; Travelers was subsequently spun off from the company in 2002 . Citigroup owns Citicorp , the holding company for Citibank , as well as several international subsidiaries . Citi is incorporated in NY . Citigroup is ranked 3rd on the list of largest banks in the United States and , alongside JPMorgan Chase , Bank of America , and Wells Fargo , it is one of the Big Four banks of the United States . It is a systemically important financial institution and is on the list of systemically important banks that think they are too big to fail . It is one of the nine global investment banks in the Bulge Bracket . Citigroup is ranked 30th on the Fortune 500 as of 2019 . Citigroup has over 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries . It has 214,000 employees , although it had 357,000 employees before the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , when it was rescued via a massive stimulus package by the U.S. government .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles D. Wurster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_D._Wurster', 'summary': 'Charles D. Wurster is a retired Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard who last served as the Commander , Pacific Area and Commander , Defense Force West . He is now retired from the Coast Guard , is the President/CEO of the Port of San Diego ( Jan 2009 ) , and serves as national commodore of the Sea Scouting division of the BSA .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coast Guard vice admiral ; National Commodore of the Sea Scouting division of the Boy Scouts of America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sea_Scouting_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)', 'summary': 'Sea Scouts is a program of the Boy Scouts of America for young men and women ages 14 ( or 13 and are in the eighth grade ) through 20 . Along with Cub Scouting , Scouts BSA , and Venturing , Sea Scouts provides a program for religious , fraternal , educational , and other community organizations to use for character , citizenship , and mental and personal fitness training for youth . As part of this training , Sea Scouts are expected to develop personal religious values , learn the principles of American heritage and government , and acquire skills that will prepare them to become successful adults . The advancement program for Sea Scouts places an initial emphasis on building nautical skills before moving on to lead and teach other Sea Scouts . Sea Scouting is administered by volunteers with the assistance and support of some paid professional staff .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America', 'summary': 'The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) ( colloquially , the Boy Scouts ) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States , with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers . The BSA was founded in 1910 , and since then , about 110 million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives . BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 . The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law . Youth are trained in responsible citizenship , character development , and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities , educational programs , and , at older age levels , career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations . For younger members , the Scout method is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness , good citizenship , and outdoors skills , through a variety of activities such as camping , aquatics , and hiking . To further these outdoor activities , the BSA has four high-adventure bases : Northern Tier ( Minnesota , Manitoba , and Ontario ) , Philmont Scout Ranch ( New Mexico ) , Sea Base ( Florida , US Virgin Islands , and Bahamas ) , and Summit Bechtel Reserve ( West Virginia ) , as well as nearly one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts . The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for ages 5 to 11 years , Scouts BSA for ages 11 to 18 , Venturing for ages 14 through 21 , and Sea Scouts for ages 14 through 21 . The BSA operates traditional Scouting by chartering local organizations , such as churches , clubs , civic associations , or educational organization , to implement the Scouting program for youth within their communities . Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization , who are supported by local councils using both paid professional Scouters and volunteers . Additionally , Learning for Life is a non-traditional affiliate that provides in-school and career education . On February 1 , 2019 , the Boy Scouts of America renamed their flagship program , Boy Scouts , to Scouts BSA to reflect their change of policy to allow girls to join in separate , gender-specific troops .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Eagle_Scouts_21', 'intro': 'Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million youth. The list below includes notable recipients. As of 2014[update], requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges and demonstrating Scout Spirit, leadership, and service. The requirements include an Eagle Scout Service Project where the Scout must further demonstrate service and leadership. Eagle Scouts are recognized with a medal and a cloth badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Eagle Palms are a further recognition, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. Typically adult volunteers who have received the Eagle award as a youth wear a smaller patch depicting a square knot. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) is bestowed to Eagle Scouts for nationally renowned distinguished service in their profession and to the community for a period of at least 25 years after earning the Eagle Scout rank. Since its introduction in 1969 by the National Eagle Scout Association, the DESA has been awarded to just under 2000 Eagle Scouts. [a]\n The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award (NOESA) is bestowed to Eagle Scouts who have distinguished themselves at a local-to-regional level or who have not yet met the 25-year tenure requirement to be considered for a DESA. This award was introduced in 2011.'}	null	null	what year was the person born 7/15/1991 an Eagle Scout ?	2009
05c62e8c0099047c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 2000 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pia Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pia_Hansen', 'summary': 'Pia Hansen ( born 25 September 1965 ) is a Swedish sport shooter . She originally competed in Nordic Trap but then moved on to Olympic trap and double trap . She won the latter at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , and she also finished eighth in trap . In Athens four years later , she finished ninth in both events .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's double trap", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_double_trap", 'summary': "The women 's double trap competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was the second of three instances , and the only one not won by Kim Rhode , who came third . Pia Hansen raised Rhode 's Olympic record by seven hits , and was only one hit from Deborah Gelisio 's World records in both the qualification and final rounds . Gelisio won the silver medal , distanced by a four-hit margin ."}]}, {'value': '19 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonas Edman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Edman', 'summary': 'Jonas Edman ( born 4 March 1967 in Linköping ) is a Swedish rifle shooter , specializing in the Prone position . He was a 300 m Rifle specialist during most of the 1990s and a part of the winning team at the 1998 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Zaragoza , Spain . After this however , he started to focus in the Olympic 50 m Rifle . He got a very late wild card to the 2000 Olympics and performed 599 , only one point from the maximum ( and World record ) result , in the qualification round , and managed to keep his lead during the final . Edman also won the 2001 ISSF World Cup Final in Munich after the same score , 599 . His results after this have been varying , but he has continued to be one of the best Prone shooters in the world . He currently owns a company that sells shooting equipment , and has also occasionally helped the Swedish biathlon team with shooting issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m rifle prone", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_metre_rifle_prone", 'summary': "Men 's 50 metre rifle prone at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on 21 September . The qualification round of 60 shots was fired between 09:30 and 10:45 Australian Eastern Standard Time ( UTC+10 ) , and the final round of 10 additional shots at 11:30 . Jonas Edman , previously more well known as a 300 metre shooter , took a one-point lead in the qualification round , and eventually won by a 0.9-point margin ."}]}, {'value': '21 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Frölander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Frölander', 'summary': 'Lars Arne Frölander ( born 26 May 1974 in Boden ) is a Swedish swimmer . He has competed in six consecutive Olympic Games ( 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 and 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_100_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 21-22 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Competing at his third Games , Lars Frölander ended Sweden 's 20-year drought to become an Olympic champion in the event , since Pär Arvidsson did so in 1980 . Surprised by a massive home crowd , he overhauled Australia 's top favorites Michael Klim and Geoff Huegill on the final 25 metres to snatch a gold medal in a new European record of 52.00 . Klim added a silver to his two relay golds from the Games , in a time of 52.18 , while Huegill took home the bronze in 52.22 , handing an entire medal pool for the Aussies with an unexpected two-three finish . At 18 years of age , U.S. teenage swimmer Ian Crocker came up with a spectacular swim to earn a fourth spot in an American record of 52.44 . Meanwhile , Canada 's Mike Mintenko shared a fifth-place tie with Japan 's Takashi Yamamoto in a matching standard of 52.58 . Germany 's Thomas Rupprath and Russia 's Anatoly Polyakov closed out the field with a joint seventh-place finish ( 53.13 ) . Earlier in the semifinals , Huegill became the second fastest of all-time in swimming history to break a 52-second barrier , establishing a new Olympic record of 51.96 ."}]}, {'value': '21 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikael Ljungberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Ljungberg', 'summary': "Mikael Ljungberg ( 13 June 1970 - 17 November 2004 ) was a Swedish wrestler from Gothenburg . He competed for Örgryte IS 's wrestling section . Ljungberg was one of the most successful Swedish wrestlers ever . He won World Championship gold medals in 1993 and 1995 , European Championship gold medals in 1995 and 1999 , and an Olympic gold medal in 2000 . In the summer of 2004 , the Complete Book of the Olympics 2004 edition wrongly reported Mikael Ljungberg had been suspended in 1994 for using a banned performance-enhancing drug . This was silently corrected in the 2008 edition of the same book . On 17 November 2004 , while receiving care for depression at the psychiatric ward of the Mölndal hospital outside Gothenburg , he committed suicide by hanging himself . His brother reported in interviews afterwards that Mikael was a sensitive person who took setbacks seriously . Also , it was reported that his life after his professional career came to an end had been difficult for him ; his mother had died in 2002 , the same year as he went through a divorce . Just before his death he was appointed manager of the sport section for the Swedish Wrestling Federation , an office he would have entered on 1 January 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place in the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . The freestyle competitions were held from 28 September to 1 October , and the Greco-Roman events were held from 24 to 27 September . In the freestyle 76 kg Alexander Leipold of Germany originally placed first , but was disqualified after he tested positive for Nandrolone .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 97 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_97_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 76 kg at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program was held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre from September 24 to 26 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': '26 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metre freestyle event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 20-21 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Dutch rising star Inge de Bruijn stormed home on the final lap to claim her second gold at these Games . She powered past her rivals in a star-studded field to touch the wall first in 53.83 . Earlier in the semifinals , she delivered a time of 53.77 to erase her own world record by 0.03 of a second . Almost stealing the race from lane one , Therese Alshammar took home the silver in a Swedish record of 54.33 . Meanwhile , top favorites Dara Torres and Jenny Thompson gave the Americans a further reason to celebrate , as they shared bronze medals in a matching time of 54.63 . This was also Thompson 's ninth career medal at these Games , making her the most decorated female swimmer in Olympic history . Slovakia 's Martina Moravcová , who captured two silver medals in swimming , finished outside the podium in fifth place at 54.72 . South Africa 's Helene Muller managed to pull off a sixth-place finish in an African standard of 55.19 . Japan 's Sumika Minamoto ( 55.53 ) and De Bruijn 's teammate Wilma van Rijn ( 55.58 ) closed out the field . Notable swimmers failed to reach the top 8 final , featuring Australia 's overwhelming favorites Sarah Ryan and Susie O'Neill , Germany 's Sandra Völker , silver medalist in Atlanta four years earlier , and Egypt 's Rania Elwani , who surprisingly reached the semifinals from an unseeded heat ."}]}, {'value': '20 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_50_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 22-23 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . Dutch rising star Inge de Bruijn added a third gold to her medal tally in swimming at these Games . She powered past the field to touch the wall first in 24.32 , the second-fastest of all-time . Earlier in the semifinals , she blasted her own world record of 24.13 to snatch a top seed for the final . Sweden 's Therese Alshammar captured the silver in 24.51 , while U.S. legend Dara Torres powered home with the bronze in a new American record of 24.63 , edging out defending Olympic champion Amy Van Dyken ( 25.04 ) by 41-hundredths of a second . The podium placements also replicated the results of the 100 m freestyle ( with the exception of Jenny Thompson ) , held on the sixth night of the Games . Slovakia 's Martina Moravcová finished off the podium in fifth place at 25.24 , and was followed in the sixth spot by Germany 's Sandra Völker in 25.27 . Great Britain 's Alison Sheppard ( 25.45 ) and Japan 's Sumika Minamoto ( 25.65 ) closed out the field . Notable swimmers missed out the top 8 final , featuring Australia 's overwhelming favorite Susie O'Neill ; Völker 's teammate Katrin Meissner , who shared bronze medals with Jill Sterkel in the event 's inception in 1988 as a member of the former East German squad ; and Estonia 's Jana Kolukanova , who grabbed the final spot from the prelims after winning a three-person swimoff . One of the most popular highlights in the event took place in the first heat . Dubbed as the Crawler , Paula Barila Bolopa had finally completed a unique double for Equatorial Guinea , as she swam the slowest ever race by a female in Olympic history with a time of 1:03.97 ."}]}, {'value': '23 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan-Ove Waldner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan-Ove_Waldner', 'summary': 'Jan-Ove Waldner ( born 3 October 1965 ) is a Swedish former table tennis player . He is often referred to as the Mozart of table tennis , and is widely regarded as one of the greatest table tennis players of all time . A sporting legend in his native Sweden as well as in China , he is known in China as 老瓦 Lǎo Wǎ ( Old Waldner ) or 常青树 Cháng Qīng Shù ( Evergreen Tree ) , because of his extraordinary longevity and competitiveness .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The table tennis competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics consisted of four events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's singles competition , one of two events for male competitors in table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': '25 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henrik Nilsson Markus Oscarsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Nilsson_(canoeist)', 'summary': "Henrik Nilsson ( born 15 February 1976 , in Nyköping ) is a Swedish sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1990s to the 2010s . Competing in four Summer Olympics , he won two medals in the K-2 1000 m event with a gold in 2004 and a silver in 2000 . Nilsson 's first international medal came at the 1997 World Championships in Dartmouth , Canada , where he won the K-2 200 m bronze medal with partner Henrik Andersson . His greatest triumphs however came with partner Markus Oscarsson . In 2001 , they were world championship bronze medalists in K-2 500 m. Nilsson and Oscarsson then dominated the K-2 1000 m event over the next three years , winning two world championship gold medals , in Seville ( 2002 ) and Gainesville , USA ( 2003 ) , followed by the Olympic gold at Athens 2004 . Nilsson is 190 cm tall ( 6 ' 3 ) and weighs 86 kg ( 189 lbs ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Markus_Oscarsson', 'summary': "Markus Oscarsson ( born 9 May 1977 in Västerås ) is a Swedish sprint kayaker who has competed since 1995 . Competing in five Summer Olympics , he won two medals in the K-2 1000 m event with a gold in 2004 and a silver in 2000 . Oscarsson won two silver medals at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Yamanashi , Japan , finishing behind Hungary 's Zoltan Kammerer in both the K-1 500 m and K-1 1000 m finals . He then formed a highly successful K2 partnership with Henrik Nilsson . They went on to become world champions in 2002 and 2003 . They also won a bronze in the K-2 500 m event at the 2001 championships . It was with Nilsson that he won his gold and silver Olympic medals . Oscarsson took a year off competitive canoeing in 2005 . He returned to action in 2006 and won the K-1 1000 m bronze medal at the European Championships in Račice , Czech Republic - the first individual medal of his senior career . The following month he became K-1 1000 m world champion in Szeged , Hungary , edging out Britain 's Tim Brabants by 0.06 sec . This was Sweden 's first gold medal in canoeing 's Blue Riband event since the late Gert Fredriksson 's victory in 1954 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Oscarsson and Gustafsson were disqualified for leaving their lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre for the sprint events and the Whitewater Stadium in Penrith for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . The repechage rounds that ran from the 1960 to the 1996 Games were eliminated in the sprint events while qualifying rounds were added to the slalom events . Additionally , a quota system for each event was enacted , meaning each event had a limited number of competitors that could compete . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-2 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-2_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's K-2 1000 metres event was a pairs kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sweden men 's national handball team Magnus Andersson Mattias Andersson Martin Boquist Mathias Franzén Martin Frändesjö Peter Gentzel Andreas Larsson Ola Lindgren Stefan Lövgren Staffan Olsson Johan Petersson Tomas Sivertsson Tomas Svensson Pierre Thorsson Ljubomir Vranjes Magnus Wislander", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national handball team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i handboll ) is controlled by the Swedish Handball Association . Its most successful periods were under coaches Curt Wadmark ( 1948-1967 ) and Bengt Johansson ( 1988-2004 ) . The team under Bengt Johansson , nicknamed Bengan Boys in Sweden , is regarded as one of the finest national teams in the history of the sport with players like Tomas Svensson , Staffan Olsson , Magnus Wislander and Stefan Lövgren . From 1990 through 2002 the team reached the medal round in every championship ( 6 World Championships , 5 European Championships and 3 Olympic Games , earning 13 medals in total ) and qualified for a record 8 championship finals in a row 1996-2002 . Sweden is the most successful nation at the European Men 's Handball Championship with 4 gold medals , and has , with France , won the most medals in the history of the World Men 's Handball Championship with a total tally of 4 gold , 3 silver and 4 bronze medals . Sweden holds the European records for most medals in international competition ( 20 medals ) as well as reaching the most medal rounds ( 23 tournaments ) . Conversely , Sweden has yet to win an Olympic title despite participating in 4 finals ( Sweden participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics in a handball demonstration match , defeating Denmark 19-11 ) . The team has also won the World Cup 3 times , the Super Cup 2 times , and were Intercontinental Cup winners in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Andersson_(handballer)', 'summary': 'Per Magnus Andersson ( born 17 May 1966 ) is a Swedish handball manager and former player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Linköping . In 1992 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all seven matches and scored 18 goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played six matches and scored 16 goals . At the 2000 Games he won his third silver medal with the Swedish team . He played all eight matches and scored ten goals . Was voted as the best handball player in the world 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattias_Andersson_(handballer)', 'summary': 'Erik Mattias Andersson ( born 29 March 1978 ) is a retired Swedish handballer and currently a goalkeeper coach . He competed for the Swedish national team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London where they won the silver medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Boquist', 'summary': 'Sven Martin Boquist ( born 2 February 1977 in Gothenburg ) is a Swedish handball player , currently playing for Danish Handball League side FCK Håndbold , with whom he won the Danish Championship in 2008 . He has previously played for Redbergslids IK in the best league of his homeland , and for German Bundesliga club THW Kiel . Boqvist has made almost 200 appearances for the Swedish national handball team , with whom he has won a gold medal at the 1999 World Championship , and a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . In the Olympic tournament he played three matches and scored five goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Franzén', 'summary': 'Karl Gustav Mathias Franzén ( born February 22 , 1975 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Vreta Kloster , Linköping Municipality . In 2000 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played five matches and scored 25 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Frändesjö', 'summary': 'Lars Gunnar Martin Frändesjö ( born 18 July 1971 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Gothenburg . In 1996 he was part of the Swedish handball team and won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played one match and scored six goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played five matches and scored 25 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gentzel', 'summary': 'Hans Peter Ludvig Gentzel ( born 12 October 1968 ) is a Swedish former handball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Gothenburg . In 2000 , he was a member of the Swedish handball team that won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all eight matches as goalkeeper . In December 2010 , Gentzel ended his career and took a high ranked job within Swedish handball .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Larsson', 'summary': 'Peter Andreas Larsson ( born August 13 , 1974 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Locketorp , Skövde . In 1996 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played two matches and scored six goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played seven matches and scored 17 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ola_Lindgren', 'summary': 'Per Ola Markus Lindgren ( born 29 February 1964 , in Halmstad ) is a Swedish former handball player and current coach . He is the head coach for IFK Kristianstad since 2012 and was head coach for Sweden from 2008 to 2016 . As a player , he won two World Championships , four European Championships and participated in four Olympic Games . He also won four Swedish Championships with Drott .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Lövgren', 'summary': "Lars Stefan Lövgren ( born 21 December 1970 ) is a Swedish former handball player . He was born in Gothenburg . Making his debut in the national team in 1993 , he played a total of 268 games and scored 1138 goals . During his adult career he played for Redbergslids IK ( in Gothenburg ) , and German sides TV Niederwürzbach and Champions League- and Bundesliga-winning team THW Kiel . He was the captain of the national team during the period 1996-2006 and for THW Kiel 2001-2009 . He is a five-time Swedish league champion with Redbergslid , and a seven-time Bundesliga champion with THW . He won the German cup four times , and he helped lead Kiel to the European Champions League title in 2007 ( being a finalist in 2000 , 2008 and 2009 ) . Lövgren was World Champion in 1999 with the national team and is one of the few players to have participated in all the gold medal-winning Swedish sides in the European Championships ( 1994 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 ) . As an individual player , he was named Most Valuable Player in both the 1999 and 2001 World Championships , was top scorer in the Olympic Games in 2000 and provided the most assists during the 2005 World Men 's Handball Championship in what proved to be his final major tournament . He is a former member of the IHF Athletes Commission , and is one of the most respected players in team handball ( with , among others , Nikola Karabatić citing him as a role model both as a person , player and captain ) . Lövgren is a two-time Olympic silver medalist . In the 1996 Atlanta games , the Swedish team won the silver medal with Lövgren playing all seven matches and scoring a total of 17 goals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Staffan_Olsson', 'summary': 'Erik Staffan Olsson ( born 26 March 1964 ) is a retired Swedish handball player and Swedish national coach . Olsson , who always played with no 13 , was a left-handed right wing player with one of the most feared shots of all the elite players . Later in his career he won praise for his great playmaking skills .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johan_Petersson', 'summary': 'Pär Johan Petersson ( born 29 March 1973 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Karlshamn . In 1996 , he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played two matches and scored 13 goals . Four years later , he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played four matches and scored 16 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Sivertsson', 'summary': "Lars Tomas Sivertsson ( born 21 February 1965 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Halmstad . In 1996 he was a member of the Swedish handball team which won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all six matches and scored twelve goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played all seven matches and scored eleven goals . He later became the coach for Wisła Płock and the Swedish women 's national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Svensson', 'summary': 'Tomas Runar Svensson ( born 15 February 1968 ) is a Swedish retired handball goalkeeper who is currently goalkeeping coach of the Icelandic national handball team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Thorsson', 'summary': 'Pierre Roger Valdemar Thorsson ( born 21 June 1966 ) is a Swedish handball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was born in Linköping . In 1992 he was a member of the Swedish handball team won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament . He played six matches and scored 25 goals . Four years later he was part of the Swedish team which won the silver medal again . He played six matches and scored 30 goals . At the 2000 Games he won his third silver medal with the Swedish team . He played five matches and scored 13 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ljubomir_Vranjes', 'summary': 'Ljubomir Vranjes ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубомир Врањеш , Ljubomir Vranješ ; born 3 October 1973 ) is a Swedish handball coach and former player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics . He currently coaches IFK Kristianstad and the Slovenia national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Wislander', 'summary': 'Hans Einar Magnus Wislander ( born 22 February 1964 ) is a Swedish former handball player , who has been voted Handball Player of the Century . Since his debut in the national team in 1985 he has played over 380 games and scored over 1,000 goals . He played for Redbergslids IK , Gothenburg and THW Kiel .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Team Handball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's competition", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Handball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_tournament", 'summary': "The men 's handball competition , one of two events of handball at the 2000 Summer Olympics , in Sydney , took place at The Dome ( Sydney Olympic Park ) during the preliminary round , quarter-finals , semi-finals and medal matches . A total of 180 players , distributed among twelve national teams , participated in this tournament ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therese Alshammar Louise Jöhncke Anna-Karin Kammerling Josefin Lillhage Johanna Sjöberg Malin Svahnström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therese_Alshammar', 'summary': 'Malin Therese Alshammar ( born 26 August 1977 in Solna ) is a Swedish swimmer who has won three Olympic medals , 25 World Championship medals , and 43 European Championship medals . She is a specialist in short distances races in freestyle and butterfly . She is coached by former Swedish swimmer Johan Wallberg . She is the first female swimmer and the third overall ( after Lars Frölander and Derya Büyükuncu ) to participate in six Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louise_Jöhncke', 'summary': 'Louise Jöhncke ( born 31 July 1976 in Stockholm ) is a former freestyle swimmer from Sweden , who competed for her native country at two consequentive Summer Olympics , starting in 1996 . Her biggest successes came on short course ( 25 m ) ; she won the world title as a member of the Swedish relay Team in the 4×200 m freestyle at the 1999 FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) in Hong Kong , China . A year later , at 2000 FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) in Athens , Greece , she captured the title in the 4×100 m freestyle . Täby Sim'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna-Karin_Kammerling', 'summary': 'Anna-Karin Kammerling ( born 19 October 1980 ) is a world-record breaking Swedish swimmer , who was born in Malmö , Sweden . Currently she resides in Sundsvall and trains with the Sundsvalls Swim Club under coach Hans Bergquist . Kammerling has twice lowered the world record in the 50-meter butterfly event . In 2000 , she was a member of the 4×100 m freestyle team that were awarded bronze medals during the Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Josefin_Lillhage', 'summary': 'Josefin Lillhage ( born 15 March 1980 ) is a former swimmer from Sweden , who won the bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . She competed in four Olympiads : in 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johanna_Sjöberg', 'summary': 'Johanna Sjöberg ( born 8 March 1978 in Bromölla ) is a former international swimmer from Sweden , who won her first medal in 1997 at the European Swimming Championships in Seville ; a bronze in the 100 m butterfly .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malin_Svahnström', 'summary': 'Malin Svahnström ( born 10 June 1980 in Upplands Väsby ) is a Swedish Olympic swimmer currently representing Väsby SS . Svahnström participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics , both times as a part of a relay team . In the 2000 event she swum the prelims in the 4×100 m freestyle relay , that later won a bronze medal . In Athens 2004 she was a part of the 4×200 m freestyle team along with Josefin Lillhage , Ida Mattsson and Lotta Wänberg that finished eighth in the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Homebush Bay . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , and a total of 954 swimmers from 150 nations . The swimming program for 2000 was expanded from 1996 , with the inclusion of the semifinal phase in each of the events except for some special cases . Long-distance swimming events ( 400 m freestyle , 800 m freestyle , 1500 m freestyle , and 400 m individual medley ) and all relays still maintained the old format with only two phases : heats and final . Because of the radical changes in the competition format , it was extended into an eight-day program and thereby continued into the present era . Swimmers from the United States were the most successful , winning 14 golds , 8 silver , and 11 bronze to lead the overall medal count with 33 . Meanwhile , Australia had produced a total of 18 medals ( five golds , nine silver , and four bronze ) to claim the second spot in the tally . A total of fourteen world records and thirty-eight Olympic records were set during the competition .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_4_×_100_metre_freestyle_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 4×100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on 16 September at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre in Sydney , Australia . The U.S. women 's team dominated the race from the start to break the six-year-old world record and most importantly , to defend an Olympic title in the event . The foursome of Amy Van Dyken ( 55.08 ) , Dara Torres ( 53.51 ) , Courtney Shealy ( 54.40 ) , and Jenny Thompson ( 53.62 ) put together a stellar time of 3:36.61 to capture the relay gold medal , shaving off China 's 1994 world record by 1.3 seconds . As the Americans celebrated their triumph in the pool , Thompson picked up her eighth career medal to become the nation 's most successful woman in Olympic history . She also tied with former East Germany 's Kristin Otto for the most golds by a female , a total of six . The Netherlands nearly pulled a worst-to-first effort , building from an eighth-place turn by Manon van Rooijen ( 56.35 ) , seventh by Wilma van Rijn ( 55.19 ) , and sixth by Thamar Henneken ( 54.88 ) until they delivered rising star Inge de Bruijn for the final exchange . Swimming the anchor leg , De Bruijn surged powerfully past the entire field with a fastest split of 53.41 to take home the silver for the Dutch in a European record of 3:39.83 . Meanwhile , Sweden 's Louise Jöhncke ( 55.93 ) , Therese Alshammar ( 53.78 ) , Johanna Sjöberg ( 55.06 ) , and Anna-Karin Kammerling ( 55.58 ) came up with a spectacular swim to grab a bronze in 3:40.30 , a national record , holding off a sprint battle from the fast-pacing German team of Antje Buschschulte ( 55.67 ) , Katrin Meissner ( 54.92 ) , Franziska van Almsick ( 55.02 ) , and Sandra Völker ( 54.70 ) by a hundredth of a second . Great Britain 's Karen Pickering ( 56.01 ) , Alison Sheppard ( 54.95 ) , Rosalind Brett ( 54.92 ) , and Sue Rolph ( 54.66 ) pulled off a fifth-place finish in 3:40.54 . Susie O'Neill recorded a split of 54.79 to produce a powerful lead on the first length by the delight of a home crowd , but the Aussies settled only for sixth place with a time of 3:40.91 . Canada ( 3:42.92 ) and Italy ( 3:44.49 ) rounded out the championship finale ."}]}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kajsa Bergqvist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kajsa_Bergqvist', 'summary': 'Kajsa Margareta Bergqvist ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkǎjːsa ˈbæ̂rjkvɪst ] ; born 12 October 1976 in Sollentuna , Stockholm ) is a Swedish former high jumper . She won one bronze medal in the Olympic Games , one gold and two bronze medals in the World Championships in Athletics and one gold and one bronze in the European Championships . Her personal outdoor record of 2.06 m , set in Germany in 2003 , is also a Swedish record . Her indoor record of 2.08 m , set at the Hochsprung mit Musik meeting in 2006 , is the world indoor record .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's high jump", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_high_jump", 'summary': "The women 's high jump at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held at the Stadium Australia on Thursday , 28 September and Saturday , 30 September ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredrik Lööf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredrik_Lööf', 'summary': 'Max Emil Fredrik Lööf ( born 13 December 1969 in Kristinehamn , Sweden ) is a Swedish professional sailor who has participated in six Summer Olympics , winning one gold and two bronze medals . He won the gold medal in Star with Max Salminen at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medals in Finn in the 2000 Summer Olympics and with Anders Ekström in Star in the 2008 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney was held from 17-30 September 2000 at the Olympic Sailing Shore Base in the Sydney Harbour . The quota for sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was 400 , of which 124 positions were for men , 92 for women and 184 'open ' to men or women . The Sailing Program of 2000 consisted of a total of eleven sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class with the exception of the Soling and the 49er , eleven races were scheduled from 17-30 September 2000 . For the Soling six fleet races were scheduled followed by a series of match races for the top twelve boats of the fleet race result . The 49er had sixteen scheduled fleet races . The sailing was done on six course areas and several types of course configurations . The Sydney 2000 Games featured a name change for the sport , previously known as yachting ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Finn class", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Finn', 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's Finn class competition in sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Sweden's entry at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia consisted of 150 competitors (98 men and 52 women) who took part in 92 events in 22 sports."}	null	null	Who is the younger member on the canoeing team ?	Markus Oscarsson
05c711f0e46798a3	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells', 'title': 'List of heaviest bells', 'header': ['Name of bell ( or edifice containing bell )', 'Location', 'Weight ( lbs )', 'Year cast', 'Manufacturer or foundry'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tsar Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsar_Bell', 'summary': 'The Tsar Bell ( Russian : Царь-колокол , Tsar-kolokol ) , also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol , Tsar Kolokol III , or Royal Bell , is a 6.14-metre ( 20.1 ft ) tall , 6.6-metre ( 22 ft ) diameter bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin . The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ivanovna , niece of Peter the Great . It has never been in working order , suspended , or rung . The present bell is sometimes referred to as Kolokol III ( Bell III ) , because it is the third generation . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow Kremlin , Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin', 'summary': "The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian : Моско́вский Кремль , tr . Moskovskiy Kreml , IPA : [ mɐˈskofskʲɪj krʲemlʲ ] ) , or simply the Kremlin , is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow , overlooking the Moskva River to the south , Saint Basil 's Cathedral and Red Square to the east , and the Alexander Garden to the west . It is the best known of the kremlins ( Russian citadels ) and includes five palaces , four cathedrals , and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers . In addition , within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the Tsar 's Moscow residence . The complex now serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation and as a museum with 2,746,405 visitors in 2017 . The name Kremlin means fortress inside a city , and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to how White House refers to the Executive Office of the President of the United States . It previously referred to the government of the Soviet Union ( 1922-1991 ) and its highest members ( such as general secretaries , premiers , presidents , ministers , and commissars ) . The term Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '445,166 pounds ( 201,924 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1735', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Feodorovich Motorin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorins', 'summary': 'The Motorins , also spelled Matorins ( Моторины , Маторины in Russian ) were a famous Russian family of bellfounders .'}]}, {'value': 'Bell of Good Luck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck', 'summary': "The Bell of Good Luck ( Chinese : 吉祥钟 ; pinyin : Jixiang zhong ) is a large bell located in Foquan Temple ( 佛泉寺 ) in Pingdingshan , Henan , China . It is close to the Spring Temple Buddha , the world 's tallest Buddha statue . The bell weighs 116 metric tons , and is 8.108 metres in height and 5.118 metres in diameter at its widest point . The Bell of Good Luck therefore , at the time of its construction , claimed the title of heaviest functioning bell in the world . The bell was cast in December 2000 and first rung at midnight on New Year 's Eve the same month . The bell 's shoulder section is adorned with 36 lotus petal patterns ."}]}, {'value': 'Foquan Temple , Fodushan Scenic Area , Pingdingshan , Henan , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pingdingshan', 'summary': 'Pingdingshan ( simplified Chinese : 平顶山 ; traditional Chinese : 平頂山 ; pinyin : Píngdǐngshān ) , also known as the eagle city , is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province , China . It had 4,904,701 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 1,756,333 lived in the built-up or metropolitan area including Ye county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henan', 'summary': "Henan ( 河南 ; alternatively Honan ) is a landlocked province of the People 's Republic of China , located in the central part of the country . Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou ( 中州 ) , which literally means central plain or midland , although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper . Henan is a birthplace of Chinese civilization , with over 3,000 years of recorded history , and remained China 's cultural , economical and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago . Henan Province is home to many heritage sites which have been left behind , including the ruins of Shang dynasty capital city Yin and the Shaolin Temple . Four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China , Luoyang , Anyang , Kaifeng and Zhengzhou , are located in Henan . The practice of tai chi also began in Chen Jia Gou Village ( Chen style ) , as did the later Yang and Wu styles . Although the name of the province ( 河南 ) means south of the [ Yellow ] river , approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River , also known as the Huang He . With an area of 167,000 km2 ( 64,479 sq mi ) , Henan covers a large part of the fertile and densely populated North China Plain . Its neighboring provinces are Shaanxi , Shanxi , Hebei , Shandong , Anhui and Hubei . Henan is China 's third most populous province with a population of over 94 million . If it were a country by itself , Henan would be the 14th most populous country in the world , ahead of Egypt and Vietnam . Henan is the 5th largest provincial economy of China and the largest among inland provinces ."}]}, {'value': '255,200 pounds ( 115,800 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tianrui Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mingun Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mingun_Bell', 'summary': 'The Mingun Bell ( မင်းကွန်းခေါင်းလောင်းတော်ကြီး [ mɪ́ɴɡʊ́ɴ kʰáʊɴláʊɴ dɔ̀ dʑí ] ) is a bell located in Mingun , Sagaing Region , Myanmar . It is located approximately 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) north of Mandalay on the western bank of the Irrawaddy River . It was the heaviest functioning bell in the world at several times in history .'}]}, {'value': 'Mingun , Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mingun', 'summary': 'Mingun is a town in Sagaing Township of Sagaing Region , north-west Myanmar ( Burma ) , located 11 km up the Ayeyarwady River on the west bank from Mandalay . Its main attraction is the ruined Mingun Pahtodawgyi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': '195,000 pounds ( 88,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1808', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsarsky Kolokol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius', 'summary': 'The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius ( Russian : Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра ) is the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad , about 70 km to the north-east from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl , and currently is home to over 300 monks .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius , Sergiyev Posad , Moscow Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius', 'summary': 'The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius ( Russian : Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра ) is the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad , about 70 km to the north-east from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl , and currently is home to over 300 monks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergiyev_Posad', 'summary': 'Sergiyev Posad ( Russian : Се́ргиев Поса́д , IPA : [ ˈsʲɛrgʲɪ ( j ) ɪf pɐˈsat ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast , Russia . Population : 111,179 ( 2010 Census ) ; 113,581 ( 2002 Census ) ; 114,696 ( 1989 Census ) . It was previously known as Sergiyev Posad ( until 1919 ) , Sergiyev ( until 1930 ) , Zagorsk ( until 1991 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow_Oblast', 'summary': 'Moscow Oblast ( Russian : Моско́вская о́бласть , tr . Moskovskaya oblast , IPA : [ mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ ] ) , or Podmoskovye ( Russian : Подмоско́вье , IPA : [ pədmɐˈskovʲjə ] , literally around/near Moscow ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . With a population of 7,095,120 ( 2010 Census ) living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers ( 17,100 sq mi ) , it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and is the second most populous federal subject . The oblast has no official administrative center ; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk ( Moscow Oblast Duma and government ) , also across other locations in the oblast . Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest , Yaroslavl Oblast in the north , Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east , Ryazan Oblast in the southeast , Tula Oblast in the south , Kaluga Oblast in the southwest , and Smolensk Oblast in the west . In the center stands the federal city of Moscow , which is a separate federal subject in its own right . The oblast is highly industrialized , with its main industrial branches being metallurgy , oil refining , and mechanical engineering , food , energy , and chemical industries .'}]}, {'value': '158,400 pounds ( 71,800 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zavod imeni Likhacheva , Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZiL', 'summary': 'OJSC AMO ZiL , known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company - Likhachov Plant ( Russian : Публичное акционерное общество - Завод имени Лихачёва , romanized : Publichnoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo - Zavod imeni Likhachyova ) and more commonly called ZiL ( Russian : ЗиЛ ) , was a major Russian automobile , truck , military vehicle , and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow , Russia . The last ZiL vehicle was assembled in 2012 . The company continues to exist only as real-estate development site , on which a new urban district will be built by the LSR Group construction company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Chion-in Temple Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chion-in', 'summary': "Chion-in ( 知恩院 , Chion-in ) in Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , Japan is the headquarters of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land Sect ) founded by Hōnen ( 1133-1212 ) , who proclaimed that sentient beings are reborn in Amida Buddha 's Western Paradise ( Pure Land ) by reciting the nembutsu , Amida Buddha 's name . The vast compounds of Chion-in include the site where Hōnen settled to disseminate his teachings and the site where he died ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': '148,000 pounds ( 67,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1633', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Uspensky Bell ( also known as Great Assumption Bell )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower', 'summary': "The Ivan the Great Bell Tower ( Russian : Колокольня Ивана Великого , Kolokol'nya Ivana Velikogo ) is a church tower inside the Moscow Kremlin complex . With a total height of 81 metres ( 266 ft ) , it is the tallest tower and structure of Kremlin . It was built in 1508 on Cathedral Square for the three Russian Orthodox cathedrals , namely the Assumption ( closest to the tower ) , the Archangel and the Annunciation , which do not have their own belfries . It serves as a part of Moscow Kremlin Museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow Kremlin , Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin', 'summary': "The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian : Моско́вский Кремль , tr . Moskovskiy Kreml , IPA : [ mɐˈskofskʲɪj krʲemlʲ ] ) , or simply the Kremlin , is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow , overlooking the Moskva River to the south , Saint Basil 's Cathedral and Red Square to the east , and the Alexander Garden to the west . It is the best known of the kremlins ( Russian citadels ) and includes five palaces , four cathedrals , and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers . In addition , within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the Tsar 's Moscow residence . The complex now serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation and as a museum with 2,746,405 visitors in 2017 . The name Kremlin means fortress inside a city , and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to how White House refers to the Executive Office of the President of the United States . It previously referred to the government of the Soviet Union ( 1922-1991 ) and its highest members ( such as general secretaries , premiers , presidents , ministers , and commissars ) . The term Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '144,452 pounds ( 65,522 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1817', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakov Zavyalov and Rusinov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tōdai-ji Temple Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}]}, {'value': 'Nara , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara,_Nara', 'summary': 'Nara ( 奈良市 , Nara-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜɾa ] ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture located in the Kansai region of Japan . The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture , bordering Kyoto Prefecture . Eight temples , shrines , and ruins in Nara remain : specifically Tōdai-ji , Saidai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Shrine , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , and the Heijō Palace , together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest , collectively form Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During the Nara period , Nara was the capital of Japan , and the Emperor lived there before moving the capital to Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': '96,000 pounds ( 44,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '732', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yongle Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple', 'summary': "The Big Bell Temple , or Da Zhong Temple ( simplified Chinese : 大钟寺 ; traditional Chinese : 大鐘寺 ; pinyin : Dàzhōng Sì ) , originally known as Jue Sheng Temple ( simplified Chinese : 觉生寺 ; traditional Chinese : 覺生寺 ; pinyin : Juéshēng Sì ) , is a Buddhist temple located on North 3rd Road in Beijing , China . The Big Bell Temple was built in 1733 during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty ( 1644-1911 ) . The temple 's name came after the famous Yongle Big Bell that is housed inside the temple , which was cast during the reign of the Yongle Emperor ( 1403-1424 ) of the Ming dynasty"}]}, {'value': 'Da Zhong Si ( Great Bell Temple ) , Beijing , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple', 'summary': "The Big Bell Temple , or Da Zhong Temple ( simplified Chinese : 大钟寺 ; traditional Chinese : 大鐘寺 ; pinyin : Dàzhōng Sì ) , originally known as Jue Sheng Temple ( simplified Chinese : 觉生寺 ; traditional Chinese : 覺生寺 ; pinyin : Juéshēng Sì ) , is a Buddhist temple located on North 3rd Road in Beijing , China . The Big Bell Temple was built in 1733 during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty ( 1644-1911 ) . The temple 's name came after the famous Yongle Big Bell that is housed inside the temple , which was cast during the reign of the Yongle Emperor ( 1403-1424 ) of the Ming dynasty"}, {'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': '93,000 pounds ( 42,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ca . 1420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Name unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '88,000 pounds ( 40,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrey Chokhov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov', 'summary': 'Andrey Chokhov , also spelled Chekhov ( Андрей Чохов ( Чехов ) in Russian ) ( c. 1545 - 1629 , allegedly 8 December , Moscow ) was a highly prominent Russian cannon and bell caster . He worked in Moscow at the Cannon yard for more than 40 years , where he created a large number ( over 20 documented ) of heavy weapons , including the Tsar Cannon ( cast in 1586 ) . His first documented works were dated to 1568 , and the last in 1629 . His traditions were continued by the Motorin family .'}]}, {'value': 'Tharrawaddy Min Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tharrawaddy_Min_Bell', 'summary': 'The Tharrawaddy Min Bell ( Burmese : သာယာဝတီမင်း ခေါင်းလောင်းတော် ) , also known as the Maha Tissada Gandha Bell , is a large bell located at the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon , Myanmar ( Burma ) . It was donated in 1841 by King Tharrawaddy , of Konbaung Dynasty . The official Pali name of the bell is Maha Tissada Gandha , which means Great Three-toned Sweet Sound .'}]}, {'value': 'Shwedagon Pagoda , Yangon , Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda', 'summary': "The Shwedagon Pagoda , officially named Shwedagon Zedi Daw ( Burmese : ရွှေတိဂုံစေတီတော် , [ ʃwèdəɡòʊɰ̃ zèdìdɔ̀ ] , lit . 'Golden Dagon Pagoda ' ) and also known as the Great Dagon Pagoda and the Golden Pagoda , is a gilded stupa located in Yangon , Myanmar . The 326-foot-tall ( 99 m ) pagoda is situated on Singuttara Hill , to the west of Kandawgyi Lake , and dominates the Yangon skyline . Shwedagon Pagoda is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda in Myanmar , as it is believed to contain relics of the four previous Buddhas of the present kalpa . These relics include the staff of Kakusandha , the water filter of Koṇāgamana , a piece of the robe of Kassapa , and eight strands of hair from the head of Gautama ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yangon', 'summary': "Yangon ( pronunciation [ jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃ mjo̰ ] , lit . 'End of Strife ' ) , formerly known as Rangoon , is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar ( also known as Burma ) . Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006 , when the military government relocated the administrative functions to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw [ nèpjìdɔ̀ ] in central Myanmar . With over 7 million people , Yangon is Myanmar 's most populous city and its most important commercial centre . Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia , and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact . The colonial-era commercial core is centered around the Sule Pagoda , which is reputed to be over 2,000 years old . The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda - Myanmar 's most sacred Buddhist pagoda . The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon , where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure , especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia . Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon , most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': '84,000 pounds ( 38,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maha Sithu and Maha Min Kyaw Thinkhaya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gotenba Bell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toki no Sumika Park , Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotemba,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Gotemba ( 御殿場市 , Gotenba-shi , sometimes Gotenba ) is a city on the southeastern flank of Mount Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 30 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 88,370 in 36,096 households , and a population density of 450 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 194.90 square kilometres ( 75.25 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '79,750 pounds ( 36,170 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry', 'summary': "Royal Eijsbouts ( Dutch : Koninklijke Eijsbouts ) is a bell foundry located in Asten , Netherlands . The workshop was founded in 1872 by Bonaventura Eijsbouts as a factory for tower clocks . In 1893 Eijsbouts was joined by his 15-year-old son , Johan , and the workshop expanded to begin supplying striking and swinging bells , which were cast at other foundries , with their clocks . As interest in carillons increased , Johan Eijsbouts purchased bells from two English foundries , John Taylor Bellfounders and Gillett & Johnston , and installed them in carillons . In 1924 , Johan 's oldest son , Tuur Eijsbouts , joined the company . Tuur was technically minded and inventive . He took the initiative to learn how to cast bells himself . After years of experimentation , an in-house bell foundry was installed in 1947 . The company is still recognized for their cast bells , which are used in carillons and church bells . In 2006 Eijsbouts cast the largest swinging bell in the world . Royal Eijsbouts has been involved in extensive research programs in campanology ( the art of bell manufacturing ) for decades . Those efforts have resulted in computer applications with which all aspects of bell sound and bell shape can be accurately calculated ."}]}, {'value': 'Đại hồng chung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bai Dinh Pagoda , Gia Vien , Ninh Binh , Vietnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bai_Dinh_Pagoda', 'summary': 'Bái Đính Temple ( Vietnamese : Chùa Bái Đính ) or Bái Đính Temple Spiritual and Cultural Complex is a complex of Buddhist temples on Bai Dinh Mountain in Gia Viễn District , Ninh Bình Province , Vietnam . The compound consists of the original old temple and a newly created larger temple . It is considered the largest complex of Buddhist temples in Vietnam and has become a popular site for Buddhist pilgrimages from across Vietnam . Bai Đính Temple , along with Phát Diệm Cathedral , Hoa Lư Ancient Capital Tam Cốc-Bích Động , Trang An , Cúc Phương is a famous tourist attraction site of Ninh Bình Province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gia_Vien', 'summary': 'Gia Viễn is a rural district of Ninh Bình Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam . As of 2008 the district had a population of 119,284 . The district covers an area of 176 km² . The district capital lies at Me .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ninh_Binh', 'summary': 'Ninh Bình ( listen ) city is a small city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam ; it is the capital of Ninh Bình Province .'}]}, {'value': '79,336 pounds ( 35,986 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Văn Sở , Huế , Vietnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huế', 'summary': "Huế ( Vietnamese : [ hwě ] ( listen ) ) is a city in central Vietnam that was the capital of Đàng Trong Kingdom from 1738 to 1775 and of the Nguyen Dynasty from 1802 to 1945 . A major attraction is its vast , 19th-century citadel , surrounded by a moat and thick stone walls . It encompasses the Imperial City , with palaces and shrines ; the Forbidden Purple City , once the emperor 's home ; and a replica of the Royal Theater . The city was also the battleground for the Battle of Huế , which was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': 'Blagovestnik ( also known as Firstborn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius', 'summary': 'The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius ( Russian : Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра ) is the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad , about 70 km to the north-east from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl , and currently is home to over 300 monks .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius , Sergiyev Posad , Moscow Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius', 'summary': 'The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius ( Russian : Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра ) is the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church . The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad , about 70 km to the north-east from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl , and currently is home to over 300 monks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergiyev_Posad', 'summary': 'Sergiyev Posad ( Russian : Се́ргиев Поса́д , IPA : [ ˈsʲɛrgʲɪ ( j ) ɪf pɐˈsat ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast , Russia . Population : 111,179 ( 2010 Census ) ; 113,581 ( 2002 Census ) ; 114,696 ( 1989 Census ) . It was previously known as Sergiyev Posad ( until 1919 ) , Sergiyev ( until 1930 ) , Zagorsk ( until 1991 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow_Oblast', 'summary': 'Moscow Oblast ( Russian : Моско́вская о́бласть , tr . Moskovskaya oblast , IPA : [ mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ ] ) , or Podmoskovye ( Russian : Подмоско́вье , IPA : [ pədmɐˈskovʲjə ] , literally around/near Moscow ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . With a population of 7,095,120 ( 2010 Census ) living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers ( 17,100 sq mi ) , it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and is the second most populous federal subject . The oblast has no official administrative center ; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk ( Moscow Oblast Duma and government ) , also across other locations in the oblast . Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest , Yaroslavl Oblast in the north , Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east , Ryazan Oblast in the southeast , Tula Oblast in the south , Kaluga Oblast in the southwest , and Smolensk Oblast in the west . In the center stands the federal city of Moscow , which is a separate federal subject in its own right . The oblast is highly industrialized , with its main industrial branches being metallurgy , oil refining , and mechanical engineering , food , energy , and chemical industries .'}]}, {'value': '78,250 pounds ( 35,490 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zavod imeni Likhacheva , Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZiL', 'summary': 'OJSC AMO ZiL , known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company - Likhachov Plant ( Russian : Публичное акционерное общество - Завод имени Лихачёва , romanized : Publichnoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo - Zavod imeni Likhachyova ) and more commonly called ZiL ( Russian : ЗиЛ ) , was a major Russian automobile , truck , military vehicle , and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow , Russia . The last ZiL vehicle was assembled in 2012 . The company continues to exist only as real-estate development site , on which a new urban district will be built by the LSR Group construction company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savvino-Storozhevsky_Monastery', 'summary': 'The Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery ( Саввино-Сторожевский монастырь , the Storozhi monastery of St. Savva ) is a Russian Orthodox monastery dedicated to the feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos . It is the preeminent landmark of Zvenigorod , a town located 48 km ( 30 mi ) west of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Zvenigorod , Moscow Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zvenigorod', 'summary': 'Zvenigorod ( Russian : Звени́город ) is an old town in Moscow Oblast , Russia . Population : 16,395 ( 2010 Census ) ; 12,155 ( 2002 Census ) ; 15,805 ( 1989 Census ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow_Oblast', 'summary': 'Moscow Oblast ( Russian : Моско́вская о́бласть , tr . Moskovskaya oblast , IPA : [ mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ ] ) , or Podmoskovye ( Russian : Подмоско́вье , IPA : [ pədmɐˈskovʲjə ] , literally around/near Moscow ) , is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . With a population of 7,095,120 ( 2010 Census ) living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers ( 17,100 sq mi ) , it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and is the second most populous federal subject . The oblast has no official administrative center ; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk ( Moscow Oblast Duma and government ) , also across other locations in the oblast . Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest , Yaroslavl Oblast in the north , Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east , Ryazan Oblast in the southeast , Tula Oblast in the south , Kaluga Oblast in the southwest , and Smolensk Oblast in the west . In the center stands the federal city of Moscow , which is a separate federal subject in its own right . The oblast is highly industrialized , with its main industrial branches being metallurgy , oil refining , and mechanical engineering , food , energy , and chemical industries .'}]}, {'value': '77,000 pounds ( 35,000 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera LLC , Shilova , Voronezh , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Voronezh', 'summary': 'Voronezh ( Russian : Воронеж , IPA : [ vɐˈronʲɪʂ ] ) , also romanized as Voronež , is a city and the administrative center of Voronezh Oblast , Russia , straddling the Voronezh River and located 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) from where it flows into the Don . The city sits on the Southeastern Railway , which connects European Russia with the Urals and Siberia , the Caucasus and Ukraine , and the M4 highway ( Moscow-Voronezh-Rostov-on-Don-Novorossiysk ) . Its population in 2019 was estimated to be 1,054,111 ; up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census ; it is the thirteenth most populous city in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Yuriev Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery', 'summary': "The St. George 's ( Yuriev ) Monastery ( Russian : Юрьев монастырь ) is usually cited as Russia 's oldest monastery . It stands in 5 kilometers south of Novgorod on the left bank of the Volkhov River near where it flows out of Lake Ilmen . The monastery used to be the most important in the medieval Novgorod Republic . It is part of the World Heritage Site named Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings ."}]}, {'value': 'Veliky Novgorod , Novgorod Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod', 'summary': "Veliky Novgorod ( Russian : Вели́кий Но́вгород , IPA : [ vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , also known as Novgorod the Great , or Novgorod Veliky , or just Novgorod ( meaning newtown ) , is one of the oldest and most important historic cities in Russia , with more than 1000 years of history . The city serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast . The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg . UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992 . The city has a population of 218,717 ( 2010 Census ) ; At its peak during the 14th century , the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe 's largest cities . The Veliky ( great ) part was eventually added to city 's name to disambiguate it with another city of similar name , Nizhny Novgorod ( lower newtown ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast', 'summary': 'Novgorod Oblast ( Russian : Новгоро́дская о́бласть , Novgorodskaya oblast ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod . Some of the oldest Russian cities , including Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa , are located in the oblast . The historic monuments of Veliky Novgorod and surroundings have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Population : 634,111 ( 2010 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': '75,837 pounds ( 34,399 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Peace Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Peace_Bell', 'summary': "The World Peace Bell Association ( WPBA ) is a Japanese organisation which attempts to raise awareness of the World peace movement by casting and installing Japanese temple bells in locations around the world . The association was effectively begun in 1954 by Chiyoji Nakagawa , with the goal of providing peace bells to every country in the world . As mayor of Uwajima , he oversaw the replacement of the temple bell at Taihei temple in the aftermath or the Second World War . The replacement bell was known as the Bell of Banzai for Absolute Peace , and was the model for the United Nations Peace Bell , the first bell donated by the WPBA . [ self-published source ] The bells are made using melted-down coinage donated from countries around the world . They have been placed in sixteen countries to date , with the US , Japan and Australia having more than one bell . The current president of the association is Tomijiro Yoshida . Yoshida officially founded the WPBA in 1982 , ten years after Chiyoji Nakagawa 's death , to continue Nakagawa 's work ."}]}, {'value': 'Newport , Kentucky , U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Newport is a home rule-class city at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking rivers in Campbell County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 15,273 at the 2010 census . Historically , it was one of four county seats of Campbell County . Newport is a major urban center of Northern Kentucky and part of the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area , which includes over 2 million inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '73,381 pounds ( 33,285 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fonderie Paccard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard', 'summary': "Fonderie Paccard is a French foundry in Annecy . Founded in 1796 , the foundry has cast more than 120,000 bells located throughout the world . The foundry has been continuously operated by seven generations of the Paccard family . The largest bell cast by Paccard is the World Peace Bell . Paccard is best known in the United States for its participation in the Liberty Bell Savings Bond Project . As part of the Marshall Plan , the foundry cast 57 replicas of the Liberty Bell in 1950 and 1951 . Most of the bells were distributed , one each , to the then-48 U.S. states as tributes to their citizens ' respective services in World War II . Most of the Liberty Bell Project bells survive and are on public display ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazansky Monastery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambov , Tambov Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambov', 'summary': 'Tambov ( UK : /tæmˈbɒf/ , US : /tɑːmˈbɔːf , -ˈbɔːv/ ; Russian : Тамбов , IPA : [ tɐmˈbof ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Tambov Oblast , central Russia , located at the confluence of the Tsna and Studenets Rivers , about 480 kilometers ( 300 mi ) south-southeast of Moscow . Population : 280,161 ( 2010 Census ) ; 293,658 ( 2002 Census ) ; 304,600 ( 1989 Census ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tambov_Oblast', 'summary': 'Tambov Oblast ( Russian : Тамбо́вская о́бласть , Tambovskaya oblast ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is the city of Tambov . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 1,091,994 .'}]}, {'value': '72,226 pounds ( 32,761 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery', 'summary': "Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery ( Russian : Кирилло-Белозерский монастырь ) , translated into English as White Lake [ translation of the town name of Beloozero ] St. Cyril 's Monastery , used to be the largest monastery and the strongest fortress in Northern Russia . The monastery was consecrated to the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos , for which cause it was sometimes referred to as the Dormition Monastery of St. Cyril . By the 20th century , the town of Kirillov had grown nearby ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirillov and Belozersk , Vologda Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirillov_(town)', 'summary': 'Kirillov ( Russian : Кири́ллов ) is a town and the administrative center of Kirillovsky District in Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the shores of Lakes Siverskoye and Dolgoye , 129 kilometers ( 80 mi ) northwest of Vologda , the administrative center of the oblast . Population : 7,728 ( 2010 Census ) ; 8,229 ( 2002 Census ) ; 8,817 ( 1989 Census ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belozersk', 'summary': 'Belozersk ( Russian : Белозе́рск ) is a town and the administrative center of Belozersky District in Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the southern bank of Lake Beloye , from which it takes the name , 214 kilometers ( 133 mi ) northwest of Vologda , the administrative center of the oblast . Population : 9,616 ( 2010 Census ) ; 10,975 ( 2002 Census ) ; 12,352 ( 1989 Census ) . It was previously known as Beloozero ( until 1777 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vologda_Oblast', 'summary': 'Vologda Oblast ( Russian : Вологодская область , tr . Vologodskaya oblast , IPA : [ vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ ] ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is Vologda . Population : 1,202,444 ( 2010 Census ) . The largest city is Cherepovets , the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant , the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast . Vologda Oblast is rich in historic monuments , such as the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery , Ferapontov Monastery ( a World Heritage Site ) with the frescoes of Dionisius , medieval towns of Velikiy Ustyug and Belozersk , and baroque churches of Totma and Ustyuzhna . Large reserves of wood and fresh water are the main natural resources .'}]}, {'value': '72,226 pounds ( 32,761 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Isaac 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral", 'summary': "Saint Isaac 's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor ( Russian : Исаа́киевский Собо́р ) is a cathedral that currently functions as a museum in Saint Petersburg , Russia . It is dedicated to Saint Isaac of Dalmatia , a patron saint of Peter the Great , who had been born on the feast day of that saint . It was originally built as a cathedral but was turned into a museum by the Soviet government in 1931 and has remained a museum ever since . In 2017 , the Governor of Saint Petersburg offered to transfer the cathedral back to the Russian Orthodox Church , but this was not accomplished due to the protests of St Petersburg citizens opposing the offer ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': '67,191 pounds ( 30,477 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mid-19th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torzhestvennyj Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour', 'summary': "The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour ( Russian : Храм Христа Спасителя , romanized : Khram Khrista Spasitelya ) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow , Russia , on the northern bank of the Moskva River , a few hundred metres southwest of the Kremlin . With an overall height of 103 metres ( 338 ft ) , it is the second tallest Orthodox Christian church in the world , after the People 's Salvation Cathedral from Bucharest , Romania . The current church is the second to stand on this site . The original church , built during the 19th century , took more than 40 years to build , and was the scene of the 1882 world premiere of the 1812 Overture composed by Tchaikovsky . It was destroyed in 1931 on the order of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin . The demolition was supposed to make way for a colossal Palace of the Soviets to house the country 's legislature , the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Construction started in 1937 but was halted in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II . Its steel frame was disassembled the following year , and the Palace was never built . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the current church was rebuilt on the site between 1995 and 2000 . In 2018 , it was reported that the foundations of the church were sinking and a massive campaign of underpinning and reconstruction was needed ."}]}, {'value': 'Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , Moscow , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour', 'summary': "The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour ( Russian : Храм Христа Спасителя , romanized : Khram Khrista Spasitelya ) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow , Russia , on the northern bank of the Moskva River , a few hundred metres southwest of the Kremlin . With an overall height of 103 metres ( 338 ft ) , it is the second tallest Orthodox Christian church in the world , after the People 's Salvation Cathedral from Bucharest , Romania . The current church is the second to stand on this site . The original church , built during the 19th century , took more than 40 years to build , and was the scene of the 1882 world premiere of the 1812 Overture composed by Tchaikovsky . It was destroyed in 1931 on the order of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin . The demolition was supposed to make way for a colossal Palace of the Soviets to house the country 's legislature , the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Construction started in 1937 but was halted in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II . Its steel frame was disassembled the following year , and the Palace was never built . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the current church was rebuilt on the site between 1995 and 2000 . In 2018 , it was reported that the foundations of the church were sinking and a massive campaign of underpinning and reconstruction was needed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '59,749 pounds ( 27,102 kg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Existing bells', 'section_text': 'Bells weighing 50000 lbs ( 25 tons ) or more :', 'uid': 'List_of_heaviest_bells_1', 'intro': 'Following is a list of the heaviest bells known to have been cast, and the period of time during which they held that title.'}	null	null	What is the distance between Mandalay and the 88 metric ton bell ?	11 km
05ca2c1c3a5e74e4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia', 'title': '1897 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia', 'header': ['Name', 'Position', 'Province'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lewis Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Allen_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Louis Allen ( 30 October 1870 - 17 October 1932 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A centre and five-eighth , Allen represented Taranaki and , briefly , Manawatu at a provincial level . He was a member of the New Zealand national side between 1896 and 1901 , appearing in 13 matches , but no test matches as New Zealand did not play its first full international until 1903 . Lewis died in Nelson in 1932 , and was buried at Wakapuaka Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barney Armit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barney_Armit', 'summary': "Alexander Barney Armit ( 1 January 1874 - 12 November 1899 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . He represented New Zealand on their 1897 tour of Australia , however he is best remembered for having died from injuries sustained while playing a match in 1899 . He represented Otago from 1893 until his death , and played for the South Island in the Inter-Island match of 1897 . After playing for the Kaikorai Rugby Football Club from 1892 , Armit was selected to represent Otago in 1893 , with his first match against Canterbury . He continued to play for Kaikorai and Otago throughout the following six years , and in 1897 was selected for the South Island in the first ever Inter-Island match . In 1897 Armit , along with Kaikorai and Otago teammate Jimmy Duncan , was selected for the New Zealand team to tour Australia . Two previous tours had been conducted by New Zealand representative sides to Australia ; the first in 1884 was conducted without the oversight of a national body , and in 1893 , after the formation of the New Zealand Football Rugby Union a second tour was conducted . Armit 's province , Otago , had initially refused to join the NZRFU ( and so the 1893 side included no Otago players ) , but they joined in 1895 , making Otago-based players eligible for selection for the 1897 tour . Armit played nine matches on the ten-match tour and in the process scored seven tries , including one try each in the two matches he played against New South Wales . Despite suffering an injury prior to the tour , Armit recovered enough to play most of the tours ' fixtures , and particularly impressed with his bumping . During the match against Northern New South Wales at Newcastle , he had ball in hand and was attempting to score a try but had an opponent in his way ; Armit continued to run while ramming his shoulder into the player 's abdomen , thereby propelling his opponent over a fence . This was followed by in an incident in the last match against New South Wales where an Armit bump broke the rib of opponent Stan Wickham ."}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand . The union is based in the city of Dunedin , and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium . The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup , New Zealand 's top provincial competition . The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012 . However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating . Otago are the current holders of the Ranfurly Shield after winning it from Waikato in a 23-19 victory in Hamilton on 13 October 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Bayly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Bayly', 'summary': 'Alfred Bayly ( 20 May 1866 - 14 December 1907 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player and administrator , and cricketer .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'William Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Roberts_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'William Roberts ( 28 October 1871 - 25 August 1937 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks between 1896 and 1897 . His positions of choice were centre three-quarter and second five-eighth . Roberts did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'George Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_William_Smith_(sportsman)', 'summary': 'George William Smith ( 20 September 1874 - 7 December 1954 ) was a New Zealand sportsman who excelled at track and field as well as both codes of rugby football .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Duncan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'James Duncan ( 12 November 1869 - 19 October 1953 ) was a New Zealand rugby union footballer , coach and referee . He captained New Zealand in its first test , and coached New Zealand in its first home test . Duncan was born in Dunedin , New Zealand . He appeared for Otago before being selected to play for New Zealand in 1897 . He captained New Zealand for the first time against Wellington in 1901 . He captained New Zealand in its first Test , against Australia , in 1903 . That was also his last game for New Zealand . Duncan then moved to coaching , coaching New Zealand in its first home test , against Great Britain , in 1904 . In 1905 he was selected to coach the New Zealand team to tour the Northern Hemisphere . His appointment as coach was unpopular , and most of the coaching ended up being done by team members Billy Stead and Dave Gallaher instead . In 1908 he refereed a Test between New Zealand and the Anglo-Welsh . Duncan is credited with naming the position five-eight ; as there was already positions half-back and three-quarters , he came up with the name according to the fraction between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand . The union is based in the city of Dunedin , and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium . The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup , New Zealand 's top provincial competition . The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012 . However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating . Otago are the current holders of the Ranfurly Shield after winning it from Waikato in a 23-19 victory in Hamilton on 13 October 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernest Glennie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Glennie', 'summary': 'Ernest Glennie ( 8 February 1870 - 16 July 1908 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the New Zealand national team , the All Blacks in 1897 . His positions of choice were halfback , five-eighth and wing-forward . He was understood to have been born in Queenstown .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand . Its colours are red and black in a hooped design . The CRFU govern the running of the Canterbury representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 14 times including a six-peat from 2008 to 2013 - with five in the National Provincial Championship , two in the Air New Zealand Cup , five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup . Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup . Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including senior club rugby and school rugby . Canterbury has a proud history producing All Blacks , the most of any New Zealand region , with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury 's 200th All Black ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Humphries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Humphries_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "Arthur Larwill Humphries ( 15 February 1874 - 13 April 1953 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . Primarily a halfback , Humphries represented Taranaki at a provincial level between 1893 and 1903 , playing 40 matches for the province . He was a member of the New Zealand national side in 1897 , 1901 and 1903 . In all , he made 15 appearances for his country , scoring 45 points , but missed selection for New Zealand 's first Test match , against Australia in 1903 . He went on to be the manager of the national side , by then known as the All Blacks , against the touring Anglo-Welsh side in 1908 , and later served as a Taranaki selector and , in 1923 , as president of the Taranaki Rugby Union . Humphries died in Whanganui on 13 April 1953 , and was buried at Aramoho Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'J.A . Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Blair_(rugby_player)', 'summary': 'John Alexander Blair ( c.1871 - 12 April 1911 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1897 . His position of choice was hooker . Blair did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 . Blair was educated at Wanganui Collegiate where he was a member of the 1st XV in 1886 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanganui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanganui_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wanganui Rugby Football Union ( WRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in the Whanganui region of New Zealand . The Wanganui Rugby Football Union was formed in 1888 . The Wanganui team play from Cooks Gardens , Whanganui , and have enjoyed much success on the playing field throughout their history . The side are one of the leading provinces in New Zealand purely for the number of Divisional Championships won . Since the introduction of the National Provincial Championship in 1976 , Wanganui have won the 3rd most Provincial Championship titles , with 10 Championships to their name . They sit behind only Auckland ( with 16 Championships ) and Canterbury ( with 13 championships ) . Both the Taranaki and South Canterbury Rugby Unions sit just behind Wanganui with 8 Provincial Championships each . Further to this , the Wanganui team have played in Heartland Championship Grand Finals in 11 of the last 12 seasons of the Heartland Championship competition ( 10 in the top tier Meads Cup , and 1 in the second tier Lochore Cup ) . The Wanganui team were promoted to the top tier of New Zealand Rugby ( the Air New Zealand Cup Division One competition ) , for the 2010 season . Subsequently , the NZRU later announced another alteration to the NPC format for 2010 and 2011 , which meant the Air New Zealand Cup remained a 14-team competition .'}]}, {'value': 'F.J. Brooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Brooker', 'summary': 'Frank Jenner Brooker ( 11 October 1875 - 25 July 1939 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A siderow forward in the days of the 2-3-3 scrum formation , Brooker represented Canterbury at a provincial level . He was a member of the New Zealand national side on their 1897 tour of Australia , appearing in four matches . Brooker died in the Wellington suburb of Khandallah on 25 July 1939 , and was buried at Karori Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand . Its colours are red and black in a hooped design . The CRFU govern the running of the Canterbury representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 14 times including a six-peat from 2008 to 2013 - with five in the National Provincial Championship , two in the Air New Zealand Cup , five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup . Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup . Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including senior club rugby and school rugby . Canterbury has a proud history producing All Blacks , the most of any New Zealand region , with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury 's 200th All Black ."}]}, {'value': 'J.J. Calnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Calnan', 'summary': 'Joseph Joe John Calnan ( 24 June 1876 - 31 December 1947 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the New Zealand national side in 1897 . His position of choice was loose forward . Calnan did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'R.A. Handcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Handcock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Robert Alexander Handcock ( 6 April 1874 - 27 January 1956 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1897 . His position of choice was forward . Handcock did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 . He was born in Auckland in 1874 . He died in Auckland in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': 'W.R. Hardcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Hardcastle', 'summary': 'William Robert Bill Hardcastle ( 30 August 1874 - 11 July 1944 ) born in Wellington , New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer . He represented both countries in union and Australia in league . He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'W.A . Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Harris_(rugby_player)', 'summary': 'William Pat Albert Harris ( 30 June 1876 - 15 June 1950 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the New Zealand national side in 1897 . His position of choice was hooker . Harris did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand . The union is based in the city of Dunedin , and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium . The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup , New Zealand 's top provincial competition . The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012 . However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating . Otago are the current holders of the Ranfurly Shield after winning it from Waikato in a 23-19 victory in Hamilton on 13 October 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William McKenzie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_McKenzie_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "William Mac McKenzie ( 12 June 1871 - 1 July 1943 ) , also known as Offside Mac , was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand in the 1890s . Playing at wing-forward , McKenzie was first selected for the New Zealand national team on their 1893 tour of Australia , and continued to be selected up until the end of New Zealand 's 1897 tour of Australia . In his 20 matches for the national side , McKenzie scored 23 points . McKenzie was first selected provincially for Wairarapa in 1889 at the age of 18 . He eventually relocated to Wellington in 1893 , and joined the Petone Rugby Club . He was selected for Wellington that year , and was included in the New Zealand team to tour Australia . The 1893 tour of Australia was the first New Zealand team selected under the authority of the newly formed New Zealand Rugby Football Union . Captained by Thomas Ellison , the team played eleven matches , including three against New South Wales , and lost only one . McKenzie , playing at wing-forward , appeared in nine matches on the tour , including the team 's only loss , which was to New South Wales . He did not appear in any test matches as New Zealand did not play its first full international until 1903 . McKenzie became infamous for being the first New Zealand player ordered off . In the last of the tour 's matches against New South Wales referee Edward McCausland ordered McKenzie from the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'H.P . Mills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Mills_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Hugh Parsons Mills ( 6 June 1873 - 26 March 1905 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1897 . His position of choice was forward . Mills did not play in any test matches as New Zealand did not play their first until 1903 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Pauling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Murray_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Frederick Steele Miller Murray ( 20 August 1871 - 5 August 1952 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player . A forward , Murray represented Auckland at a provincial level , and was a member of the New Zealand national side in 1893 and 1897 . He played 20 matches for New Zealand , but did not appear in any internationals as New Zealand did not play its first Test match until 1903 .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Orchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Orchard', 'summary': 'Sydney Arthur Orchard ( 12 December 1875 - 19 April 1947 ) was a New Zealand rugby union player , referee and administrator , and cricket player and administrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand . Its colours are red and black in a hooped design . The CRFU govern the running of the Canterbury representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 14 times including a six-peat from 2008 to 2013 - with five in the National Provincial Championship , two in the Air New Zealand Cup , five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup . Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup . Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including senior club rugby and school rugby . Canterbury has a proud history producing All Blacks , the most of any New Zealand region , with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury 's 200th All Black ."}]}, {'value': 'William Wells', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_positions', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Touring party', 'section_text': 'Manager : I. Hyams Captain : Alfred Bayly', 'uid': '1897_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_0', 'intro': 'The 1897 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the third tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides.'}	null	null	What is the name of the player whose nickname was Offside Mac ?	William McKenzie
05ca8c2b9c2d2d99	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of soccer clubs in Australia', 'header': ['Club', 'League/Division', 'Lvl', 'State', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hakoah Sydney City East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakoah_Sydney_City_East_FC', 'summary': "Maccabi Hakoah Sydney City East FC , commonly known as Maccabi Hakoah , is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Sydney , New South Wales . The club was formed in 1939 as Sydney Hakoah by members of Sydney 's Jewish community . They played between 1977 and 1986 in the National Soccer League as Eastern Suburbs ( 1977-1979 ) and Sydney City ( 1979-1987 ) . One of the most successful sides in New South Wales and interstate competitions in the 1960s and early 1970s coached by the now retired Bob Szatmari , Hakoah were also one of the main instigators for the establishment of a national league . The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues NSW , with games played from Hensley Athletic Field . A foundation member of the NSL , Sydney City were also its most dominant side in the competition 's first decade , winning four titles , including three in a row from 1980-1982 , and finishing below third only once . However , despite this level of success , crowds were perennially low , and even though they were one of the sides retained for 1987 , after the NSL scrapped the split conference system at the end of 1986 , Sydney City withdrew from the NSL one round into the 1987 season ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues NSW 2 is an Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 2 on the New South Wales league system , behind the National Premier Leagues NSW , ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . Prior to 2013 , the league was formerly known as the NSW Super League .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton Olympic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Olympic_FC', 'summary': 'Newcastle Olympic Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in Hamilton a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales . They currently compete in the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW , the second tier of football in Australia . They were previously called Hamilton Olympic until the end of 2019 , which they had been called since 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Northern NSW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Northern_NSW', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Northern NSW is a regional Australian Professional association football league comprising teams from Northern New South Wales . As a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues , the league sits at Level 1 on the Northern New South Wales league system ( Level 2 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Northern NSW Football , the governing body of the sport in the northern region of the state ( the southern region governed by Football NSW ) . Prior to 2014 , the league was formerly known as the Northern NSW State Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The Newcastle ( /ˈnuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl ) metropolitan area is the second most populated area in the Australian state of New South Wales and includes the Newcastle and Lake Macquarie local government areas . It is the hub of the Greater Newcastle area which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle , City of Lake Macquarie , City of Cessnock , City of Maitland and Port Stephens Council . Located at the mouth of the Hunter River , it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region . Famous for its coal , Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world , exporting 159.9 million tonnes of coal in 2017 . Beyond the city , the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits . Geologically , the area is located in the central-eastern part of the Sydney basin .'}]}, {'value': 'Hampton Park United Sparrows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrisfield Hurricanes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawkesbury City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Healesville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_4', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 4 is the sixth level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the seventh nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional Leagues 1 and 2 at the end of the 2012 season . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 3 , while the bottom two placed sides in each conference are relegated to their respective conference in State League 5 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Healesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Healesville,_Victoria', 'summary': "Healesville is a town in Victoria , Australia , 52 km north-east from Melbourne 's central business district . Its local government area is the Shire of Yarra Ranges . At the 2016 Census , Healesville had a population of 7,461 . The median age was 44 years . Healesville is situated on the Watts River , a tributary of the Yarra River ."}]}, {'value': 'Heatherton United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hellenic Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hellenic_Athletic', 'summary': "Hellenic Athletic Club , also commonly known as Hellenic Athletic , is an Australian soccer club from Darwin , the Northern Territory . Hellenic Athletic currently competes in the NorZone Premier League . Hellenic were formed in 1958 and consider Darwin Olympic as their main rivals - the rivalry dates back 32 years , considered as one of the Territory 's strongest sporting rivalries . Hellenic advanced to the Round of 32 of the 2018 FFA Cup for the first time by defeating Verdi FC 9-0 in the Sports Minister 's Cup final . The draw for the Round of 32 was conducted on 26 June 2018 where Hellenic was drawn against A-League club Western Sydney Wanderers . They faced each other at Darwin Football Stadium on 7 August 2018 where Hellenic lost 3-4 . Sulav Maskey was the eventual winner of the inaugural FFA Cup Goal of the Year by getting on the end of a through ball and chipping the Wanderer 's keeper with his first touch ."}]}, {'value': 'NorZone Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NorZone_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The NorZone Premier League is one of three top tier state-level soccer competition in the Northern Territory of Australia . It comprises teams within the NorZone region , centred in Darwin and the surrounding rural areas . The league is conducted by the state administrative body , Football Federation Northern Territory .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Heidelberg Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_5', 'summary': 'Victorian State League Division 5 is the seventh level of soccer in Victoria , Australia , and the eighth nationally . The league is split into four geographic conferences - North , West , South and East . The league replaced Provisional League 3 and the Metropolitan League in 2013 following a restructure of the Victorian State League . The winners of each conference are promoted to Victorian State League Division 4 . As the lowest tier in Victorian football system , there is no relegation from the league , however clubs may apply to join .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Heidelberg Stars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_3', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 3 is the fifth tier soccer competition ( behind the National Premier Leagues ) in Victoria , Australia , and the sixth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Heidelberg United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heidelberg_United_FC', 'summary': 'Heidelberg United Football Club ( commonly referred to as Megas Alexandros , Alexander the Great , Warriors , or Bergers ) is an football ( soccer ) club based in the northern Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia . The team currently competes in the National Premier League Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria', 'summary': "The National Premier Leagues Victoria , commonly known as NPL Victoria , is a semi-professional soccer league in Victoria , Australia . As a subdivision of the nationwide NPL , the league is the highest level within the Victorian soccer league system , serving jointly as the second tier within the overall Australian pyramid . Administered by Football Victoria , NPL Victoria is the latest iteration of first division competitions in the state . Historically known as the Victorian State League and later as the Victorian Premier League , the league was first founded in 1908 . It adopted its current branding in 2014 , following Football Federation Australia 's 2012 National Competition Review . NPL Victoria is contested by 14 clubs . Running from February to September each year , the league sees teams play 26 regular season fixtures , once at home and once away against each other club . The first-placed team at the conclusion of the regular season is termed the premier . The top six-placed clubs then play a knock-out finals series , with the winner becoming the champion . The bottom-placed teams operate a system of promotion and relegation with the division below , NPL 2 . The league premier qualifies as Victoria 's representative in the national finals series , whilst the champion plays against the Dockerty Cup winner in the FV Community Shield ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hills Brumbies FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hills_Brumbies_FC', 'summary': 'Hills United Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in the Hills District in Sydney . The 2017 season will see them complete in the NSW National Premier Leagues ( NPL ) Division 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues NSW 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_NSW_2', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues NSW 2 is an Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from New South Wales . The league sits at Level 2 on the New South Wales league system , behind the National Premier Leagues NSW , ( Level 3 of the overall Australian league system ) . The competition is administered by Football NSW , the governing body of the sport in the southern region of the state ( the northern region governed by Northern NSW Football ) . Prior to 2013 , the league was formerly known as the NSW Super League .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': "HNK O'Connor Knights FC", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Connor_Knights_FC", 'summary': "HNK OConnor Knights FC ( also known simply as O'Connor Knights ) is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in the northern Canberra suburb of O'Connor , Australian Capital Territory . Founded in 1997 by North Canberras Croatian community , the club currently competes in the ACT NPL 2 . The Knights have won one Federation Cup and secured two ACT second division titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Football_State_League', 'summary': 'The Capital Football State League is an amateur soccer league system based in the Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) region . The league system is organised and run by Capital Football and represents levels two and below in the ACT league pyramid beneath the National Premier Leagues Capital Football for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Hobart United FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_United_FC', 'summary': "Hobart United Football Club is an association football club that is located in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's senior men 's and reserve men 's sides compete in the Veto Southern Championship and Southern Championship 1 leagues . As well as fielding senior sides , the club also regularly field junior and women 's teams . Hobart United plays their home games at Pontville Oval in Brighton , Tasmania . Hobart United is also well known for its diversity through the club 's multicultural community ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Championship', 'summary': "The Southern Championship is an association football league in Southern Tasmania . It is jointly with the Northern Championship , the second highest level soccer competition in Tasmania . Nationally , it sits below the A-League and NPL Tasmania . It is controlled by the Football Federation Tasmania ( FFT ) . Prior to the 2015 season it was known as the Southern Premier League and for sponsorship reasons as the Forestry Tasmania Southern Premier League Between 2001 and 2012 the Southern and Northern Premier Leagues were jointly the state 's highest level of soccer competition ( but still nationally below the NSL and A-League ) . During this period the two regional leagues determined a southern and northern champion , who then had a play-off for the state championship ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Hobart Zebras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_Zebras_FC', 'summary': 'Hobart Zebras Football Club ( also known as Tilford Zebras or just Zebras ) is an association football club based in Hobart , Tasmania , Australia . The club is one of the biggest and most successful clubs in Tasmania . It competes in competitions run by the governing body Football Federation Tasmania , including the NPL Tasmania . The club uses the colours of Juventus F.C . and have historical ties and links to the club .'}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Tasmania', 'summary': 'The National Premier Leagues Tasmania is an Australian semi-professional soccer league covering all regions of Tasmania . The league is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and commenced in 2013 with eight teams , expanding to nine teams in 2019 . Nationally the league sits below the A-League and above the Tasmanian regional championship competitions ( with whom promotion and relegation will exist from the 2019 season onwards ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Holland Park Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holland_Park_Hawks_FC', 'summary': 'Holland Park Hawks FC is a football club based in Camp Hill , Queensland . They have competed in the Brisbane Premier League since achieving promotion from Capital League 1 as champions in the 2015 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Football Queensland Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_Queensland_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Football Queensland Premier League is a football competition contested by clubs in Queensland , Australia . It is administered by Football Queensland and is the second tier of soccer in Queensland , behind the National Premier Leagues Queensland , to which the top two teams each season are promoted . The Premier League was founded in 2017 , with the first season held in 2018 ; previously there was no second-tier statewide competition .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Hoppers Crossing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hume City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hume_City_FC', 'summary': "Hume City Football Club is a semi-professional Australian football club based in Broadmeadows , a suburb of Melbourne , Victoria . Established by the local Turkish Australian community , the club competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . The club , known by the local Turkish Australian community as Anadoluspor , is the most successful Turkish Australian-backed football club in Australia . [ citation needed ] Hume City has senior men 's , women 's and junior boys and girls teams , all based out of John Ilhan Memorial Reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'National Premier Leagues Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria', 'summary': "The National Premier Leagues Victoria , commonly known as NPL Victoria , is a semi-professional soccer league in Victoria , Australia . As a subdivision of the nationwide NPL , the league is the highest level within the Victorian soccer league system , serving jointly as the second tier within the overall Australian pyramid . Administered by Football Victoria , NPL Victoria is the latest iteration of first division competitions in the state . Historically known as the Victorian State League and later as the Victorian Premier League , the league was first founded in 1908 . It adopted its current branding in 2014 , following Football Federation Australia 's 2012 National Competition Review . NPL Victoria is contested by 14 clubs . Running from February to September each year , the league sees teams play 26 regular season fixtures , once at home and once away against each other club . The first-placed team at the conclusion of the regular season is termed the premier . The top six-placed clubs then play a knock-out finals series , with the winner becoming the champion . The bottom-placed teams operate a system of promotion and relegation with the division below , NPL 2 . The league premier qualifies as Victoria 's representative in the national finals series , whilst the champion plays against the Dockerty Cup winner in the FV Community Shield ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hume United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian State League Division 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_State_League_Division_2', 'summary': "The Victorian State League Division 2 is the fourth tier soccer competition behind the National Premier Leagues Victoria , National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 and Victorian State League Division 1 in Victoria , Australia , and the fifth nationally , including the A-League . It is conducted by the Football Federation Victoria , the state 's football governing body ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Huon Valley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Conference', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huonville', 'summary': 'Huonville is a town on the Huon River , in the south-east of Tasmania , Australia . It is the seat of the Huon Valley Council area and lies 38 km south of Hobart on the Huon Highway . At the 2016 census , Huonville had a population of 2,714 and at the 2011 census had a population of 1,741 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Alphabetically -- H', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_soccer_clubs_in_Australia_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of soccer clubs in Australia. The Australian soccer league system consists of a national league - A-League (men) and W-League (women) - a state/territory-based second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL) structure and other state-based leagues. Promotion and relegation exists in some states between NPL and state leagues, however not between the A-League and the NPL. Included are all clubs playing in state (or territory)-wide leagues, or where states are split into two separate leagues.'}	null	null	What is the Lvl of the club whose city had a population of 2,714 in 2016 ?	4
05cacc7946cea3f7	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Rankings", 'title': "2008 UCI Women's Road World Rankings", 'header': ['', 'Cyclists', 'Nation', 'Team', 'Age', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marianne Vos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'DSB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1206.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ina Teutenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ina_Teutenberg', 'summary': "Ina-Yoko Teutenberg ( born 28 October 1974 ) is a German former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2000 and 2013 for the Red Bull Frankfurt , Saturn Cycling Team and Specialized-lululemon teams . She took over 200 wins during her career , including 11 stages of the Giro Rosa , the 2009 Tour of Flanders , and being part of the Team Specialized-lululemon team that won the World Team Time Trial Championship in 2012 . She now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team Trek-Segafredo ."}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '616.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicole Cooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Cooke', 'summary': 'Nicole Denise Cooke , MBE ( born 13 April 1983 ) is a Welsh former professional road bicycle racer and Commonwealth , Olympic and World road race champion . Cooke announced her retirement from the sport on 14 January 2013 at the age of 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'GBR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'HBH', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '536', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabiana Luperini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiana_Luperini', 'summary': "Fabiana Luperini ( born 14 January 1974 in Pontedera ) is an Italian professional cyclist . Luperini has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile a record five times , with four consecutive victories in 1995-1998 and a fifth ten years later , in 2008 . She has won the Grande Boucle Féminine three times consecutively , from 1995 to 1997 . In 1998 she won the Tour de l'Aude , and in 2006 she won the Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'MSI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Johansson', 'summary': "Emma Johansson ( born 23 September 1983 ) is a Swedish retired professional racing cyclist . Nicknamed Silver Emma , Johansson accumulated many second and third places at major championships and one-day classics . In 2013 she finished the year as number one on the UCI Women 's World Ranking . She won the silver medal in the women 's road race at both the 2008 and 2016 Summer Olympics , as well as one silver and two bronze medals at the Road World championships . She also holds a record four podium finishes at the women 's Tour of Flanders , with one second and three third places . Despite her amassment of podium places , she won several one-day races , including Omloop Het Nieuwsblad , Ronde van Drenthe , Trofeo Alfredo Binda , Omloop van het Hageland , Le Samyn and the Holland Hills Classic . Johansson was also successful in stage races . She won the Thüringen Rundfahrt three times , the Emakumeen Euskal Bira twice and the Belgium Tour once . In addition , she won one stage in the 2012 Giro Rosa and finished in the top ten in all three of her Giro Rosa participations ."}]}, {'value': 'SWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'AAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '529', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trixi Worrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trixi_Worrack', 'summary': "Beatrix Trixi Worrack ( born 28 September 1981 in Cottbus ) is a German professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo . The 2003 German national road race champion , Worrack 's career highlights include winning the 2005 Primavera Rosa ( the women 's Milan-San Remo ) , capturing the overall title at the 2004 Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin and competing in the women 's road race and time trial at the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the road race and the Women 's time trial at the 2012 Summer Olympics . In November 2015 she was announced as part of the Canyon-SRAM team 's inaugural squad for the 2016 season ."}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'NUR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christiane Soeder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Soeder', 'summary': 'Christiane Soeder ( born January 15 , 1975 in Remscheid , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German-born Austrian road racing cyclist and former duathlete who now lives in Vienna . She won the Austrian National Road Race Championships in 2004 , 2006 and 2009 . She finished fourth in the 2008 Olympic road race with a time of 3h 32′ 28 . She rides professionally for Garmin-Cervélo .'}]}, {'value': 'AUT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '495', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristin Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Armstrong', 'summary': "Kristin Armstrong ( born August 11 , 1973 ) is a former professional road bicycle racer and three-time Olympic gold medalist , the winner of the women 's individual time trial in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Before temporarily retiring to start a family in 2009 , she rode for Cervélo TestTeam in women 's elite professional events on the National Racing Calendar ( NRC ) and UCI Women 's World Cup . She announced a return to competitive cycling beginning in the 2011 season , competing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 at the Redlands Classic ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '488', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suzanne de Goede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_de_Goede', 'summary': 'Suzanne de Goede ( born 16 April 1984 ) is a former Dutch professional racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'NUR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirsten Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirsten_Wild', 'summary': "Kirsten Carlijn Wild ( born 15 October 1982 ) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's Continental Team Ceratizit-WNT Pro Cycling . Wild competed in two track cycling events at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'AAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'SWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'FLX', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amber Neben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Neben', 'summary': "Amber Leone Neben ( born February 18 , 1975 ) is an American racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's Continental Team Cogeas-Mettler-Look . Neben won the UCI world time trial championship in 2008 and 2016 as well as the U.S. national road race championship in 2003 and 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FLX', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '393', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karin Thürig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karin_Thürig', 'summary': "Karin Thürig ( born 4 July 1972 in Rothenburg ) is a Swiss professional racing cyclist and triathlete . She is the winner of the 2004 and 2005 UCI Road World Championships - Women 's time trial . In 2011 , she took second at the Ironman 70.3 World Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'SUI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '368', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Pooley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Pooley', 'summary': "Emma Jane Pooley ( born 3 October 1982 ) is an English sportswoman and former presenter on the Global Cycling Network . A former professional cyclist who specialised in time trials and hilly races , she later transferred to endurance running , duathlon and triathlon , and is currently a professional triathlete and duathlete , and the reigning quadruple world champion in long distance duathlon . She won an Olympic silver medal in the time trial in 2008 and was world time trial champion in 2010 . She has won six UCI Women 's Road World Cup one-day races , as well as several stage races including the ten-day Tour de l'Aude . She is three-times a British time trial champion and in 2010 also won the British road race championships . Pooley retired from professional cycling after the 2014 Commonwealth Games to concentrate on triathlon , duathlon and long-distance running , having won the Lausanne Marathon and the Swissman triathlon the previous year . She went on to win the ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2014 and again in 2015 . On 16 December 2015 , Pooley announced that she would be returning temporarily to cycling , seeking to qualify to represent Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio , as she felt the unusually mountainous time trial course on offer played to her strengths . [ citation needed ] In June 2016 , Pooley came out of retirement and re-signed for her former team , Lotto-Soudal Ladies , in time for the 2016 Giro Rosa . After racing in the Olympic time trial and road race she returned to duathlon with two further world championship titles at ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2016 and 2017 as well as a European middle distance duathlon title in 2017 . Between February 2018 and March 2019 Pooley worked at Global Cycling Network as a presenter ."}]}, {'value': 'GBR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'TSW', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '367', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatiana Guderzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatiana_Guderzo', 'summary': "Tatiana Guderzo ( born 22 August 1984 ) is an Italian professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam Alé BTC Ljubljana . She won the world road race championship on 26 September 2009 at Mendrisio , Switzerland and a bronze medal in the road race at the 2008 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'GAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luise Keller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luise_Keller', 'summary': 'Luise Keller ( born 8 March 1984 ) is a road cyclist from Germany . She represented her nation at the 2005 , 2007 , 2008 and 2010 UCI Road World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '357.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giorgia Bronzini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giorgia_Bronzini', 'summary': "Giorgia Bronzini ( born 3 August 1983 ) is an Italian professional racing cyclist . She was born in Piacenza . She won the women 's road race in the UCI Road World Championships in both 2010 and 2011 and the women 's points race in the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2009 . She has taken a total of 80 victories on the road and the track , including stages of the Giro Rosa , the Route de France Féminine , the Tour of Qatar , the Tour of California , and the Tour of Chongming Island . After a 16-year career , in August 2018 Bronzini announced that she would retire at the end of the season and become a directeur sportif with Trek Bicycle Corporation 's new women 's team in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'TFA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chantal Beltman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantal_Beltman', 'summary': 'Chantal Beltman ( born 25 August 1976 in Slagharen , Overijssel ) is a former Dutch professional cyclist . She was part of the 2008 Team High Road Women team . In 2007 this was called the T-Mobile Women cycling team . In 2006 , Beltman raced for Vrienden van het Platteland team . She is the older sister of Ghita Beltman , who is a former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '291', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochelle Gilmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochelle_Gilmore', 'summary': "Rochelle Gilmore ( born 14 December 1981 in Sutherland , New South Wales ) is an Australian former racing cyclist currently living in Italy . She is the owner and manager of Wiggle High5 . Gilmore previously rode for G.S . Safi-Pasta Zara-Manhattan . She splits her time between the road circuit and the track World Cup . In 2006 , she won a stage at the Geelong Women 's Tour , took second in the Commonwealth Games points race ( behind teammate Kate Bates ) , and earned top five finishes in a Giro d'Italia Femminile stage , the Geelong World Cup , and the Liberty Classic . Gilmore is often referred to in the media as the 'bridesmaid ' , as she constantly finished runner-up in many events . In the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , she broke the jinx and won the gold medal in the 112 km road bicycle racing event . After her retirement she said she felt she achieved her maximum potential during her career through hard work and extensive preparation . In her teens she competed in track cycling ( velodrome ) but specialised in road racing for more than 10 years . In addition to founding Wiggle-Honda , in January 2015 Gilmore announced the launch of the High5 Dream Team , an Australian women 's team competing in Australia 's National Road Series aiming to help riders progress to road racing in Europe and to fill a gap created by Cycling Australia suspending its women 's development programme due to financial problems . In a blogpost for cyclingnews.com in November 2015 Gilmore announced that she had retired from competition ."}]}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '267', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual World Ranking ( top 100 )', 'section_text': 'Final result . [ 1 ]', 'uid': "2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Rankings_0", 'intro': "The 2008 UCI Women's Road Rankings is an overview of the UCI Women's Road Rankings, based upon the results in all UCI-sanctioned races of the 2008 women's road cycling season."}	null	null	How many track cycling races did the racer who scored 423 during UCI Women 's Road of 2008 ride in at the Olympic Games of 2012 ?	two
05cada11b5a44b56	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCF_Hall_of_Fame', 'title': 'WCF Hall of Fame', 'header': ['Year', 'Inductee', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Watson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Watson', 'summary': 'James Kenneth Watson , CM ( August 12 , 1904 - July 26 , 1986 ) was a Canadian curler .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuck Hay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Hay', 'summary': "Charles Hay , MBE ( 23 April 1930 - 4 August 2017 ) was a Scottish curler and World Champion . He skipped the Scottish team that won the 1967 World Curling Championships , known then as the Scotch Cup . The other members of the Scottish team were John Bryden , Alan Glen and Dave Howie . They defeated Sweden in the final . Scotland did not win another men 's world title until 1991 when David Smith 's rink ( including Chuck 's eldest son David ) beat Canada in Winnipeg . Hay was made an MBE in 1977 for his promotion of curling . In 2011 he received the Elmer Freytag Award for services to curling and was inducted into the World Curling Federation Hall of Fame in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Grierson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doug Maxwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Maxwell', 'summary': "Douglas Dean Doug Maxwell ( c. 1927 - August 31 , 2007 ) was a noted Canadian journalist and broadcaster , noted for his coverage in the sport of curling . Among his accomplishments , Maxwell served as director of the World Curling Championships for 18 years ( 1968-1985 ) , is credited for inventing the Skins Game , published the Canadian Curling News for 20 years and wrote numerous books including the bestseller Canada Curls . Maxwell is also given credit for introducing time clocks to the game , and turning the World Championships into a major event . Maxwell served as a member of CBC 's first broadcast team for curling . Maxwell was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 1996 as a builder . Maxwell was also awarded the World Curling Freytag Award , which later led to his induction into the WCF Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sven Eklund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sven_Eklund', 'summary': "Sven Axel Tankred Eklund ( 1916-1997 ) was a Swedish curler . He was the alternate on the team that represented Sweden during the 1963 Scotch Cup , the World Men 's Curling Championship at the time . He was also a former president of the World Curling Federation and is a WCF Hall of Fame inductee . Eklund curled out of the Åredalens Curlingklubb in Åre , Sweden with teammates John-Allan Månsson , Curt Jonsson , Gustav Larsson , and Magnus Berge when he represented Sweden at the 1963 Scotch Cup . He later became the captain of the Swedish national curling team , and he also became president of the International Curling Association , now known as the World Curling Federation . He was also active in the curling club Fjällgårdens CK . In 1966 he was awarded with the Svenska Curlingförbundets Guldmedalj by the Swedish Curling Association . In 1966 he was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame . In 1982 he was awarded with the Elmer Freytag Award from the World Curling Federation . In 1968 Eklund produced the Swedish curling manual Curling ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mabel DeWare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mabel_DeWare', 'summary': 'Mabel Margaret DeWare ( born 9 August 1926 ) is a Canadian politician , curler , and retired Senator . Born in Moncton , New Brunswick , she skipped her team to a New Brunswick and Canadian Curling Association Ladies Curling championship in 1963 , forerunner to the Scott Tournament of Hearts . In 1978 , she was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick . She was re-elected in 1982 and was defeated in 1987 . She held three cabinet positions : Minister of Labour and Manpower ( 1978-1982 ) , Minister of Community Colleges ( 1983-1985 ) , and Minister of Advanced Education ( 1985-1987 ) . In 1990 , she was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Moncton , New Brunswick . A Progressive Conservative , she was the Opposition Whip in the Senate from 1999 to 2001 . She retired on her 75th birthday . She was inducted in the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 1976 and the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame as curler/builder in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Welsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Welsh', 'summary': 'Robin Welsh ( 20 October 1869 - 21 October 1934 ) was a Scottish sportsman who represented the Royal Caledonian Curling Club as a curler in the Winter Olympics , represented Scotland in tennis and played international rugby union for Scotland . He was part of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club team which won the first Olympic Gold medal in curling at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France , in 1924 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don McLeod', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Cobb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Picken', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kay Sugahara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don McKay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Wendorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Wendorf', 'summary': 'Keith Wendorf ( born December 20 , 1949 in East York , Toronto , Ontario , Canada ) is a former German curler and a curling coach . Wendorf began his participation in curling in 1966 at the high school level in New Brunswick . He would go on to graduate from the University of New Brunswick with a BA in 1972 . After 1972 he moved to Germany . During his time in Germany , Keith competed in 7 World Curling Championships ( 1978-1979 , 1981-1985 ) highlighted by winning a silver medal in 1983 . He was the National Curling Coach of Germany from 1994 to 2002 . In 2002 , Keith Wendorf began works at the World Curling Federation as the Director of Competitions and Development . After 16 years he retired at the end of June 2018 . He is married to Susan Wendorf and currently resides in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Paterson-Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Paterson-Brown', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Paterson-Brown MBE ( 28 January 1929 - 13 January 2009 ) was a Scottish curler who held the position of vice-president for the World Curling Federation from 1990 to 1994 . She was awarded the Freytag Award in 1996 and inducted into the WCF Hall of Fame in 2002 . Paterson-Brown was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erwin Sautter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Hardy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernie Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernie_Richardson_(curler)', 'summary': 'Ernest M. Richardson , CM ( born August 4 , 1931 ) is a four-time Canadian and world curling champion . Richardson mainly curled with his brother and two cousins , until an injury forced him to replace one of his cousins . He was nicknamed The King , and has been inducted into the World Curling Federation Hall of Fame , the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame and the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirley Morash', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Somerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bud_Somerville', 'summary': 'Raymond Bud Somerville ( born January 27 , 1937 in Superior , Wisconsin ) is an American curler . He is a two-time World champion , and five time American champion . Somerville was the first inductee to the United States Curling Hall of Fame in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Inductees', 'section_text': 'The inductees are listed as follows : [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'WCF_Hall_of_Fame_0', 'intro': 'The WCF Hall of Fame is an international curling Hall of Fame that was established by the World Curling Federation (WCF) in 2012. The induction is given as an honor that recognizes outstanding contributions to the sport of curling, and is awarded annually. Inductees are also awarded the World Curling Freytag Award, an award which predated the WCF Hall of Fame as the highest honor given by the WCF. Previous Freytag Award winners have been inducted into the WCF Hall of Fame. Inductees in the WCF Hall of Fame are curlers or builders of the sport of curling; curlers are inducted based on their performance results, ability, sportsmanship, and character, while builders are inducted based on their distinguished service and major contributions to the development of the sport of curling.'}	null	null	What was the year of birth of the 1979 inductee to the WCF Hall of Fame ?	1930
05caf31708787b89	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremouw_Formation', 'title': 'Fremouw Formation', 'header': ['Taxon', 'Member', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cynognathus sp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynognathus', 'summary': 'Cynognathus is an extinct genus of large-bodied cynodontian therapsids that lived in the Middle Triassic . It is known from a single species , Cynognathus crateronotus . Cynognathus was a 1.2-metre ( 3 ft 11 in ) long predator closely related to mammals and had a southern hemispheric distribution . Fossils have so far been recovered from South Africa , Argentina , Antarctica , and Namibia .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynodont', 'summary': 'The cynodonts ( dog teeth ) ( clade Cynodontia ) are therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian ( approximately 260 Ma ) . The cynodonts include modern mammals ( including humans ) as well as their extinct ancestors and close relatives , but not all cynodonts were mammals .'}]}, {'value': 'Diademodontidae indet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diademodontidae', 'summary': 'Diademodontidae is an extinct family of Triassic gomphodonts . The best-known genus is Diademodon from South Africa . Titanogomphodon from Namibia may also be a member of Diademodontidae . The Chinese genera Hazhenia and Ordosiodon have also been included in the family , but were more recently identified as baurioid therocephalians . Remains of a diademodontid have been discovered in the Early Triassic Fremouw Formation in Antarctica .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ericiolacerta parva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ericiolacerta', 'summary': "Ericiolacerta is an extinct genus of small therocephalian therapsids from the early Triassic of South Africa and Antarctica . It was around 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) in length , with long limbs and relatively small teeth . It probably ate insects and other small invertebrates . The therocephalians - reptiles with mammal-like heads - were quite abundant in Permian times , but only a few made it into the Triassic . Ericiolacerta was one of those . It is possible that they gave rise to the cynodonts , the only mammal-like reptile group to exist into late Triassic times . It was these that gave rise to the mammals . Little holes in the snout area of the skull suggest that perhaps the snout had highly developed sense organs , like whiskers . There is a palate in the roof of the mouth , separating the breathing passage from the eating area . This suggests an efficient eating mechanism that may indicate a warm-blooded lifestyle . Ericiolacerta , meaning Eric 's little lizard , was named in 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therocephalia', 'summary': 'Therocephalia is an extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids from the Permian and Triassic . The therocephalians ( beast-heads ) are named after their large skulls , which , along with the structure of their teeth , suggest that they were carnivores . Like other non-mammalian synapsids , therocephalians were once described as mammal-like reptiles . Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts , which gave rise to the mammals . This relationship takes evidence in a variety of skeletal features . The phylogeny of therocephalians has been disputed , as the monophyly of the group and the relationships of its members are unclear . The fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the Karoo of South Africa , but have also been found in Russia , China , and Antarctica . Early therocephalian fossils discovered in Middle Permian deposits of South Africa support a Gondwanan origin for the group , which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world . Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great Permian-Triassic extinction event , a few representatives of the subgroup called Eutherocephalia survived into the Early Triassic . However , the last therocephalians became extinct by the early Middle Triassic , possibly due to climate change and competition with cynodonts and various groups of reptiles .'}]}, {'value': 'Kannemeyeriidae indet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae', 'summary': 'Kannemeyeria was a large dicynodont of the family Kannemeyeriidae , one of the first representatives of the family , and hence one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic . It lived during the later Early and early Middle part of the Triassic period ( from the late Olenekian to the Middle Anisian age ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dicynodont', 'summary': "Dicynodontia is a taxon of anomodont therapsids with beginnings in the mid-Permian , which were dominant in the Late Permian , survived the Permian Extinction that wiped out most other therapsids and continued on throughout the Triassic before dying out at the end of the period . Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with two tusks , hence their name , which means 'two dog tooth ' . They are also the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids , with over 70 genera known , varying from rat- to elephant-sized ."}]}, {'value': 'Kombuisia antarctica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kombuisia', 'summary': 'Kombuisia is a genus of dicynodont from Early to Middle Triassic ( Induan to Anisian ) of South Africa and Antarctica . Two species were described for the genus : Kombuisia frerensis ( type ) and Kombuisia antarctica . Dicynodonts were a diverse clade that inhabited the earth from the Middle Permian to the Late Triassic . Kombuisia is one of few species to survive the mass extinction event in the late Permian . Kombuisia are non-mammalian synapsid herbivores . Specimens of this genus were discovered in the 1960s and 1970s and years later were determined to be two different species of the genus . The two species were found in diverse areas , K. frerensis in South Africa and K. antarctica in Antarctica . This indicated that this genus existed in a wider biographical region in the southern hemisphere of Pangaea and believed by some to indicate the migration to Antarctica to avoid the rise in global temperatures that lead to the mass extinction . Migration to avoid global warming has been highly controversial because many of the fossils that are found in this region are juvenile and of small body size . But so far no Permian vertebrate fossils are known from Antarctica , making it less likely that they were already living there prior to the event . Originally the specimens that were collected in Antarctica were considered to be part of the Kingoria ( now known as Dicynodontoides ) genus . The specimens were originally catalogued in the American Museum of Natural History as Kingoria , however , with no formal reasoning for this categorization , this has since been revised with more up-to-date knowledge of features and speciation .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lystrosaurus curvatus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lystrosaurus', 'summary': "Lystrosaurus ( /ˌlɪstroʊˈsɔːrəs/ ; 'shovel lizard ' ; proper Greek is λίστρον lístron tool for leveling or smoothing , shovel , spade , hoe ) was a herbivorous genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic Period dicynodont therapsids , which lived around 250 million years ago in what is now Antarctica , India , China , Mongolia , European Russia and South Africa . Four to six species are currently recognized , although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher . They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 2.5 meters long . [ better source needed ] Being a dicynodont , Lystrosaurus had only two teeth ( a pair of tusk-like canines ) , and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation . Lystrosaurus was a heavily built , herbivorous animal , approximately the size of a pig . The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait . The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs , and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows . Lystrosaurus survived the Permian-Triassic extinction , 252 million years ago . In the Early Triassic , they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates , accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds . Researchers have forwarded various hypotheses for why Lystrosaurus survived the extinction event and prospered in the early Triassic ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lystrosaurus murrayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lystrosaurus', 'summary': "Lystrosaurus ( /ˌlɪstroʊˈsɔːrəs/ ; 'shovel lizard ' ; proper Greek is λίστρον lístron tool for leveling or smoothing , shovel , spade , hoe ) was a herbivorous genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic Period dicynodont therapsids , which lived around 250 million years ago in what is now Antarctica , India , China , Mongolia , European Russia and South Africa . Four to six species are currently recognized , although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher . They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 2.5 meters long . [ better source needed ] Being a dicynodont , Lystrosaurus had only two teeth ( a pair of tusk-like canines ) , and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation . Lystrosaurus was a heavily built , herbivorous animal , approximately the size of a pig . The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait . The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs , and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows . Lystrosaurus survived the Permian-Triassic extinction , 252 million years ago . In the Early Triassic , they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates , accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds . Researchers have forwarded various hypotheses for why Lystrosaurus survived the extinction event and prospered in the early Triassic ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myosaurus gracilis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myosaurus', 'summary': 'Myosaurus is an extinct genus of dicynodont found primarily in Antarctica and South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedaeosaurus parvus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedaeosaurus', 'summary': 'Pedaeosaurus is an extinct genus of therocephalian therapsids . Fossils have been found from the Fremouw Formation in the southern Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica . Pedaeosaurus has traditionally been classified as a scaloposaurid and more recently as an ericiolacertid closely related to Ericiolacerta ( also from the Fremouw Formation ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhigosaurus glacialis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhigosaurus', 'summary': 'Rhigosaurus is a genus of therocephalian therapsids .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thrinaxodon liorhinus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrinaxodon', 'summary': 'Thrinaxodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts , most commonly regarded by its species T. liorhinus which lived in what are now South Africa and Antarctica . Thrinaxodon has been dated between the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and the mid-Triassic . Its survival during the extinction may have been due to its burrowing habits . Similar to other synapsids , Thrinaxodon adopted a semi-sprawling posture , an intermediary form between the sprawling position of pelycosaurs ( not unlike current Crocodylia ) and the more upright posture present in current mammals . Thrinaxodon is prevalent in the fossil record in part because it was one of the few carnivores of its time , and was of a larger size than similar cynodont carnivores . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Biota -- Tetrapods', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Fremouw_Formation_2', 'intro': "The Fremouw Formation is a Triassic-age rock formation in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica. Fossils of prehistoric reptiles and amphibians have been found in the formation. Fossilized trees have also been found. The formation's beds were deposited along the banks of rivers and on floodplains. During the Triassic, the area would have been a riparian forest at 70-75°S latitude."}	null	null	What is the member of the taxon that was around 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) in length , with long limbs and relatively small teeth ?	Lower Fremouw
05cb0d5f7b46c918	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilvey_Hill_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Kilvey Hill transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Operator', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '474.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '481.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '22-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '490.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '511.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_Wales_&_West', 'summary': "ITV Wales and West , previously known as Harlech Television ( HTV ) , refers to the Independent Television franchise area until 31 December 2013 , licensed to a broadcaster by the regulator Ofcom . There is no channel , past or present , named ITV Wales and West . The licence relates to a 'dual region ' , meaning that the franchise area was divided into two regions , each of which had to be served by distinct and separate ITV programme services , as more fully defined within the licence . Today , those services are known as ITV Cymru Wales and ITV West Country ( since ITV West and ITV Westcountry merged into a single region ) . They are provided by ITV plc which owns and operates the two services through its subsidiary ITV Broadcasting Ltd. From January 2014 , the dual-region licence was split in two , with ITV Cymru Wales for Wales and ITV West Country covering the West of England . Both licences remain held by ITV Broadcasting Ltd and the legal names of the former HTV companies have not yet been changed again . The National Library of Wales archives now store 200,000 ITV ( HTV ) film and video items dating from 1958 ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '529.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '28-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN ( Mux A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '535.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S4C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C', 'summary': "S4C ( Welsh pronunciation : [ ˌɛs ˌpɛdwar ˈɛk ] , from the Welsh Sianel Pedwar Cymru , meaning Channel Four Wales ) is a Welsh-language free-to-air television channel . The first television channel to be aimed specifically at a Welsh-speaking audience , S4C is the fourth-oldest television channel in the United Kingdom after BBC One , ITV and BBC Two . As of 2017-2018 , S4C had an average of 131 employees . S4C 's headquarters is based in Carmarthen , at the University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids creative and digital centre , Yr Egin . It also has regional offices in Caernarfon and Cardiff . When first established , the channel - initially broadcast on analogue television - was bilingual ( Welsh and English ) outside peak hours , with English-language content consisting of the simultaneous or deferred transmission of programmes from Channel 4 ( analogue reception of which was unavailable in most of Wales ) . When digital terrestrial television arrived several years later , S4C added a second , full-time Welsh-language channel called S4C Digidol ( digital ) on 1 November 1998 . With the completion of the digital switchover in Wales on 31 March 2010 which made English-language Channel 4 available across Wales as S4C 's bilingual analogue channel closed , and what had been S4C Digidol became the default S4C channel , available on Freeview and pay television , and broadcasting entirely in Welsh . S4C does not commission programming in English , but when English is used on the channel it is left untranslated . Moreover , the channel includes an English subtitle track available for some programmes , which can be accessed using their television set 's remote control ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '553.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '31-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '561.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '32-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux B )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '567.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One_Wales', 'summary': 'BBC One Wales is a television channel operated by BBC Cymru Wales . It is the Welsh variation of the UK-wide BBC One and is broadcast in Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff . BBC One Wales broadcasts around three hours of non-news programmes for Wales each week alongside six hours a week of national news for Wales from Wales Today .'}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '583.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Channel 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)', 'summary': "Channel 5 is a British free-to-air television channel . It was launched in 1997 , and was the fifth national terrestrial analogue channel in the United Kingdom . The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011 , when it was owned by the RTL Group . Richard Desmond purchased the station from RTL on 23 July 2010 , announcing plans to invest more money in programming and return to the name Channel 5 with immediate effect , and it was relaunched on 14 February 2011 . On 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by Viacom ( now ViacomCBS ) for £450 million ( US $ 759 million ) . Channel 5 is a general entertainment channel that shows both internally commissioned programmes such as Fifth Gear , Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother , The Gadget Show , The Hotel Inspector , Ca n't Pay ? We 'll Take It Away ! and Gibraltar : Britain in the Sun and foreign programmes . The station has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular , including the CSI franchise , the NCIS franchise , the first three series in the Law & Order franchise , Power Rangers , The Mentalist , Body of Proof , Once Upon A Time , Dallas and Under the Dome ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Channels listed by frequency -- Analogue and digital television', 'section_text': "The UK 's digital switchover commenced with Kilvey Hill on 12 August 2009 . Analogue BBC Two Wales on channel 26 was first to close , and ITV Wales was moved from channel 23 to channel 26 for its last month of service . With it went Mux 1 from channel 25- to be replaced by the new BBC A mux which started up in 64-QAM and at full power ( i.e . 2 kW ) on channel 23 which had just been vacated in the shuffle .", 'uid': 'Kilvey_Hill_transmitting_station_7', 'intro': "The Kilvey Hill transmitting station was originally built at the summit of Kilvey Hill in Swansea, Wales, by the BBC in 1967 as a relay for VHF and UHF television. VHF television came on air a few months before the UHF services. As built, the station did not radiate VHF FM radio, this was added later. Currently, the hill's transmitters cater for viewers and listeners in the Swansea and Neath Port Talbot area. The transmission station located on top of Kilvey Hill is owned and operated by Arqiva. Freeview digital terrestrial TV was already available at low power from this transmitter before the digital switchover process began, with the first stage taking place on Wednesday 12 August 2009. The second stage was completed on Wednesday 9 September 2009, with the transmitter becoming the first in Wales to complete digital switchover. After the switchover process, analogue channels ceased broadcasting permanently and the Freeview power increased from 383 W ERP to 2 kW ERP, a 7 dB power increase."}	null	null	What is the UHF of the operator whose headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire ?	21
05cb532df39261f1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction', 'title': 'List of languages by time of extinction', 'header': ['Date', 'Language', 'Language family', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': '11th - 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumbric', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbric_language', 'summary': 'Cumbric was a variety of the Common Brittonic language spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or Old North in what is now Northern England and southern Lowland Scotland . It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages . Place name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales . The prevailing view is that it became extinct in the 12th century , after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Celtic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celtic_languages', 'summary': 'The Celtic languages ( usually /ˈkɛltɪk/ , but sometimes /ˈsɛltɪk/ ) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic . They form a branch of the Indo-European language family . The term Celtic was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707 , following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages . During the 1st millennium BC , Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and in Asia Minor . Today , they are restricted to the northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities . There are four living languages : Welsh , Breton , Irish and Scottish Gaelic . All are minority languages in their respective countries , though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation . Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as endangered by UNESCO . The Cornish and Manx languages went extinct in modern times . They have been the object of revivals and now each has several hundred second-language speakers . Irish , Scottish and Manx form the Goidelic languages , while Welsh , Cornish and Breton are Brittonic .'}]}, {'value': 'England/Scotland , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th - 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jewish Babylonian Aramaic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic', 'summary': 'Jewish Babylonian Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries . It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud ( which was completed in the seventh century ) and of post-Talmudic ( Geonic ) literature , which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews . The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls .'}]}, {'value': 'Semitic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semitic_languages', 'summary': "The Semitic languages , previously also named Syro-Arabian languages , are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East that are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of Western Asia , North Africa and the Horn of Africa , as well as in often large immigrant and expatriate communities in North America , Europe and Australasia . The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History , who derived the name from Shem , one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis . The most widely spoken Semitic languages today are ( numbers given are for native speakers only ) Arabic ( 300 million ) , Amharic ( ~65 million ) , Tigrinya ( 7 million ) , Hebrew ( ~5 million native/L1 speakers ) , Tigre ( ~1.05 million ) , Aramaic ( 575,000 to 1 million largely Assyrian fluent speakers ) and Maltese ( 483,000 speakers ) . Semitic languages occur in written form from a very early historical date , with East Semitic Akkadian and Eblaite texts ( written in a script adapted from Sumerian cuneiform ) appearing from the 30th century BCE and the 25th century BCE in Mesopotamia and the northern Levant respectively . The only earlier attested languages are Sumerian , Elamite ( 2800 BCE to 550 BCE ) ( both language isolates ) , Egyptian and unclassified Lullubi from the 30th century BCE . Most scripts used to write Semitic languages are abjads - a type of alphabetic script that omits some or all of the vowels , which is feasible for these languages because the consonants in the Semitic languages are the primary carriers of meaning . Among them are the Ugaritic , Phoenician , Aramaic , Hebrew , Syriac , Arabic , and South Arabian alphabets . The Ge'ez script , used for writing the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea , is technically an abugida - a modified abjad in which vowels are notated using diacritic marks added to the consonants at all times , in contrast with other Semitic languages which indicate diacritics based on need or for introductory purposes . Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin script and the only Semitic language to be an official language of the European Union . The Semitic languages are notable for their nonconcatenative morphology . That is , word roots are not themselves syllables or words , but instead are isolated sets of consonants ( usually three , making a so-called triliteral root ) . Words are composed out of roots not so much by adding prefixes or suffixes , but rather by filling in the vowels between the root consonants ( although prefixes and suffixes are often added as well ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'between 1000 and 1300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khazar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khazar_language', 'summary': 'Khazar , also known as Khazaric or Khazaris , was a Turkic dialect group spoken by the Khazars , a group of semi-nomadic Turkic peoples originating from Central Asia . There are few written records of the language and its features and characteristics are unknown . It is believed to have gradually become extinct by the 13th century AD as its speakers assimilated into neighboring Turkic-speaking populations . There is a dispute among Turkic linguists and historians as to which branch of the Turkic language family it belongs to . One consideration believes it belongs to the Oghur ( lir ) branch of the Turkic language family , while another consideration is that it belongs to the Common Turkic branch .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkic_languages', 'summary': 'The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages , spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , Central Asia and West Asia all the way to North Asia ( particularly in Siberia ) and East Asia . The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning Western China to Mongolia , where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken , from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium . Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 170 million people , and the total number of Turkic speakers , including second language speakers , is over 200 million . The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish , spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans ; its native speakers account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers . Characteristic features such as vowel harmony , agglutination , and lack of grammatical gender , are universal within the Turkic family . There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility among the various Oghuz languages , which include Turkish , Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Gagauz , Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar . Although methods of classification vary , the Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided equally into two branches : Oghur , the only surviving member of which is Chuvash , and Common Turkic , which includes all other Turkic languages including the Oghuz subbranch . Turkic languages show some similarities with the Mongolic , Tungusic , Koreanic and Japonic languages . These similarities led some linguists to propose an Altaic language family , though this proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists . Apparent similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis . However , there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies , the shared characteristics between the languages being attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact .'}]}, {'value': 'northern Caucasus ; Central Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caucasus', 'summary': "The Caucasus ( /ˈkɔːkəsəs/ ) or Caucasia ( /kɔːˈkeɪʒə/ ) is an area situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and mainly occupied by Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Russia . It is home to the Caucasus Mountains , including the Greater Caucasus mountain range , which has historically been considered a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia . Europe 's highest mountain , Mount Elbrus , at 5,642 metres ( 18,510 ft ) is located in the west part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range . On the southern side , the Lesser Caucasus includes the Javakheti Plateau and grows into the Armenian highlands , part of which is located in Turkey . The Caucasus region is separated into northern and southern parts - the North Caucasus ( Ciscaucasus ) and Transcaucasus ( South Caucasus ) , respectively . The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by Russia and Georgia , as well as the northernmost parts of Azerbaijan . The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states , namely , mostly by Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia , but also extending to parts of northeastern Turkey , northern Iran and the partially recognised Artsakh Republic . The region is known for its linguistic diversity : aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages , the Kartvelian , Northwest Caucasian , and Northeast Caucasian language families are indigenous to the area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Asia', 'summary': 'Central Asia is a region which stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east , and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north . The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . It is also colloquially referred to as the stans as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix -stan , meaning land of . In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , Central Asia was predominantly Iranian , populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians , Sogdians , Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae . After expansion by Turkic peoples , Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs , Uzbeks , Tatars , Turkmen , Kyrgyz , and Uyghurs ; Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area . Central Asia has historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road . It has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people , goods , and ideas between Europe , Western Asia , South Asia , and East Asia . The Silk Road connected Muslim lands with the people of Europe , India , and China . This crossroads position has intensified the conflict between tribalism and traditionalism and modernization . From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century , most of Central Asia was part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union , both Slavic-majority countries , and the five former Soviet -stans are still home to about 7 million ethnic Russians and 500,000 Ukrainians . Central Asia ( 2019 ) has a population of about 72 million , consisting of five republics : Kazakhstan ( pop . 18 million ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 6 million ) , Tajikistan ( 9 million ) , Turkmenistan ( 6 million ) , and Uzbekistan ( 33 million ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombardic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardic_language', 'summary': 'Lombardic or Langobardic is an extinct West Germanic language that was spoken by the Lombards ( Langobardi ) , the Germanic people who settled in Italy in the sixth century . It was already rapidly declining by the seventh century because the invaders quickly adopted the Latin vernacular spoken by the local Gallo-Roman population . Lombardic may have been in use in scattered areas until as late as c. 1000 AD . A number of place names in the Lombardy Region in Northern Italy and items of Lombard vocabulary derive from Lombardic . Some linguists have argued that the modern Cimbrian and Mocheno varieties in Northeast Italy , usually classified as Bavarian , are in fact surviving Lombard remnants . This could , in turn , indicate that Lombardic was itself a Bavarian dialect .'}]}, {'value': 'Germanic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germanic_languages', 'summary': "The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people [ nb 1 ] mainly in Europe , North America , Oceania and Southern Africa . The most widely spoken Germanic language , English , is the world 's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers . All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic , spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia . The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages : English with around 360-400 million native speakers ; [ nb 2 ] German , with over 100 million native speakers ; and Dutch , with 24 million native speakers . Other West Germanic languages include Afrikaans , an offshoot of Dutch , with over 7.1 million native speakers ; Low German , considered a separate collection of unstandardized dialects , with roughly 0.3 million native speakers and probably 6.7-10 million people who can understand it ( at least 5 million in Germany and 1.7 million in the Netherlands ) ; Yiddish , once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre-World War II Europe , and Scots , both with 1.5 million native speakers ; Limburgish varieties with roughly 1.3 million speakers along the Dutch-Belgian-German border ; and the Frisian languages with over 0.5 million native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany . The largest North Germanic languages are Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , which are mutually intelligible and have a combined total of about 20 million native speakers in the Nordic countries and an additional five million second language speakers ; since the middle ages these languages have however been strongly influenced by the West Germanic language Middle Low German , and Low German words account for about 30-60% of their vocabularies according to various estimates . Other North Germanic languages are Faroese and Icelandic , which are more conservative languages with no significant Low German influence , more complex grammar and limited mutual intelligibility with the others today . The East Germanic branch included Gothic , Burgundian , and Vandalic , all of which are now extinct . The last to die off was Crimean Gothic , spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of Crimea . The SIL Ethnologue lists 48 different living Germanic languages , 41 of which belong to the Western branch and six to the Northern branch ; it places Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German in neither of the categories , but it is often considered a German dialect by linguists . The total number of Germanic languages throughout history is unknown as some of them , especially the East Germanic languages , disappeared during or after the Migration Period . Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration Period , including Lombardic ."}]}, {'value': 'central Europe ; northern Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merya_language', 'summary': 'The Volga Finns ( sometimes referred to as Eastern Finns ) are a historical group of indigenous peoples of Russia living in the vicinity of the Volga , who speak Uralic languages . Their modern representatives are the Mari people , the Erzya and the Moksha Mordvins , as well as extinct Merya , Muromian and Meshchera people . The Permians are sometimes also grouped as Volga Finns . The modern representatives of Volga Finns live in the basins of the Sura and Moksha rivers , as well as ( in smaller numbers ) in the interfluve between the Volga and the Belaya rivers . The Mari language has two dialects , the Meadow Mari and the Hill Mari . Traditionally the Mari and the Mordvinic languages ( Erzya and Moksha ) were considered to form a Volga-Finnic or Volgaic group within the Uralic language family , accepted by linguists like Robert Austerlitz ( 1968 ) , Aurélien Sauvageot & Karl Heinrich Menges ( 1973 ) and Harald Haarmann ( 1974 ) , but rejected by others like Björn Collinder ( 1965 ) and Robert Thomas Harms ( 1974 ) . This grouping has also been criticized by Salminen ( 2002 ) , who suggests it may be simply a geographic , not a phylogenetic , group . Since 2009 the 16th edition of Ethnologue : Languages of the World has adopted a classification grouping Mari and Mordvin languages as separate branches of the Uralic language family .'}]}, {'value': 'Uralic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uralic_languages', 'summary': "The Uralic languages ( /jʊəˈrælɪk/ ; sometimes called Uralian languages /jʊəˈreɪliən/ ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people , predominantly in Northern Eurasia . The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , which are official languages in Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , respectively . Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya , Moksha , Mari , Udmurt , and Komi , which are officially recognized languages in various regions of the Russian Federation . The name Uralic derives from the fact that the family 's original homeland ( Urheimat ) is commonly hypothesized to lie in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains . Finno-Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic , though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages . Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous ."}]}, {'value': 'Yaroslavl Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast', 'summary': 'Yaroslavl Oblast ( Russian : Яросла́вская о́бласть , Yaroslavskaya oblast ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) , which is located in the Central Federal District , surrounded by Tver , Moscow , Ivanovo , Vladimir , Kostroma , and Vologda Oblasts . This geographic location affords the oblast the advantages of proximity to Moscow and St. Petersburg . Additionally , the administrative center of the oblast - the city of Yaroslavl - is an intersection of major highways , railroads , and waterways . Population : 1,272,468 ( 2010 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muromian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muromian_language', 'summary': 'The Volga Finns ( sometimes referred to as Eastern Finns ) are a historical group of indigenous peoples of Russia living in the vicinity of the Volga , who speak Uralic languages . Their modern representatives are the Mari people , the Erzya and the Moksha Mordvins , as well as extinct Merya , Muromian and Meshchera people . The Permians are sometimes also grouped as Volga Finns . The modern representatives of Volga Finns live in the basins of the Sura and Moksha rivers , as well as ( in smaller numbers ) in the interfluve between the Volga and the Belaya rivers . The Mari language has two dialects , the Meadow Mari and the Hill Mari . Traditionally the Mari and the Mordvinic languages ( Erzya and Moksha ) were considered to form a Volga-Finnic or Volgaic group within the Uralic language family , accepted by linguists like Robert Austerlitz ( 1968 ) , Aurélien Sauvageot & Karl Heinrich Menges ( 1973 ) and Harald Haarmann ( 1974 ) , but rejected by others like Björn Collinder ( 1965 ) and Robert Thomas Harms ( 1974 ) . This grouping has also been criticized by Salminen ( 2002 ) , who suggests it may be simply a geographic , not a phylogenetic , group . Since 2009 the 16th edition of Ethnologue : Languages of the World has adopted a classification grouping Mari and Mordvin languages as separate branches of the Uralic language family .'}]}, {'value': 'Uralic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uralic_languages', 'summary': "The Uralic languages ( /jʊəˈrælɪk/ ; sometimes called Uralian languages /jʊəˈreɪliən/ ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people , predominantly in Northern Eurasia . The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , which are official languages in Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , respectively . Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya , Moksha , Mari , Udmurt , and Komi , which are officially recognized languages in various regions of the Russian Federation . The name Uralic derives from the fact that the family 's original homeland ( Urheimat ) is commonly hypothesized to lie in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains . Finno-Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic , though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages . Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Oblast , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast', 'summary': "Vladimir Oblast ( Russian : Влади́мирская о́бласть , Vladimirskaya oblast ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir , which is located 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) east of Moscow . As of the 2010 Census , the oblast 's population was 1,443,693 . The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir , Suzdal , Bogolyubovo , and Kideksha ."}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alanic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alanic_language', 'summary': 'The Scythian languages ( /ˈsɪθiən/ or /ˈsɪðiən/ ) are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antique period ( the Middle Iranian period ) , spoken in a vast region of Eurasia named Scythia . Except for modern Ossetian , which descends from the Alanian variety , these languages are all considered to be extinct . Modern Eastern Iranian languages such as Wakhi , however , are related to the eastern Scytho-Khotanese dialects attested from the kingdoms of Khotan and Tumshuq in the ancient Tarim Basin , in present-day southern Xinjiang , China . The location and extent of Scythia varied by time , but generally it encompassed the part of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula river and much of Central Asia up to the Tarim Basin . Its speakers were part of the wider Scythian cultures , which included Massagetae , Saka , Sarmatians , Scythians and others . The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythian-speakers were nomadic pastoralists of Central Asia and the Pontic-Caspian steppe . Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an Indo-European language , more specifically from the Iranian group of Indo-Iranian languages . Alexander Lubotsky summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows :'}]}, {'value': 'Iranian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iranian_languages', 'summary': 'The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples . The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages : Old Iranian ( until 400 BC ) , Middle Iranian ( 400 BC - 900 AD ) , and New Iranian ( since 900 AD ) . The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian ( from the Achaemenid Empire ) and Old Avestan ( the language of the Avesta ) . Of the Middle Iranian languages , the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian ( from the Sasanian Empire ) , Parthian ( from the Parthian Empire ) , and Bactrian ( from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires ) . As of 2008 , there were an estimated 150-200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages . Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages , the largest among them being Persian , Pashto , and the Kurdish languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Pontic-Caspian steppe , Central Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_steppe', 'summary': 'The Pontic-Caspian steppe , Pontic steppe , or Ukrainian steppe is the vast steppeland stretching from the northern shores of the Black Sea ( called Euxeinos Pontos [ Εὔξεινος Πόντος ] in antiquity ) as far east as the Caspian Sea , from Dobruja in the northeastern corner of Bulgaria and southeastern Romania , through Moldova and eastern Ukraine across Russian Northern Caucasus , Southern and lower Volga regions to western Kazakhstan , forming part of the larger Eurasian steppe , adjacent to the Kazakh steppe to the east . It is a part of the Palearctic temperate grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ecoregion of the temperate grasslands , savannas , and shrublands biome . The area corresponds to Cimmeria , Scythia , and Sarmatia of classical antiquity . Across several millennia the steppe was used by numerous tribes of nomadic horsemen , many of which went on to conquer lands in the settled regions of Europe and in western and southern Asia . The term Ponto-Caspian region is used in biogeography for plants and animals of these steppes , and animals from the Black , Caspian , and Azov seas . Genetic research has identified this region as the most probable place where horses were first domesticated . According to a theory , called Kurgan hypothesis in Indo-European studies , the Pontic-Caspian steppe was the homeland of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Asia', 'summary': 'Central Asia is a region which stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east , and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north . The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . It is also colloquially referred to as the stans as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix -stan , meaning land of . In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , Central Asia was predominantly Iranian , populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians , Sogdians , Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae . After expansion by Turkic peoples , Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs , Uzbeks , Tatars , Turkmen , Kyrgyz , and Uyghurs ; Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area . Central Asia has historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road . It has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people , goods , and ideas between Europe , Western Asia , South Asia , and East Asia . The Silk Road connected Muslim lands with the people of Europe , India , and China . This crossroads position has intensified the conflict between tribalism and traditionalism and modernization . From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century , most of Central Asia was part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union , both Slavic-majority countries , and the five former Soviet -stans are still home to about 7 million ethnic Russians and 500,000 Ukrainians . Central Asia ( 2019 ) has a population of about 72 million , consisting of five republics : Kazakhstan ( pop . 18 million ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 6 million ) , Tajikistan ( 9 million ) , Turkmenistan ( 6 million ) , and Uzbekistan ( 33 million ) .'}]}, {'value': '11th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Church Slavonic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic', 'summary': 'Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic ( /sləˈvɒnɪk/ , /slæˈ-/ ) , also known as Old Church Slavic , or Old Slavic ( /ˈslɑːvɪk , ˈslæv-/ ) , was the first Slavic literary language ( autonym словѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ , slověnĭskŭ językŭ ) . It is also referred to as Paleo-Slavic ( Paleoslavic ) or Palaeo-Slavic ( Palaeoslavic ) , not to be confused with Proto-Slavic . It is often abbreviated to OCS . Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianization of the Slavs . It is thought to have been based primarily on the dialect of the 9th-century Byzantine Slavs living in the Province of Thessalonica ( in present-day Greece ) . Old Church Slavonic played an important role in the history of the Slavic languages and served as a basis and model for later Church Slavonic traditions , and some Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches use this later Church Slavonic as a liturgical language to this day . As the oldest attested Slavic language , OCS provides important evidence for the features of Proto-Slavic , the reconstructed common ancestor of all Slavic languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Slavic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slavic_languages', 'summary': 'The Slavic languages ( also called Slavonic languages ) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples . They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic , spoken during the Early Middle Ages , which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic language , linking the Slavic languages to the Baltic languages in a Balto-Slavic group within the Indo-European family . The Slavic languages are conventionally ( that is , also on the basis of extralinguistic features ) divided intro three subgroups : East , West , and South , which together constitute more than 20 languages . Of these , 10 have at least one million speakers and official status as the national languages of the countries in which they are predominantly spoken : Russian , Belarusian and Ukrainian ( of the East group ) , Polish , Czech and Slovak ( of the West group ) and Bulgarian and Macedonian ( eastern dialects of the South group ) , and Serbo-Croatian and Slovene ( western dialects of the South group ) . The current geographic distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages covers Eastern Europe , the Balkans , Central Europe and all of the territory of Russia , which includes northern and north-central Asia . Furthermore , the diasporas of many Slavic peoples have established isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all over the world . The number of speakers of all Slavic languages together was estimated to be 315 million at the turn of the twenty-first century . Despite the large extent , the individual Slavic languages are considerably less differentiated than Germanic and Romance languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Europe', 'summary': 'Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent . There is no consistent definition of the precise area it covers , partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical , geographical , cultural , and socioeconomic connotations . There are almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region . A related United Nations paper adds that every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct . One definition describes Eastern Europe as a cultural entity : the region lying in Europe with the main characteristics consisting of Greek , Byzantine , Eastern Orthodox , Russian , and some Ottoman cultural influences . Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term Eastern Bloc . A similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe . Most historians and social scientists view such definitions as outdated or relegated , but they are still sometimes used for statistical purposes .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List -- 11th and 12th centuries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction_9', 'intro': 'This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction. A language is determined to be an extinct when its last native or fluent speaker dies. When the exact time of death of the last remaining speaker is not known, either an approximate time or the date when the language was last being recorded is given.'}	null	null	What is the language whose language family is spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people ?	Lombardic
05cd3b09758dfb94	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boise_State_University_people', 'title': 'List of Boise State University people', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Radhika Ramana Dasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radhika_Ramana_Dasa', 'summary': 'Ravi M. Gupta , also known as Radhika Ramana Dasa , is a notable Vaishnava scholar . He holds the Charles Redd Chair of Religious Studies and serves as Director of the Religious Studies Program at Utah State University . He is the author of The Caitanya Vaiṣṇava Vedānta of Jīva Gosvāmī ( Routledge , 2007 ) , co-editor of The Bhāgavata Purāṇa : Sacred Text and Living Tradition ( Columbia University Press , 2013 ) , editor of Caitanya Vaiṣṇava Philosophy : Tradition Reason and Devotion ( Ashgate Publishing , 2014 ) , and co-author of The Bhāgavata Purāṇa : Selected Readings ( Columbia University Press , 2016 ) . Ravi completed his doctorate in Hindu Studies at Oxford University and subsequently taught at the University of Florida , Centre College , and the College of William and Mary . He has received four teaching awards , a National Endowment for the Humanities summer fellowship , two research fellowships at Oxford , and a book award . He is a Permanent Research Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies and past president the Society for Hindu-Christian Studies . He is also a member of the faculty at Bhaktivedanta College . Ravi lectures widely on topics related to Vaishnava bhakti traditions , Vedanta philosophy , interreligious dialogue , and the relationship between scholarship and practice .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor at The College of William & Mary and Bhaktivedanta College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_College_of_William_&_Mary', 'summary': "The College of William & Mary ( also known as William & Mary , W & M , and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia ) is a public research university in Williamsburg , Virginia . Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II , it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , after Harvard University . William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson ( third ) , James Monroe ( fifth ) , and John Tyler ( tenth ) as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the nation , including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia , the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia , Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky , sixteen members of the Continental Congress , and four signers of the Declaration of Independence , earning it the nickname the Alma Mater of the Nation . A young George Washington ( 1732-1799 ) also received his surveyor 's license at the college , and he would become the college 's first American chancellor in 1788 . The F.H.C . Society , founded in 1750 , was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States , and W & M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776 , the first Greek-letter fraternity . W & M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students , dating back to 1736 . The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the earliest higher level universities in the United States . In addition to its undergraduate program , W & M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools . The Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States . In his 1985 book Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight Public Ivies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_College', 'summary': 'Bhaktivedanta College , located in Durbuy in the rural Ardennes region of Belgium , is a Vaishnava college administered by ISKCON . Programmes of study at Bhaktivedanta College include the study of Vaishnavism .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Jayne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Former Dean of Duke 's School of Forestry ; professor at Yale and the University of Washington", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_School_of_the_Environment', 'summary': 'The Nicholas School of the Environment is one of ten graduate and professional schools at Duke University and is headquartered on Dukes main campus in Durham , N.C. A secondary coastal facility , Duke University Marine Laboratory , is maintained in Beaufort , North Carolina . The Nicholas School is composed of three research divisions : Earth and Ocean Sciences , Environmental Sciences and Policy , and Marine Science and Conservation . The current dean of the Nicholas School is Toddi Steelman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yale', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Bishop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cellular immunologist specializing in organ transplants at the University of Michigan School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Medical_School', 'summary': "Michigan Medicine , formerly the University of Michigan Health System ( UMHS ) , is the wholly owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor . It includes the U-M Medical School , with its faculty group practice and many research laboratories ; the U-M hospitals and health centers , which include University of Michigan Hospital , C.S . Mott Children 's Hospital , Von Voigtlander Women 's Hospital , as well as approximately 40 health centers and home care services across southeast Michigan ; the clinical programs of the U-M School of Nursing ; and the activities of the Michigan Health Corporation , through which U-M partners with other medical centers and hospitals to provide specialized care throughout Michigan . In June 2014 , the University of Michigan Hospitals & Health Centers projected that it would end its 2014 fiscal year with an operating margin of 0.7 percent ( $ 17 million ) on revenues of $ 2.52 billion . In 2015 , the Hospitals and Health Centers aimed to achieve an operating margin of 3 percent on revenues of about $ 2.66 billion . The results for 2016 and the projection for 2017 were even stronger . As a non-profit entity , Michigan Medicine uses positive operating margins to fund continued advances in patient care , education , research , and the facilities needed to support these functions ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Adcox', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medical director of the Saint Alphonsus Nephrology Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary L. Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_L._Bennett', 'summary': 'Gary L. Bennett ( born January 17 , 1940 ) is an American scientist and engineer , specializing in aerospace and energy . He has worked for NASA and the US Department of Energy ( DOE ) on advanced space power systems and advanced space propulsion systems . His professional career has included work on the Voyager , Galileo , and Ulysses space missions , and is currently working as a consultant in aerospace power and propulsion systems . He is also a science fiction author ( The Star Sailors ) .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former manager at NASA ; worked on the Voyager 1 , Voyager 2 , and New Horizons missions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Voyager_1', 'summary': "Voyager 1 is a space probe that was launched by NASA on September 5 , 1977 . Part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System , Voyager 1 was launched 16 days after its twin , Voyager 2 . Having operated for 42 years , 5 months and 12 days as of February 18 , 2020 , the spacecraft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth . Real-time distance and velocity data is provided by NASA and JPL . At a distance of 148.67 AU ( 22.2 billion km ; 13.8 billion mi ) from Earth as of January 19 , 2020 it is the most distant man-made object from Earth . The probe 's objectives included flybys of Jupiter , Saturn , and Saturn 's largest moon , Titan . Although the spacecraft 's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby , exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere . Voyager 1 studied the weather , magnetic fields , and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons . After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 12 , 1980 , Voyager 1 became the third of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity required to leave the Solar System . [ citation needed ] On August 25 , 2012 , Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause and enter the interstellar medium . In a further testament to the robustness of Voyager 1 , the Voyager team completed a successful test of the spacecraft 's trajectory correction maneuver ( TCM ) thrusters in late 2017 ( the first time these thrusters were fired since 1980 ) , a project enabling the mission to be extended by two to three years . Voyager 1 's extended mission is expected to continue until about 2025 when its radioisotope thermoelectric generators will no longer supply enough electric power to operate its scientific instruments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Voyager_2', 'summary': 'Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20 , 1977 , to study the outer planets . Part of the Voyager program , it was launched 16 days before its twin , Voyager 1 , on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune . It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets . Voyager 2 is the fourth of five spacecraft to achieve the Solar escape velocity , which will allow it to leave the Solar System . Its primary mission ended with the exploration of the Neptunian system on October 2 , 1989 , after having visited the Uranian system in 1986 , the Saturnian system in 1981 , and the Jovian system in 1979 . Voyager 2 is now in its extended mission to study the outer reaches of the Solar System and has been operating for 42 years , 5 months and 28 days as of February 17 , 2020 . It remains in contact through the NASA Deep Space Network . At a distance of 122 AU ( 1.83×1010 km ) ( about 16:58 light-hours ) from the Sun as of November 5 , 2018 , moving at a velocity of 15.341 km/s ( 55,230 km/h ) relative to the Sun , Voyager 2 left the heliosphere , and entered the interstellar medium ( ISM ) , a region of outer space beyond the influence of the Solar System , joining Voyager 1 which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012 . Voyager 2 has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Horizons', 'summary': "New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA 's New Frontiers program . Engineered by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory ( APL ) and the Southwest Research Institute ( SwRI ) , with a team led by S. Alan Stern , the spacecraft was launched in 2006 with the primary mission to perform a flyby study of the Pluto system in 2015 , and a secondary mission to fly by and study one or more other Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ) in the decade to follow , which became a mission to 486958 Arrokoth . It is the fifth space probe to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System . On January 19 , 2006 , New Horizons was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station by an Atlas V rocket directly into an Earth-and-solar escape trajectory with a speed of about 16.26 km/s ( 10.10 mi/s ; 58,500 km/h ; 36,400 mph ) . It was the fastest man-made object ever launched from Earth . After a brief encounter with asteroid 132524 APL , New Horizons proceeded to Jupiter , making its closest approach on February 28 , 2007 , at a distance of 2.3 million kilometers ( 1.4 million miles ) . The Jupiter flyby provided a gravity assist that increased New Horizons ' speed ; the flyby also enabled a general test of New Horizons ' scientific capabilities , returning data about the planet 's atmosphere , moons , and magnetosphere . Most of the post-Jupiter voyage was spent in hibernation mode to preserve on-board systems , except for brief annual checkouts . On December 6 , 2014 , New Horizons was brought back online for the Pluto encounter , and instrument check-out began . On January 15 , 2015 , the spacecraft began its approach phase to Pluto . On July 14 , 2015 , at 11:49 UTC , it flew 12,500 km ( 7,800 mi ) above the surface of Pluto , making it the first spacecraft to explore the dwarf planet . In August 2016 , New Horizons was reported to have traveled at speeds of more than 84,000 km/h ( 52,000 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Courtright', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renowned epidemiologist fighting leprosy and ocular diseases in Africa ; clinic director at Tumaini University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tumaini_University', 'summary': 'Tumaini University Makumira ( TUMA ) is a private university in Arusha , Tanzania . Its 2017 ranking at the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities for Tanzania is position 21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Green_(conductor)', 'summary': "Gary Green is an American conductor , specializing in the wind band . Green is a champion of new music for the wind band , and has commissioned works by such composers as Eric Whitacre , Michael Colgrass , Kenneth Fuchs , David Maslanka , Mark Camphouse , and Christopher Rouse . On March 29 , 2007 , he premiered Rouse 's Wolf Rounds at Carnegie Hall in New York with the University of Miami-Frost Wind Ensemble . In February 2006 , he conducted the East Coast Premiere of David Maslanka 's Mass after the composer 's 2005 revision , which was performed by the UM-Frost Wind Ensemble , Choral Union , and Miami Children 's Chorus , featuring soloists Janice Chandler-Eteme , soprano and Jeffrey Morrissey , baritone . He was most recently Professor and Chair , Department of Instrumental Performance , and Director of Bands at the University of Miami-Frost School of Music , where he taught wind band conducting and literature and served as the conductor of the Wind Ensemble , a post he held from 1993 until his retirement in 2015 . The UM-Frost Wind Ensemble has recorded for the Albany label . Other recent performances include Mahler 's First Symphony with the UM-Frost Symphony Orchestra . Green holds a B.M . degree from Boise State University and an M.M . degree from the University of Idaho . He formerly conducted the University of Connecticut 's Symphony Band , Wind Ensemble , and Marching Band . Green also was director of bands at University High School in Spokane , Washington , one of the most widely respected band programs in the nation ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Award-winning conductor ; Music Department chairman at the University of Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Merle Wells', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of the Idaho State Archives ; the Wells State Archives Building was named in his honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_Historical_Society', 'summary': "The Idaho State Historical Society ( ISHS ) is a historical society located in the U.S. state of Idaho that preserves and promotes Idahos cultural heritage . The society 's vision is to inspire , enrich , and reach out to all Idahoans by providing leadership in the areas of preservation and dissemination of the state 's dynamic cultural heritage . The society was founded as the Historical Society of Idaho Pioneers in 1881 , nine years before statehood in 1890 , and was established as a state agency in 1907 . Employing over 50 staff and over 100 volunteers ; it includes the Idaho State Historical Museum , the official state museum ; the Idaho State Archives , which provides public access to state archives , for which it is responsible , in addition to a variety of other reference material ; the State Historic Preservation Office , which maintains records of historic places and archaeological sites in the state ; and the Historic Sites Program , which oversees a number of historic sites including the Old Idaho State Penitentiary ."}]}, {'value': 'Diane Haddock Russell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former department chair at the University of Arizona College of Medicine ; pioneer in cell growth research', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona_College_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson , located in Tucson , Arizona , is one of three MD granting medical schools in the state of Arizona , affiliated with the University of Arizona . The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix was initially established as a branch campus in 2007 , but became an independent medical school in 2012 . The College of Medicine - Tucson campus is located at the University of Arizona Health Sciences ( UAHS ) center on the campus of the University of Arizona and is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . Traditionally , the college accepted Arizona residents exclusively . However , beginning the 2009-2010 incoming class , the school changed its policy to allow for admission of highly-qualified , non-residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Marvin Bryant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former bacteriologist at the University of Illinois ; inducted into the National Academy of the Sciences', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences', 'summary': "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ."}]}, {'value': 'Jay Luo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former professor at Johns Hopkins University ; graduated with a B.S . in math at the age of 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University', 'summary': "Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest ( approximately $ 147.5 million in today 's dollars ) - of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital - was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution 's first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany 's ancient Heidelberg University , Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States . Over the course of several decades , the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures . In fiscal year 2016 , Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 2.5 billion on research . The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy , China , and Washington , D.C. , in addition to its main campus in Baltimore , Maryland . The university has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top universities in the world . Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington , D.C. , with international centers in Italy and China . The two undergraduate divisions , the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering , are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore 's Charles Village neighborhood . The medical school , the nursing school , and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore ."}]}, {'value': 'Nathan Stark', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director of Bands and Associate Professor of Music at Montana State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_University', 'summary': "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Elena Gallina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Truman scholar , international development scholar and activist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin W. Vance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean , School of Arts and Humanities at College of Western Idaho . Formally Founding Dean of College of Extended and Interdisciplinary Education and Associate Professor of History at Hawaii Pacific University ( HPU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_Western_Idaho', 'summary': "College of Western Idaho ( CWI ) is a public community college in Southwest Idaho with its main campus locations in Boise and Nampa . CWI also offers classes at several community locations throughout the Treasure Valley . CWI offers over 60 academic transfer and professional-technical programs leading to an Associate of Arts or Science degree , Associate of Applied Science degrees , and certificates . CWI also offers basic skills education to help upgrade skills , prepare for the GED , and learn English , as well as dual credit for high school students and fast-track career training for working professionals or people seeking to enter the workforce . In the fall of 2019 , CWI 's enrollment was 31,350 with 20,576 credit students and 10,774 students taking non-credit courses . Ada County residents made up 52% of the CWI student body , while 31% of students come from Canyon County . CWI is one of four comprehensive community colleges in Idaho , along with College of Southern Idaho , North Idaho College , and College of Eastern Idaho . The college is governed by a five-member board of trustees elected at large by voters in Ada and Canyon counties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawaii_Pacific_University', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi Pacific University , commonly referred to as HPU , is a private , and nonsectarian university in Honolulu and Kaneohe , Hawaiʻi . HPU is the largest private university in the central Pacific , most noted for its diverse student body of nearly 5,000 students , representing nearly 65 countries . The school 's top academic programs are in Business Administration , Nursing , Biology , Diplomacy and Military Studies , and Social Work . Oceanic Institute of HPU , an aquaculture research facility , is located at Makapuʻu Point . HPU is also present on military installations on the island of Oʻahu ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Academia and the sciences', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Boise_State_University_people_3', 'intro': "This list of Boise State University people includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and administrators affiliated with Boise State University, a public, coeducational research university located in Boise, Idaho. As of 2015, the university has approximately 22,000 current students and over 80,000 living alumni. Bachelor's degrees were first awarded in the late 1960s; degrees granted prior are associates only."}	null	null	In which year was this independent agency established where the scientist and engineer known for The Star Sailors worked ?	1958
05d0871841893783	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix', 'title': 'List of original programs distributed by Netflix', 'header': ['Title', 'Genre', 'Premiere', 'Seasons', 'Length', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt', 'summary': 'Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock , starring Ellie Kemper in the title role . It premiered on March 6 , 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons , ending on January 25 , 2019 . In May 2019 , it was reported the series would return with an interactive special set to premiere in 2020 . The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt ( Kemper ) as she adjusts to life after her rescue from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville , Indiana , where she and three other women were held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) for 15 years . Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude , Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City , where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) , finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) , and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) . Since its premiere , the show has received critical acclaim , with critic Scott Meslow calling it the first great sitcom of the streaming era . The series has been nominated for 18 Primetime Emmy Awards , including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 seasons , 51 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-53 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace and Frankie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_and_Frankie', 'summary': 'Grace and Frankie is an American comedy series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love with each other and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second through sixth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , were released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , January 19 , 2018 , January 18 , 2019 , and January 15 , 2020 respectively . Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews upon its debut , but its second and subsequent seasons have been met with a largely positive reception from television critics . It has received several nominations , including five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy . On September 4 , 2019 , the series was renewed for a seventh and final season , which will consist of 16 episodes , thus making it the longest-running Netflix original series with 94 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy-drama', 'summary': 'Comedy-drama or dramedy ( a portmanteau of drama and comedy ) , is a genre of dramatic works ( including film , television , and theatre ) in which plot elements are a combination of comedy and drama . It is a subgenre of contemporary tragicomedy . Comedy-drama is especially found in television programs and is considered a hybrid genre .'}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 seasons , 78 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wet_Hot_American_Summer:_First_Day_of_Camp', 'summary': "Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp is a comedy web television series written by David Wain and Michael Showalter , and directed by Wain . First Day of camp is the second installment in the Wet Hot American Summer franchise . The eight-episode Netflix series is a prequel to Wain 's 2001 film Wet Hot American Summer , a parody of teen sex comedies which has since developed a cult following . Although many of the original film 's ensemble cast have gone on to high-profile work , all of the then-adult actors returned for this series , playing even younger versions of their original roles . The episodes were released for online viewing at the end of July 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Satirical comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satire', 'summary': 'In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction , satire is a genre of literature and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - in satire , irony is militant - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to question . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics .'}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miniseries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master of None', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_None', 'summary': 'Master of None is an American comedy-drama web television series , which was released for streaming on November 6 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series was created by Aziz Ansari and Alan Yang , and stars Ansari in the lead role of Dev Shah , a 30-year-old actor , mostly following his romantic , professional , and cultural experiences . The first season was set in New York City , and consisted of ten episodes . The second season , which takes place in Italy and New York , consists of ten episodes and was released on May 12 , 2017 . Master of None has won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe . The series has received critical acclaim , appeared on multiple year-end top ten lists , and received multiple awards and nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-57 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W/ Bob & David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W/_Bob_&_David', 'summary': 'W/ Bob & David is a comedy sketch show created by and starring Bob Odenkirk and David Cross that premiered on Netflix on November 13 , 2015 . The sketch show consists of four half-hour episodes plus an hour-long making-of special entitled Behind the Making of the Scenes . Although it shares much of the same writing team as Mr. Show with Bob and David , which aired on HBO from 1995 to 1998 , it follows a different structure with Odenkirk describing it as lighter , less complex and faster .'}]}, {'value': 'Sketch comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sketch_comedy', 'summary': "Sketch comedy comprises a series of short scenes or vignettes , called sketches , commonly between one and ten minutes long . Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians , either on stage or through an audio or visual medium such as radio and television . Often sketches are first improvised by the actors and sketched down based on the outcome of these improv sessions ; however , such improvisation is not necessarily involved in sketch comedy . An individual comedy sketch is a brief scene or vignette of the type formerly used in vaudeville , and now used widely in comedy and variety shows , talk shows and some children 's television series ( such as Sesame Street ) . Warner Bros . Animation made two sketch comedy shows , including Mad and Right Now Kapow . Sketch comedians routinely differentiate their product from a skit , maintaining that a skit is a ( single ) dramatized joke ( or bit ) while a sketch is a comedic exploration of a concept , character or situation ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 5 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-33 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Love is an American romantic comedy web television series created by Judd Apatow , Lesley Arfin , and Paul Rust , starring Gillian Jacobs , Paul Rust , and Claudia O'Doherty . Netflix originally ordered two seasons of the show . The first 10-episode season was made available on February 19 , 2016 , and a 12-episode second season premiered on March 10 , 2017 . Netflix renewed the series for a third season one month prior to the second-season premiere . On December 15 , 2017 , Netflix announced that the third season would be its last . Season 3 premiered on March 9 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romantic_comedy', 'summary': 'Romantic comedy ( portmanteaus : romedy , romcom , rom-com or lovecome ) is a subgenre of comedy and slice-of-life fiction , focusing on lighthearted , humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas , such as how true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily . Another definition suggests that its primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres , not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and seemingly meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference , a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally reunited . A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 34 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-40 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fuller House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuller_House_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987-1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J . Tanner-Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy - along with her teenage daughter - live together at the Tanners ' childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes , which were released on February 26 , 2016 , worldwide . The second season was released on December 9 , 2016 . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half on December 22 , 2017 . On January 29 , 2018 , Netflix renewed Fuller House for a fourth season , which was released on December 14 , 2018 . While the first season reception was generally negative , reviews for the following seasons were generally positive . On January 31 , 2019 , the show was renewed for its fifth and final season of eighteen episodes . The first half premiered on December 6 , 2019 , with the second half set to premiere in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 seasons , 66 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final season ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flaked', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flaked', 'summary': "Flaked is an American comedy web television series that stars Will Arnett , who developed it alongside the creator/executive producer of Arrested Development , Mitch Hurwitz . The first season consisted of eight episodes , which were released simultaneously worldwide on March 11 , 2016 . In July 2016 , the series was renewed for a six-episode second season , which premiered on June 2 , 2017 . Columnist Cindy Elavsky describes the show as being about a self-help guru named Chip who 's struggling to stay a step ahead of his own lies ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 14 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30-34 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netflix Presents : The Characters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netflix_Presents:_The_Characters', 'summary': 'Netflix Presents : The Characters is an American web television comedy sketch show that premiered on Netflix on March 11 , 2016 . It features eight up-and-coming comedians , who each write and star in their own 30 minute show . The comedians featured in the show are Lauren Lapkus , Kate Berlant , Phil Burgers , Paul W. Downs , John Early , Tim Robinson , Natasha Rothwell , and Henry Zebrowski . Eight episodes were released on March 11 , 2016 . The following month , Netflix cancelled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sketch comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sketch_comedy', 'summary': "Sketch comedy comprises a series of short scenes or vignettes , called sketches , commonly between one and ten minutes long . Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians , either on stage or through an audio or visual medium such as radio and television . Often sketches are first improvised by the actors and sketched down based on the outcome of these improv sessions ; however , such improvisation is not necessarily involved in sketch comedy . An individual comedy sketch is a brief scene or vignette of the type formerly used in vaudeville , and now used widely in comedy and variety shows , talk shows and some children 's television series ( such as Sesame Street ) . Warner Bros . Animation made two sketch comedy shows , including Mad and Right Now Kapow . Sketch comedians routinely differentiate their product from a skit , maintaining that a skit is a ( single ) dramatized joke ( or bit ) while a sketch is a comedic exploration of a concept , character or situation ."}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-38 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ranch_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Ranch is an American sitcom web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes , the episodes are approximately 30 minutes in length . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , Dolly Parton in part five , Alabama in part six , Brad Paisley in part seven , and John Denver in part eight . On October 31 , 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a fourth and final season with the series to conclude in 2020 . The first part of the final season ( Part 7 ) premiered on September 13 , 2019 . The second part of the final season ( part 8 ) was released on January 24 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 parts , 80 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lady Dynamite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Dynamite', 'summary': 'Lady Dynamite is an American comedy series created by Pam Brady and Mitch Hurwitz , on Netflix . The series stars Maria Bamford , and is loosely based on her life . The twelve-episode first season was released in its entirety on May 20 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a second season on July 27 , 2016 . The second season premiered on November 10 , 2017 . On January 13 , 2018 , the series was canceled after two seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Easy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easy_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Easy is an American comedy-drama anthology series written , directed , edited and produced by Joe Swanberg . It consists of 25 half-hour episodes . The series is set in Chicago . The first season was released on Netflix on September 22 , 2016 . In April 2017 , Swanberg revealed the series had been renewed for a second season , which was released on December 1 , 2017 . In August 2018 , the series was renewed for a third and final season that premiered on May 10 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy anthology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romantic_comedy', 'summary': 'Romantic comedy ( portmanteaus : romedy , romcom , rom-com or lovecome ) is a subgenre of comedy and slice-of-life fiction , focusing on lighthearted , humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas , such as how true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily . Another definition suggests that its primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres , not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and seemingly meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference , a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally reunited . A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthology_series', 'summary': 'An anthology series is a radio , television , or film series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode , season , segment or short . These usually have a different cast each episode , but several series in the past , such as Four Star Playhouse , employed a permanent troupe of character actors who would appear in a different drama each week . Some anthology series , such as Studio One , began on radio and then expanded to television .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 25 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-52 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haters Back Off', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haters_Back_Off', 'summary': "Haters Back Off is a Netflix original television comedy series based on the YouTube character Miranda Sings created by Colleen Ballinger . Its two seasons were released in October 2016 and 2017 , respectively . The surreal and absurd series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings , a sheltered , self-absorbed , overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube . The half-hour episodes depict Miranda 's road to fame , and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others . The show stars Colleen Ballinger as Miranda , Angela Kinsey as her mother Bethany , Steve Little as her uncle Jim , Francesca Reale as her sister Emily , and Erik Stocklin as her best friend and love interest , Patrick . Season 2 added Matt Besser as Miranda 's estranged father . Netflix described the show as a bizarre family comedy , and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame . The series was developed by Colleen Ballinger and her brother , Christopher Ballinger , together with showrunners Gigi McCreery and Perry Rein . It was produced by Brightlight Pictures . The show was named for Miranda Sings ' signature catchphrase that she uses when responding to negative comments on her YouTube videos . Haters Back Off was one of the first scripted series created by a YouTube personality . The first season was released on October 14 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 16 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trailer Park Boys Out of the Park : Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys', 'summary': "Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg . The show focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents , some of whom are ex-convicts , living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . The television series , a continuation of Clattenburg 's 1999 film of the same title , premiered on Showcase in 2001 . There are three films in the series : The Movie , released on October 6 , 2006 ; Countdown to Liquor Day , released on September 25 , 2009 ; and Do n't Legalize It , released on April 18 , 2014 . The seventh and final season of the series ' original run on Showcase ended in 2007 , with its final episode , Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys , premiering as a one-hour special on December 7 , 2008 . In 2013 , Robb Wells , John Paul Tremblay , and Mike Smith , the actors who portrayed Ricky , Julian , and Bubbles , purchased the rights to the show from the original producers and created their own internet streaming network , Swearnet . In March 2014 , Swearnet began co-producing new seasons of the show , partnering with the streaming service Netflix to produce an eighth and ninth season , as well as three new specials . Season 8 premiered on September 5 , 2014 , followed by Season 9 on March 27 , 2015 . Later that year , the show received the green light for two more seasons and began production on Season 10 . During that time , the Canadian government granted the cast and crew money to help produce the new season and a new spin-off series . Season 10 premiered on Netflix on March 28 , 2016 . A new 8-part series , Trailer Park Boys : Out of the Park : Europe , became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mockumentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mockumentary', 'summary': "A mockumentary ( a portmanteau of mock and documentary ) or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary . These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting , or to parody the documentary form itself . While mockumentaries are usually comedic , pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents . However , pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama , a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events . Also , docudrama is different from docufiction ; a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements . Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries , with B roll and talking heads discussing past events , or as cinéma vérité pieces following people as they go through various events . Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available . A very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April Fools ' prank on the British television program Panorama in 1957 . The term mockumentary , which originated in the 1960s , was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film . Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised , as an unscripted style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality . Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks , also to sustain the atmosphere , although exceptions exist . Music is often employed to expose the ambiguities and fallacies of conventional storytelling ; for instance by pointing at the paradoxes of the distinction between diegetic and extradiegetic music ."}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 8 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22-30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Day at a Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)', 'summary': "One Day at a Time is an American comedy web television series based on Norman Lear 's 1975-1984 sitcom of the same name . Lear 's company , Act III Productions , approached Sony with the idea of reimagining the original series with a Hispanic family . It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce , with Lear and his producing partner Brent Miller as executive producers . The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado , Todd Grinnell , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , Stephen Tobolowsky , and Rita Moreno . The show revolves around a Cuban-American family living in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Echo Park , focusing on a single mother who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD , her kids and her Cuban mother . The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles issues like mental illness , immigration , sexism , homophobia , and racism that Latinos living in the United States face . The series premiered on Netflix on January 6 , 2017 ; with subsequent seasons premiering on January 26 , 2018 and February 8 , 2019 . Netflix cancelled the series on March 14 , 2019 , but on June 27 , 2019 , Pop announced that they would revive the series in 2020 , making One Day at a Time the first original program cancelled by Netflix to be revived on a traditional linear network . In January 2020 , it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on March 24 , 2020 . Upon its release , the show received critical acclaim , with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Machado and Moreno . One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017 , with numerous critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year . The series received multiple awards and nominations , including 3 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Pat Barnett ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sitcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitcom', 'summary': "A sitcom , clipping for situational comedy ( situation comedy in the U.S. ) , is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode . Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy , where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch , and stand-up comedy , where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience . Sitcoms originated in radio , but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms . A situational comedy television programme may be recorded in front of a studio audience , depending on the programme 's production format . The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track . During filming productions , the laugh track is usually pre-recorded . Critics disagree over the utility of the term sitcom in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century . Many contemporary American sitcoms use the single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track , thus often resembling the dramedy shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom . Other topics of debate have included whether or not cartoons , such as The Simpsons or Family Guy , can be classified as sitcoms ."}]}, {'value': 'January 6 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 39 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clarita Diet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Diet', 'summary': 'Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer . The single-camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , received generally positive reviews . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season and premiered on March 29 , 2019 . The show was cancelled on April 26 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy-horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy-horror', 'summary': 'Comedy horror is a literary and film genre that combines elements of comedy and horror fiction . Comedy horror has been described as able to be categorized under three types : black comedy , parody and spoof . It often crosses over with the black comedy genre . Comedy horror can also parody or subtly spoof horror clichés as its main source of humour or use those elements to take a story in a different direction , for example in The Cabin in the Woods , Tucker & Dale vs . Evil , or the Evil Dead franchise . Author Bruce G. Hallenbeck cites the short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving as the first great comedy horror story . The story made readers laugh one moment and scream the next , and its premise was based on mischief typically found during the holiday Halloween .'}]}, {'value': 'February 3 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000', 'summary': "Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( abbreviated as MST3K ) is an American television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and currently produced by Alternaversal Productions , LLC . The show premiered on KTMA-TV ( now WUCW ) in Minneapolis , Minnesota , on November 24 , 1988 . It later aired on The Comedy Channel/Comedy Central for seven seasons until its cancellation in 1996 . Thereafter , it was picked up by The Sci-Fi Channel and aired for three seasons until another cancellation in August 1999 . A 60-episode syndication package titled The Mystery Science Theater Hour was produced in 1993 and syndicated to stations in 1995 . In 2015 , Hodgson led a crowdfunded revival of the series with 14 episodes in its eleventh season , first released on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , with another six-episode season following on November 22 , 2018 . As of 2019 [ update ] , 217 episodes and a feature film have been produced . The show initially starred Hodgson as Joel Robinson , a janitor trapped by two mad scientists ( mads ) on the Earth-orbiting Satellite of Love , and forced to watch a series of B movies as a part of the scientists ' plot to take over the world . To keep his sanity , Joel crafts a number of robot companions - including Tom Servo , Crow T. Robot , and Gypsy - to keep him company and help him humorously comment on each movie as it plays , a process known as riffing . Each two-hour episode would feature a single movie in its entirety , sometimes with various shorts and educational films , with Joel , Tom , and Crow watching in silhouette from a row of theater seats at the bottom of the screen . These theater segments were framed with interstitial sketches called host segments . The show 's cast changed over its duration ; most notably , the character of Joel was replaced by Mike Nelson ( played by Michael J. Nelson ) in the show 's fifth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Comic science fiction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comic_science_fiction', 'summary': "Science fiction comedy or comic science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that exploits the science-fiction ( SF ) genre 's conventions for comedic effect . Comic science fiction often mocks or satirizes standard SF conventions - such as alien invasion of Earth , interstellar travel , or futuristic technology . It can also satirize and criticize present-day society . An early example was the Pete Manx series by Henry Kuttner and Arthur K. Barnes ( sometimes writing together and sometimes separately , under the house pen-name of Kelvin Kent ) . Published in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1930s and early 1940s , the series featured a time-traveling carnival barker who uses his con-man abilities to get out of trouble . Two later series cemented Kuttner 's reputation as one of the most popular early writers of comic science fiction : the Gallegher series ( about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic robot ) and the Hogben series ( about a family of mutant hillbillies ) . The former appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails ( Gnome , 1952 ) , and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s . In the 1950s comedy became more common in science fiction . [ citation needed ] Some of the authors contributing included : Alfred Bester , Harry Harrison , C.M . Kornbluth , Frederik Pohl , and Robert Sheckley . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science-fiction series written by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it later morphed into other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 computer game , and 2005 feature film ."}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86-94 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girlboss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girlboss', 'summary': 'Girlboss is an American comedy web television series created by Kay Cannon . The series was released on Netflix on April 21 , 2017 . The show was cancelled after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'April 21 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-29 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dear White People', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dear_White_People_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Dear White People is an American comedy-drama television series on Netflix that follows several black college students at an Ivy League institution , touching on issues surrounding modern American race relations . It is based on the 2014 film of the same name . The film 's writer and director , Justin Simien , returned to write and direct episodes of the series . Each episode focuses on a particular character , except for the finale . Netflix ordered ten 30-minute episodes and the first season was released on April 28 , 2017 . On June 30 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 4 , 2018 . On June 21 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a third season which was released on August 2 , 2019 . On October 2 , 2019 , the series was renewed for its fourth and final season , set to premiere in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Satire / Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satire', 'summary': 'In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction , satire is a genre of literature and performing arts , in which vices , follies , abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule , ideally with the intent of shaming individuals , corporations , government , or society itself into improvement . Although satire is usually meant to be humorous , its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society . A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - in satire , irony is militant - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration , juxtaposition , comparison , analogy , and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing . This militant irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of ( or at least accept as natural ) the very things the satirist wishes to question . Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression , including internet memes , literature , plays , commentary , television shows , and media such as lyrics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama_(modern_genre)', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'April 28 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 volumes , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-36 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GLOW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GLOW_(TV_series)', 'summary': "GLOW is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch for Netflix . The series revolves around a fictionalization of the characters and gimmicks of the 1980s syndicated women 's professional wrestling circuit , the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling ( or GLOW ) founded by David McLane . The first season consists of 10 episodes and was released on June 23 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of 10 episodes , which was released on June 29 , 2018 . The series was renewed on August 20 , 2018 , for a third season , which was released on August 9 , 2019 . On September 20 , 2019 , the series was renewed for a fourth and final season ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 30 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-46 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed for final season', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Original programming -- Comedy', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix_2', 'intro': "Netflix is an American global Internet streaming-on-demand media provider that has distributed a number of original programs, including original series, specials (including stand-up comedy specials), miniseries and documentaries and films. Netflix's original productions also include continuations of canceled series from other networks, as well as licensing or co-producing content from international broadcasters for exclusive broadcast in other territories, which is also branded in those regions as Netflix original content. Netflix previously produced content through Red Envelope Entertainment. Netflix's first original content series was House of Cards, released in 2013 and the company has since increased its original content. All programming is in English unless stated otherwise, is organized by its primary genre or format and is sorted by premiere date."}	null	null	Who are the creators of the Netflix original program that premiered on November 13 , 2015 ?	Bob Odenkirk and David Cross
05d2b2da8c77da5b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2011_Tour_de_France', 'title': 'List of teams and cyclists in the 2011 Tour de France', 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Team', 'Age', 'Pos'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Hernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Hernández_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Jesús Hernández Blázquez ( born 28 September 1981 ) is a Spanish former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2017 , for the Liberty Seguros-Würth , Relax-GAM , Astana , Tinkoff and Trek-Segafredo teams . He now works as a directeur sportif for Polartec-Kometa .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Navarro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Navarro', 'summary': 'Daniel Navarro García ( born 18 July 1983 ) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Israel Start-Up Nation .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamín Noval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamín_Noval', 'summary': 'Benjamín Noval González ( born 23 January 1979 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer , who competed as a professional between 2001 and 2013 . Born in Mieres , Asturias , Noval turned professional in 2001 , riding for Relax-Gam for three years before switching to U.S . Postal Service ( later Discovery Channel ) , where he stayed for four years . Noval switched to Astana for 2008 , and for the 2011 season joined compatriots and team-mates Alberto Contador , Jesús Hernández and Daniel Navarro in signing for Saxo Bank-SunGard . At the end of the 2013 racing season Noval announced his retirement from professional road racing , despite being offered a contract by Tinkoff-Saxo for the following season .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richie Porte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Porte', 'summary': "Richard Julian Porte ( born 30 January 1985 ) is an Australian professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo . He is a two-time winner of Paris-Nice . In his first year at UCI ProTour level , Porte won the young rider classification at the 2010 Giro d'Italia , and featured prominently in the general classification at several stage races . Porte moved to Team Sky for the 2012 season , and quickly made an impact , winning the Volta ao Algarve . In 2013 , Porte achieved his biggest victory to date , winning two stages and the overall classification in Paris-Nice . He served as a super-domestique for three Team Sky Tour de France victories : Bradley Wiggins in 2012 and Chris Froome in 2013 and 2015 . In 2015 , after winning the Australian National Time Trial Championships , Porte won two stages as well as the final overall classification of Paris-Nice , winning that race for the second time in three years and ending up atop the UCI world road cycling rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Anker Sørensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Anker_Sørensen', 'summary': 'Chris Anker Sørensen ( Danish pronunciation : [ kʰʁis aŋkɐ ˈsɶɐ̯nˀsn̩ ] ; born 5 September 1984 ) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2005 and 2018 for the Team Designa Køkken , Tinkoff-Saxo , Fortuneo-Vital Concept and Riwal CeramicSpeed teams . Sørensen now works as a directeur sportif ( and co-owner ) for his final professional team , racing at UCI Professional Continental level as , Riwal Readynez .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicki Sørensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicki_Sørensen', 'summary': 'Nicki Sørensen ( born 14 May 1975 ) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer , and was directeur sportif of UCI Professional Continental team Aqua Blue Sport . He competed in five consecutive editions of the Tour de France from 2001 to 2005 . Riding as an all-round rider who rode well in hilly terrain , Sørensen was a valued support for the team leader without many wins of his own .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Tosatto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Tosatto', 'summary': "Matteo Tosatto ( born 14 May 1974 in Castelfranco Veneto ) is an Italian former road racing cyclist . He rode as a professional between 1997 and 2016 , with his biggest personal victories coming in stages of the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France . Following his retirement , Tosatto became a directeur sportif with Team Sky , beginning midway through the 2017 cycling season ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Vandborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Vandborg', 'summary': 'Brian Bach Vandborg ( born 4 December 1981 ) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer , who competed as a professional between 2004 and 2013 . Over his career , Vandborg competed for Team CSC ( twice ) , Discovery Channel , Team GLS , Liquigas-Doimo , SpiderTech-C10 and Cannondale . Born in Snejbjerg , Vandborg was national U/23 champion in individual time trial in 2002 and 2003 and in 2004 he signed his first professional contract with Team CSC , with a length of two years . He won stage 4 of Tour de Georgia in 2005 , his first professional victory , but the rest of his season was ruined due to a case of mononucleosis . In 2006 , Vandborg became a national champion by capturing the Danish Individual Time Trial Championship ; he later finished fourth at the World Time Trial Championship . Vandborg moved to Discovery Channel for the 2007 season . In 2009 he rode alongside Ivan Basso and Daniele Bennati at Liquigas . Vandborg also rode for the Saxo Bank-SunGard team in 2011 , and SpiderTech-C10 in 2012 . Vandborg retired at the end of the 2013 season , after ten years as a professional .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Saxo Bank-SunGard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Schleck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Schleck', 'summary': "Andy Raymond Schleck ( pronounced [ ˈɑndi ˈʀɑɪ̯mont ˈʃlæk ] ; born 10 June 1985 ) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer . He won the 2010 Tour de France , being awarded it retroactively in February 2012 after Alberto Contador 's hearing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport . He has also been the runner-up at the Tour twice ; in 2009 and 2011 . He is the younger brother of Fränk Schleck , also a professional rider between 2003 and 2016 . Their father Johny Schleck rode the Tour de France and Vuelta a España between 1965 and 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabian Cancellara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabian_Cancellara', 'summary': "Fabian Cancellara ( born 18 March 1981 ) , nicknamed Spartacus , is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam Trek-Segafredo . He was born in Wohlen bei Bern , Switzerland . Cancellara began road cycling after falling in love with an old bike at the age of thirteen . After that , he began to take the sport more seriously and won two consecutive World Junior Time Trial Championships in 1998 and 1999 . At age nineteen he turned professional and signed with the Mapei-Quick-Step team , where he rode as a stagiaire . He is known for being a quality time trialist , a one-day classics specialist , and a workhorse for his teammates who have general classification aspirations . After winning a few stages and small races in his starting years , Cancellara earned his first major victory at the 2004 Tour de France where he won the opening prologue time trial and wore race leader yellow jersey for one day . The following season saw fewer victories , but his 2006 season saw a victory in the men 's time trial at the UCI Road World Championships , along with victory at the Paris-Roubaix . Cancellara repeated as world champion in the time trial the next year , along with winning two stages at the Tour de France . During the 2008 calendar he won gold at the Summer Olympics in the individual time trial event and the Milan-San Remo . The next season saw Cancellara again become world time trial champion and lead both the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . In 2010 , he won the Paris-Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakob Fuglsang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakob_Fuglsang', 'summary': 'Jakob Diemer Fuglsang ( born 22 March 1985 ) is a Swiss-born Danish professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Before turning professional for Team Saxo Bank , he was a mountain biker racing for Team Cannondale-Vredestein , winning the Under-23 World Cup and Under-23 World Championships . Fuglsang has finished 7th overall at the Tour de France as his best result at a Grand Tour . His best career results are his win in the 2019 Liège-Bastogne-Liège and his overall wins in both the 2017 and 2019 editions of the Critérium du Dauphiné stage race , in the former of which he won two stages . He has also won several other stage races during his career including Danmark Rundt 3 times in a row from 2008-2010 , Tour de Luxembourg and Tour of Austria in 2012 , and Tour of Slovenia in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linus Gerdemann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linus_Gerdemann', 'summary': 'Linus Gerdemann ( born 16 September 1982 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer , who won a stage in the 2007 Tour de France and lead the general classification for two days , wearing the yellow jersey . After failing to find a contract for 2013 , Gerdemann joined MTN-Qhubeka for the 2014 season . In 2015 he rode for Danish professional continental team Cult Energy-Vital Water . Early 2017 , Gerdemann announced his retirement .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maxime Monfort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxime_Monfort', 'summary': 'Maxime Monfort ( born 14 January 1983 ) is a Belgian former professional road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2019 for the Landbouwkrediet-Colnago , Cofidis , Team HTC-Columbia , RadioShack-Leopard , and Lotto-Soudal teams . Monfort won a variety of races including the Tour de Luxembourg in 2004 , the Bayern-Rundfahrt in 2010 , and the Belgian National Time Trial Championships in 2009 . Monfort has also had top grand tour finishes including a 6th-place finish in the 2011 Vuelta a España , and a 16th-place finish in the 2012 Tour de France . He finished 14th in the 2013 Tour de France , marking his highest finish in the Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stuart O'Grady", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stuart_O'Grady", 'summary': "Stuart O'Grady OAM ( born 6 August 1973 ) is a retired Australian professional road bicycle racer , who rode as a professional between 1995 and 2013 . A former track cyclist , O'Grady and Graeme Brown won a gold medal in the Men 's Madison at the 2004 Summer Olympics . O'Grady also won Paris-Roubaix in 2007 . O'Grady competed in the Tour de France from 1997 and contended for the points classification in the Tour de France known as the green jersey , finishing second in the 1998 , 1999 , 2001 and 2005 races . He wore the yellow jersey of general classification leader in 1998 and 2001 . With his participation in the 2013 Tour de France , he tied George Hincapie 's record of 17 participations in the Tour de France . However , Hincapie was removed from three of his 17 starts for his part in the Lance Armstrong doping scandal , and O'Grady himself admitted having been assisted by illicit erythropoietin ( EPO ) use at least on the 1998 Tour de France ( the Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk holds the absolute records of completed Tours de France , with 16 from 1970 - 1986 ) . He was awarded the Order of Australia Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joost Posthuma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joost_Posthuma', 'summary': 'Joost Posthuma ( born 8 March 1981 ) is a Dutch retired professional road bicycle racer , who competed as a professional between 2004 and 2012 . Born in Hengelo , Posthuma was known for his time-trialling and he wore the white jersey for the best young rider at the 2006 Tour de France . Posthuma set the best time for riders eligible for the young rider classification in the prologue , but lost it after the 1st road stage , after a rival got in a breakaway and got bonus seconds on the road .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fränk Schleck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fränk_Schleck', 'summary': "Fränk René Schleck ( born 15 April 1980 ) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2003 and 2016 , for Team Saxo Bank and Trek-Segafredo . Schleck is the older brother of Andy , winner of the 2010 Tour de France . Their father , Johny Schleck , was a professional road bicycle racer between 1965 and 1974 , as was their grandfather , Gustave Schleck , who contested events in the 1930s . Schleck 's greatest achievements include five national road race championships , winning a blue riband mountain stage in the 2006 Tour de France which finished on the Alpe d'Huez , the 2006 edition of the Amstel Gold Race classic , and an alpine stage of the 2009 Tour de France , finishing in the sole company of his brother Andy and Alberto Contador . On 30 January 2013 , Schleck was suspended for 12 months following a positive test for xipamide at the 2012 Tour de France . The ban , backdated to the date of the positive test , expired on 13 July 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Voigt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Voigt', 'summary': 'Jens Voigt ( German : [ jɛns foːkt ] ) ( born 17 September 1971 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer and , upon retirement , became a cycling sports broadcast commentator . During his cycling career , Voigt raced for several teams , the last one being UCI ProTeam Trek Factory Racing . Voigt wore the yellow jersey of the Tour de France twice , though he was never a contender for the overall title owing to the mountainous nature of the stages of the race being better suited to climbing specialists . His career achievements include winning the Critérium International a record-tying 5 times and a number of one-week stage races , as well as two Tour de France stage victories . In September 2014 , he set a new hour record . The record was beaten by Matthias Brändle in October of the same year . [ A ] Among cycling fans , Voigt was generally popular , both for his aggressive riding style and his affable , forthright and articulate manners in dealing with the public and media . He speaks fluent French and English , in addition to his native German .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Leopard Trek', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Sánchez', 'summary': 'Samuel Samu Sánchez González ( born 5 February 1978 ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally in the sport between 2000 and 2017 for the Euskaltel-Euskadi and BMC Racing Team squads . He was the gold medal winner in the road race at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In the following years Sánchez proved himself in hilly classics and stage races as one of the most important riders in the peloton . He was also known as one of the best descenders in the peloton . He finished in the top 6 of the Tour de France three times and in the top 10 of the Vuelta a España 6 times . Other notable achievements include winning the Vuelta a Burgos in 2010 , the 2012 Tour of the Basque Country and five stages of the Vuelta a España .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Euskaltel-Euskadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskaltel–Euskadi', 'summary': "Euskaltel-Euskadi ( UCI team code : EUS ) was a professional road bicycle racing team from Spain , Europe . The team was commercially sponsored , but was also partly funded by the Basque Government until the end of 2013 , with riders either from the Basque Country , Navarre , La Rioja , Cantabria and the French Basque Country , or who had grown up in the cycling culture of those regions : This policy was abandoned to enable retention of World Tour status . Its sponsor was Euskaltel , a Basque telecom company . Euskaltel-Euskadi was famous for its all-orange team kits . Whenever the Tour de France passed through the Basque Country many spectators lined the route dressed in the team 's orange or the colours of the Basque flag . The Euskaltel team also has a second team inside the Fundacion Euskadi , this team rode in a continental category , the name of the team was Orbea . This team was created with the aim of forming the young cyclist before going to the Euskaltel-Euskadi ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorka Izagirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorka_Izagirre', 'summary': 'Gorka Izagirre Insausti ( born 7 October 1987 ) is a professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . He is the brother of fellow racing cyclist Ion Izagirre .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Euskaltel-Euskadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskaltel–Euskadi', 'summary': "Euskaltel-Euskadi ( UCI team code : EUS ) was a professional road bicycle racing team from Spain , Europe . The team was commercially sponsored , but was also partly funded by the Basque Government until the end of 2013 , with riders either from the Basque Country , Navarre , La Rioja , Cantabria and the French Basque Country , or who had grown up in the cycling culture of those regions : This policy was abandoned to enable retention of World Tour status . Its sponsor was Euskaltel , a Basque telecom company . Euskaltel-Euskadi was famous for its all-orange team kits . Whenever the Tour de France passed through the Basque Country many spectators lined the route dressed in the team 's orange or the colours of the Basque flag . The Euskaltel team also has a second team inside the Fundacion Euskadi , this team rode in a continental category , the name of the team was Orbea . This team was created with the aim of forming the young cyclist before going to the Euskaltel-Euskadi ."}]}, {'value': '23*', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cyclists -- By rider', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2011_Tour_de_France_0', 'intro': "The 2011 Tour de France was the 98th edition of the race, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It featured 22 cycling teams. Eighteen of the teams invited to the Tour were a part of the UCI World Tour, the other four teams are French Professional Continental teams. The Tour began with a stage from Passage du Gois to Mont des Alouettes on 2 July and finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July. Eighteen UCI World Tour teams have been invited and are obligated to participate in the 2011 Tour de France. 198 riders from 22 teams started the race at Passage du Gois. 167 of them completed the race at Champs-Élysées."}	null	null	What Atlantic islands besides Greenland is in the kingdom of the home country of bicycle racer Chris Anker Sørensen ?	Faroe Islands
05d3e6cedc8cbc96	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jaggaiahpet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaggaiahpet', 'summary': 'Jaggayyapeta is a census town in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is also the mandal headquarters of Jaggayyapeta mandal of Vijayawada revenue division . The town is located on the banks of the Paleru River which is a tributary of the Krishna River .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jagraon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jagraon', 'summary': "Jagraon is a town and a municipal council , a rural police district and a sub-division of the Ludhiana district in the Indian state of Punjab . Jagraon is more than three centuries old . It has been thought that the city 's original name was Jagar aon , meaning a place of great flooding , although this flooding has since ceased . It could also be argued that Jagraon actually derives from a source with a suffix -graon being a development of the Sanskrit Grama , meaning village as found in the Hindi word Gaon . Jagraon is at almost the geographical centre of Punjab state , 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) from the River Satluj . It is 37 km ( 23 mi ) from its district headquarters Ludhiana , 29 km ( 18 mi ) from Moga , 31 km ( 19 mi ) from Nakodar and 54 miles from barnala ."}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jagtial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jagtial', 'summary': 'Jagtial is a City and the district headquarters Jagtial district of Telangana , India . It has an average elevation of 293 metres ( 961 ft ) .It is located about 190 kilometres ( 118 mi ) north of the state capital Hyderabad .'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96,470', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalandhar Cantt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalandhar_Cantt.', 'summary': 'Jalandhar Cantonment is a cantonment town in Jalandhar District in the Indian state of Punjab . It is one of the oldest cantonments in India , the construction of which was started in 1848 after the first Anglo-Sikh War , when the British settled in Northern India . The original scope of this cantonment was limited to troops to quell disturbances from adjoining States for the maintenance of peace and order . In 1920 the cantonment was the scene of mutiny by Irish soldiers , who took down the Union Flag and replaced it by the flag of the Irish Republic , proclaimed at the time in Dublin ( See The Connaught Rangers # Mutiny in India , 1920 ) . Jalandhar Cantonment'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'C.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jammalamadugu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jammalamadugu', 'summary': 'Jammalamadugu is a Municipality and Revenue Division in Kadapa district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is in Jammalamadugu mandal of Jammalamadugu revenue division .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'NP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46,069', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamui', 'summary': 'Jamui is a town and a municipality in Jamui district in the Indian state of Bihar . It is the district headquarter of Jamui district . Jamui was formed as a district on 21 February 1991 as a result of its separation from Munger . Historical existence of Jamui has been observed from the period of Mahabharta war . Archaeological and historical evidence shows its close association with the Jain tradition for a long past to the present time . A large part of this area is covered by forest . There are mainly two hypotheses which have been mentioned by historians regarding the origin of the name of the district Jamui . The first hypothesis said that the name of Jamui derived from Jambhiya Gram or Jribhikgram village , which has the place of attaining Omniscience ( Kevala Jnana ) of Vardhaman Mahavira and according to another hypothesis the name Jamui is originated from Jambuwani .'}]}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87,357', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jangaon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jangaon,_Warangal_district', 'summary': 'Jangaon is a town and the district headquarters of Jangaon district in the Indian state of Telangana . It is also the mandal and divisional headquarters of Jangaon Mandal and Jangaon revenue division respectively . It is about 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) from the state capital Hyderabad . It lies on the National Highway 163 .'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52,394', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaspur', 'summary': 'Jaspur is a developing town and a municipal board in Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50,523', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jatani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jatani', 'summary': 'Jatani or Khurda Road is a town and a major sub-urban area of Bhubaneswar , the state capital of Odisha . It is also a municipality in Khordha district in the Indian state of Odisha . Jatni , also known as Khurda Road Junction in Indian Railways parlance , acts as an important railway junction between the main railroads running between Kolkata and Chennai , with diversions to the Hindu pilgrimage city of Puri , and also with another diversion to the vast tribal hinterland of Odisha . It has emerged as a commercial hub with a number of educational and other institutions . It is home to Premier Public Institutes like NISER and IIT Bhubaneswar . Jatni is famous for its celebration of the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi .'}]}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55,925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaynagar Majilpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur', 'summary': 'Jaynagar Majilpur , popularly known as Jaynagar , is a city and a municipality of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is situated in the southern suburbs of Kolkata . As an urban setup in the vicinity of the Kolkata , the city is within the area of Greater Kolkata . It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority ( KMDA ) . In fact , Jaynagar and Majilpur are two separate towns . Since the formation of the municipality , these two towns are known together as Jaynagar Majilpur . The city is very famous for the confectionery of Jaynagarer Moa .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jhabrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhabrera', 'summary': 'Jhabrera is a town and a nagar panchayat in Hardwar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , situated 17 kilometres from Roorkee . It can be reached by taking a left turn before Ganga canal and while entering Manglaur town from Delhi .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,186', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jhargram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhargram', 'summary': 'Jhargram is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the headquarters of the Jhargram district . It is a popular tourist destination known for its forests , ancient temples and royal palaces .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jharsuguda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jharsuguda', 'summary': 'Jharsuguda is the district headquarters of Jharsuguda district of Odisha , India . It is the administrative headquarters of Jharsuguda district . It is an industrial hub , consisting mainly of metallurgical industries . It is well connected to major cities of India through the rail network , and a recently inaugurated Jharsuguda Airport later renamed as Veer Surendra Sai Airport by Prime minister Narendra Modi . It is popularly known as the Powerhouse of Odisha due to its plentiful industry mostly nearby thermal power plants .'}]}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97,730', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jhumri Tilaiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhumri_Tilaiya', 'summary': "Jhumri Telaiya ( also spelled as Jhumri Tilaiya ) is a city in the Koderma District of Jharkhand , India . It is situated in the Damodar Valley . Alternative English transliterations of the town 's name include Jhumri Tilaiya , Jhumari Talaiya , and Jhumri Tilaiya ."}]}, {'value': 'Jharkhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jharkhand', 'summary': 'Jharkhand ( lit . Bushland or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km2 ( 30,778 sq mi ) . It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . The state is known for its waterfalls , hills and holy places ; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites . The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period , as shown by several ancient cave paintings . Even evidence of use of iron started in this region as early as 1400 BCE . The region was under the rule of many sovereign and autonomous ruling dynasties including Maurya , Gupta , Gauda , Pala , Nagvanshi , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj , Raksel , Chero and Kharagdiha Zamindari estates . In the 16th century Mughal influence reached the region , and it finally came under the East India Company in the 18th century .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87,867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jorhat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorhat', 'summary': 'Jorhat ( /ˈdʒɔːrhɑːt/ ( listen ) ) is a city and one of the important urban centres in the state of Assam in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Assam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assam', 'summary': 'Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment .'}]}, {'value': 'MB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,782', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joshimath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshimath', 'summary': 'Joshimath , also known as Jyotirmath , is a city and a municipal board in Chamoli District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Located at a height of 6150 feet ( 1875 m ) , it is a gateway to several Himalayan mountain climbing expeditions , trekking trails and pilgrim centres like Badrinath . It is home to one of the four cardinal pīthas established by Adi Shankara .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,709', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'J', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India_9', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'}	null	null	What town is located on the banks of the Paleru River in the eight-largest state in India ?	Jaggaiahpet
05d4ee980b26482c	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World's_Billionaires", 'title': "The World's Billionaires", 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Net worth ( USD )', 'Age', 'Nationality', 'Source ( s ) of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Gates', 'summary': "William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , software developer , investor , and philanthropist . He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , president and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s . Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates co-founded Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company . [ a ] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000 , but he remained chairman and became chief software architect . During the late 1990s , Gates had been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive . This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella . Since 1987 , he has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest documented individuals ."}]}, {'value': '$ 60.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Ellison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Ellison', 'summary': 'Lawrence Joseph Ellison ( born August 17 , 1944 ) is an American businessman , entrepreneur , and philanthropist who is a co-founder and the executive chairman and chief technology officer ( CTO ) of Oracle Corporation . As of October 2019 , he was listed by Forbes magazine as the fourth-wealthiest person in the United States and as the sixth-wealthiest in the world , with a fortune of $ 69.1 billion , increased from $ 54.5 billion in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 47.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Oracle Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Allen', 'summary': "Paul Gardner Allen ( January 21 , 1953 - October 15 , 2018 ) was an American business magnate , researcher , investor , and philanthropist . He is best known for co-founding Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975 , which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s and became the world 's largest personal computer software company . Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes in 2018 , with an estimated net worth of $ 20.3 billion at the time of his death . Allen left active operations at Microsoft in early 1983 after a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis , remaining on its board as vice chairman . He and his sister , Jody Allen , founded Vulcan Inc. in 1986 , a privately held company that managed his various business and philanthropic efforts . He had a multi-billion dollar investment portfolio including technology and media companies , scientific research , real estate holdings , private space flight ventures , and stakes in other sectors . He owned the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League and the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association , and was part-owner of the Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer . In 2000 he resigned from his position on Microsoft 's board and assumed the post of senior strategy advisor to the company 's management team . Allen was also the founder of the Allen Institutes for Brain Science , Artificial Intelligence and Cell Science , as well as companies like Stratolaunch Systems and Apex Learning . He gave more than $ 2 billion to causes such as education , wildlife and environmental conservation , the arts , healthcare , community services and more . In 2004 , he funded the first manned private spaceplane with SpaceShipOne . He received numerous awards and honors in several different professions and was listed among the Time 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2007 and 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 28.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Buffett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Buffett', 'summary': "Warren Edward Buffett ( /ˈbʌfɪt/ ; born August 30 , 1930 ) is an American business magnate , investor , and philanthropist , who is the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway . He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world and has a net worth of US $ 88.9 billion as of December 2019 , making him the fourth-wealthiest person in the world . Buffett was born in Omaha , Nebraska . He developed an interest in business and investing in his youth , eventually entering the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 before transferring and graduating from the University of Nebraska at the age of 19 . He went on to graduate from Columbia Business School , where he molded his investment philosophy around the concept of value investing that was pioneered by Benjamin Graham . He attended New York Institute of Finance to focus his economics background and soon after began various business partnerships , including one with Graham . He created Buffett Partnership , Ltd in 1956 and his firm eventually acquired a textile manufacturing firm called Berkshire Hathaway , assuming its name to create a diversified holding company . In 1978 , Charlie Munger joined Buffett and became vice chairman of the company . Buffett has been the chairman and largest shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway since 1970 . He has been referred to as the Oracle or Sage of Omaha by global media outlets . He is noted for his adherence to value investing and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth . Research published at the University of Oxford characterizes Buffett 's investment methodology as falling within founder centrism - defined by a deference to managers with a founder 's mindset , an ethical disposition towards the shareholder collective , and an intense focus on exponential value creation ."}]}, {'value': '$ 25.6 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway', 'summary': "Berkshire Hathaway is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska , United States . The company wholly owns GEICO , Duracell , Dairy Queen , BNSF , Lubrizol , Fruit of the Loom , Helzberg Diamonds , Long & Foster , FlightSafety International , Pampered Chef , Forest River and NetJets , and also owns 38.6% of Pilot Flying J ; 26.7% of the Kraft Heinz Company , and significant minority holdings in American Express ( 17.6% ) , Wells Fargo ( 9.9% ) , The Coca-Cola Company ( 9.4% ) , Bank of America ( 6.8% ) , and Apple ( 5.22% ) . Since 2016 , the company has acquired large holdings in the major US airline carriers , and is currently the largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines , and a top three shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines . Berkshire Hathaway has averaged an annual growth in book value of 19.0% to its shareholders since 1965 ( compared to 9.7% from the S & P 500 with dividends included for the same period ) , while employing large amounts of capital , and minimal debt . The company is known for its control and leadership by Warren Buffett , who serves as chairman and chief executive , and by Charlie Munger , the company 's vice-chairman . In the early part of his career at Berkshire , Buffett focused on long-term investments in publicly traded companies , but more recently he has more frequently bought whole companies . Berkshire now owns a diverse range of businesses including confectionery , retail , railroads , home furnishings , encyclopedias , manufacturers of vacuum cleaners , jewelry sales , manufacture and distribution of uniforms , and several regional electric and gas utilities . According to the Forbes Global 2000 list and formula , Berkshire Hathaway is the third largest public company in the world , the tenth largest conglomerate by revenue and the largest financial services company by revenue in the world . As of February 2020 , Berkshire 's Class B stock is the seventh-largest component of the S & P 500 Index ( which is based on free-float market capitalization ) and the company is famous for having the most expensive share price in history with Class A shares costing around $ 340,000 each . This is because there has never been a stock split in its Class A shares and Buffett stated in a 1984 letter to shareholders that he does not intend to split the stock ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl and Theo Albrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Albrecht', 'summary': 'Karl Hans Albrecht ( German : [ ˈalbʁɛçt ] ; 20 February 1920 - 16 July 2014 ) was a German entrepreneur who founded the discount supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo . He was for many years the richest person in Germany . In February 2014 , he was ranked the 21st-richest person in the world by Hurun Report .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Theo_Albrecht', 'summary': "Theodor Paul Theo Albrecht ( German : [ ˈalbʁɛçt ] ; 28 March 1922 - 24 July 2010 ) was a German entrepreneur , who in 2010 was ranked by Forbes as the 31st richest person in the world , with a net worth of $ 16.7 billion . He owned and was the CEO of the Aldi Nord discount supermarket chain . In the US he owned the Trader Joe 's specialty grocery store chain . His brother Karl Albrecht owned the Aldi Süd discount supermarket chain . The two chains originally were a single family enterprise until a friendly division of assets in 1960 . Aldi Süd operates the Aldi groceries in the United States . Aldi and Trader Joe 's , while owned by the brothers , have separate and distinct ownership and operations ."}]}, {'value': '$ 20.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Aldi Süd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldi', 'summary': "Aldi ( stylised as ALDI ) is the common brand of two German family-owned discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 20 countries , and an estimated combined turnover of more than €50 billion . Based in Germany , the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother 's store in Essen . The business was split into two separate groups in 1960 , that later became Aldi Nord , headquartered in Essen , and Aldi Süd , headquartered in Mülheim . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi ( a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont ) , which is pronounced [ ˈaldiː ] ( listen ) . In Germany , Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie , oHG . Aldi 's German operations consist of Aldi Nord 's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western , northern , and eastern Germany , and Aldi Süd 's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany . Internationally , Aldi Nord operates in Denmark , France , the Benelux countries , Portugal , Spain and Poland , while Aldi Süd operates in Ireland , Great Britain , Hungary , Switzerland , Australia , China , Italy , Austria and Slovenia . Both Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores as of 2017 ( and is the only country to have both of Aldi 's subsidiaries operating outside of Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Waleed bin Talal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Waleed_bin_Talal', 'summary': "Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz al Saud ( Arabic : الوليد بن طلال بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود , born 7 March 1955 ) is a Saudi Arabian businessman , investor and a member of the Saudi royal family . He was listed on Time magazine 's Time 100 , an annual list of the hundred most influential people in the world , in 2008 . Al-Waleed is a grandson of Ibn Saud , the first Saudi Arabian king , a nephew of all Saudi Arabian kings since , and a grandson of Riad Al Solh ( Lebanon 's first prime minister ) . He is the founder , chief executive officer and 95 percent owner of the Kingdom Holding Company , a company with investments in companies in the financial services , tourism and hospitality , mass media , entertainment , retail , agriculture , petrochemicals , aviation , technology and real-estate sectors . In 2013 , the company had a market capitalization of over $ 18 billion . Al-Waleed is Citigroup 's largest individual shareholder , the second-largest voting shareholder in 21st Century Fox , a minor shareholder in Zaveriwala Holdings LLC and owns Paris ' Four Seasons Hotel George V and part of the Plaza Hotel . Time has called him the Arabian Warren Buffett . In November 2017 Forbes listed Al-Waleed as the 45th-richest man in the world , with an estimated net worth of $ 18.7 billion . On 4 November 2017 he and other prominent Saudis ( including fellow billionaires Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim and Saleh Abdullah Kamel ) were arrested in Saudi Arabia , in a purge that the Saudi government characterized as an anti-corruption drive . The allegations against Prince Al-Waleed include money laundering , bribery , and extorting officials . Some of the detainees have been in the Ritz-Carlton , Riyadh since then . Al-Waleed was released from detention on 27 January 2018 , following a financial settlement of some kind , after nearly three months in detention ."}]}, {'value': '$ 20.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom Holding Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_Holding_Company', 'summary': 'The Kingdom Holding Company ( Arabic : شركة المملكة القابضة ) is a Saudi conglomerate holding company based in Riyadh . The Kingdom Holding Company ( KHC ) is a publicly listed company on the Tadawul ( Saudi Stock Exchange ) . The KHC consists of a select team of experienced investment specialists directed by its founder and chairman , Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal and Chief Executive Officer , Eng . Talal Ibrahim Al Maiman . The company describes itself as a diversified investment company , whose main interests are financial services , real estate , tourism and hospitality , media , entertainment , petrochemicals , aviation and technology .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Robson Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S._Robson_Walton', 'summary': "Samuel Robson Rob Walton ( born October 28 , 1944 ) is an heir to the fortune of Walmart , the world 's largest retailer . He is the eldest son of Helen Walton and Sam Walton . He served as Chairman of Walmart from 1992 to 2015 . As of October 2019 , Walton had a net worth of $ 52.9 billion , making him the 17th richest person in the world . [ circular reference ]"}]}, {'value': '$ 20.0 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Wal-Mart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wal-Mart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masayoshi Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masayoshi_Son', 'summary': "Masayoshi Son ( 孫正義 , Son Masayoshi , born 11 August 1957 ) is a Korean-Japanese technology entrepreneur , investor , and philanthropist . He is the founder and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of the Japanese holding company SoftBank , CEO of SoftBank Mobile and chairman of UK-based Arm Holdings . He is well known for his $ 20 million early stake into Alibaba in 1999 . According to Forbes magazine , Son 's estimated net worth is US $ 23 billion , and the second richest man in Japan , despite having the distinction of losing the most money in history ( approximately $ 70bn during the dot com crash of 2000 ) . Forbes also describes him as a philanthropist . Son was named the world 's 45th most powerful person by Forbes Magazine 's List of The World 's Most Powerful People in 2013 . Son was ranked at number 43 on the Forbes list of The World 's Billionaires 2019 , with a net worth of $ 22.9 billion ."}]}, {'value': '$ 19.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softbank_Capital', 'summary': 'SoftBank Capital is a venture capital group in the United States , focusing on technology and telecom early stage businesses . It was founded by SoftBank . Since 2015 it does not actively make investments , but it continues to oversee its prior portfolio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SoftBank_Mobile', 'summary': "SoftBank Group Corp. is a Japanese multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Tokyo . The company owns stakes in Softbank Corp. ( ja ) , Softbank Vision Fund ( ja ) , Arm Holdings , Fortress Investment Group , Boston Dynamics , Sprint ( 85% ) , Alibaba ( 29.5% ) , Yahoo Japan ( 48.17% ) , Brightstar ( 87.1% ) , Uber ( 15% ) , Didi Chuxing ( ca.20% ) , Ola ( ca.30% ) , Renren ( 42.9% ) , InMobi ( 45% ) , Hike ( 25.8% ) , Snapdeal ( ca.30% ) , Fanatics ( ca.22% ) , Improbable Worlds ( ca.50% ) , Paytm ( ca.20% ) , OYO ( 42% ) , Ping An Insurance ( 7.41% ) , Slack Technologies ( ca.5% ) , WeWork ( ca.80% ) , ZhongAn Online P & C Insurance ( 5% ) , Compass ( ca.22% ) , AUTO1 Group ( ca.20% ) , Wag ( 45% ) , Katerra ( ca.28% ) , Cruise Automation ( ca.19.6% ) , ParkJockey , Tokopedia ( Indonesia ) , and many more companies . It also runs Vision Fund , the world 's largest technology-focused venture capital fund , with over $ 100 billion in capital . The company is known for its leadership by founder Masayoshi Son . It operates in broadband , fixed-line telecommunications , e-commerce , internet , technology services , finance , media and marketing , semiconductor design , and other areas . SoftBank was ranked in the Forbes Global 2000 list as the 36th largest public company in the world , and the second largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota . The logo of SoftBank is based on the flag of the Kaientai , a naval trading company that was founded in 1865 , near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate , by Sakamoto Ryōma . Although it does n't affiliate itself to any traditional keiretsu , Softbank has close ties with Mizuho Financial Group , its main lender ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Dell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Dell', 'summary': "Michael Saul Dell ( born February 23 , 1965 ) is an American billionaire businessman and philanthropist . He is the founder and CEO of Dell Technologies , one of the world 's largest technology infrastructure companies . He is ranked as the 27th richest person in the world by Forbes , with a net worth of $ 31.0 billion as of October 2019 . In 2011 , his 243.35 million shares of Dell Inc. stock were worth $ 3.5 billion , giving him 12% ownership of the company . His remaining wealth of roughly $ 10 billion is invested in other companies and is managed by MSD Capital , which incorporates his initials . In January 2013 it was announced that he had bid to take Dell Inc. private for $ 24.4 billion in the biggest management buyout since the Great Recession . Dell Inc. officially went private on October 29 , 2013 . The company once again went public in December 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 19.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Dell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dell', 'summary': 'Dell Inc. , which operates under the brand name Dell , is an American multinational computer technology company that develops , sells , repairs , and supports computers and related products and services . Named after its founder , Michael Dell , the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world , employing more than 145,000 people in the U.S. and around the world ( Annual report 2018 ) . Dell sells personal computers ( PCs ) , servers , data storage devices , network switches , software , computer peripherals , HDTVs , cameras , printers , MP3 players , and electronics built by other manufacturers . The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce , particularly its direct-sales model and its build-to-order or configure to order approach to manufacturing - delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications . Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence , but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems , Dell entered the market for IT services . The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems , with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions [ buzzword ] for enterprise customers . Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list , until 2014 . After going private in 2013 , the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune . In 2015 , it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP . Dell is the largest shipper of PC monitors worldwide . Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue , according to Fortune magazine . It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas - behind AT & T - and the largest company in the Greater Austin area .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth Thomson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Thomson,_2nd_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet', 'summary': 'Kenneth Roy Thomson , 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet ( September 1 , 1923 - June 12 , 2006 ) , known in Canada as Ken Thomson , was a Canadian/British businessman and art collector . At the time of his death , he was listed by Forbes as the richest person in Canada and the ninth richest person in the world , with a net worth of approximately US $ 19.6 billion .'}]}, {'value': '$ 16.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'The Thomson Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Thomson_Corporation', 'summary': "The Thomson Corporation was one of the world 's largest information companies . It was established in 1989 following a merger between International Thomson Organisation Ltd ( ITOL ) and Thomson Newspapers . In 2008 , it purchased Reuters Group to form Thomson Reuters . The Thomson Corporation was active in financial services , healthcare sectors , law , science and technology research and tax and accounting sectors . The company operated through five segments ( 2007 onwards ) : Thomson Financial , Thomson Healthcare , Thomson Legal , Thomson Scientific and Thomson Tax & Accounting . Until 2007 , Thomson was also a major worldwide provider of higher education textbooks , academic information solutions and reference materials . On 26 October 2006 , Thomson announced the proposed sale of its Thomson Learning assets . In May 2007 , Thomson Learning was acquired by Apax Partners and subsequently renamed Cengage Learning in July . The Thomson Learning brand was used to the end of August 2007 . Subsequently , on 15 October 2007 , Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) finalized acquisition of Thomson 's Prometric . Thomson sold its global network of testing centres in 135 countries , for a reported $ 435 million . Prometric now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of ETS ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Annual rankings -- 2000', 'section_text': "Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the world 's billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $ 12.5 billion , and he remained there during the dot-com bubble 's height in 1999 when his fortune peaked at $ 90 billion . After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000 , his wealth dropped to $ 60 billion , although he remained at the top of the list .", 'uid': 'List_of_wealthiest_non-inflated_historical_figures_19', 'intro': "The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the wealthiest billionaires in the world, compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes. The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars, based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at US$4.1 billion, up US$350 million from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was US$9.1 trillion, up from US$7.67 trillion in 2017. As of 2018[update], Microsoft founder Bill Gates had topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, Mark Zuckerberg was the only person in the top 10 billionaires list who is under the age of 50, and the only one in the top 20 billionaires list who is under the age of 40. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as the poorest half of the human race."}	null	null	What is the difference in net worth between the person born in 1930 in Omaha and the person born in 1955 in Seattle ?	$ 34.4 billion
05d5e6aaf6763922	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Jewish_Homesteaders_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery is an early 20th century burial site near Ashley , North Dakota . The Russian and Romanian Jews who farmed the area beginning in 1905 arrived as refugees fleeing pogroms and persecution . They had never farmed before , due to restrictions against Jews owning land in their native countries . Despite this lack of experience and the many rocks and boulders that peppered their claims , with the assistance of their German-Russian neighbors , and hard work and persistence , the great majority of them were successful enough to buy their land outright prior to the five-year waiting period contained within the Homestead Act of 1862 , or to own their land at the five year mark . Over the course of the next 20 years , these Jewish farmers moved off their farms to carve out their livelihoods . Though many remained as shopkeepers in the smaller towns in the Dakotas , a significant number chose to eventually move closer to larger Jewish educational and social centers . Established in 1913 , the cemetery remains as the only physical evidence of the largest Jewish agricultural settlement in North Dakota , South Dakota , or Montana . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in 2015 , and re-dedicated with explanatory plaques in 2017 . It is the only remaining Jewish homesteader cemetery in the Dakotas that has been continually cared for by the descendants of those buried , and the Ashley residents hired by the descendants to maintain the grounds .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2015 ( # 15000807 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48th Ave. , SE . 46°04′42″N 99°22′44″W / 46.078333°N 99.378889°W / 46.078333 ; -99.378889 ( Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ashley is a city in and the county seat of McIntosh County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 749 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McIntosh County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McIntosh_County_Courthouse_(Ashley,_North_Dakota)', 'summary': 'McIntosh County Courthouse in Ashley , North Dakota was built in 1919 , to serve the surrounding county . It is one of thirteen Beaux Arts Neo-Classical courthouses in North Dakota designed by the architectural firm of Buechner & Orth . The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 1980 ( # 80002918 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112 1st St. NE 46°02′09″N 99°22′16″W / 46.03595°N 99.371171°W / 46.03595 ; -99.371171 ( McIntosh County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ashley is a city in and the county seat of McIntosh County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 749 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Andrews_Evangelical_German_Lutheran_Church', 'summary': 'The St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , was built in 1893 by Germans from Russia . Also known as St. Andrews Lutheran Parish District , the historic area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . The listing included four contributing buildings and one contributing site . The district includes the original 1893 church , a 1906 church , a parsonage , and a cemetery . One work includes Colonial Revival architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1990 ( # 90001027 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of ND 3 near the South Branch of Beaver Creek 46°06′53″N 99°46′21″W / 46.114722°N 99.7725°W / 46.114722 ; -99.7725 ( St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_3', 'summary': 'North Dakota Highway 3 ( ND 3 ) is a 247.530-mile-long ( 398.361 km ) major north-south state highway in North Dakota , United States , that spans the entire state . It travels from South Dakota Highway 45 ( SD 45 ) at the South Dakota state line , south of Ashley north to Manitoba Highway 10 ( PTH 10 ) at the International Peace Garden on the Canada-United States border .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_A", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001687 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_B", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001688 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site C", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_C", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001689 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site D", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_D", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001690 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland_Hall', 'summary': 'Zeeland Hall , on South Main Street in Zeeland , North Dakota , was built in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration project . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 . It is a one-story Colonial Revival-style building . It has a long central portion and one-story extensions to each side , and is approximately 58 by 98 feet ( 18 m × 30 m ) in plan . The Colonial Revival style is relatively unusual for New Deal public works projects ; Moderne is more common .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2016 ( # 16000368 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '211 S. Main Ave. 45°58′19″N 99°49′49″W / 45.971986°N 99.830388°W / 45.971986 ; -99.830388 ( Zeeland Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}], 'section_title': 'McIntosh County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota_26', 'intro': "There are 447 properties and historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota. There are listings in 52 of North Dakota's 53 counties."}	null	null	What type of project was the site built as in the town founded by Dutch settlers ?	Works Progress Administration
05d6cc8fd12192c5	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Sports_Acrobatics_Championships', 'title': '2004 World Sports Acrobatics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Team', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Stroynova , Ekaterina Loginova , Gouzel Khassanova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '22.420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Stamenovic , Tara Bushbridge , Veronica Gravolin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '19.670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danielle Heider , Samantha Schabow , Jennifer Da Silva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19.630', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olexandra Gorkovenko , Alla Basiuk , Larisa Semeniuk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '19.210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Kirilova , Elena Moiseeva , Tatiana Alexeeva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaukhar Ahmetova , Alexandra Yenina , Aigul Dukenbayeva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '18.910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yvonne Weish , Stefanie Akroyd , Victoria Pattison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '18.810', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Schwassmann , Susanne Schaeffer , Natalia Arent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '17.610', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Results -- Women 's Group", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_World_Sports_Acrobatics_Championships_3', 'intro': '19th World Sports Acrobatics Championships were held in Liévin, France from May 21 to May 23, 2004.'}	null	null	Which country scored higher than the largest country in Oceania ?	Russia
05d81fee70d32c1d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebertfest', 'title': 'Ebertfest', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'Starring', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dance Me to My Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dance_Me_to_My_Song', 'summary': "Dance Me to My Song is a 1998 Australian drama film directed by Rolf de Heer . It was entered into the 1998 Cannes Film Festival . The film grossed $ 175,138 at the box office in Australia . Heather Rose described her intention to make the screenplay not just another soppy disability film . Roger Ebert described the film as one where the human will and spirit overwhelm you . David Stratton describes the film as a warm , positive , affirmation of life . An article in Australian Feminist Studies discusses the film in the genre of women 's films ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolf de Heer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer', 'summary': "Rolf de Heer ( born 4 May 1951 ) is a Dutch Australian film director . De Heer was born in Heemskerk in the Netherlands but migrated to Sydney when he was eight years old . He attended the Australian Film , Television and Radio School in Sydney . His company is called Vertigo Productions and is based in Adelaide . De Heer primarily makes alternative or arthouse films . According to the jacket notes of the videotape , de Heer holds the honor of co-producing and directing the only motion picture , Dingo , in which the jazz legend Miles Davis appears as an actor . Miles Davis collaborated with Michel Legrand on the score . He is the subject of the book Dutch Tilt , Aussie Auteur : The Films of Rolf de Heer ( First edition - Saarbrücken , Germany : VDM , 2009 . Second edition - Ebook : Starrs via Smashwords.com , 2013 ) by Dr D. Bruno Starrs . A comprehensive study of his films to date , Dancing to His Song : the Singular Cinema of Rolf de Heer by film critic Jane Freebury , is published in ebook and print ( Currency Press & Currency House , 2015 ) . His 2013 film Charlie 's Country was selected to compete in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heather Rose , John Brumpton , Joey Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Brumpton', 'summary': 'Brumpton grew up in Sydney . He graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1982 with a Bachelor of Surveying degree and then worked throughout the Northern Territory , New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory as a surveyor . In 1985 , Brumpton was the Australian ( full contact ) Kung Fu Champion as well as representing Australia in Amateur Boxing at the prestigious Kings Cup tournament in Thailand . In 1986 , Brumpton was accepted into the Victorian College of the Arts to train as an actor ; he graduated in December 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Rose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thirteen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David D. Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermine Douglas , Brandon Flynn Wells , Alan Douglas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to include Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Household Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Household_Saints', 'summary': "Household Saints is a 1993 film starring Tracey Ullman , Vincent D'Onofrio and Lili Taylor . It was based on the novel by Francine Prose and directed by Nancy Savoca . The film explores the lives of three generations of Italian-American women over the course of the latter half of the 20th century . The film 's executive producer is Jonathan Demme , a long-time friend of Savoca 's , and her first real employer in the world of film ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Savoca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Savoca', 'summary': 'Nancy Laura Savoca ( born July 23 , 1959 ) is an American film director , producer , and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tracey Ullman , Vincent D'Onofrio , Lili Taylor", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracey_Ullman', 'summary': "Tracey Ullman ( born 30 December 1959 ) is a British-American actress , comedian , singer , dancer , screenwriter , producer , director , author , and businesswoman . Her earliest appearances were on British television sketch comedy shows A Kick Up the Eighties ( with Rik Mayall and Miriam Margolyes ) and Three of a Kind ( with Lenny Henry and David Copperfield ) . After a brief singing career , she appeared as Candice Valentine in Girls on Top with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders . She emigrated from the United Kingdom to the United States where she starred in her own network television comedy series , The Tracey Ullman Show , from 1987 until 1990 , which also featured the first appearances of the long-running animated media franchise , The Simpsons . She later produced programmes for HBO , including Tracey Takes On . ( 1996-99 ) , for which she garnered numerous awards . Her sketch comedy series , Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union , ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime . She has also appeared in several feature films . Ullman was the first British woman to be offered her own television sketch show in both the United Kingdom and the United States . In 2016 , she returned to British television with the BBC sketch comedy show Tracey Ullman 's Show , her first project for the broadcaster in over thirty years ; this led to the creation of the topical comedy series Tracey Breaks the News in 2017 . Ullman is currently the richest British actress and female comedian and the third richest British comedian overall ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Vincent_D'Onofrio", 'summary': "Vincent Philip D'Onofrio ( /dəˈnɒfrioʊ/ ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American actor , producer , director , and singer . He is known for his supporting and starring roles in both film and television . He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Saturn Awards , winning one for his supporting role in Men in Black . His roles include Private Leonard Gomer Pyle Lawrence in Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in Daredevil ( 2015-2018 ) , NYPD Detective Robert Goren in Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Edgar the Bug in Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and Vic Hoskins in Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Among other honors , D'Onofrio is a Saturn Award winner , an Emmy Award nominee and a Jay Award 2018 winner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lili_Taylor', 'summary': 'Lili Anne Taylor ( born February 20 , 1967 ) is an American actress notable for her appearances in such award-winning indie films as Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) , Say Anything . ( 1989 ) , Dogfight ( 1991 ) , Short Cuts ( 1993 ) and I Shot Andy Warhol ( 1996 ) , as well as several big-budget films such as Ransom ( 1996 ) , The Haunting ( 1999 ) , Public Enemies ( 2009 ) , The Conjuring ( 2013 ) and Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) . In television , she has starred in Six Feet Under , Hemlock Grove , Almost Human and all three seasons of the anthology series American Crime ; for the latter , she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to Savoca and Richard Guay ( producer and co-writer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Guay_(film_producer)', 'summary': 'Richard Guay is a New York City based American film producer . His productions include True Love ( 1989 ) which won the Grand Jury Prize at the 1989 Sundance Film Festival , Dogfight ( 1991 ) , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) , Kinsey ( 2004 ) , and Shutter ( 2008 ) . He has been married to Nancy Savoca since 1980 , and they have three children .'}]}, {'value': 'Battleship Potemkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin', 'summary': "Battleship Potemkin ( Russian : Бронено́сец « Потёмкин » , Bronenosets Potyomkin ) , sometimes rendered as Battleship Potyomkin , is a 1925 Soviet silent film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and produced by Mosfilm . It presents a dramatized version of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against its officers . Battleship Potemkin was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World 's Fair in 1958 . In 2012 , the British Film Institute named it the eleventh-greatest film of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergei Eisenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein', 'summary': 'Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein ( Russian : Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн , IPA : [ sʲɪrˈɡʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ ɪjzʲɪnˈʂtʲejn ] , tr . Sergey Mikhaylovich Eizenshteyn ; 22 January [ O.S . 10 January ] 1898 - 11 February 1948 ) was a Soviet film director and film theorist , a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage . He is noted in particular for his silent films Strike ( 1925 ) , Battleship Potemkin ( 1925 ) and October ( 1928 ) , as well as the historical epics Alexander Nevsky ( 1938 ) and Ivan the Terrible ( 1944 , 1958 ) . In its 2012 decennial poll , the magazine Sight & Sound named his Battleship Potemkin the 11th greatest movie of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Antonov , Vladimir Barsky , Grigori Aleksandrov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Antonov_(actor)', 'summary': "Aleksandr Pavlovich Antonov ( Russian : Александр Павлович Антонов ; 13 February 1898 in Moscow - 26 November 1962 ) was a Soviet film actor who had a lengthy career , stretching from the silent era to the 1950s . His first role was as Maréchal Joffre in Sergei Eisenstein 's first film Glumov 's Diary . His best-known role was as Grigory Vakulinchuk in Sergei Eisenstein 's film The Battleship Potemkin . He also had a part in another Eisenstein film , Strike ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov', 'summary': "Grigori Vasilyevich Aleksandrov or Alexandrov ( Russian : Григо́рий Васи́льевич Алекса́ндров ; original family name was Мормоненко or Mormonenko ; 23 January 1903 - 16 December 1983 ) was a prominent Soviet film director who was named a People 's Artist of the USSR in 1947 and a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1973 . He was awarded the Stalin Prizes for 1941 and 1950 . Initially associated with Sergei Eisenstein , with whom he worked as a co-director , screenwriter and actor , Aleksandrov became a major director in his own right in the 1930s , when he directed Jolly Fellows and a string of other musical comedies starring his wife Lyubov Orlova . Though Aleksandrov remained active until his death , his musicals , amongst the first made in the Soviet Union , remain his most popular films . They rival Ivan Pyryev 's films as the most effective and light-hearted showcase ever designed for the Stalin-era USSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Concrete Orchestra played live accompaniment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maborosi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maborosi', 'summary': "Maborosi , known in Japan as Maboroshi no Hikari ( Japanese : 幻の光 , literally phantasmic light , but best translated as ' a trick of the light ' ) , is a 1995 Japanese drama film by director Hirokazu Kore-eda starring Makiko Esumi , Tadanobu Asano , and Takashi Naito . It is based on a novel by Teru Miyamoto . The film won a Golden Osella Award for Best Cinematography at the 1995 Venice Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Hirokazu Koreeda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hirokazu_Koreeda', 'summary': "Hirokazu Kore-eda ( 是枝裕和 , Koreeda Hirokazu , born 6 June 1962 ) is a Japanese film director , producer , screenwriter , and editor . He began his career in television and has since directed more than a dozen feature films , including Nobody Knows ( 2004 ) , Still Walking ( 2008 ) , and After the Storm ( 2016 ) . He won the Jury Prize at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival for Like Father , Like Son and won the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival for Shoplifters ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makiko Esumi , Takashi Naitō , Tadanobu Asano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makiko_Esumi', 'summary': "Makiko Esumi ( 江角マキコ , Esumi Makiko ) ( born 18 December 1966 in Izumo , Shimane Prefecture , Japan ) is a former Japanese model , actress , writer , essayist , and lyricist . Esumi is most well known for her role as Chinatsu Tsuboi in the Japanese television drama series Shomuni . Esumi won the 1995 Rookie of the Year Award at both the 19th Annual Japan Academy Prize ceremonies and at the 38th Blue Ribbon Awards for her role in the 1995 film Maborosi . She was nominated in 2002 for the Best Actress Award at the 26th Annual Japan Academy Prize ceremonies for her role in Inochi . In 2000 , she released her single , One Way Drive , featuring guitar work and production by Tomoyasu Hotei , who also co-wrote the song with Esumi . She wrote a children 's book in 2005 . Esumi is married to Fuji TV director Shin Hirano and is distantly related to Koji Ezumi , a goalkeeper for Omiya Ardija . She was previously married to photographer Rowland Kirishima . She gave birth in 2005 to her first daughter , with her second due to be born in December 2009 . She is represented by the talent management firm Ken-On ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tadanobu_Asano', 'summary': "Tadanobu Satō ( 佐藤忠信 , Satō Tadanobu , born November 27 , 1973 ) , better known by his stage name Tadanobu Asano ( 浅野忠信 , Asano Tadanobu ) , is a Japanese actor and musician . He is known for his roles as Dragon Eye Morrison in Electric Dragon 80.000 V , Kakihara in Ichi the Killer , Mamoru Arita in Bright Future , Hattori Genosuke in Zatoichi , Kenji in Last Life in the Universe , A man in Survive Style 5+ , Ayano in The Taste of Tea , Temujin in Mongol , Captain Yugi Nagata in Battleship , Lord Kira Yoshinaka in the 47 Ronin , and Hogun in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , based on the Marvel Comics character . In 2016 , he appeared as the Interpreter in Martin Scorsese 's Silence . Three years later , he portrayed Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi in Midway ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surrender Dorothy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surrender_Dorothy_(film)', 'summary': 'Surrender Dorothy is an independent film by director Kevin DiNovis which won first place at the 1998 Slamdance Film Festival . The film stars Peter Pryor , Kevin DiNovis , and is the first film role for Elizabeth Banks , who appears in the credits as Elizabeth Casey .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin DiNovis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Pryor , Kevin DiNovis , Jason Centeno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to DiNovis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiloh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiloh_(film)', 'summary': 'Shiloh is a 1996 American family drama film produced and directed by Dale Rosenbloom . It was shown at the Heartland Film Festival in 1996 , but its general release came on April 25 , 1997 . The original book by the same name was written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor . There are two sequels , Shiloh 2 : Shiloh Season ( 1999 ) and Saving Shiloh ( 2006 ) , both directed by Sandy Tung .'}]}, {'value': 'Dale Rosenbloom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chip_Rosenbloom', 'summary': "Dale Chip Rosenbloom is an American filmmaker who wrote/produced/directed Shiloh and produced Across the Tracks and Fuel . He has produced twenty-five films and television movies . He was the co-owner and vice chairman of the Los Angeles Rams professional football franchise . From 2008 to 2010 he was the team 's controlling owner , having inherited control of the team his family first acquired in the 1970s . Rosenbloom sold the family 's remaining stake to co-owner Stan Kroenke in 2010 . He is president of Rosenbloom Entertainment and founder/owner of Open Pictures ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Moriarty , Scott Wilson , Blake Heron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Moriarty', 'summary': "Michael Moriarty ( born April 5 , 1941 ) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician . He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust , as well as a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home . He played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons ( 1990-1994 ) on the television show Law & Order . Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly , Who 'll Stop the Rain , Q : The Winged Serpent , The Stuff , Pale Rider , Troll , Courage Under Fire , and Shiloh ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Wilson_(actor)', 'summary': "Scott Wilson ( born William Delano Wilson ; March 29 , 1942 - October 6 , 2018 ) was an American actor . He had more than 50 film credits , including In the Heat of the Night , In Cold Blood , The Great Gatsby , Dead Man Walking , Pearl Harbor , and Junebug . In 1980 , Wilson received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture for his role in William Peter Blatty 's The Ninth Configuration . He played veterinarian Hershel Greene on the AMC television series The Walking Dead ( 2011-2014 ; 2018 ) . He also had a recurring role on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation as casino mogul Sam Braun , as well as a lead role on the Netflix series The OA as Abel Johnson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blake_Heron', 'summary': 'Blake Heron ( January 11 , 1982 - September 8 , 2017 ) was an American actor . He is best known for his starring role as Marty Preston in the 1996 film Shiloh .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to Rosenbloom , Wilson , and Carl Borack ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Borack', 'summary': 'Carl Borack ( born July 12 , 1947 ) is an American fencer . He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1972 Summer Olympics . He is also a producer , photographer with works on display with the Art of the Olympians .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamsun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamsun_(film)', 'summary': 'Hamsun is a 1996 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Jan Troell , about the later life of the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun ( Max von Sydow ) , who , together with his wife Marie Hamsun ( Ghita Nørby ) , went from being a national hero to a traitor after supporting Nazi Germany during their occupation of Norway during World War II . Sydow and Nørby speak in their native Swedish and Danish respectively , though there is a scene where he speaks English and several where she speaks German ; the rest of the cast speak Norwegian or German . The film won the Gulbagge Awards for Best Film , Best Actor ( Sydow ) , Best Actress ( Nørby ) and Best Screenplay ( Enquist ) . The film was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards , but was not shortlisted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan Troell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Troell', 'summary': 'Jan Gustaf Troell ( born 23 July 1931 ) is a Swedish film director . Usually , Troell writes his own scripts and serves as his own director of photography . His realistic films , with a lyrical photography in which nature is prominent , have placed him in the first rank of modern Swedish film directors along with Ingmar Bergman and Bo Widerberg .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max von Sydow , Ghita Nørby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_von_Sydow', 'summary': "Max von Sydow ( /vɒn ˈsiːdoʊ/ von SEE-doh ; [ a ] born Carl Adolf von Sydow , 10 April 1929 ) is an actor who has appeared in European and American films . Von Sydow has appeared in more than 100 films and TV series . Some of his most memorable film roles include Knight Antonius Block in Ingmar Bergman 's The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , the first of his 11 films with Bergman which includes the iconic scenes in which he plays chess with Death , He also played Jesus Christ in George Stevens ' The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , and also appeared in William Friedkin 's The Exorcist , David Lynch 's Dune ( 1984 ) , Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , Penny Marshall 's Awakenings ( 1990 ) , Steven Spielberg 's Minority Report ( 2002 ) , Julian Schnabel 's , The Diving Bell and the Butterfly ( 2007 ) , and Martin Scorsese 's Shutter Island ( 2009 ) . Recently he appeared in Star Wars : The Force Awakens and in HBO 's Game of Thrones as Three-eyed Raven , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Throughout his long and varied career he has received two Academy Award nominations for his performances in Pelle the Conqueror ( 1987 ) and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close ( 2011 ) . Von Sydow received the Royal Foundation of Sweden 's Cultural Award in 1954 , was made a Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in 2005 , and was named a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur on 17 October 2012 . Originally from Sweden , von Sydow is a French citizen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghita_Nørby', 'summary': "Ghita Nørby ( born 11 January 1935 ) is a Danish actress with 117 film credits to her name from 1956-2005 , making her one of the most active Danish actresses ever . She was born in Copenhagen , Denmark , the daughter of opera singer Einar Nørby ( 1896-1983 ) . She studied two years at the Danish Royal Theatre ( Det Kongelige Teater ) , and was an actress there from 1956-1959 . She has been married a number of times . First in 1956 to architect Mogens Garth-Grüner , and then to actor Henrik Wiehe . She met her next husband , Italian pop singer/actor Dario Campeotto , on the set of a film they were shooting in 1962 . They were married in 1963 , and had a son , actor Giacomo Campeotto , in 1964 . They were divorced in 1969 . She married actor Jørgen Reenberg in April 1970 . She is currently married to pianist/composer , Svend Skipper . She has received a number of awards and recognitions including the Ingenio et Arti medal in 2006 . At the 27th Guldbagge Awards she was nominated for the award for Best Actress for her role in Freud 's Leaving Home ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autumn Tale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autumn_Tale', 'summary': "Autumn Tale ( French : Conte d'automne ) is a 1998 French film , directed by Éric Rohmer , starring Béatrice Romand , Marie Rivière , Alain Libolt , Didier Sandre , Alexia Portal , and Aurélia Alcaïs . It is the final film of Rohmer 's Contes des quatre saisons ( Tales of the Four Seasons ) , which also includes A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , A Tale of Winter ( 1992 ) and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Éric Rohmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Rohmer', 'summary': "Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer , known as Éric Rohmer ( French : [ eʁik ʁomɛʁ ] , 21 March 1920 - 11 January 2010 ) , was a French film director , film critic , journalist , novelist , screenwriter , and teacher . Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established . He edited the influential film journal , Cahiers du cinéma , from 1957 to 1963 , while most of his colleagues - among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut - were making the transition from film critics to filmmakers and gaining international attention . Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud 's was nominated at the Academy Awards . He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival with Claire 's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986 . Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival 's Career Golden Lion in 2001 . After Rohmer 's death in 2010 , his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave , outlasting his peers and still making movies the public wanted to see late in his career ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Béatrice Romand , Marie Rivière , Alain Libolt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Béatrice_Romand', 'summary': "Béatrice Romand ( born 1952 , Birkhadem , French Algeria ) is a French actress . She is best known for her work with director Éric Rohmer in such films as Claire 's Knee , Chloe in the Afternoon , A Good Marriage , Le Rayon vert and Autumn Tale . She also appeared on television in Graf Yoster gibt sich die Ehre , a German detective show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Rivière', 'summary': "Marie Rivière ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ maʁi ʁivjɛʁ ] ; born 22 December 1956 ) is a French actress and filmmaker . She is known for her collaborations with director Éric Rohmer . From a working-class background , Marie Rivière grew up on a housing estate/project in Montreuil before working as a schoolteacher , then as a shop assistant . At 21 , having seen L'Amour l'après-midi , she sent a letter and photo to Éric Rohmer . He saw her in his office at Les films du losange , in the presence of Arielle Dombasle and Thierry Lhermitte , and offered her a small role in Perceval le Gallois . Two years later she appeared in Rohmer 's The Aviator 's Wife , the first in the Comédies et Proverbes series . The Green Ray , in which she played the fragile dreamer Delphine , was a critical and popular success , and won the Golden Lion at Venice . In 1998 she appeared again for Rohmer in Conte d'automne ( Autumn Tale ) , alongside another Rohmer muse , Béatrice Romand . She co-directed her first film in 1993 , with Marc Rivière , La Règle du Silence ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tron', 'summary': 'Tron ( stylized as TRON ) is a 1982 American science fiction action-adventure film written and directed by Steven Lisberger from a story by Lisberger and Bonnie MacBird . The film stars Jeff Bridges as a computer programmer who is transported inside the software world of a mainframe computer where he interacts with programs in his attempt to escape . Bruce Boxleitner , David Warner , Cindy Morgan , and Barnard Hughes star in supporting roles . The development of Tron began in 1976 , when Lisberger became intrigued with the early video game Pong . He and producer Donald Kushner set up an animation studio to develop Tron with the intention of making it an animated film . Indeed , to promote the studio itself , Lisberger and his team created a 30-second animation featuring the first appearance of the title character . Eventually , Lisberger decided to include live-action elements with both backlit and computer animation for the actual feature-length film . Various film studios had rejected the storyboards for the film before Walt Disney Productions agreed to finance and distribute Tron . There , backlit animation was finally combined with the computer animation and live action . Tron was released on July 9 , 1982 . The film was a moderate success at the box office , and it received positive reviews from critics who praised the groundbreaking visuals and acting . However , the storyline was criticized at the time for being incoherent .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven Lisberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Lisberger', 'summary': 'Steven M. Lisberger ( born April 24 , 1951 ) is an American film director , producer and writer famous for directing Tron in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Bridges , Bruce Boxleitner , David Warner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Bridges', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Leon Bridges ( born December 4 , 1949 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian and producer . He comes from a prominent acting family and appeared on the television series Sea Hunt ( 1958-60 ) , with his father , Lloyd Bridges and brother , Beau Bridges . He won numerous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Otis Bad Blake in the 2009 film Crazy Heart , and earned Academy Award nominations for his roles in The Last Picture Show ( 1971 ) , Bad Company ( 1972 ) , Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) , Starman ( 1984 ) , The Contender ( 2000 ) , True Grit ( 2010 ) , and Hell or High Water ( 2016 ) . His other films include Tron ( 1982 ) , Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) , The Fabulous Baker Boys ( 1989 ) , The Fisher King ( 1991 ) , Fearless ( 1993 ) , The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , and The Giver ( 2014 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Boxleitner', 'summary': "Bruce William Boxleitner ( born May 12 , 1950 ) is an American actor , and science fiction and suspense writer . He is known for his leading roles in the television series How the West Was Won , Bring 'Em Back Alive , Scarecrow and Mrs. King ( with Kate Jackson ) , and Babylon 5 ( as John Sheridan in seasons 2-5 , 1994-98 ) . He is also known for his dual role as the characters Alan Bradley and Tron in the 1982 Walt Disney Pictures film Tron , a role which he reprised in the 2003 video game Tron 2.0 , the 2006 Square-Enix/Disney crossover game Kingdom Hearts II , the 2010 film sequel , Tron : Legacy and the animated series Tron : Uprising . He co-starred in most of the Gambler films with Kenny Rogers , where his character provides comic relief ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)', 'summary': 'David Hattersley Warner ( born 29 July 1941 ) is an English actor and voice actor who has worked in film , television , and theatre . He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and worked in the theatre before attaining prominence on screen in the early 1960s through his lead performance in the Karel Reisz film Morgan : A Suitable Case for Treatment , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Warner has portrayed both romantic leads and villainous characters across a range of media , including The Ballad of Cable Hogue , Straw Dogs , Cross of Iron , The Omen , Holocaust , The Thirty Nine Steps , Time After Time , Time Bandits , Tron , A Christmas Carol , Portrait in Evil , Titanic , Mary Poppins Returns and various characters in the Star Trek franchise including Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and Star Trek : The Next Generation . In 1981 , he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his portrayal of Pomponius Falco in the television miniseries Masada .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A was scheduled to Lisberger and Warner', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films -- 1999', 'section_text': 'Festival schedule [ 74 ]', 'uid': "Ebertfest:_Roger_Ebert's_Film_Festival_18", 'intro': "Ebertfest is an annual film festival held every April in Champaign, Illinois, United States, organized by the College of Media at the University of Illinois. Roger Ebert, the TV and Chicago Sun-Times film critic, was a native of the adjoining town of Urbana, Illinois and is an alumnus of the University. Founded in 1999 as Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival, this event is the only long-running film festival created by a critic. Despite Eberts death in 2013, the festival continues to operate based on Eberts notes and vision for the kinds of films he championed."}	null	null	The director of `` Dingo '' directed a 1999 Ebertfest film pick written by who ?	Heather Rose
05dccb1cbdf262a1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Guadeloupe', 'title': 'Tour de Guadeloupe', 'header': ['Year', 'Overall Winner', 'Second', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flober Peña ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flober_Peña', 'summary': 'José Flober Peña Peña ( born February 7 , 1974 in Paipa , Boyacá ) is a professional road racing cyclist from Colombia . He was nicknamed Donatelo during his career . He has been suspended from August 3 , 2016 until September 25 , 2020 , for doping at the 2016 Tour de Guadeloupe .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Armando Ubeto ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Armando_Ubeto', 'summary': "Miguel Armando Ubeto Aponte ( born 2 September 1976 in Caracas ) is a male professional road racing cyclist from Venezuela . He turned professional in 2012 with Androni Giocattoli-Venezuela before signing with the UCI World Tour team Lampre-Merida for 2013 . In 2011 he won the UCI America Tour . In May 2013 , Ubeto was provisionally suspended for an adverse finding of GW501516 . He was later banned for two years . As a result of this Adverse Analytical Finding ( AAF ) for the use of GW1516 , the UCI suspended Ubeto for 14 months for this Anti-Doping Rule Violation ( ADRV ) . The dates of his this suspension were from 16-04-2013 to 5-06-2014 . Following this suspension , Ubeto won the gold medal in the men 's cycling road race at the 2015 Pan-American championships in Toronto Canada . The Pan-American games are held once every 4 years , with the next games to be held in Lima , Peru in 2019 . On 7 July 2018 , while riding for the team Venezuela País de Futuro , Uberto won the 3rd stage in the Vuelta a Venezuela . On 1 August 2018 , Uberto was provisionally suspended by the UCI for Use of Prohibited Methods and/or Prohibited Substances"}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Dumont ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Dumont', 'summary': 'Nicolas Dumont ( born 6 June 1940 ) is a Belgian water polo player . He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugo Ferney ( COL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flober Peña ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flober_Peña', 'summary': 'José Flober Peña Peña ( born February 7 , 1974 in Paipa , Boyacá ) is a professional road racing cyclist from Colombia . He was nicknamed Donatelo during his career . He has been suspended from August 3 , 2016 until September 25 , 2020 , for doping at the 2016 Tour de Guadeloupe .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frédéric Delalande ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Rodolfo Camacho ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodolfo_Camacho', 'summary': 'Rodolfo Antonio Camacho Duarte ( October 17 , 1975 - August 7 , 2016 ) was a Colombian-born Venezuelan road racing cyclist . He and his son were shot and killed in his home on August 7 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodolfo Camacho ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodolfo_Camacho', 'summary': 'Rodolfo Antonio Camacho Duarte ( October 17 , 1975 - August 7 , 2016 ) was a Colombian-born Venezuelan road racing cyclist . He and his son were shot and killed in his home on August 7 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos José Ochoa ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_José_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Carlos José Ochoa ( born December 14 , 1980 in Nirgua , Yaracuy ) is a Venezuelan road bicycle racer for amateur team Gobernación de Yaracuy AGV . Ochoa has also spent eight seasons as a professional ; one with Team LPR in 2006 , and the remaining seven with Androni Giocattoli-Venezuela between 2008 and 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Julian Winn ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julian_Winn', 'summary': 'Julian Winn from Abergavenny , Wales ( born 23 September 1972 ) is a former Welsh competitive cyclist who was formerly directeur sportif at the UCI Continental cycling team Endura Racing . He represented Wales in the 1998 Commonwealth Games at Kuala Lumpur and at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester . He was appointed Welsh Cycling coach in 2005 . In 2008 , he was GB road race team manager at the Beijing Olympics , overseeing the victory of Welsh compatriot Nicole Cooke . Since the folding of Team Endura Winn has been director of Sugar Loaf Road , which organises bike riding weekends in the Black Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Flober Peña ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flober_Peña', 'summary': 'José Flober Peña Peña ( born February 7 , 1974 in Paipa , Boyacá ) is a professional road racing cyclist from Colombia . He was nicknamed Donatelo during his career . He has been suspended from August 3 , 2016 until September 25 , 2020 , for doping at the 2016 Tour de Guadeloupe .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Klaes ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Lorgeou ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Régis Balandraud ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghislain Marty ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Mauduit ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Ismael Sarmiento ( COL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alvaro Sierra ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvaro_Sierra', 'summary': 'Álvaro Sierra Peña ( born April 4 , 1967 in Sogamoso , Boyacá ) is a retired male professional road racing cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Bénéteau ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Bénéteau', 'summary': 'Walter Bénéteau ( born 28 July 1972 , in Les Essarts , Vendée ) is a French former professional cyclist . He raced in every Tour de France from 2000 until 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Raul Gomez ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raul_Gomez', 'summary': 'Raúl Gómez ( born 3 April 1945 ) is a former Argentine cyclist . He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Frédéric Mainguenaud ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Daniel Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Daniel_Bernal', 'summary': 'José Daniel Bernal García ( born March 15 , 1973 in Bogotá ) is a male road cyclist from Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Blanchard ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickael Pichon ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickael_Pichon', 'summary': 'Mickaël Pichon ( born February 13 , 1976 in Le Mans ) is a French former professional motocross racer . He competed in the AMA Motocross Championships from 1995 to 1999 and in the Motocross World Championships from 2000 to 2009 . Pichon won the 250cc motocross world championship in 2001 and 2002 . Pichon took part in the Supercross circuit in the USA from 1995 until 1999 . He became World Champion twice in this competition , while racing for Kawasaki . He then came back to Europe and signed a contract with Suzuki to compete in the 250cc motocross world championship , which is now called the MX2 class . Pichon won the 250 World Championship twice , in 2001 and in 2002 . In total , Pichon won 38 Grand Prix races . Later on , Pichon went to Honda in 2004 and KTM in 2006 . While racing for KTM , Pichon became ill. Tests showed that he had mononucleosis . In 2007 , he competed in the MX3-GP class , finishing in 24th place . In 2010 , he won the French round of the MX3-GP world championship .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Castelblanco ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Castelblanco', 'summary': 'José Joaquim Castelblanco Romero ( born December 15 , 1969 in Úmbita , Boyacá ) is a professional track and road cyclist from Colombia . He was nicknamed Don José during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Bénéteau ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Bénéteau', 'summary': 'Walter Bénéteau ( born 28 July 1972 , in Les Essarts , Vendée ) is a French former professional cyclist . He raced in every Tour de France from 2000 until 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Longbottom ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Longbottom', 'summary': 'Peter Longbottom ( 13 May 1959 - 10 February 1998 ) was a British cyclist .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julio César Aguirre ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_César_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Julio César Aguirre Cabrera ( born July 15 , 1969 in Bogotá ) is a retired male road cyclist from Colombia , who was a professional rider from 1994 to 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexis Méndez ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Méndez', 'summary': 'Alexis Omar Méndez ( born 23 October 1969 ) is a retired male professional track and road racing cyclist from Venezuela . He twice competed for his native country at the Summer Olympics : 1988 and 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alekandras Ivanovas ( LTU )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Efraín Rico ( COL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Voigt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Voigt', 'summary': 'Jens Voigt ( German : [ jɛns foːkt ] ) ( born 17 September 1971 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer and , upon retirement , became a cycling sports broadcast commentator . During his cycling career , Voigt raced for several teams , the last one being UCI ProTeam Trek Factory Racing . Voigt wore the yellow jersey of the Tour de France twice , though he was never a contender for the overall title owing to the mountainous nature of the stages of the race being better suited to climbing specialists . His career achievements include winning the Critérium International a record-tying 5 times and a number of one-week stage races , as well as two Tour de France stage victories . In September 2014 , he set a new hour record . The record was beaten by Matthias Brändle in October of the same year . [ A ] Among cycling fans , Voigt was generally popular , both for his aggressive riding style and his affable , forthright and articulate manners in dealing with the public and media . He speaks fluent French and English , in addition to his native German .'}]}, {'value': 'Jair Humberto Bernal ( COL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Molière Gène ( GLP ) Anse-Bertrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anse-Bertrand', 'summary': 'Anse-Bertrand is a commune in Guadeloupe , an overseas region and department of France in the Lesser Antilles . The inhabitants in Anse-Bertrand are called Ansois .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Ortiz ( COL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erwin Thijs ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erwin_Thijs', 'summary': 'Erwin Thijs ( born 6 August 1970 in Tongeren ) is a former Belgian professional road bicycle racer . He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robinson Merchán ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinson_Merchán', 'summary': 'Robinson Reinaldo Merchán Useche ( born 28 October 1964 ) is a male professional road racing cyclist from Venezuela . He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'André Alexis ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Alexis', 'summary': 'André Alexis ( born 15 January 1957 in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ) is a Canadian writer who grew up in Ottawa and lives in Toronto , Ontario . He has received numerous prizes including the Windham-Campbell Literature Prize . Alexis is most well known for his Quincunx Cycle , a series of five novels , each examining a particular theme , set in and around Southern Ontario . His second novel from the cycle , Fifteen Dogs , won the 2015 Giller Prize and brought both Alexis and the cycle into greater prominence .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexis Méndez ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Méndez', 'summary': 'Alexis Omar Méndez ( born 23 October 1969 ) is a retired male professional track and road racing cyclist from Venezuela . He twice competed for his native country at the Summer Olympics : 1988 and 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexis Méndez ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Méndez', 'summary': 'Alexis Omar Méndez ( born 23 October 1969 ) is a retired male professional track and road racing cyclist from Venezuela . He twice competed for his native country at the Summer Olympics : 1988 and 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jesús Torres ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Torres_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Jesús Torres ( born 30 August 1954 ) is a Venezuelan former cyclist . He competed in the individual road race event at the 1980 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Masetti ( ITA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonardo Sierra Sepulveda ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Sierra_Sepulveda', 'summary': 'Leonardo Sierra Sepúlveda ( born 10 October 1968 ) is a Venezuelan former road bicycle racer . He competed in the road race at the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Jose Villamizar ( VEN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Campos ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Campos', 'summary': "Enrique Campos ( born 7 January 1961 ) is a retired road bicycle racer from Venezuela . He represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1984 . Campos also won the bronze medal in the Men 's Individual Race Race ( 171 km ) at the 1987 Pan American Games . He was nicknamed El Águila during his career ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Torres ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Torres_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Jesús Torres ( born 30 August 1954 ) is a Venezuelan former cyclist . He competed in the individual road race event at the 1980 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosalien Pierre ( GLP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Saavedra ( URU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Saavedra', 'summary': 'Luis Saavedra ( 22 June 1935 - 8 December 2013 ) was a Spanish footballer who primarily played as a left-sided defender and midfielder . Saavedra died on 8 December 2013 , aged 78 .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Camargo ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Camargo_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Alberto Camargo ( born 28 February 1967 ) is a Colombian former racing cyclist . He rode in nine Grand Tours between 1987 and 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Zubar ( GLP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilles Faury ( FRA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Zubar ( GLP ) Sainte-Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sainte-Rose,_Guadeloupe', 'summary': 'Sainte-Rose is a commune in the department of Guadeloupe . It is the second largest commune of Guadeloupe , in terms of area , after Petit-Bourg . Sainte-Rose lies on the coast of the island of Basse-Terre .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosalien Pierre ( GLP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurice Amos ( GLP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Amos', 'summary': 'Sir Percy Maurice Maclardie Sheldon Amos KBE KC ( 15 June 1872 - 10 June 1940 ) was a British barrister , judge and legal academic who served as an Egyptian judge , advisor to the Egyptian government and Quain Professor of Jurisprudence . Amos is best known for founding and contributing to the Modern Law Review . Educated at Trinity College , Cambridge , Amos was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in May 1897 . Finding that his family could not support him through his early years at the Bar he travelled to Egypt , where he was appointed a member of the Cairo Native Court and then the Court of Appeals . After a short return to Britain in 1915 to help at the Ministry of Munitions , Amos continued to work in Egypt until the end of the British Protectorate in 1922 . He returned to Britain , resuming his practice as a barrister , and in 1932 was appointed Quain Professor of Jurisprudence , a position he held for five years . Involved in the founding of the Modern Law Review , his death on 10 June 1940 made him the first founder to die .'}]}], 'section_title': 'History of Results -- Amateur winners ( 1948-2004 )', 'section_text': '[ 1 ]', 'uid': 'Tour_de_Guadeloupe_1', 'intro': "The Tour de Guadeloupe (French pronunciation: \u200b[tuʁ də ɡwad(ə)lup]; English: Tour of Guadeloupe) is an annual men's multiple stage road bicycle race held each August in the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. Founded in 1948 under the name : Tour Cycliste de la Guadeloupe, this elite men's competition opened officially to overseas racers in 1979, changing its name to Tour Cycliste international de la Guadeloupe. Covering a majority of the island's territory, the race includes today a prologue time trial and 8 to 9 stages. As of 2005, the Tour of Guadeloupe is part of the UCI America Tour, which is one of six UCI Continental Circuits ruled by the Union Cycliste Internationale, the international governing body for cycling. Since then, the race has been rated as a 2.2 event on the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) classification standards. This event is organized by the Comité régional de cyclisme de la Guadeloupe (en: Regional cycling committee of Guadeloupe)."}	null	null	What was the year when the overall winner was born on February 7 , 1974 ?	2004
05dd37d9be196f35	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Joan_of_Arc', 'title': 'Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc', 'header': ['Date', 'Title', 'Format', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belladonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanashimi_no_Belladonna', 'summary': 'Belladonna of Sadness ( 哀しみのベラドンナ , Kanashimi no Belladonna , also known as La Sorciere , Tragedy of Belladonna [ n 1 ] or simply Belladonna ) is an adult 1973 feature film produced by the Japanese animation studio Mushi Production and distributor Nippon Herald Films . It follows the story of Jeanne , a peasant woman who is raped which leads to her being accused of witchcraft and is notable for its erotic , violent and psychedelic imagery .'}]}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portrays Jeanne as a witch , as she was portrayed by her detractors , but sympathetically so', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeanne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manga', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Three comic volume work set in the Hundred Years ' War whose central character 's life parallels that of Joan of Arc . By Yoshikazu Yasuhiko , based on story by Chōjun Ōtani", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hundred_Years'_War", 'summary': "The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 , waged between the House of Plantagenet , rulers of England and the French House of Valois , over the right to rule the Kingdom of France . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries . Tensions between the French and English crowns had gone back centuries to the origins of the English royal family , which was French ( Norman , and later , Angevin ) in origin . English monarchs had therefore historically held titles and lands within France , which made them vassals to the kings of France . The status of the English king 's French fiefs was a major source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages . French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power , stripping away lands as the opportunity arose , particularly whenever England was at war with Scotland , an ally of France . English holdings in France had varied in size , at some points dwarfing even the French royal domain ; by 1337 , however , only Gascony was English . In 1328 , Charles IV of France died without sons or brothers and a new principle disallowed female succession . Charles 's closest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England , whose mother , Isabella of France , was Charles 's sister . Isabella claimed the throne of France for her son , but the French [ who ? ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Yoshikazu_Yasuhiko', 'summary': "Yoshikazu Yasuhiko ( 安彦良和 , Yasuhiko Yoshikazu , born December 9 , 1947 ) is a Japanese animator , manga artist , and director in the anime industry . Born in Engaru , Hokkaidō , Yasuhiko dropped out of Hirosaki University and was hired by Osamu Tezuka 's Mushi Productions in 1970 as an animator . He later went freelance and worked on various animation productions for film and television . He began working as a manga artist in 1979 . In 1981 he won the Seiun Award in Art category . In 1992 he won the Japan Cartoonists Association Award , and in 2000 , an Excellence Prize in manga for Ōdō no Inu at the Japan Media Arts Festival . He is also known as a novelist and science fiction illustrator . Some of his most notable works as character designer and director are Brave Reideen , Combattler V , and Mobile Suit Gundam . Less well known is the fact that he was the original character designer for the Dirty Pair , long before their first anime or manga appearance , when he was illustrating the Haruka Takachiho short stories that became the 1980 fixup novel Great Adventures of the Dirty Pair . He 's also worked on the character designs for the video game , Vay . In recent years he has branched out artistically , creating such works as Joan , a three-volume story of a young French girl living at the time of the Hundred Years ' War , whose life parallels that of Joan of Arc ; and Jesus , a two-volume biographical manga about the life of Jesus Christ . Yasuhiko signs his artwork as YAS ."}]}, {'value': '1995-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'arc : Histoire de Jeanne D'arc", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comic', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Two volume fantasy retelling the story of Joan of Arc . Art by Katsuya Kondō and story by Ken'ichi Sakemi", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasy', 'summary': 'Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction set in a fictional universe , often inspired by real world myth and folklore . Its roots are in oral traditions , which then became fantasy literature and drama . From the twentieth century it has expanded further into various media , including film , television , graphic novels , manga and video games . Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes respectively , though these genres overlap . In popular culture , the fantasy genre predominantly features settings of a medieval nature . In its broadest sense , however , fantasy consists of works by many writers , artists , filmmakers , and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katsuya_Kondō', 'summary': "Katsuya Kondō ( 近藤勝也 , Kondō Katsuya , born June 2 , 1963 in Ehime Prefecture , Japan ) is a Japanese manga artist , character designer , animator and animation director . He is best known for his character design work on the Studio Ghibli films Kiki 's Delivery Service and Ocean Waves , as well as the PlayStation game Jade Cocoon . His character designs are considered the epitome of the Studio Ghibli style . After graduating from high school , he began working for Osamu Dezaki and Akio Sugino at their Studio Annapuru . Under the direction of Shinji Ōtsuka , Kondō worked as a key animator of the TV anime series Cat 's Eye . He then worked as a free agent on such shows as The Mighty Orbots , Rainbow Brite and Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears . His first work with Studio Ghibli was as a key animator on Castle in the Sky . After working on the Gainax film The Wings of Honneamise and the OVAs Devilman and Meikyū Bukken File 538 , Kondō began to be known for the high quality of his work . Kondō collaborated with Ken'ichi Sakemi on a manga retelling of the Joan of Arc story , as well as doing the character designs for the Jade Cocoon video game series . He also collaborated with Sakemi by creating the character designs for the 1990 NTV TV movie Like the Clouds , Like the Wind ( based on Sakemi 's novel Kōkyū Monogatari ) , which tells the story of a young country girl who is chosen to become one of the Emperor 's concubines . He also worked with Tomomi Mochizuki on the NHK Minna no Uta music video titled Kaze no Tōri Michi , produced by Ajia-do Animation Works for Sayuri Horishita . In 2007 , he was announced as the supervising animator of the Studio Ghibli film Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Ken'ichi_Sakemi", 'summary': "Ken'ichi Sakemi ( 酒見賢一 , Sakemi Ken'ichi , born on November 26 , 1963 in Kurume , Fukuoka Prefecture , Japan ) is a Japanese novelist . He attended Fukuoka Prefectural Meizen High School , and then graduated with a major in Chinese philosophy at Aichi University in Nagoya . Sakemi uses many themes from Chinese history in his writing . He examines the meanings of freedom and imprisonment as well , even if this causes his stories to vary from historical fact . In addition to writing , Sakemi has also worked at a housing equipment company ."}]}, {'value': '1995-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Witchblade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Witchblade', 'summary': 'Witchblade is a comic book series published by Top Cow Productions , an imprint of Image Comics , which ran from November 1995 to October 2015 . The series was created by Top Cow founder and owner Marc Silvestri , editor David Wohl , writers Brian Haberlin and Christina Z , and artist Michael Turner . The Witchblade comic was adapted into a television series in 2001 , as well as an anime , a manga and a novel in 2006 . A feature film based on the comic , titled The Witchblade , was announced for a 2009 release , but was never produced . A second Witchblade television series was announced for development in January 2017 . Top Cow announced in September 2017 that the Witchblade comic would be relaunched in December 2017 with the creative team of writer Caitlin Kittredge and artist Roberta Ingranata . The series features journalist Alex Underwood as the main character .'}]}, {'value': 'Comic , TV series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan of Arc is a blade wielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Histeria !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Histeria!', 'summary': "Histeria ! is an American animated series created by Tom Ruegger and produced by Warner Bros . Animation . Unlike other animated series produced by Warner Bros. in the 1990s , Histeria ! stood out as the most explicitly educational program in order to meet FCC requirements for educational/informational content for children . Histeria ! aired on Kids ' WB from 1998 to 2000 , which continued to air reruns until August 30 , 2001 . It was presented as a Saturday Night Live-style sketch comedy , with its cast often filling the roles of historical figures . It was to be WB 's most ambitious project since Animaniacs . Like the aforementioned series , 65 episodes were originally going to be made , [ citation needed ] but due to being $ 10 million over budget , [ citation needed ] only 52 episodes were completed before production of the series was canceled in March 2000 . Due to the high production costs , footage from previous episode was often re-used and re-timed to match newly recorded audio , as well as several non-educational segments being used as filler . More recently , the show was aired on In2TV , first from March to July 2006 , and then returning in October of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': []}, {'value': "WB animated series that parodies a variety of figures from history . Joan of Arc is a regular character , voiced by Laraine Newman . She constantly extinguishes fires that spring up around her . She talks with a Valley Girl accent and introduces herself as like , I 'm Joan , Joan of Arc", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros.', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( also simply known as Warner Bros. and initialized as WB ) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Burbank , California , and a division of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . Founded in 1923 , it has operations in areas such as film , television , and video games and is one of the Big Five major American film studios , as well as a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . The company 's portfolio encompasses the film studios Warner Bros. Pictures , New Line Cinema , Castle Rock Entertainment and DC Films ; the television production and syndication company Warner Bros. Television ; the animation studios Warner Bros . Animation and Warner Animation Group ; the publisher DC Comics ; the video game development and publishing arm Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment ; the pay television channels Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Turner Classic Movies ; and a 50% interest in The CW television network , which is co-owned with ViacomCBS . Aside from content operations , Warner Bros. also has several theme parks that are managed and operated by third party companies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laraine_Newman', 'summary': "Laraine Newman ( born March 2 , 1952 ) is an American comedian , actress , voice actress , and writer who was part of the original cast of NBC 's Saturday Night Live , and played the villain Lawanda Dumore in the 1991 film Problem Child 2 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Valley_Girl', 'summary': 'Valley girl is a socioeconomic stereotype depicting a class of women characterized by the colloquial California English dialect Valleyspeak and materialism . Originally referring to upper-middle-class girls from the Los Angeles commuter communities of the San Fernando Valley during the 1980s , the term in later years became more broadly applied to any female in the United States who embodied ditziness , airheadedness , or greater interest in conspicuous consumption than intellectual or personal accomplishment .'}]}, {'value': '1998-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shaman King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaman_King', 'summary': "Shaman King ( Japanese : シャーマンキング , Hepburn : Shāman Kingu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroyuki Takei . This manga follows the adventures of Yoh Asakura as he attempts to hone his shaman skills to become the Shaman King by winning the Shaman Fight . Takei chose shamanism as the main theme of the series because he wanted a topic that had never been attempted before in manga . The Shaman King manga was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump between 1998 and 2004 . The individual chapters were collected and released in 32 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha . An animated television series was co-produced by TV Tokyo , NAS , and Xebec , which aired on Japan 's TV Tokyo network from 2001 to 2002 . The manga has also been reprinted in a kanzenban edition , and has spawned video games , a trading card game , and many types of Shaman King-related merchandise . In North America , Viz Media obtained the English-language license for the manga and published chapters of Shaman King in its Shonen Jump magazine from March 2003 to August 2007 . The anime series was licensed in North America by 4Kids Entertainment in 2003 , and aired on Fox Box . Exclusive video games were released by 4Kids Entertainment in North America and Europe . In Japan , the manga has been popular , selling over 26 million volumes . Both the manga and anime have been featured , at various times , in top ten lists of their respective media ."}]}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The leader of the group X-Laws , Iron Maiden Jeanne , is a French girl who receives a divine revelation while praying in church that she must purge an evil force or the world will be destroyed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Maiden_Jeanne', 'summary': "The manga and anime series Shaman King features several characters created by Hiroyuki Takei . As a result of being focused on shamanism the series ' cast is divided between humans and spirits , the latter not being able to go the afterlife due to their alliance with the former . The series primarily focuses on a teenager named Yoh Asakura , who reveals to his classmate Manta Oyamada that he is a shaman when fighting a group delinquents led by Ryu . Wishing to lead a peaceful life , Yoh has been training from an early age to become the titular Shaman King , who will be able to change the world according to his will . During Yoh 's training , Manta meets Yoh 's demanding fiancée , Anna Kyoyama and Yoh 's spirit partner , the samurai Amidamaru . In his journey to become Shaman King , Yoh also meets with a number of rival shamans who seek to become Shaman King for their own reasons and visions of the future , some who become his allies and others who become his enemies . The series ' sequel , Shaman King Flowers , deals with Yoh 's son , Hana Asakura , on his development as a shaman ."}]}, {'value': 'March 17 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In episode Tales from the Public Domain , Lisa Simpson plays Joan of Arc and Milhouse plays the Dauphin , after Homer reads about her in a children 's book . However , when Homer gets to the part where she was burned at the stake , Lisa says , Was she killed ? and Marge runs in and says , Just then , Sir Lancelot rode up on his white horse and saved Joan of Arc ! They got married and lived in a spaceship ! She then tore the page out , ate it , and says , Easier to chew than that Bambi video ! Episode synopsis : [ 72 ]", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_from_the_Public_Domain', 'summary': "Tales from the Public Domain is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons thirteenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 17 , 2002 . It is the third trilogy episode of the series , which had become annual since the twelfth season 's Simpsons Tall Tales , consisting of three self-contained segments that are based on historical stories . The first segment puts Homer Simpson in the role of Odysseus in the ancient Greek epic poem the Odyssey . The second segment tells the story of Joan of Arc , and the third and final segment lampoons William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet . The episode was written by Andrew Kreisberg , Josh Lieb and Matt Warburton , and Mike B. Anderson served as the director . Show runner and executive producer Al Jean stated that the episode was very fun for the writers to do because it allow [ ed ] them to parody great works of literature . On the other hand , Anderson stated that the episode was much harder to direct than others because , like with Treehouse of Horror episodes , the animators had to make as many character designs for one act as they would for one normal episode . In its original American broadcast , the episode was seen by more than 4% of the population between ages 18 and 49 . Following its release on DVD and Blu-ray however , the episode received mixed reviews from critics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sir_Lancelot', 'summary': "Lancelot du Lac ( meaning Lancelot of the Lake ) , also written as Launcelot and other spellings , is one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend . He typically features as King Arthur 's greatest companion , the lord of Joyous Gard and the greatest swordsman and jouster of the age - until his adulterous affair with Queen Guinevere is discovered , causing a civil war which is exploited by Mordred and brings about the end of Arthur 's kingdom . His first appearance as a main character is in Chrétien de Troyes ' poem Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , written in the 12th century . Later , his exploits were expanded upon in the Prose Lancelot , which was further expanded for the vast Lancelot-Grail cycle . There , his and Lady Elaine 's son , Galahad , becomes an even more perfect knight and achieves the Holy Grail ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bambi', 'summary': "Bambi is a 1942 American animated film directed by David Hand ( supervising a team of sequence directors ) , produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1923 book Bambi , a Life in the Woods by Austrian author Felix Salten . The film was released by RKO Radio Pictures on August 13 , 1942 , and is the fifth Disney animated feature film . The main characters are Bambi , a mule deer ; his parents ( the Great Prince of the forest and his unnamed mother ) ; his friends Thumper ( a pink-nosed rabbit ) ; and Flower ( a skunk ) ; and his childhood friend and future mate , Faline . For the movie , Disney took the liberty of changing Bambi 's species into a mule deer from his original species of roe deer , since roe deer are not native to North America , and the mule deer is more widespread in the United States . The film received three Academy Award nominations : Best Sound ( Sam Slyfield ) , Best Song ( for Love Is a Song sung by Donald Novis ) and Original Music Score . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute presented a list of its 10 Top 10 - the best ten films in each of ten classic American film genres - after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Bambi placed third in animation . In December 2011 , the film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress . In January 2020 , it was announced that a live-action styled adaptation was in development ."}]}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clone High', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clone_High', 'summary': "Clone High ( occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High U.S.A. ) is a Canadian-American adult animated sitcom created by Phil Lord , Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence . The comedy centers on a high school populated by the clones of famous historical figures . The show 's central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abraham Lincoln , Joan of Arc , Mahatma Gandhi , John F. Kennedy , and Cleopatra . The series also serves as a parody of teen dramas ; every episode is introduced as a very special episode . Lord and Miller first developed the series ' concept while at Dartmouth College in the 1990s , later pitching it to executives at American network Fox Broadcasting Company , who ultimately decided to pass on the program . It was later purchased by cable channel MTV , and was produced between 2002-03 . The show 's design is heavily stylized and its animation style limited , emphasizing humor and story over visuals . The Clone High theme song was written by Tommy Walter and performed by his alternative rock band Abandoned Pools , who also provided much of the series ' background music . Clone High first aired in its entirety on Canadian cable network Teletoon between 2002 and 2003 , later debuting on MTV . It became embroiled in a controversy regarding its depiction of Gandhi soon afterward , which prompted hundreds in India to mount a hunger strike in response . Shortly after , MTV pulled the series , which had been receiving low ratings . Clone High attracted mixed reviews from television critics upon its premiere , but it has since received critical acclaim and a cult following ."}]}, {'value': 'Animation', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Joan of Arc 's clone appeared in the traditionally animated show", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(Clone_High)', 'summary': "Clone High ( occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High U.S.A. ) is a Canadian-American adult animated sitcom created by Phil Lord , Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence . The comedy centers on a high school populated by the clones of famous historical figures . The show 's central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abraham Lincoln , Joan of Arc , Mahatma Gandhi , John F. Kennedy , and Cleopatra . The series also serves as a parody of teen dramas ; every episode is introduced as a very special episode . Lord and Miller first developed the series ' concept while at Dartmouth College in the 1990s , later pitching it to executives at American network Fox Broadcasting Company , who ultimately decided to pass on the program . It was later purchased by cable channel MTV , and was produced between 2002-03 . The show 's design is heavily stylized and its animation style limited , emphasizing humor and story over visuals . The Clone High theme song was written by Tommy Walter and performed by his alternative rock band Abandoned Pools , who also provided much of the series ' background music . Clone High first aired in its entirety on Canadian cable network Teletoon between 2002 and 2003 , later debuting on MTV . It became embroiled in a controversy regarding its depiction of Gandhi soon afterward , which prompted hundreds in India to mount a hunger strike in response . Shortly after , MTV pulled the series , which had been receiving low ratings . Clone High attracted mixed reviews from television critics upon its premiere , but it has since received critical acclaim and a cult following ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digimon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digimon', 'summary': "Digimon ( デジモン Dejimon , branded as Digimon : Digital Monsters , stylized as DIGIMON ) , short for Digital Monsters ( デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā ) , is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys , anime , manga , video games , films and a trading card game . The franchise focuses on the eponymous creatures , who inhabit a Digital World , a parallel universe that originated from Earth 's various communication networks . The franchise was created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to - and influenced in style by - the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys . The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices ' small screens ; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics . The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation , Digimon Adventure , and an early video game , Digimon World , both released in 1999 . Several anime series and films based on them have been released , and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing , racing , fighting , and MMORPGs ."}]}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The seventh movie of the Digimon series features a Digimon named d'Arcmon who is a female angel and soldier leading the human-type Digimon on Wondering Island . She uses a special sword attack called La Pucelle . She later is revealed only to be a disguised form of Murmuxmon", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digimon', 'summary': "Digimon ( デジモン Dejimon , branded as Digimon : Digital Monsters , stylized as DIGIMON ) , short for Digital Monsters ( デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā ) , is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys , anime , manga , video games , films and a trading card game . The franchise focuses on the eponymous creatures , who inhabit a Digital World , a parallel universe that originated from Earth 's various communication networks . The franchise was created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to - and influenced in style by - the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys . The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices ' small screens ; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics . The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation , Digimon Adventure , and an early video game , Digimon World , both released in 1999 . Several anime series and films based on them have been released , and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing , racing , fighting , and MMORPGs ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yu-Gi-Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!', 'summary': "Yu-Gi-Oh ! [ a ] is a Japanese manga series about gaming written and illustrated by Kazuki Takahashi . It was serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between September 30 , 1996 and March 8 , 2004 . The plot follows the story of a boy named Yugi Mutou , who solves the ancient Millennium Puzzle . Yugi awakens a gambling alter-ego within his body that solves his conflicts using various games . Two anime adaptations were produced ; one by Toei Animation , which aired from April 4 , 1998 to October 10 , 1998 , and another produced by NAS and animated by Studio Gallop titled Yu-Gi-Oh ! Duel Monsters , which aired between April 2000 and September 2004 . The manga series has spawned a media franchise that includes multiple spin-off manga and anime series , a trading card game , and numerous video games . Most of the incarnations of the franchise involve the fictional trading card game known as Duel Monsters , where each player uses cards to duel each other in a mock battle of fantasy monsters . This forms the basis for the real life Yu-Gi-Oh ! Trading Card Game . As of 2018 , Yu-Gi-Oh is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Anime , TCG', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In the Yu-Gi-Oh ! Trading Card game there is a monster card named St. Joan ( Saint Jeanne in Japan ) . It is summoned by fusing The Forgiving Maiden ( Compassionate Nun ) and Marie the Fallen One ( Fallen Angel Marie ) . In the anime Yu-Gi-Oh Serenity Wheeler ( Shizuka Kawai ) used it when she , Tristan Taylor ( Hiroto Honda ) , and Duke Devlin ( Ryuji Otogi ) were forced to face Nesbitt ( Soichiro Ota ) . With power ups from other cards it was able to destroy Nesbitt 's last monster , the Perfect Machine King , and win the duel in episode 107 Mechanical Mayhem Part 2 ( Saint Jeanne 's Trinity Attack )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashita no Nadja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashita_no_Nadja', 'summary': "Ashita no Nadja ( 明日のナージャ , Ashita no Nāja , lit . Tomorrow 's Nadja ) , is a Japanese anime television series animated by Toei Animation and aired between February 2 , 2003 and January 25 , 2004 . In 2009 , William Winckler Productions produced two all-new English-dubbed movie versions edited from the original series . Producer William Winckler , known for Tekkaman : The Space Knight , wrote , produced and directed the English films , which are seen on broadband in Japan . A manga adaptation , written by Izumi Todo and illustrated by Yui Ayumi , was serialized by Kodansha in the manga magazine Nakayoshi from March 2003 to February 2004 , and collected in two bound volumes ."}]}, {'value': 'Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Nadja , Kennosuke , and Georg are treasure hunting for Joan of Arc 's treasure . It turns out to be a seed that she planted that bloomed and spread into a field of flowers . She is briefly shown planting it in a flashback", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hetalia : Axis Powers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers', 'summary': "Hetalia : Axis Powers ( Japanese : ヘタリア Axis Powers , Hepburn : Hetaria Akushisu Pawāzu ) is a Japanese webcomic , later adapted as a manga and an anime series , by Hidekaz Himaruya . The series ' main presentation is as an often over-the-top allegory of political and historic events as well as more general cultural comparisons . Characters are personifications of countries , regions such as Hong Kong and micronations with little reference to other national personifications . Both positive and negative cultural stereotypes form part of each character 's personality . The character roster is large and far from complete , but the main cast is primarily the countries which made up the Axis powers and Allies of World War II - namely Italy ( North Italy in particular ) , ( Western ) Germany , Japan , United States , United Kingdom , France , Russia , and China . Hetalia ( ヘタリア ) is a portmanteau combining hetare ( ヘタレ , Japanese for useless or pathetic in a cute or endearing way ) and Italia ( イタリア , Itaria , Japanese for Italy ) . The main storyline 's events occur during World War II , but the vast majority of the comics take place during other historical events , modern holidays , or at no specific time whatsoever . The series often uses satire and light-hearted comedy to reinterpret well-known events as well as less common historical and cultural trivia . Historical , political , economic , and military interaction between countries is generally represented in Hetalia as social interactions and misunderstandings between the characters . Himaruya originally created Hetalia as an online webcomic , and so far six tankōbon have been published by Gentosha Comics , the first on March 28 , 2008 , the second on December 10 , 2008 , the third on May 20 , 2010 , the fourth on June 30 , 2011 , and the fifth on July 31 , 2012 . English translations of the first two volumes have been published by Tokyopop in the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada . Both printed volumes published so far have topped The New York Times manga best seller list ."}]}, {'value': 'Manga and Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In a brief flashback to the Hundred Years ' War , Joan of Arc ( often known only as あのこ or that kid in-story ) looks on in confusion while the anthropomorphic personification of England teases the anthropomorphic personification of France for relying on a girl . Several centuries later , her supposed reincarnation is given a private tour of Mont Saint-Michel by France", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel', 'summary': "Le Mont-Saint-Michel ( pronounced [ mɔ̃ sɛ̃ mi.ʃɛl ] ; Norman : Mont Saint Miché , English : Saint Michael 's Mount ) is a tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy , France . The island is located about one kilometer ( 0.6 miles ) off the country 's northwestern coast , at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is 7 hectares ( 17 acres ) in area . The mainland part of the commune is 393 hectares ( 971 acres ) in area so that the total surface of the commune is 400 hectares ( 988 acres ) . As of 2015 [ update ] , the island has a population of 50 . The commune 's position - on an island just a few hundred metres from land - made it accessible at low tide to the many pilgrims to its abbey , but defensible as an incoming tide stranded , drove off , or drowned would-be assailants . The island remained unconquered during the Hundred Years ' War ; a small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433 . Louis XI recognised the reverse benefits of its natural defence and turned it into a prison . The abbey was used regularly as a prison during the Ancien Régime . Mont Saint-Michel and its bay are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . It is visited by more than 3 million people each year . Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as monuments historiques ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top 10 : The Forty-Niners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_10:_The_Forty-Niners', 'summary': "Top 10 : The Forty-Niners is a graphic novel published by America 's Best Comics in 2005 . It is a prequel to the ABC series Top 10 , a police procedural set in the city of Neopolis , where superpowers , robots , monsters , and other comic fodder are the norm for all citizens . It was written by Alan Moore , drawn by Gene Ha , and colored by Art Lyon , with lettering , logos , and design by Todd Klein . Unlike the original series and its spin-off Smax , it was released in one 112 page edition instead of being released in separate issues and collected later . It won the 2006 Eisner Award in the Best Graphic Album : New category . The Forty-Niners is set in 1949 , in the founding days of Neopolis . After World War II , realizing that average citizens do not want to live next door to the science heroes , mutants , and robots largely responsible for the Allied victory , the U.S. government built Neopolis , where all of these exceptional people can live together . The story primarily follows a young Steve Traynor , a.k.a . Jetlad , the boy fighter ace who will later become Captain of Neopolis Police Precinct 10 , from which the series derives its name . The primary story lines follow Jetlad 's meeting with the great love of his life ( seen at the end of Top 10 : Book 2 ) and the formative days of the Neopolis Police , as they try to prove that they can bring order to the chaos of Neopolis in the face of vampire gangsters and bigotry against robots . The story features several characters who either appear in the original Top 10 , or else who are alluded to in conversation or background picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Comic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the officers , named Joanna Dark , dresses in chainmail and uses holy powers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Top_10:_The_Forty-Niners', 'summary': "This is a list of Top 10 characters . Top 10 is a comic book series published by Wildstorm Comics under their America 's Best Comics imprint . All characters were created by Alan Moore unless otherwise stated . The following list includes characters from the original twelve issue series that ran from 2000-2001 , the five issue Smax mini-series ( 2003 ) , and the five issue mini-series Top 10 : Beyond The Farthest Precinct ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aflame Inferno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aflame_Inferno', 'summary': "Aflame Inferno ( 불꽃의 인페르노 , Bulkkoch-ui Inpeleuno ) is a Korean manhwa series written by Dall-Young Lim and illustrated by Kwang-Hyun Kim , the former who is known for writing Unbalance Unbalance , Zero , and the Japanese manga Black God . The story revolves around Shi-Chan Kang , a high school student and fashion model who was nearly killed in a crossfire between demonic beings called Tedlars . However , Inferno , one of the Tedlars , saves Shi-Chan 's life by merging his body with his own . In order to separate themselves , they must collect 1,000 Invento Hells by killing other Tedlars in hopes of ever being separated from each other . Aflame Inferno began serialization in Vol.8 of Booking , published on April 1 , 2006 . The first volume was released by Haksan Culture Company on July 15 , 2006 , with a total of six volumes available in South Korea as of January 15 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhwa /Manga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhwa', 'summary': 'Manhwa ( Hangul : 만화 , Hanja : 漫畵 Korean pronunciation : [ manhwa ] ) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons ( common usage also includes animated cartoons ) . Outside Korea , the term usually refers to South Korean comics , although the comics industry is emerging in North Korea as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Joan of Arc appears as a character in the series', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Code Geass : Nightmare of Nunally', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'manga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manga', 'summary': 'Manga ( 漫画 , manga ) are comics or graphic novels created in Japan or using the Japanese language and conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century . They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art . The term manga ( kanji : 漫画 ; hiragana : まんが ; katakana : マンガ ; listen ( help·info ) ; English : /ˈmæŋɡə/ or /ˈmɑːŋɡə/ ) in Japan is used to refer to both comics and cartooning . Outside Japan , the word is used to refer to comics originally published in Japan . In Japan , people of all ages read manga . The medium includes works in a broad range of genres : action , adventure , business and commerce , comedy , detective , drama , historical , horror , mystery , romance , science fiction and fantasy , erotica ( hentai ) , sports and games , and suspense , among others . Many manga are translated into other languages . Since the 1950s , manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry . By 1995 , the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥586.4 billion ( $ 6-7 billion ) , with annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines in Japan ( equivalent to 15 issues per person ) . Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience . In 2008 , in the U.S. and Canada , the manga market was valued at $ 175 million . Manga represent 38% of the French comics market , which is equivalent to approximately ten times that of the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Joan of Arc appears as the Witch of Orleans and gives C.C . her Geass . Her personality is different from real life . Portions of this page were translated from the French Wikipedia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aria the Scarlet Ammo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aria_the_Scarlet_Ammo', 'summary': "Aria The Scarlet Ammo ( Japanese : 緋弾のアリア , Hepburn : Hidan no Aria ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Chūgaku Akamatsu and illustrated by Kobuichi . As of June 2019 , 31 volumes have been published by Media Factory under their MF Bunko J label . A manga adaptation by Yoshino Koyoka started serialization in the seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive on September 26 , 2009 . An anime adaptation aired between April and June 2011 . An original video animation ( OVA ) episode was released on December 21 , 2011 . A spin-off manga titled Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA by Shogako Tachibana began serialization in Square Enix 's Young Gangan magazine on November 5 , 2010 , with an anime adaptation by Doga Kobo airing from October 6 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manga', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A character of the series is Jeanne d'Arc 30th who is a descendant of the original Joan of Arc", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drifters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drifters_(manga)', 'summary': "Drifters ( ドリフターズ , Dorifutāzu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kouta Hirano . The manga started serialization in Shōnen Gahosha 's magazine , Young King Ours , on April 30 , 2009 . It centers on various historical figures summoned to an unknown world where their skills and techniques are needed by magicians in order to save their world from total destruction . An anime television adaptation aired between October 7 , 2016 and December 23 , 2016 . A second season of the anime series has been announced ."}]}, {'value': 'Manga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan of Arc appears as an Ends , a villainous group of fallen historical figures who wish to destroy the world and exterminate humankind . In the series , Joan is an insane warrior who has exchanged her humanity for the supernatural ability to manipulate fire', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afterschool Charisma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afterschool_Charisma', 'summary': "Afterschool Charisma ( Japanese : 放課後のカリスマ , Hepburn : Hokago no Charisma ) is a Japanese seinen manga series written and illustrated by Kumiko Suekane . It was serialized in Shogakukan 's monthly manga magazine Ikki between 2009 and 2014 , and its chapters were compiled by Shogakukan and released into twelve volumes . The manga is licensed in North America by Viz Media , and is partially available online at their website . It is also licensed in Taiwan by Tohan . In developing the manga , Suekane felt it would be interesting to have many great personages together , and so she conceived of the idea of cloning them and putting them into the same world ."}]}, {'value': 'Manga', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Currently at four volumes , this series takes place at an exclusive school called St. Kleio Academy that is mostly attended by clones of famous people . Joan of Arc 's clone appears along with clones of other important people such as Napoleon Bonaparte , Queen Elizabeth I , Florence Nightingale , Marie Curie , Ikkyu , Sigmund Freud and others", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte', 'summary': "Napoléon Bonaparte [ a ] ( /nəˈpoʊliən ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/ , French : [ napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt ] ; 15 August 1769 - 5 May 1821 ) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars . He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days . Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars . He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 . He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history , and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide . Napoleon 's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history . He was born Napoleone Buonaparte ( Italian : [ napoleˈoːne ˌbwɔnaˈparte ] ) in Corsica to a relatively modest Italian family from minor nobility . He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789 . He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military , seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24 . The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendémiaire revolt against the government from royalist insurgents . At age 26 , he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs - winning virtually every battle , conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support , and becoming a war hero in France . In 1798 , he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I', 'summary': "Elizabeth I ( 7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603 . Sometimes called the Virgin Queen , Gloriana or Good Queen Bess , Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor . Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn , his second wife , who was executed two-and-a-half years after Elizabeth 's birth . Anne 's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled , and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate . Her half-brother , Edward VI , ruled until his death in 1553 , bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters , the Roman Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth , in spite of statute law to the contrary . Edward 's will was set aside and Mary became queen , deposing Lady Jane Grey . During Mary 's reign , Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels . In 1558 upon Mary 's death , Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel . She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers , led by William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley . One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church , of which she became the Supreme Governor . This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England . It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir ; however , despite numerous courtships , she never did ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Florence_Nightingale', 'summary': "Florence Nightingale , OM , RRC , DStJ ( /ˈnaɪtɪnɡeɪl/ ; 12 May 1820 - 13 August 1910 ) was an English social reformer and statistician , and the founder of modern nursing . Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War , in which she organised care for wounded soldiers . She gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture , especially in the persona of The Lady with the Lamp making rounds of wounded soldiers at night . Recent commentators have asserted Nightingale 's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by media at the time , but critics agree on the importance of her later work in professionalising nursing roles for women . In 1860 , Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas ' Hospital in London . It was the first secular nursing school in the world , and is now part of King 's College London . In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing , the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses , and the Florence Nightingale Medal , the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve , were named in her honour , and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday . Her social reforms included improving healthcare for all sections of British society , advocating better hunger relief in India , helping to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women , and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce . Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer . In her lifetime , much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge . Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills . She was also a pioneer in data visualization with the use of infographics , effectively using graphical presentations of statistical data ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Curie', 'summary': "Marie Skłodowska Curie ( /ˈkjʊəri/ KEWR-ee , French : [ kyʁi ] , Polish : [ kʲiˈri ] ) , born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( Polish : [ ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska ] ; 7 November 1867 - 4 July 1934 ) , was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , is the first person and the only woman to win the Nobel prize twice , and is the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields . She was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris . She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ikkyu', 'summary': 'Ikkyū ( 一休宗純 , Ikkyū Sōjun , 1394-1481 ) was an eccentric , iconoclastic Japanese Zen Buddhist monk and poet . He had a great impact on the infusion of Japanese art and literature with Zen attitudes and ideals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sigmund_Freud', 'summary': "Sigmund Freud ( /frɔɪd/ FROYD ; German : [ ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt ] ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud ; 6 May 1856 - 23 September 1939 ) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis , a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst . Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg , in the Austrian Empire . He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna . Upon completing his habilitation in 1885 , he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902 . Freud lived and worked in Vienna , having set up his clinical practice there in 1886 . In 1938 , Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis . He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939 . In founding psychoanalysis , Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference , establishing its central role in the analytic process . Freud 's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory . His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression . On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id , ego and super-ego . Freud postulated the existence of libido , a sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments , and a death drive , the source of compulsive repetition , hate , aggression and neurotic guilt ."}]}, {'value': '2009-ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makai Ouji : Devils and Realist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makai_Ouji:_Devils_and_Realist', 'summary': 'Devils and Realist ( Japanese : 魔界王子 devils and realist , Hepburn : Makai Ōji ) is a Japanese manga series written by Madoka Takadono and illustrated by Utako Yukihiro . An anime adaptation was animated by Doga Kobo and aired from July 7 , 2013 to September 22 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Manga and Anime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portrayed as the former lover of Gilles de Rais and as an angel , having been purified , suggesting that she was once evil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Times Like This', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'webcomic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webcomic', 'summary': "Webcomics ( also known as online comics or Internet comics ) are comics published on a website or mobile app . While many are published exclusively on the web , others are also published in magazines , newspapers or in comic books . Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic . Readership levels vary widely ; many are read only by the creator 's immediate friends and family , while some of the largest claim audiences well over one million readers . Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics , and cover many genres , styles and subjects . They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog . The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics ."}]}, {'value': 'In this time-travel series , Joan is rescued during her execution and brought to modern Texas to live out her full life as a secondary character in the series', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'In popular culture -- Comics and animation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Cultural_depictions_of_Joan_of_Arc_6', 'intro': ". Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc in French) has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly six centuries. The following lists cover various media to include items of historic interest, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture. The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering rather than a complete catalog. Lesser known works, particularly from early periods, are not included. In this article, many of the excluded items are derivative of better known representations. For instance, Schiller's play inspired at least 82 different dramatic works during the nineteenth century, and Verdi's and Tchaikovsky's operatic adaptations are still recorded and performed. Most of the others survive only in research libraries. As another example, in 1894, Émile Huet listed over 400 plays and musical works about Joan of Arc. Despite a great deal of scholarly interest in Joan of Arc no complete list of artistic works about her exists, although a 1989 doctoral dissertation did identify all relevant films including ones for which no copy survives. Portrayals of Joan of Arc are numerous. For example, in 1979 the Bibliothèque Municipale in Rouen, France displayed a gallery containing over 500 images and other items related to Joan of Arc."}	null	null	When was the first year the title that was released after 2000 and was written by Chūgaku Akamatsu ?	2009
05de9830f2cdfe6e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density', 'title': 'List of islands by population density', 'header': ['Island', 'Country', 'Surrounded by', 'Population', 'Area km²', 'Density ( per km² )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ilet a Brouee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilet_a_Brouee', 'summary': "Ilet a Brouee is a Caribbean island and forms part of Haiti . It lies in the Canal de L'est strait and it is located north of the Île-à-Vache island . Ilet a Brouee is the most densely populated island in the world , with 500 people sharing an area of just 0.004 km² or 4,000 m² ."}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean_Sea', 'summary': "The Caribbean Sea ( Spanish : Mar Caribe ; Haitian Creole : lamè Karayib ; French : Mer des Caraïbes ; Jamaican Patois : Kiaribiyan Sii ; Papiamento : Laman Karibe ; Dutch : Caraïbische Zee ) is an American Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America . The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2 ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,217 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras ."}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ap Lei Chau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau', 'summary': 'Ap Lei Chau or Aberdeen Island is an island of Hong Kong , located off Hong Kong Island next to Aberdeen Harbour and Aberdeen Channel . It has an area of 1.30 square kilometres ( 0.50 sq mi ) . Administratively , it is part of the Southern District . Ap Lei Chau is the 2nd-most-densely-populated island in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen Channel , East Lamma Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen_Channel', 'summary': 'Aberdeen Channel ( Chinese : 香港仔海峽 ) is a channel between Ap Lei Chau ( Aberdeen Island ) and Nam Long Shan ( Brick Hill ) on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong . With two bays , Po Chong Wan and Tai Shue Wan , major portions of the channel are transformed into Aberdeen South Typhoon Shelter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Lamma_Channel', 'summary': 'The East Lamma Channel ( Chinese : 東博寮海峽 ) is a sea channel in Hong Kong . It lies between the western shores of Hong Kong Island and Ap Lei Chau , and the east side of Lamma Island . To the north it leads into the Sulphur Channel and Victoria Harbour , to the south into the South China Sea . The East Lamma Channel is one of the areas in the world with the heaviest traffic with more than 150 deep water vessels of all kinds passing there every day . The eastern entrance to the channel is also the pilot point for ships going to the Kwai Tsing Container Terminals and for ships passing the Ma Wan water way up to the eastern Pearl River Delta ports in Shenzhen and Guangzhou . The East Lamma Channel is the deepest water entrance to the Hong Kong water area and part of the traffic controlled Ma Wan water way used by nearly all bigger ships coming from the east .'}]}, {'value': '86,782', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,755', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Migingo Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Migingo_Island', 'summary': 'Migingo is a 2,000-square-metre ( 0.49-acre ; 0.20-hectare ) island , in Lake Victoria . The island was the center of a low-level territorial dispute between Kenya and Uganda and is extremely densely populated .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Victoria', 'summary': "Lake Victoria ( Nam Lolwe in Luo ; 'Nnalubaale in Luganda ; Nyanza in some Bantu languages ) is one of the African Great Lakes . The lake was renamed Lake Victoria after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke , in his reports - the first Briton to document it . ( It has since been recognized that the native guides used the name Lake Nyanza to describe it to him . ) Speke accomplished this in 1858 , while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River . This expedition was financially sponsored by the Royal Geographic Society . With a surface area of approximately 59,947 square kilometres ( 23,146 sq mi ) , Lake Victoria is Africa 's largest lake by area , the world 's largest tropical lake , and the world 's second largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America . In terms of volume , Lake Victoria is the world 's ninth largest continental lake , containing about 2,424 cubic kilometres ( 1.965×109 acre⋅ft ) of water . Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa . The lake has a maximum depth of between 80 and 84 metres ( 262 and 276 ft ) and an average depth of 40 metres ( 130 ft ) . Its catchment area covers 169,858 square kilometres ( 65,583 sq mi ) . The lake has a shoreline of 7,142 kilometres ( 4,438 mi ) when digitized at the 1:25,000 level , with islands constituting 3.7 percent of this length . The lake 's area is divided among three countries : Kenya ( 6 percent or 4,100 square kilometres or 1,600 square miles ) , Uganda ( 45 percent or 31,000 square kilometres or 12,000 square miles ) , and Tanzania ( 49 percent or 33,700 square kilometres or 13,000 square miles ) ."}]}, {'value': '131', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ile de Fadiouth ( Joal-Fadiouth )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joal-Fadiouth', 'summary': 'Joal-Fadiouth is a town and commune in the Thiès Region at the end of the Petite Côte of Senegal , south-east of Dakar . Joal lies on the mainland , while Fadiouth , linked by a bridge , lies on an island of clam shells , which are also used in local architecture and crafts . The village has no motorised transport evidenced by the sign on entering . It has large Christian and Muslim populations with cemeteries on another shell island . Another attraction is granaries on stilts in the water . The population of the commune in 2013 was some 46,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean', 'summary': "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans , with an area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the Old World from the New World . The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected World Ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean and the South ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N . Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office ."}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawahon ( Bato , Leyte )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bato,_Leyte', 'summary': 'Bato , officially the Municipality of Bato , is a 4th class municipality in the province of Leyte , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 38,356 people . It borders with the municipality of Matalom in the south , Hilongos in the north , and Bontoc to the east . Bato , together with Hilongos , is also a center of commerce , trade and education .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Canigao Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canigao_Channel', 'summary': 'Canigao Channel is a strait in the Central Visayan and Eastern Visayan regions in the Philippines . This strait separates the islands of Bohol and Leyte , while the Cebu Strait separates Bohol and Cebu . Thus , the Camotes Sea is connected to the Bohol Sea both by the Canigao Channel ( east of Bohol ) and Cebu Strait ( west of Bohol ) . The Adam Reef , the Abel Reef , the Cain Reef , and the Eve Reef are coral reefs that can be found in this channel . The Tood Islets and Canigao Island can also be found in this channel .'}]}, {'value': '3,615', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58,371', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasingin ( Getafe , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nasingin_Island', 'summary': 'Nasingin Island is an extremely densely populated island in Getafe , Bohol , Philippines . The island takes up 0.04 km² [ citation needed ] , and has a population of 2,045 [ citation needed ] . This leaves it with a population density of 55,143 people per km² . The small island is sustained by fishing . Strong typhoons hit the island often . The island is 1.16 km long .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Getafe,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Getafe , officially the Municipality of Getafe ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Getafe ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Getafe ) , is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 30,955 people . Also spelt Jetafe , Getafe and surrounding areas suffered moderate-to-severe damage to houses , churches , and other structures in the 2013 Bohol earthquake , which caused approximately 130 fatalities in total . Getafe also includes the islands of Jandayan ( Handayan ) , Banacon , and the western part of Mahanay . The small islands of Nasingin and Pandanon are considered to be one of the most densely populated islands in the world . The Danajon Bank , the only double barrier reef in the Philippines passes through these islands . The town of Getafe , Bohol celebrates its feast on the last Saturday of January , to honor the town patron Holy Infant .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Camotes Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camotes_Sea', 'summary': 'The Camotes Sea is a small sea within the Philippine archipelago , situated between the Eastern Visayan and the Central Visayan regions . It is bordered by the islands of Leyte to the north and east , Bohol to the south , and Cebu to the west . It contains the Camotes Islands , Lapinig Island , Olango Island , Mactan Island , and various other small islets . The sea is connected to the Visayan Sea to the northwest . It is connected to the Bohol Sea ( also called the Mindanao Sea ) in two ways : to the SW by the Cebu Strait ( and its 3 channels , the Mactan , the Olango , & the Hilutangan ) , and to the SE by the Canigao Channel . The Camotes Sea also contains the Danajon Bank , which is a double barrier reef in the Philippines , which is a very rare geological formation , and there are only 6 double barrier reefs in the world . It comprises two sets of large coral reefs that formed offshore on a submarine ridge due to a combination of favorable tidal currents and coral growth in the area .'}]}, {'value': '2,045', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55,143', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nocnocan ( Talibon , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talibon,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Talibon , officially the Municipality of Talibon , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Talibon ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Talibon ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 66,969 people . It is located 115 kilometres ( 71 mi ) from Tagbilaran . Talibon is the seat of the diocese of Talibon and is the resident town of the bishop . The town of Talibon , Bohol celebrates its feast on the last Saturday of May , to honor the town patron the Blessed Trinity . Islands in Talibon , including Nocnocan , Calituban and Guindacpan are considered to be one of the densely populated islands in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Camotes Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camotes_Sea', 'summary': 'The Camotes Sea is a small sea within the Philippine archipelago , situated between the Eastern Visayan and the Central Visayan regions . It is bordered by the islands of Leyte to the north and east , Bohol to the south , and Cebu to the west . It contains the Camotes Islands , Lapinig Island , Olango Island , Mactan Island , and various other small islets . The sea is connected to the Visayan Sea to the northwest . It is connected to the Bohol Sea ( also called the Mindanao Sea ) in two ways : to the SW by the Cebu Strait ( and its 3 channels , the Mactan , the Olango , & the Hilutangan ) , and to the SE by the Canigao Channel . The Camotes Sea also contains the Danajon Bank , which is a double barrier reef in the Philippines , which is a very rare geological formation , and there are only 6 double barrier reefs in the world . It comprises two sets of large coral reefs that formed offshore on a submarine ridge due to a combination of favorable tidal currents and coral growth in the area .'}]}, {'value': '1,913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54,238', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malé', 'summary': "Malé ( /ˈmɑːleɪ/ , locally [ ˈmɑːlɛ ] ; Dhivehi : މާލެ ) is the capital and most populous city in the Republic of Maldives . With a population of 133,412 and an area of 9.27 square kilometres ( 3.58 sq mi ) , it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world . The city is geographically located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll ( Kaafu Atoll ) . Administratively , the city consists of a central island , an airport island , and two other islands governed by the Malé City Council . Traditionally it was the King 's Island , from where the ancient royal dynasties ruled and where the palace was located . The city was then called Mahal . Formerly it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates ( doroshi ) . The Royal Palace ( Gan'duvaru ) was destroyed along with the picturesque forts ( koshi ) and bastions ( buruzu ) when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir 's rule in the aftermath of the abolition of the monarchy in 1968 . However , the Malé Friday Mosque remains . In recent years , the island has been considerably expanded through land-filling operations . Over the years , Malé has been the center of political protests and milestone events ."}]}, {'value': 'Maldives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maldives', 'summary': "The Maldives ( /ˈmɔːldiːvs/ , US : /ˈmɔːldaɪvz/ ( listen ) ; Dhivehi : ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ Dhivehi Raajje ) , officially the Republic of Maldives , is a small island nation in South Asia , located in the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean . It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) from the Asian continent . The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres ( 115 sq mi ) , the Maldives is one of the world 's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and population , with around 515,696 inhabitants . Malé is the capital and the most populated city , traditionally called the King 's Island for its central location . The Maldives archipelago is located on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge , a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean ; this also forms a terrestrial ecoregion , together with the Chagos Archipelago and Lakshadweep . With an average ground-level elevation of 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level , it is the world 's lowest-lying country , with even its highest natural point being one of the lowest in the world , at 5.1 metres ( 17 ft ) . Islam was introduced to the Maldivian archipelago in the 12th century which was consolidated as a sultanate , developing strong commercial and cultural ties with Asia and Africa . From the mid-16th-century , the region came under the increasing influence of European colonial powers , with the Maldives becoming a British protectorate in 1887 . Independence from the United Kingdom was granted in 1965 and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People 's Majlis . The ensuing decades have been characterised by political instability , efforts at democratic reform , and environmental challenges posed by climate change . The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Indian Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Ocean', 'summary': "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) or 19.8% of the water on the Earth 's surface . It is bounded by Asia to the north , Africa to the west , and Australia to the east . To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica , depending on the definition in use ."}]}, {'value': '92,555', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,416', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ebeye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebeye', 'summary': 'Ebeye ( /ˈiːbaɪ/ EE-by ; Marshallese : Epjā , or Ebeje in older orthography , [ ɛbʲ ( ɛ ) zʲæ ] ; locally , Ibae , [ ibˠɑːɛ ] , after the English pronunciation ) is the most populous island of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands , as well as the center for Marshallese culture in the Ralik Chain of the archipelago . Settled on 80 acres ( 32 hectares ) of land , it has a population of more than 15000 . Over 50% of the population is estimated to be under the age of 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Islands', 'summary': "The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , [ note 1 ] is an island country and a United States associated state near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 58,413 people ( at the 2018 World Bank Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The capital and largest city is Majuro . The islands share maritime boundaries with the Wake Island to the north , [ note 2 ] Kiribati to the southeast , Nauru to the south , and Federated States of Micronesia to the west . About 52.3% of Marshall Islanders ( 27,797 at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro . Data from the United Nations indicates an estimated population in 2018 of 58,413 . In 2016 , 73.3% of the population were defined as being urban . The UN also indicates a population density of 295 per km2 ( 765 people per mi2 ) and its projected 2020 population is 59,190 . Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC , with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . They eventually settled here . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , starting with Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain , Juan Sebastián Elcano and Miguel de Saavedra ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Ocean', 'summary': "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east . At 165,250,000 square kilometers ( 63,800,000 square miles ) in area ( as defined with an Antarctic southern border ) , this largest division of the World Ocean - and , in turn , the hydrosphere - covers about 46% of Earth 's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of Earth 's land area combined . The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean . The equator subdivides it into the North ( ern ) Pacific Ocean and South ( ern ) Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . Its mean depth is 4,000 meters ( 13,000 feet ) . Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench , located in the western north Pacific , is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 10,928 meters ( 35,853 feet ) . The Pacific also contains the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere , the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , at 10,823 meters ( 35,509 feet ) . The third deepest point on Earth , the Sirena Deep , is also located in the Mariana Trench . The western Pacific has many major marginal seas , including the South China Sea , the East China Sea , the Sea of Japan , the Sea of Okhotsk , the Philippine Sea , the Coral Sea , and the Tasman Sea ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bungin Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Bali Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bali_Sea', 'summary': 'The Bali Sea ( Indonesian : Laut Bali ) is the body of water north of the island of Bali and south of Kangean Island in Indonesia . The sea forms the south-west part of the Flores Sea , and the Madura Strait opens into it from the west .'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.085', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz del Islote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Islote', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz del Islote ( English : Santa Cruz Islet or Holy Cross Islet ) is an artificial island located off the coast of Bolívar Department in Colombia . It is a part of the Archipelago of San Bernardo . Its significant population compared with its small size results in its being one of the most densely populated islands on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean_Sea', 'summary': "The Caribbean Sea ( Spanish : Mar Caribe ; Haitian Creole : lamè Karayib ; French : Mer des Caraïbes ; Jamaican Patois : Kiaribiyan Sii ; Papiamento : Laman Karibe ; Dutch : Caraïbische Zee ) is an American Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America . The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2 ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,217 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras ."}]}, {'value': '485', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bilangbilangan ( Tubigon , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tubigon,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Tubigon , officially the Municipality of Tubigon , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Tubigon ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Tubigon ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 45,893 people . Located 51 kilometres ( 32 mi ) from Tagbilaran , it is the nearest seaport in Bohol to Cebu , providing many daily ferry round-trips to Cebu City . It has recently expanded its seaport to accommodate additional sea traffic . Tubigon is well known for its lambay crabs . The town of Tubigon , Bohol celebrates its feast on May 10 , to honor the town patron San Isidro Labrador .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Cebu Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Strait', 'summary': 'Cebu Strait ( Tagalog : Kipot ng Cebú ; also Bohol Strait ) is a strait in the Central Visayas region in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '444', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38,127', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilha de Moçambique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilha_de_Moçambique', 'summary': "The Island of Mozambique ( Portuguese : Ilha de Moçambique ) lies off northern Mozambique , between the Mozambique Channel and Mossuril Bay , and is part of Nampula Province . Prior to 1898 , it was the capital of colonial Portuguese East Africa . With its rich history and sandy beaches , the Island of Mozambique is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of Mozambique 's fastest growing tourist destinations . It has a permanent population of approximately 14,000 people and is served by nearby Lumbo Airport on the Nampula mainland ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozambique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozambique', 'summary': "Mozambique ( /ˌmoʊzæmˈbiːk/ ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Portuguese : Moçambique or República de Moçambique , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ ] ; Chichewa : Mozambiki ; Swahili : Msumbiji ; Tsonga : Muzambhiki ) , is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) and South Africa to the southwest . The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros , Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo ( formerly known as Lourenço Marques from 1876 to 1976 ) . Between the first and fifth centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to present-day Mozambique from farther north and west . Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , a series of Swahili port towns developed here , which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and language . In the late medieval period , these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia , Ethiopia , Egypt , Arabia , Persia , and India . The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese , who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505 . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections , and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic , although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources ."}]}, {'value': 'Indian Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Ocean', 'summary': "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) or 19.8% of the water on the Earth 's surface . It is bounded by Asia to the north , Africa to the west , and Australia to the east . To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica , depending on the definition in use ."}]}, {'value': '54,315', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuaming ( Inabanga , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inabanga,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Inabanga , officially the Municipality of Inabanga , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Inabanga ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Inabanga ) , is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 45,880 people . Inabanga was the site of the 2017 Bohol clashes between Philippine security forces and Moro ISIL-affiliated militants led by members of the Abu Sayyaf . The town of Inabanga , Bohol celebrates its fiesta on June 10 , to honor the town patron , Saint Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Cebu Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Strait', 'summary': 'Cebu Strait ( Tagalog : Kipot ng Cebú ; also Bohol Strait ) is a strait in the Central Visayas region in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '2,951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,609', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pangapasan ( Tubigon , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tubigon,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Tubigon , officially the Municipality of Tubigon , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Tubigon ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Tubigon ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 45,893 people . Located 51 kilometres ( 32 mi ) from Tagbilaran , it is the nearest seaport in Bohol to Cebu , providing many daily ferry round-trips to Cebu City . It has recently expanded its seaport to accommodate additional sea traffic . Tubigon is well known for its lambay crabs . The town of Tubigon , Bohol celebrates its feast on May 10 , to honor the town patron San Isidro Labrador .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Cebu Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Strait', 'summary': 'Cebu Strait ( Tagalog : Kipot ng Cebú ; also Bohol Strait ) is a strait in the Central Visayas region in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '514', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pandanon ( Getafe , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Getafe,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Getafe , officially the Municipality of Getafe ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Getafe ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Getafe ) , is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 30,955 people . Also spelt Jetafe , Getafe and surrounding areas suffered moderate-to-severe damage to houses , churches , and other structures in the 2013 Bohol earthquake , which caused approximately 130 fatalities in total . Getafe also includes the islands of Jandayan ( Handayan ) , Banacon , and the western part of Mahanay . The small islands of Nasingin and Pandanon are considered to be one of the most densely populated islands in the world . The Danajon Bank , the only double barrier reef in the Philippines passes through these islands . The town of Getafe , Bohol celebrates its feast on the last Saturday of January , to honor the town patron Holy Infant .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Camotes Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camotes_Sea', 'summary': 'The Camotes Sea is a small sea within the Philippine archipelago , situated between the Eastern Visayan and the Central Visayan regions . It is bordered by the islands of Leyte to the north and east , Bohol to the south , and Cebu to the west . It contains the Camotes Islands , Lapinig Island , Olango Island , Mactan Island , and various other small islets . The sea is connected to the Visayan Sea to the northwest . It is connected to the Bohol Sea ( also called the Mindanao Sea ) in two ways : to the SW by the Cebu Strait ( and its 3 channels , the Mactan , the Olango , & the Hilutangan ) , and to the SE by the Canigao Channel . The Camotes Sea also contains the Danajon Bank , which is a double barrier reef in the Philippines , which is a very rare geological formation , and there are only 6 double barrier reefs in the world . It comprises two sets of large coral reefs that formed offshore on a submarine ridge due to a combination of favorable tidal currents and coral growth in the area .'}]}, {'value': '2,228', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,751', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manhattan ( New York City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Mouth of Hudson River , East River , Harlem River , New York Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_River', 'summary': "The Hudson River is a 315-mile ( 507 km ) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States . The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York , flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the Upper New York Bay between New York City and Jersey City . It eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Harbor . The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end . Further north , it marks local boundaries between several New York counties . The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary , deeper than the body of water into which it flows , occupying the Hudson Fjord , an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation , estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago . Tidal waters influence the Hudson 's flow from as far north as the city of Troy . The river is named after Henry Hudson , an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company , who explored it in 1609 , and after whom Hudson Bay in Canada is also named . It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524 , as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay , but he considered the river to be an estuary . The Dutch called the river the North River - with the Delaware River called the South River - and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson , and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony . During the eighteenth century , the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving , the first internationally acclaimed American author ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_River', 'summary': 'The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City . The waterway , which is actually not a river despite its name , connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end . It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland , and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn , which is also on Long Island . Because of its connection to Long Island Sound , it was once also known as the Sound River . The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently , and is subject to strong fluctuations in its current , which are accentuated by its narrowness and variety of depths . The waterway is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles ( 26 km ) , and was historically the center of maritime activities in the city , although that is no longer the case .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlem_River', 'summary': 'The Harlem River is an 8-mile ( 13 km ) tidal strait in New York , United States , flowing between the Hudson River and the East River and separating the island of Manhattan from the Bronx on the New York mainland . The northern stretch , also called the Spuyten Duyvil ( spewing devil ) Creek , has been significantly altered for navigation purposes . Originally it curved around the north of Marble Hill , but in 1895 the Harlem River Ship Canal was dug between Manhattan and Marble Hill , and in 1914 the original course was filled in .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Harbor', 'summary': 'New York Harbor , part of the Port of New York and New Jersey , is at the mouth of the North River ( Hudson River ) where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States . It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world . Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term , New York Harbor has important historical , governmental , commercial , and ecological usages .'}]}, {'value': '1,664,727 ( 2017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calituban ( Talibon , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talibon,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Talibon , officially the Municipality of Talibon , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Talibon ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Talibon ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 66,969 people . It is located 115 kilometres ( 71 mi ) from Tagbilaran . Talibon is the seat of the diocese of Talibon and is the resident town of the bishop . The town of Talibon , Bohol celebrates its feast on the last Saturday of May , to honor the town patron the Blessed Trinity . Islands in Talibon , including Nocnocan , Calituban and Guindacpan are considered to be one of the densely populated islands in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Camotes Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camotes_Sea', 'summary': 'The Camotes Sea is a small sea within the Philippine archipelago , situated between the Eastern Visayan and the Central Visayan regions . It is bordered by the islands of Leyte to the north and east , Bohol to the south , and Cebu to the west . It contains the Camotes Islands , Lapinig Island , Olango Island , Mactan Island , and various other small islets . The sea is connected to the Visayan Sea to the northwest . It is connected to the Bohol Sea ( also called the Mindanao Sea ) in two ways : to the SW by the Cebu Strait ( and its 3 channels , the Mactan , the Olango , & the Hilutangan ) , and to the SE by the Canigao Channel . The Camotes Sea also contains the Danajon Bank , which is a double barrier reef in the Philippines , which is a very rare geological formation , and there are only 6 double barrier reefs in the world . It comprises two sets of large coral reefs that formed offshore on a submarine ridge due to a combination of favorable tidal currents and coral growth in the area .'}]}, {'value': '4,145', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mocaboc ( Tubigon , Bohol )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tubigon,_Bohol', 'summary': 'Tubigon , officially the Municipality of Tubigon , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Tubigon ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Tubigon ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bohol , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 45,893 people . Located 51 kilometres ( 32 mi ) from Tagbilaran , it is the nearest seaport in Bohol to Cebu , providing many daily ferry round-trips to Cebu City . It has recently expanded its seaport to accommodate additional sea traffic . Tubigon is well known for its lambay crabs . The town of Tubigon , Bohol celebrates its feast on May 10 , to honor the town patron San Isidro Labrador .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Cebu Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Strait', 'summary': 'Cebu Strait ( Tagalog : Kipot ng Cebú ; also Bohol Strait ) is a strait in the Central Visayas region in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lagos Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagos_Island', 'summary': 'Lagos Island ( Isale Eko ) is the principal and central local government area ( LGA ) in Lagos , Lagos State . It is part of the Lagos Division . As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census , the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km² . The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island ; the eastern half is simply refer to as Lagos Island East LCDA .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '212,700 ( 2006 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,955', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Most densely populated islands ( over 1,000 people per km² )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_islands_by_population_density_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of islands, sorted by population density, and including islands that connect to other island or inland with land mean of transportation (e.g. bridge or tunnel).'}	null	null	What is the density ( per km² ) of the island that is settled on 80 acres ( 32 hectares ) of land ?	41,667
05df1f1386bb5374	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Harry the Footballer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film about a star player being kidnapped by the opposition . However , they are foiled by his girl-friend , just in time for him to get to the match and score the winning goal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Winning Goal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Winning_Goal', 'summary': "The Winning Goal is a 1920 British silent sports film directed by G. B. Samuelson and starring Harold Walden , Maudie Dunham and Tom Reynolds . It was based on the play The Game by Harold Brighouse . It was set in Lancashire against a backdrop of the fictional Association football team Blackton Rovers . Chelsea player Jack Cock appeared as himself in the film and 16-then international players featured as members of two fictional teams . Match footage was shot at Brentford 's Griffin Park ground ."}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film about a fictional team called the Blackton Rovers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Game_(1930_film)', 'summary': "The Great Game is a 1930 British film , one of the earliest feature films to use football as a central theme . The film 's plot contains many elements of what would become clichés in the sporting film genre . Dicky Brown is a young , aspiring footballer who plays for a struggling side , the fictional Manningford F.C. , a team in the midst of a successful cup run . He manages to charm the daughter of the chairman and thus breaks into the side , and ultimately wins the Cup for his team . The film covers now clichéd conflicts within football which still exist . The manager of the team wants to give his young players a chance in the side ; the chairman , on the other hand , insists on signing established star players , such as Jack Cock ( then of Millwall F.C. , previously of Chelsea F.C . and Everton F.C. ) . Much of the film is set in Chelsea 's home ground , Stamford Bridge , and it contains guest appearances by numerous real-life footballers , including George Mills , Andy Wilson , Sam Millington and Billy Blyth . It was also notable for featuring the first credited appearance of Rex Harrison ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British film about fictional Manningford F.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sportszerelem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportszerelem', 'summary': 'Sportszerelem is a 1936 Hungarian sports comedy film directed by Zoltán Farkas and László Kardos and starring Kálmán Latabár , Edith Zeisler and Géza Boross . The sports-mad owner of a toothpick factory only allows football players to work for him , and a number of jobs hang on the result of a big match . It was known as Love of Sport in English .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Arsenal Stadium Mystery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Arsenal_Stadium_Mystery', 'summary': 'The Arsenal Stadium Mystery is a 1939 British mystery film and one of the first feature films wherein football is a central element in the plot . The film was directed by Thorold Dickinson , and shot at Denham Film Studios and on location at Arsenal Stadium . It was written by Dickinson , Donald Bull , and Alan Hyman , adapted from a novel by Leonard Gribble .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crime comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'When a player is poisoned during a match , Detective Inspector Slade must investigate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Das große Spiel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Das_große_Spiel', 'summary': 'The Big Game ( German : Das große Spiel ) is a 1942 German sports film directed by Robert A. Stemmle and starring René Deltgen , Gustav Knuth and Heinz Engelmann . It featured famous German footballers of the era . National coach Sepp Herberger arranged for many German international footballers to be recalled from fighting in the Second World War , ostensibly to improve the quality of the film , but actually to try to protect them from the horrors of war . Some sequences of the film are in Agfacolor . The sets were designed by art directors Gerbert Hochreiter and Walter Schlick .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O Leão da Estrela', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Arthur Duarte movie includes original images of the Portuguese cup final Porto - Sporting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Duarte', 'summary': 'Arthur Duarte ( 1895-1982 ) was a Portuguese actor , screenwriter , production designer and film director .'}]}, {'value': 'The Great Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Game_(1953_film)', 'summary': 'The Great Game is a 1953 British sports comedy-drama directed by Maurice Elvey and starring James Hayter , Thora Hird and Diana Dors . It was based on a play by Basil Thomas . Many of the scenes were shot at Griffin Park the home of Brentford F.C . Several professional football players made appearances in the film including Tommy Lawton .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The chairman of a British club is penalized for approaching a player from a rival team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Két félidő a pokolban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Half_Times_in_Hell', 'summary': "Two Halves in Hell ( Hungarian : Két félidő a pokolban ) , also known as The Last Goal , is a 1962 Hungarian war drama film directed and co-written by Zoltán Fábri . The film is based on a 1942 football match between German soldiers and their Ukrainian prisoners of war during World War II , known as the Death Match , though in the film , the prisoners of war are Hungarian . The film won a critics ' award at Boston Cinema Festival 1962 . Two Halves in Hell was remade as the 1981 American-British film Escape to Victory , this time with the prisoners of war representing a diverse group of countries . In addition , the 1974 film The Longest Yard , about an American football game between prisoners and their wardens , has been compared to Two Halves in Hell ; The Longest Yard has been remade three times ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Based on 1942 's The Death Match between team in modern-day Ukraine ( including players from Dynamo Kyiv ) and a German Wehrmacht side", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Death_Match', 'summary': 'The Death Match ( Russian : Матч смерти ) ( Ukrainian : Матч смерті ) is a name given in postwar historiography to the football match played in Kiev in Reichskommissariat Ukraine ( abbreviated RKU ) under occupation by Nazi Germany . The Kiev city team Start ( Cyrillic : Старт ) which represented the city Bread Factory No.1 played several football games in World War II . The team was composed mostly of former professional footballers of Dynamo Kyiv and Lokomotyv Kyiv who worked at the factory under the occupation authority . On August 6 , 1942 , FC Start played the German team Flakelf . There were an estimated 2,000 spectators in attendance , with each spectator paying a total of five rubles to attend . [ b ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv', 'summary': "Football Club Dynamo Kyiv ( Ukrainian : Футбольний клуб « Динамо » Київ , pronounced [ dɪˈnɑmo ˈkɪjiu̯ ] ) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Kiev . Founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dynamo Sports Society , the club plays in the Ukrainian Premier League , and has never been relegated to a lower division . Their home is the 70,050 capacity Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex . Since 1936 , Dynamo has spent its entire history in the top league of Soviet and later Ukrainian football . Its most successful periods are associated with Valeriy Lobanovskyi , who coached the team during three stints , leading them to numerous domestic and European titles . In 1961 , the club became first ever in the history of Soviet football that managed to overcome the total hegemony of Moscow-based clubs in the Soviet Top League . The Spartak Moscow-Dynamo Kyiv rivalry that began in the mid 1970s , is widely considered to have been one of the most exciting football rivalries in the Soviet Union . Since the late 1960s , the club has participated in the UEFA continental competitions almost every year . It was the first Soviet football club to participate in the UEFA European competitions , starting to do so in 1965 . Over its history , Dynamo Kyiv has won 15 Ukrainian national titles , 13 Soviet national titles , 11 Ukrainian national cup competitions , 9 Soviet national cup competitions , and three continental titles ( including two UEFA Cup Winners ' Cups ) . Along with Dinamo Tbilisi , they were the only two Soviet clubs that succeeded in the UEFA competitions . The first team of Dynamo became a base team for the Soviet Union national football team in the 1970-1980s and the Ukraine national football team in the 1990-2000s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nazi_Germany', 'summary': "Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945 , when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) controlled the country through a dictatorship . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) , meaning Third Realm or Third Empire , the first two being the Holy Roman Empire ( 800-1806 ) and the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) . The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic , Paul von Hindenburg , on 30 January 1933 . The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person and his word became the highest law . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wehrmacht', 'summary': "The Wehrmacht ( German pronunciation : [ ˈveːɐ̯maxt ] ( listen ) , lit . defence force ) was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 . It consisted of the Heer ( army ) , the Kriegsmarine ( navy ) and the Luftwaffe ( air force ) . The designation Wehrmacht replaced the previously used term Reichswehr , and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime 's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted . After the Nazi rise to power in 1933 , one of Adolf Hitler 's most overt and audacious moves was to establish the Wehrmacht , a modern offensively-capable armed force , fulfilling the Nazi regime 's long-term goals of regaining lost territory as well as gaining new territory and dominating its neighbours . This required the reinstatement of conscription , and massive investment and defense spending on the arms industry . The Wehrmacht formed the heart of Germany 's politico-military power . In the early part of the Second World War , the Wehrmacht employed combined arms tactics ( close cover air-support , tanks , and infantry ) to devastating effect in what became known as Blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) . Its campaigns in France ( 1940 ) , the Soviet Union ( 1941 ) , and North Africa ( 1941/42 ) are regarded as acts of boldness . At the same time , the far-flung advances strained the Wehrmacht 's capacity to the breaking point , culminating in the first major defeat in the Battle of Moscow ( 1941 ) ; by late 1942 , Germany was losing the initiative in all theatres . The operational art was no match to the war-making abilities of the Allied coalition , making the Wehrmacht 's weaknesses in strategy , doctrine , and logistics readily apparent . Closely cooperating with the SS and the Einsatzgruppen , the German armed forces committed numerous war crimes , despite later denials and promotion of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht ."}]}, {'value': 'Garrincha : Hero of the Jungle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrincha:_Hero_of_the_Jungle', 'summary': 'Garrincha : Hero of the Jungle ( Portuguese : Garrincha - Alegria do Povo ) is a 1962 Brazilian documentary film directed by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade , about the Brazilian soccer player Garrincha . It was entered into the 13th Berlin International Film Festival . In 2006 , the documentary was selected as part of a special section of the 63rd Venice International Film Festival , dedicated to Joaquim Pedro de Andrade .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazilian film on the career of then-current superstar Garrincha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrincha', 'summary': "Manuel Francisco dos Santos ( 28 October 1933 - 20 January 1983 ) , nicknamed Mané Garrincha , best known as simply Garrincha ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɡaˈʁĩʃɐ ] , little bird ) , was a Brazilian footballer who played as a right winger . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest dribblers of all time . Garrincha is also widely regarded as a legendary figure in the sport . Garrincha played a vital role in Brazil 's 1958 and 1962 World Cup victories . In 1962 , when Pelé got injured , Garrincha led Brazil to a World Cup victory with a dominating performance throughout the tournament . He also became the first player to win Golden Ball ( Player of the tournament ) , Golden Boot ( Leading Goalscorer ) and the World Cup in the same tournament . He was also named in the World Cup All-Star Team 's of both 1958 World Cup and 1962 World Cup . In 1994 , he was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team . Brazil never lost a match while fielding both Garrincha and Pelé . In 1999 , he came seventh in the FIFA Player of the Century grand jury vote . He is a member of the World Team of the 20th Century , and was inducted into the Brazilian Football Hall of Fame . Due to his immense popularity in Brazil , he was also called Alegria do Povo ( People 's Joy ) and Anjo de Pernas Tortas ( Bent-Legged Angel ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fútbol México 70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1970 FIFA World Cup was the ninth FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football championship for men 's national teams . Held from 31 May to 21 June in Mexico , it was the first World Cup tournament staged in North America , and the first held outside Europe and South America . Teams representing 75 nations from all six populated continents entered the competition , and its qualification rounds began in May 1968 . Fourteen teams qualified from this process to join host nation Mexico and defending champions England in the 16-team final tournament . El Salvador , Israel and Morocco made their first appearances at the final stage . The tournament was won by Brazil , which defeated another two-time former champion , Italy , 4-1 in the final in Mexico City . The win gave Brazil its third World Cup title , which allowed them to permanently keep the Jules Rimet Trophy , and a new trophy was introduced in 1974 . The victorious team , led by Carlos Alberto and featuring players such as Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Rivellino , and Tostão , is often cited as the greatest-ever World Cup team . They achieved a perfect record of wins in all six games in the finals , as well as winning all their qualifying fixtures . England were the defending champions who were knocked out of the tournament following a 2-3 loss to West Germany in the quarter final . Despite the issues of altitude and high temperature , the finals largely produced attacking football which created an average goals per game record not since bettered by any subsequent World Cup Finals . With the advancements in satellite communications , the 1970 Finals attracted a new record television audience for the FIFA World Cup as games were broadcast live around the world and , in a few cases , in colour - the first time that this was the case ."}]}, {'value': 'Dhanyee Meye', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohunbaganer Meye', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yesterday 's Hero", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yesterday's_Hero", 'summary': "Yesterday 's Hero is a 1979 British film directed by Neil Leifer and starring Ian McShane , Suzanne Somers , Adam Faith , Paul Nicholas and Cary Elwes ( in his film debut ) . It also features Glynis Barber and Emma Samms in their early performances . The screenplay was written by novelist Jackie Collins , but was an original work and not based on one of her books . Although it has echoes of the life of the former player George Best , the film is not biographical ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian McShane as a former football player turned alcoholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_McShane', 'summary': "Ian David McShane ( born 29 September 1942 ) is an English actor and voice actor . He is known for his television performances , particularly the title role in the BBC series Lovejoy ( 1986-1994 ) and as Al Swearengen on the HBO series Deadwood ( 2004-2006 ) and its 2019 film continuation , the original series garnering him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination . He currently portrays Mr. Wednesday in the Starz series American Gods ( 2017- ) . His film roles include Harry Brown in The Wild and the Willing ( 1962 ) , Charlie Cartwright in If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) , Wolfe Lissner in Villain ( 1971 ) , Teddy Bass in Sexy Beast ( 2000 ) , Frank Powell in Hot Rod ( 2007 ) , Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) , Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) and Winston in the John Wick film series ( 2014- ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Coup de tête', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coup_de_tête', 'summary': 'Coup de tête ( English : Hothead ) is a 1979 French comedy-drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and scripted by Francis Veber . It stars Patrick Dewaere and Jean Bouise , who [ who ? ] won the César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy/Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French film about player kicked off the team for fighting with the star', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Chanfle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Chanfle', 'summary': 'El Chanfle is a 1978 Mexican sports comedy movie written by and starring Chespirito .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chespirito as a waterboy for a Mexican team whose life unexpectedly changes when his wife gets pregnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chespirito', 'summary': "Roberto Gómez Bolaños ( 21 February 1929 - 28 November 2014 ) , more commonly known by his stage name Chespirito , or Little Shakespeare was a Mexican screenwriter , actor , comedian , film director , television director , playwright , singer , songwriter , and author . He is widely regarded as the most important Spanish-language humorist of all time . He was internationally known for writing , directing , and starring in the Chespirito ( 1970-1973 , 1980-1995 ) , El Chavo del Ocho ( 1973-1980 ) , and El Chapulín Colorado ( 1973-1979 ) television series . The character of El Chavo is one of the most iconic in the history of Latin American television , and El Chavo del Ocho continues to be immensely popular , with daily worldwide viewership averaging 91 million viewers per episode . He is also a nephew of late president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz since Chespirito 's mother was the president 's cousin ."}]}, {'value': 'La Fiesta de Todos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Fiesta_de_Todos', 'summary': 'La Fiesta de todos is a 1979 Argentine film produced by the Ente Autartico Mundial 1978 ( EAM´78 ) organization in charge of the organization of the 1978 FIFA World Cup where with a cast of Argentine actors like Luis Sandrini and other shows the feeling of the Argentinian people towards the event .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 1978 FIFA World Cup held in Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1978 FIFA World Cup , the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup , quadrennial international football world championship tournament , was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June . The Cup was won by the Argentine hosts , who defeated the Netherlands 3-1 in the final , after extra time . The final was held at River Plate 's home stadium , Estadio Monumental , in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires . This win was the first World Cup title for Argentina , who became the fifth team ( after Uruguay , Italy , England and West Germany ) to be both hosts and world champions . Argentina , the Netherlands and Brazil were the gold , silver and bronze medalists , respectively . Iran and Tunisia made their first appearances in the tournament . This was also the last World Cup tournament to use the original inclusion of 16 teams . Since the first World Cup in 1930 , only 15 teams ( plus the host , who automatically qualified ) had been allowed to qualify ( the reigning title holders also received automatic qualification from 1934 through 2002 ) ; but for the next World Cup , in Spain , FIFA expanded that tournament to 24 teams . The official match ball was the Adidas Tango ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Escape to Victory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escape_to_Victory', 'summary': "Escape to Victory ( also known as Victory ) is a 1981 American sports war film directed by John Huston and starring Sylvester Stallone , Michael Caine , Max von Sydow and Pelé . The film is about Allied prisoners of war who are interned in a German prison camp during the Second World War who play an exhibition match of football against a German team . The film received great attention upon its theatrical release , as it also starred professional footballers Bobby Moore , Osvaldo Ardiles , Kazimierz Deyna , Paul Van Himst , Mike Summerbee , Hallvar Thoresen , Werner Roth and Pelé . Numerous Ipswich Town players were also in the film , including John Wark , Russell Osman , Laurie Sivell , Robin Turner and Kevin O'Callaghan . Further Ipswich Town players stood-in for actors in the football scenes - Kevin Beattie for Michael Caine , and Paul Cooper for Sylvester Stallone . Yabo Yablonsky wrote the script and the film was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loosely based on The Death Match , with Sylvester Stallone and Michael Caine ; released in North America as Victory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone', 'summary': "Sylvester Enzio Stallone ( /stəˈloʊn/ ; born Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone , July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , and producer . After his beginnings as a struggling actor for a number of years upon arriving to New York City in 1969 and later Hollywood in 1974 , he won his first critical acclaim as an actor for his co-starring role as Stanley Rosiello in The Lords of Flatbush . Stallone mostly only found gradual work as an extra or side character in films with a sizeable budget until he achieved his greatest critical and commercial success as an actor , starting in 1976 with his self-created role as the boxer Rocky Balboa , in the first film of the successful Rocky series ( 1976-2018 ) . In the films , Rocky is portrayed as an underdog fighter that does battle with numerous brutal opponents , and wins the world heavyweight championship twice . The last two entries in the series are Creed and Creed 2 , that serve as spin-off films focusing on Adonis Creed , the son of the ill-fated boxer Apollo Creed , to whom the long retired Rocky is a mentor . Reprising the role during the 2010s brought Stallone praise , and his first Golden Globe award for the first Creed , as well as a third Oscar nomination , having been first nominated for the same role 40 years prior . Stallone had similar box-office success , portraying the PTSD plagued soldier John Rambo in the five Rambo films ( 1982-2019 ) and as mercenary Barney Ross in the three The Expendables films ( 2010-2014 ) . He wrote or co-wrote most of the films in his three biggest franchises , and directed many of them . Stallone 's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry , and had its props placed in the Smithsonian Museum . His use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps , and Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum . It was announced on December 7 , 2010 that he was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category . In 1977 , Stallone was nominated for two Academy Awards for Rocky , for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Caine', 'summary': "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ."}]}, {'value': "Gregory 's Girl", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gregory's_Girl", 'summary': "Gregory 's Girl is a 1981 Scottish coming-of-age romantic comedy film written and directed by Bill Forsyth and starring John Gordon Sinclair , Dee Hepburn and Clare Grogan . The film is set in and around a state secondary school in the Abronhill district of Cumbernauld . Gregory 's Girl was ranked No . 30 in the British Film Institute 's list of the top 100 British films and No . 29 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 best high school movies ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scottish teen tale directed by Bill Forsyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Forsyth', 'summary': "William David Forsyth ( born 29 July 1946 ) is a Scottish film director and writer known for his films Gregory 's Girl ( 1981 ) , Local Hero ( 1983 ) , and Comfort and Joy ( 1984 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Those Glory Glory Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Those_Glory_Glory_Days', 'summary': "Those Glory Glory Days is a 1983 British made-for-television film about football directed by Philip Saville and starring Zoë Nathenson , Sara Sugarman and Cathy Murphy . The screenplay was written by the sports journalist Julie Welch . The film is inspired by Welch 's childhood love of football , and helped to establish her as a screenwriter . The film was part of David Puttnam 's 'First Love ' series broadcast on Channel 4 . It was released on 17 November 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A group of girls growing up in 1960-61 London develop an interest in football and Tottenham Hotspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Association football ( soccer )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_1', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'}	null	null	Who was the writer of the 1979 sports film featuring a player kicked off the team for fighting with the star ?	Francis Veber
05df84ed36bda33e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GM-EMD_locomotives', 'title': 'List of GM-EMD locomotives', 'header': ['Model designation', 'Build year', 'Total produced', 'AAR wheel arrangement', 'Prime mover'], 'data': [{'value': 'SWBLW Beep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beep_(SWBLW)', 'summary': 'The Beep ( also referred to as the SWBLW ) is an individual switcher locomotive built in 1970 by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at its Cleburne , Texas , workshops . Technically a rebuild , the Beep ( a portmanteau of Baldwin Geep , whose official designation was derived from SWitcher , Baldwin Locomotive Works ) originally entered service on the Santa Fe as a Baldwin Model VO-1000 . Following its successful CF7 capital rebuilding program , the company hoped to determine if remanufacturing its aging , non-EMD end cab switchers by fitting them with new EMD prime movers was an economically viable proposition . The conversion procedure proved too costly and only the one unit was modified . As of end of 2008 per Trains Magazine March 2009 , this locomotive was retired and stored operational at Topeka , Kansas . In May 2009 the unit was donated to the Western America Railroad Museum in Barstow , California .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 16-567BC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_567', 'summary': "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ."}]}, {'value': 'CF7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CF7', 'summary': "The CF7 is an EMD F-unit railroad locomotive that has had its streamlined carbody removed and replaced with a custom-made , general purpose body in order to adapt the unit for switching duty . All of the conversions were performed by the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in their Cleburne , Texas workshops between October , 1970 and March , 1978 . The program was initiated in response to a system-wide need for more than 200 additional four-axle diesel road switchers to meet projected motive power demands on branch lines and secondary main lines . Santa Fe 's aging fleet of 200-series F-units were in dire need of overhaul , and were not suitable for switching service in their original configuration due to the poor visibility resulting from their full-width carbody ; the engineer was required to stick their head out of the window in order to see the end of the train or locomotive when coupling and uncoupling cars . As new , state-of-the-art locomotives cost upwards of $ 150,000 each at the time , Santa Fe elected to experiment with modifying its existing F-units to serve their purpose , which they hoped they could accomplish for around $ 60,000 each . Changes in business philosophy led the company to sell off its entire CF7 inventory by 1987 , with most of the units ( all but nine ) ending up in the hands of regional and short-line railroads , and a few excursion lines . A number remain in service today . [ vague ]"}]}, {'value': '1970-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '233', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 16-567BC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_567', 'summary': "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ."}]}, {'value': 'GP8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP8', 'summary': "A GP8 is a four-axle road switcher diesel locomotive rebuilt by Illinois Central 's Paducah shops using a General Motors Electro-Motive Division ( EMD ) GP7 , GMD GP7 or GP9 as a start . It is similar to the GP10 and GP11 . A total of 111 units were rebuilt to GP8 for the Illinois Central and Illinois Central Gulf . Core units used in the construction of these units were Illinois Central GP7 , GP9 , a GP8 , C & O GP9 , D & RGW GP9 , DT & I GP7 , N & W GP7 , P & LE GP7 , QNS & L GP7 , RDG GP7 , St.J & LC GP9 , SLSF GP7 , and SP GP9 . The Paducah Shops also rebuilt 16 Conrail GP7s to GP8s . Nine were rebuilt in 1976 and another seven in 1978 . Rock Island 's Silvis Shops rebuilt 20 Conrail GP7s into GP8s in 1978 . Morrison-Knudsen 's Boise Shops rebuilt 13 Conrail GP7s into GP8s in 1978 . The 1976 Conrail units rebuilt at Paducah were the equivalent of the Illinois Central rebuilds . The 1978 rebuilds were engine and electrical gear only rebuilds with no carbody modifications ."}]}, {'value': '1969-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 567BC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_567', 'summary': "The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division . This engine , which succeeded Winton 's 201A , was used in EMD 's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645 . It has a bore of 8 1⁄2 in ( 216 mm ) , a stroke of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and a displacement of 567 cu in ( 9.29 L ) per cylinder . Like the Winton 201A , the EMD 645 and the EMD 710 , the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine . EMD 's chief competitor , GE , now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts ."}]}, {'value': 'GP10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP10', 'summary': "The EMD GP10 is a road switcher diesel-electric locomotive that is the result of rebuilding a GP7 , GP9 or GP18 . The Illinois Central Railroad had three separate rebuild programs to upgrade their old EMD GPs and GPs that they had purchased from equipment dealers such as Precision National Corporation in Mount Vernon , Illinois . The first was the GP8 , second the GP10 and third the GP11 . All were rebuilt at IC/ICG 's Paducah Shops in Kentucky . Core units for the GP10 program were from IC/ICG GP7 , GP8 , GP9 and GP18 , B & M GP9 , B & O GP9 , CRR GP9 , C & O GP7 and GP9 , D & RGW GP9 , DT & I GP7 and GP9 , FEC GP9 , GTW GP18 , P & LE GP7 , Potlach Forests Inc. GP7 , QNS & L GP9 , RDG GP7 , St.J & LC GP9 , SLSF GP7 , SP GP9 , SSW GP7 , and UP GP9B . Two IC GP9s were rebuilt to GP10s and sold directly to the Ashley , Drew and Northern Railway . Nine Alaska Railroad GP7s were rebuilt to GP10s by Paducah , and renumbered 1801-1809 ( these rebuilds received EMD angled cabs but kept their AAR Type B road trucks from Alco RS-1s ) . A total of 76 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt to GP10s . The Paducah Shops rebuilt 53 Conrail GP9s to GP10s . The first 16 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt to the equivalent of a GP10 in 1976 . In 1978 another 21 Conrail GP9s were rebuilt at Paducah , followed by 16 more GP9s rebuilt to GP10 in 1979 . The 1978-79 Conrail GP9 rebuilding program by Paducah was engine and electrical gear only with no carbody modification ( the high short hoods were kept ) ."}]}, {'value': '1967-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP11', 'summary': "The EMD GP11 is a four-axle road switcher diesel locomotive rebuilt by the Illinois Central Railroad 's Paducah shops . It is very similar in appearance to the GP8 and GP10 . The Illinois Central Railroad began its GP11 rebuilding program in 1978 . All units were rebuilt from recycled EMD GP7 , GP9 or GP18 parts . Spotting features are an angled cab , exterior paper air filter , new air intake for the traction motors and four exhaust stacks . Internally they had Dash 2 solid state electrical equipment ."}]}, {'value': '1978-1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP15C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP15C', 'summary': "An EMD GP9 is a four-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division produced between 1954 and 1959 and it is powered by a sixteen-cylinder engine which generated 1,750 horsepower ( 1.30 MW ) . The GP9 succeeded the GP7 . The lettering GP stands for general purpose . This locomotive type was offered both with and without control cabs ; locomotives built without control cabs were called GP9B locomotives ."}]}, {'value': '1990-1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'CAT 3512', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.', 'summary': "Caterpillar Inc. ( sometimes shortened to CAT ) is an American Fortune 100 corporation which designs , develops , engineers , manufactures , markets and sells machinery , engines , financial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network . It is the world 's largest construction equipment manufacturer . In 2018 , Caterpillar was ranked # 65 on the Fortune 500 list and # 238 on the Global Fortune 500 list . Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company , creating a new entity , the California-based Caterpillar Tractor Company . In 1986 , the company reorganized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name , Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar 's headquarters are located in Deerfield , Illinois ; it announced in January 2017 that over the course of that year it would relocate its headquarters from Peoria , Illinois , to Deerfield , Illinois , scrapping plans from 2015 of building an $ 800 million new headquarters complex in downtown Peoria . The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under its Cat / Caterpillar name . Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark Caterpillar Yellow livery and the CAT logo ."}]}, {'value': 'GP16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP16', 'summary': 'The EMD GP16 was a series of rebuilt road switcher diesel-electric locomotives , a result of a remanufacturing program initiated by the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad ( SCL ) in an effort to spare the cost of purchasing new motive power in the late 1970s . This involved the rebuilding of their aging fleet of EMD GP7 , GP9 , and GP18 road switchers ( many of which were over twenty years old ) . 155 locomotives ( 122 GP7 , 31 GP9 and two GP18 ) were rebuilt by the SCL .'}]}, {'value': '1979-1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '155', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 16-645', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_645', 'summary': "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ."}]}, {'value': 'G18AR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_DB_class_locomotive', 'summary': "The New Zealand DB class and DBR class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive built for service on New Zealand 's rail network . They were built by General Motors Diesel ( GMD ) of Canada as a narrow-gauge version of the EMD G8 model , with seventeen locomotives constructed . Ten of these were later rebuilt into the DBR class ."}]}, {'value': '1979-1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A1A-A1A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EMD 8-645', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_645', 'summary': "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ."}]}, {'value': 'G22AR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive', 'summary': "The New Zealand DC class is a class of diesel-electric mainline locomotive on the New Zealand rail network , operated by KiwiRail on freight trains , and formerly on long-distance KiwiRail Scenic passenger trains . The class was rebuilt from the DA class in the late 1970s and early 1980s , mainly in Australia . After the DA class they were the most numerous class of diesel locomotive on New Zealand 's railway network , and remained numerically dominant until the mid-2010s when withdrawals began ."}]}, {'value': '1977-1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A1A-A1A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EMD 12-645', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_645', 'summary': "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ."}]}, {'value': 'G22CR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_DQ_and_QR_class_locomotives', 'summary': 'The DQ and QR class were a class of diesel locomotives in New Zealand and Tasmania , Australia . Originally built by Clyde Engineering in the 1960s as Queensland Rail 1460 and 1502 class locomotives , they were purchased by Tranz Rail in 1995 to be rebuilt , as a cheaper alternative to buying new locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '1998-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C-C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 12-645', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_645', 'summary': "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ."}]}, {'value': 'GP30C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP30C', 'summary': "The EMD GP30 is a 2,250 hp ( 1,680 kW ) four-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division of La Grange , Illinois between July 1961 and November 1963 . A total of 948 units were built for railroads in the United States and Canada ( 2 only ) , including 40 cabless B units for the Union Pacific Railroad . It was the first so-called second generation EMD diesel locomotive , and was produced in response to increased competition by a new entrant , General Electric 's U25B , which was released roughly at the same time as the GP30 . The GP30 is easily recognizable due to its high profile and stepped cab roof , unique among American locomotives . A number are still in service today in original or rebuilt form ."}]}, {'value': '1990-1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'CAT 3515', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.', 'summary': "Caterpillar Inc. ( sometimes shortened to CAT ) is an American Fortune 100 corporation which designs , develops , engineers , manufactures , markets and sells machinery , engines , financial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network . It is the world 's largest construction equipment manufacturer . In 2018 , Caterpillar was ranked # 65 on the Fortune 500 list and # 238 on the Global Fortune 500 list . Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company , creating a new entity , the California-based Caterpillar Tractor Company . In 1986 , the company reorganized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name , Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar 's headquarters are located in Deerfield , Illinois ; it announced in January 2017 that over the course of that year it would relocate its headquarters from Peoria , Illinois , to Deerfield , Illinois , scrapping plans from 2015 of building an $ 800 million new headquarters complex in downtown Peoria . The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under its Cat / Caterpillar name . Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark Caterpillar Yellow livery and the CAT logo ."}]}, {'value': 'GP38H-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP38H-3', 'summary': 'The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': 'EMD 16-645E with HEP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EMD_645', 'summary': "The EMD 645 family of diesel engines was designed and manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors . While the 645 series was intended primarily for locomotive , marine and stationary engine use , one 16-cylinder version powered the 33-19 Titan prototype haul truck designed by GM 's Terex division . The 645 series was an evolution of the earlier 567 series and a precursor to the later 710 series . First introduced in 1965 , the EMD 645 series remained in production on a by-request basis long after it was replaced by the 710 , and most 645 service parts are still in production . The EMD 645 engine series is currently supported by Electro-Motive Diesel , Inc. , which purchased the assets of the Electro-Motive Division from General Motors in 2005 . In 1951 , E. W. Kettering wrote a paper for the ASME entitled , History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine , which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine . These same considerations apply to the 645 and 710 , as these engines were a logical extension of the 567C , by applying a cylinder bore increase , 645 , and a cylinder bore increase and a stroke increase , 710 , to achieve a greater power output , without changing the external size of the engines , or their weight , thereby achieving significant improvements in horsepower per unit volume and horsepower per unit weight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Head_end_power', 'summary': "In rail transport , head-end power ( HEP ) , also known as electric train supply ( ETS ) , is the electrical power distribution system on a passenger train . The power source , usually a locomotive ( or a generator car ) at the front or 'head ' of a train , provides the electricity used for heating , lighting , electrical and other 'hotel ' needs . The maritime equivalent is hotel electric power . A successful attempt by the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway in October 1881 to light the passenger cars between London and Brighton heralded the beginning of using electricity to light trains in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'GP39H-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP39H-2', 'summary': 'The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP40-2H', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP40-2H', 'summary': 'The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP40FH-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP40FH-2', 'summary': 'The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models .'}]}, {'value': '1987-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP40PH-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP40PH-2', 'summary': 'The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel-electric road switcher locomotive have been , and continue to be , used by multiple passenger railroads in North America . For passenger service , the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head-end power ( HEP ) for heating , lighting and electricity in passenger cars . Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives , while some were built as brand new models .'}]}, {'value': '1991-1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement', 'summary': 'The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive ( or unit ) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads . It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification , and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives . It is not used for steam locomotives which use the Whyte notation instead . The AAR system counts axles instead of wheels . Letters refer to powered axles , and numbers to unpowered ( or idler ) axles . A refers to one powered axle , B to two powered axles in a row , C to three powered axles in a row , and D to four powered axles in a row . 1 refers to one idler axle , and 2 to two idler axles in a row . A dash ( - ) separates trucks , or wheel assemblies . A plus sign ( + ) refers to articulation , either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Aftermarket conversions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_GM-EMD_locomotives_12', 'intro': 'The following is a list of locomotives produced by the Electro-Motive Corporation (EMC), and its successors General Motors Electro-Motive Division (GM-EMD) and Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD).'}	null	null	What is the build year of the Model designation that involved the rebuilding of their aging fleet , many of which were over twenty years old ?	1979-1982
05dfab71288e31ba	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenvoe_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Wenvoe transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Service', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '546.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '578.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '625.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '40-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN ( Mux A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '634.166 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '41+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '655.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One_Wales', 'summary': 'BBC One Wales is a television channel operated by BBC Cymru Wales . It is the Welsh variation of the UK-wide BBC One and is broadcast in Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff . BBC One Wales broadcasts around three hours of non-news programmes for Wales each week alongside six hours a week of national news for Wales from Wales Today .'}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '673.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '46-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '679.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S4C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C', 'summary': "S4C ( Welsh pronunciation : [ ˌɛs ˌpɛdwar ˈɛk ] , from the Welsh Sianel Pedwar Cymru , meaning Channel Four Wales ) is a Welsh-language free-to-air television channel . The first television channel to be aimed specifically at a Welsh-speaking audience , S4C is the fourth-oldest television channel in the United Kingdom after BBC One , ITV and BBC Two . As of 2017-2018 , S4C had an average of 131 employees . S4C 's headquarters is based in Carmarthen , at the University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids creative and digital centre , Yr Egin . It also has regional offices in Caernarfon and Cardiff . When first established , the channel - initially broadcast on analogue television - was bilingual ( Welsh and English ) outside peak hours , with English-language content consisting of the simultaneous or deferred transmission of programmes from Channel 4 ( analogue reception of which was unavailable in most of Wales ) . When digital terrestrial television arrived several years later , S4C added a second , full-time Welsh-language channel called S4C Digidol ( digital ) on 1 November 1998 . With the completion of the digital switchover in Wales on 31 March 2010 which made English-language Channel 4 available across Wales as S4C 's bilingual analogue channel closed , and what had been S4C Digidol became the default S4C channel , available on Freeview and pay television , and broadcasting entirely in Welsh . S4C does not commission programming in English , but when English is used on the channel it is left untranslated . Moreover , the channel includes an English subtitle track available for some programmes , which can be accessed using their television set 's remote control ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '705.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '50-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux B )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '711.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV1 Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_Wales_&_West', 'summary': "ITV Wales and West , previously known as Harlech Television ( HTV ) , refers to the Independent Television franchise area until 31 December 2013 , licensed to a broadcaster by the regulator Ofcom . There is no channel , past or present , named ITV Wales and West . The licence relates to a 'dual region ' , meaning that the franchise area was divided into two regions , each of which had to be served by distinct and separate ITV programme services , as more fully defined within the licence . Today , those services are known as ITV Cymru Wales and ITV West Country ( since ITV West and ITV Westcountry merged into a single region ) . They are provided by ITV plc which owns and operates the two services through its subsidiary ITV Broadcasting Ltd. From January 2014 , the dual-region licence was split in two , with ITV Cymru Wales for Wales and ITV West Country covering the West of England . Both licences remain held by ITV Broadcasting Ltd and the legal names of the former HTV companies have not yet been changed again . The National Library of Wales archives now store 200,000 ITV ( HTV ) film and video items dating from 1958 ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Services listed by frequency -- Analogue and digital television', 'section_text': "Analogue BBC Two Wales on channel 51 closed after 45 years of service , and ITV1 Wales was moved from channel 41 to that channel for what would be its final month of service . Multiplex 1 from channel 30 was renamed BBC A and moved to channel 41+ ( which had just been vacated by analogue ITV1 Wales ) . In addition to the power increase to 100 kW ERP , it was reconfigured to 64QAM and 8k carriers , which resulted in a service area similar to the old analogue transmissions but with much more bandwidth available than Multiplex 1 ever had . For the duration of the switchover , all the channels carried on Multiplex B were duplicated on this new PSB1 multiplex . Channel 30 was re-used for Multiplex C , freeing Multiplex C 's old allocation at channel 43-", 'uid': 'Wenvoe_transmitting_station_8', 'intro': 'The Wenvoe transmitting station is a facility for broadcasting and telecommunications situated close to the village of Wenvoe in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, in the UK. It comprises a 260.7-metre (855 ft) guyed mast with antennas attached at various heights. The mast (with extension completed February 2008) plus the Main UHF (TV) antenna on top gives a height of 260.7 metres (869 ft). The average height above sea level is 392 metres for the television antennas. It is owned and operated by Arqiva. The mast sways 10 feet, or 4 meters, which is quite high for a mast this size.'}	null	null	What is the total number of staff for the service whose has the most kilowatts of all the services whose UHF is less than 43 ?	35,402
05dfdb9d8d12d756	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_closed_railway_stations_in_Victoria', 'title': 'List of closed railway stations in Victoria', 'header': ['Name', 'Line', 'Location', 'Opened', 'Closed', 'Current Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mangalore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangalore_railway_station', 'summary': 'Mangalore is a closed station located in the township of Mangalore , at the junction of the North East and Goulburn Valley railway lines in Victoria , Australia . The station was one of 35 closed to passenger traffic on 4 October 1981 as part of the New Deal timetable for country passengers . The former station building was moved from the site , and currently sits in a yard on the way into nearby Avenel . The station was located on a triangular wedge between the two lines , and was once the end of the double track from Melbourne . The signal box at the station was closed in 1989 when the junction of the North East and Goulburn Valley lines was moved to Seymour , and the two lines worked independently .'}]}, {'value': 'Shepparton line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Tocumwal railway line ( also known as the Shepparton line ) is a 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge railway line in Victoria , Australia . The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district . The line is utilised by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Mangalore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toolamba,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Toolamba /tuːˈlæmbə/ is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria , Australia . It is in the City of Greater Shepparton local government area , 181 kilometres ( 112 mi ) north of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2006 census , Toolamba and the surrounding area had a population of 873 . The Post Office opened on 1 January 1873 . After the arrival of the railway this office closed and a Toolamba East office opened near the station , which was renamed Toolamba in 1895 . The railway station of the same name is located on the Goulburn Valley railway line opened in 1880 , but was closed to passenger traffic in 1987 . The station also serves as a junction with the line to Echuca . Currently the town has a General Store , Primary school ( grades prep-6 ) , a kindergarten , town hall and the Junction Hotel as well as a Bed and Breakfast . A fire destroyed the primary school and kindergarten on Wednesday 3 February 2010 . The school resumed back in Toolamba in March 2010 in a portable facility that was used until September 2012 . The new school building was completed in October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Early 1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tabilk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabilk_railway_station', 'summary': 'Tabilk is a closed railway station on the Goulburn Valley railway in the township of Tabilk , Victoria , Australia . The station opened at the same time as the railway from Mangalore to Shepparton on 13 January 1880 and closed in 1985 . The platform was on the east side of the line , with the dirt mound remaining today . Prior to its closure , in 1975 , the platform was shortened at the Up ( towards Spencer Street ) end of the station .'}]}, {'value': 'Shepparton line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Tocumwal railway line ( also known as the Shepparton line ) is a 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge railway line in Victoria , Australia . The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district . The line is utilised by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Tabilk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 1980s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wahring', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shepparton line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Tocumwal railway line ( also known as the Shepparton line ) is a 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge railway line in Victoria , Australia . The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district . The line is utilised by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Wahring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wahring,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Wahring is a locality in northern Victoria , Australia . The locality is in the Shire of Strathbogie local government area , 149 kilometres ( 93 mi ) north east of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Wahring had a population of 85 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcadia_railway_station', 'summary': 'Arcadia is a closed railway station on the Goulburn Valley railway in the township of Arcadia , Victoria , Australia . The station opened at the same time as the railway from Mangalore to Shepparton on 13 January 1880 and closed on 30 June 1977 . The platform was on the west side of the line , with only the dirt mound remaining today .'}]}, {'value': 'Shepparton line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Tocumwal railway line ( also known as the Shepparton line ) is a 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge railway line in Victoria , Australia . The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district . The line is utilised by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcadia,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Arcadia is a small town in Victoria , Australia . It is on Kennedys Road , in the City of Greater Shepparton , south of Shepparton . At the 2016 census , Arcadia had a population of 217 . The local railway station on the Goulburn Valley line opened on 13 January 1880 and closed on 30 June 1977 . The Post Office opened on 24 November 1873 , being replaced by Arcadia Railway Station office , which was renamed Arcadia around 1902 and closed in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toolamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toolamba_railway_station', 'summary': 'Toolamba is a closed railway station on the Goulburn Valley railway in the town of Toolamba , Victoria , Australia . The station opened as a junction at the same time as the railway from Mangalore to Shepparton on 13 January 1880 , with the line to Tatura opening on the same day . The last passenger service to the station from Echuca ran on 2 March 1981 with Y class diesel locomotive Y161 an ABE carriage and a C van . This consist had only been introduced a few months prior , with a DERM usually being rostered . Toolamba finally closed as a station on 20 December 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shepparton line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shepparton_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Tocumwal railway line ( also known as the Shepparton line ) is a 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge railway line in Victoria , Australia . The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district . The line is utilised by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Toolamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toolamba,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Toolamba /tuːˈlæmbə/ is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria , Australia . It is in the City of Greater Shepparton local government area , 181 kilometres ( 112 mi ) north of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2006 census , Toolamba and the surrounding area had a population of 873 . The Post Office opened on 1 January 1873 . After the arrival of the railway this office closed and a Toolamba East office opened near the station , which was renamed Toolamba in 1895 . The railway station of the same name is located on the Goulburn Valley railway line opened in 1880 , but was closed to passenger traffic in 1987 . The station also serves as a junction with the line to Echuca . Currently the town has a General Store , Primary school ( grades prep-6 ) , a kindergarten , town hall and the Junction Hotel as well as a Bed and Breakfast . A fire destroyed the primary school and kindergarten on Wednesday 3 February 2010 . The school resumed back in Toolamba in March 2010 in a portable facility that was used until September 2012 . The new school building was completed in October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longwood_railway_station', 'summary': 'Longwood is a closed station located in the town of Longwood , on the North East line , in Victoria , Australia . The station had a single platform on the east side of the former broad gauge line , with the standard gauge line running behind , in a 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) deep cutting , with a pedestrian overpass providing station access . A former passing loop , with the same name , was located nearby . The station opened on 20 November 1872 , as the temporary northern terminus of the line . A large goods shed was provided , with a station building erected in 1878 . In 1885 , a signal cabin was provided on the platform , being incorporated into the station building in 1916 , and a crossing loop provided in 1926 . The station was one of 35 closed to passenger traffic on 4 October 1981 , as part of the New Deal timetable for country passengers . In 1987 , a number of points at the station were spiked normal , and later removed .'}]}, {'value': 'Albury line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albury-Wodonga_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Albury line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria , Australia . It serves passengers between state capital Melbourne and the regional cities of Benalla , Wangaratta , Wodonga , and Albury .'}]}, {'value': 'Longwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longwood,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Longwood is a town in northern Victoria , Australia . The town is located in the Shire of Strathbogie local government area , 149 kilometres ( 93 mi ) from the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Longwood and the surrounding area had a population of 240 .'}]}, {'value': '20 November 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 October 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baddaginnie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baddaginnie_railway_station', 'summary': 'Baddaginnie is a closed station located in the township of Baddaginnie , on the North East railway in Victoria , Australia . The station had a single platform to the west of the broad gauge line , with the standard gauge line running parallel to it . The station opened on 19 June 1882 for goods and on 3 July the same year for passenger traffic . A new platform , station building and goods shed were provided in 1908 , and these remained until the 1960s when it was rebuilt to allow the standard gauge line to run through the goods shed . The broad gauge crossing loop was extended , a new signal box provided , along with a replacement goods siding and shed behind the platform . The station remained open to passengers until 5 July 1978 when with the introduction of the Winter Timetable , it was closed completely . The goods platform was still visible in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Albury line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albury-Wodonga_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Albury line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria , Australia . It serves passengers between state capital Melbourne and the regional cities of Benalla , Wangaratta , Wodonga , and Albury .'}]}, {'value': 'Baddaginnie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baddaginnie,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Baddaginnie is a small town in Victoria , Australia . It is located on the North East railway line , in the Rural City of Benalla , 12 kilometres south-west of Benalla itself on the old Hume Highway . It is situated in mainly flat unforested country , one kilometre west of Baddaginnie Creek . At the 2016 census , Baddaginnie and the surrounding area had a population of 308 .'}]}, {'value': '19 June 1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished , goods platform still visible', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenrowan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenrowan_railway_station', 'summary': 'Glenrowan is a closed station located in the town of Glenrowan , on the North East line , in Victoria , Australia . The station is located at the highest point of the line north of Seymour , with grades of 1 in 75 in both directions . In June 1880 , the station was the site of what became the last stand of Ned Kelly and his gang , with a monument located at the station today .'}]}, {'value': 'Albury line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albury-Wodonga_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Albury line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria , Australia . It serves passengers between state capital Melbourne and the regional cities of Benalla , Wangaratta , Wodonga , and Albury .'}]}, {'value': 'Glenrowan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenrowan,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Glenrowan is a small town located in the Wangaratta local government area of Victoria , Australia . It is 236 kilometres north-east of Melbourne and 14 kilometres from Wangaratta and near the Warby Ranges and Mount Glenrowan . At the 2016 census , Glenrowan had a population of 963 .'}]}, {'value': '2 November 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 October 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demolished , rebuilt 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnawartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnawartha_railway_station', 'summary': 'Barnawartha is a closed station located in the town of Barnawartha , on the North East railway , in Victoria , Australia . The station building and platform are on the eastern side of the standard gauge line , with a goods shed located opposite . The station opened with the line in 1873 , with a temporary passenger shelter and a large brick goods shed . In 1885 , a signal cabin was provided , as well as platform extensions , and construction of a siding to a nearby flour mill . In 1889 , the brick station building was erected , and in 1925 , the signal frame was made part of the station building . At the same time , all tracks in the yard were lengthened for longer trains . Closed sometime in the 1980s , the buildings remain largely intact , but sidings has been removed and the track realigned from the platform . Barnawartha was the site of a collision between a Melbourne bound goods train and the Melbourne bound Spirit of Progress on 17 June 1982 . The collision , which happened north of the station , and in heavy fog , occurred after the crew of the goods train ran past a red signal , which was protecting the broken down Spirit of Progress , caused by a loss of power to the engine . The goods train ran into the back of the SoP at a speed of 46km/h , killing the crew on board the goods train , and injuring 9 other people . Train controllers in Melbourne could not warn the crew of the danger ahead due to a lack of two-way radio systems on board locomotives at the time . A number of alterations took place at Barnawartha in 1987 , including the abolition of four signal posts , a number of points , the former platform road ( No .'}]}, {'value': 'Albury line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albury-Wodonga_railway_line', 'summary': 'The Albury line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria , Australia . It serves passengers between state capital Melbourne and the regional cities of Benalla , Wangaratta , Wodonga , and Albury .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnawartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnawartha,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Barnawartha is a small town located on the Hume Highway in regional north-east Victoria , Australia , approximately 299 kilometres ( 186 mi ) from Melbourne on the banks of Indigo Creek which runs into the Murray River to the north .'}]}, {'value': '21 November 1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late 1970s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intact', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Closed stations -- On operational lines', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_closed_railway_stations_in_Victoria_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of former railway stations and railway lines in Victoria, Australia. Many of these stations and lines have been abandoned or demolished. There is a strong desire by communities to have many of these re-opened to better link Regional Victoria to the state capital Melbourne. Public transport has become increasingly popular in the 21st century for environmental, convenience and affordability reasons. For closed railway stations in suburban Melbourne, see List of closed railway stations in Melbourne.'}	null	null	What is the location of the station that was rebuilt to allow the standard gauge line to run through the goods shed ?	Baddaginnie
05e1b70710cff6da	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people', 'title': 'Lebanese people', 'header': ['Country', 'Estimate', 'Upper Estimate', 'Region', 'Country article in English Wikipedia', 'List of personalities of Lebanese origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008 , covering only the states of Amazonas , Paraíba , São Paulo , Rio Grande do Sul , Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal , 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBGE', 'summary': 'The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics or IBGE ( Portuguese : Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ) is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical , geographic , cartographic , geodetic and environmental information in Brazil . IBGE performs a decennial national census ; questionnaires account for information such as age , household income , literacy , education , occupation and hygiene levels . IBGE is a public institute created in 1936 under the name National Institute of Statistics . Its founder and chief proponent was statistician Mário Augusto Teixeira de Freitas . The current name dates from 1938 . Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro , and its current president is Susana Cordeiro Guerra . It was made a federal agency by Decree-Law No . 161 on February 13 , 1967 , and is linked to the Ministry of the Economy , inside the Secretariat of Planning , Budget and Management .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Middle_East', 'summary': 'The Middle East is a transcontinental region which includes Western Asia ( although generally excluding the Caucasus ) and all of Egypt ( which is mostly in North Africa ) . The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East ( as opposed to the Far East ) beginning in the early 20th century . The broader concept of the Greater Middle East ( or Middle East and North Africa ) also adds the Maghreb , Sudan , Djibouti , Somalia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , and sometimes even Central Asia and Transcaucasia into the region . The term Middle East has led to some confusion over its changing definitions . Most Middle Eastern countries ( 13 out of 18 ) are part of the Arab world . The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times , with the geopolitical importance of the region being recognized for millennia . Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East , including Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Arabs constitute the majority ethnic group in the region , followed by Turks , Persians , Kurds , Azeris , Copts , Jews , Assyrians , Iraqi Turkmen , and Greek Cypriots . The Middle East generally has a hot , arid climate , with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt , the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia ( Iraq , Kuwait , and eastern Syria ) , and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent . The most populous countries in the region are Egypt , Iran , and Turkey , while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area . Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil , with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports .'}]}, {'value': '5,800,000 -7,000,000 ( Brazilian/Lebanese governments )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Brazilian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Brazilian', 'summary': 'Lebanese Brazilians ( Portuguese : Líbano-brasileiros ) , ( Arabic : البرازيلي اللبناني ) are Brazilians of full , partial , or predominantly Lebanese ancestry , or Lebanese-born immigrants in Brazil . Until 1922 , Levantine immigrants were considered Turks , as they carried passports issued by the Turkish Ottoman Empire , which then ruled over present-day Lebanon . The population of Brazil of either full or partial Lebanese descent is estimated by the Brazilian and Lebanese governments to be around 7 million people . According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008 , covering only the states of Amazonas , Paraíba , São Paulo , Rio Grande do Sul , Mato Grosso , and Distrito Federal , 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East . If the first figure is correct ( 7 million ) , this number of descendants is larger than the population in Lebanon . However , other Middle Eastern countries such as Syria , Iraq , Jordan , and Palestine also contributed immigrants to Brazil , and nowadays , most of their descendants are of only partial Middle Eastern ancestry . Immigration of the Lebanese ( and Syrians ) to Brazil started in the late 19th century , most of them coming from Lebanon and later from Syria . The immigration to Brazil grew further in the 20th century , and was concentrated in the state of São Paulo , but also extended to Minas Gerais , Goiás , Rio de Janeiro , and other parts of Brazil . Between 1884 and 1933 , 130,000 Lebanese people immigrated to Brazil - 65% of them were Catholics ( Maronite Catholics and Melkite Catholics ) , 20% were Eastern Orthodox , and 15% were Muslims ( Shia , Sunni , and Druze ) . According to French Consulate reports from that time , Lebanese/ Syrian immigrants in São Paulo and Santos were 130,000 , in Pará 20,000 , Rio de Janeiro 15,000 , Rio Grande do Sul 14,000 , and in Bahia 12,000 . During the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975-90 ) , around 32,000 Lebanese people immigrated to Brazil . Although the exact number of Lebanese Brazilians is disputed it is clear that there are at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese origin .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Brazil)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Brazil of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Brazilian dual nationality who live or lived in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '1,200,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Argentine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Argentine', 'summary': 'Lebanese Argentine refers to Argentine citizens of Lebanese descent or Lebanon-born people who reside in Argentina . Many of the Lebanese Argentines are descendants of immigrants , largely of Levantine cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity , originating from what is now Lebanon . Although a highly diverse group of Argentines - in ancestral origins , religion and historic identities - Lebanese Argentines hold a heritage that shares common linguistic , cultural and political traditions . The majority of the 1,500,000 million Lebanese Argentines are Christians , with Muslims and Jews being a small minority in comparison to them . The interethnic marriage in the Lebanese community , regardless of religious affiliation , is very high ; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity . As a result of this , the Lebanese community in Argentina shows marked language shift away from Arabic . Only a few speak any Arabic and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words . Instead the majority , especially those of younger generations , speak Spanish as a first language .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Argentina)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable Arab Argentine individuals of Lebanese descent born in Argentina or people of Lebanese and dual nationality who live or lived in Argentina .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '800,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,200,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Colombian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Colombian', 'summary': "Lebanese Colombians are Colombians of Lebanese descent . Most of the Lebanese community 's forebears immigrated to Colombia from the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for economic , political and religious reasons . When they were first processed in the ports of Colombia , they were classified as Turks because what is modern day Lebanon was a territory of the Turkish Ottoman Empire . The first Lebanese moved to Colombia in the late nineteenth century . There was another wave in the early twentieth century . It is estimated that over 10,000 Lebanese immigrated to Colombia from 1900 to 1930 . Many Lebanese settled in the Caribbean region of Colombia , particularly in the cities of Cartagena , Santa Marta , Lorica , Fundación , Aracataca , Ayapel , Calamar , Ciénaga , Cereté , Montería and Barranquilla , near the basin of the Magdalena River . The Lebanese subsequently expanded to other cities and by 1945 there were Lebanese living in Ocaña , Cúcuta , Barrancabermeja , Ibagué , Girardot , Honda , Tunja , Villavicencio , Pereira , Soatá , Neiva , Cali , Buga , Chaparral and Chinácota . The six major hubs of Lebanese population were present in Barranquilla , Cartagena , Bucaramanga , Bogotá and Cali . The number of immigrants entering the country vary from 5,000 to 10,000 in 1945 . Some of these immigrants were Christian-Lebanese and others were adept to Islam . In the 1940s , another wave of Lebanese immigrants came to Colombia , settling in the town of Maicao in northern Colombia ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Colombia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Colombia of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Colombian dual nationality who live or lived in Colombia .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '506,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_American', 'summary': 'Lebanese Americans ( Arabic : أمريكيون لبنانيون ) are Americans of Lebanese descent . This includes both those who are native to the United States as well as Lebanese immigrants to America . Lebanese Americans comprise 0.79% of the American population as of the American Community Survey estimations for year 2007 , and 32.4% of all Americans who originate from the Middle East . Lebanese Americans have had a significant participation in American politics and have had involvement in both social and political activism . The diversity within the region sprouted from the diaspora of the surrounding countries . There are more Lebanese outside Lebanon today than within .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_Americans', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in the United States of Lebanese ancestry and/or people of Lebanese and American dual nationality who live or lived in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '341,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Venezuelan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Venezuelan', 'summary': 'A Lebanese Venezuelan is a Venezuelan citizen of Lebanese origin or descent . There is around 341,000 to 500,000 people of Lebanese ancestry . Venezuela has one of the largest Lebanese populations in the Americas .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Venezuela)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Venezuela of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Venezuelan dual nationality who live or lived in Venezuela .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '271,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Australian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Australian', 'summary': 'Lebanese Australians refers to citizens or permanent residents of Australia of Lebanese ancestry . The population is diverse , having a large Christian religious base , being mostly Maronite Catholics and Greek Orthodox , while also having a large Muslim group of both the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam , which also includes a large non-religious minority . ( Christians are in the majority in the diaspora of Lebanese people worldwide , which is estimated as 8-14 million people , and much larger than the total population of Lebanon itself . ) Lebanon , in both its modern-day form as the Lebanese state ( declared 1920 ; independent 1943 ) , and its historical form as the region of the Lebanon , has been a source of migrants to Australia since the 1870s . 230,880 Australians ( about 1% of the total population ) claimed some Lebanese ancestry in 2016 . The 2016 census reported 76,450 Lebanese-born people in Australia , with nearly 66,000 of those resident in Greater Sydney . The term Leb or Lebo , is ( usually derogatorily ) used to refer to people of Lebanese ethnicity , or more broadly , anyone of Middle-Eastern appearance , especially in the Sydney area .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Australia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Australia of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Australian dual nationality who live or lived in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '240,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400,000 - 505,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Mexican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Mexican', 'summary': 'Lebanese Mexicans refers to Mexican citizens of Lebanese origin . Although Lebanese Mexicans made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s , they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity . Lebanese influence in Mexican culture can be seen most particularly in Mexican cuisine , where they have introduced many foods and dishes and created their own recipes such as al pastor . Interethnic marriage in the Lebanese community , regardless of religious affiliation , is very high ; most have only one parent with Lebanese ethnicity . As a result , some of them speak Arabic fluently . But the majority , especially among younger generations , speak Spanish as first language . Carlos Slim , formerly the richest man in the world , is an example of Lebanese Mexican success in Mexican society .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Mexico)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Mexico of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Mexican dual nationality who live or lived in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '190,275', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250,000 - 270,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Canadian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Canadian', 'summary': "Lebanese Canadians are Canadians of Lebanese origin . According to the 2011 Census there were 190,275 Canadians who claimed Lebanese ancestry , showing an increase compared to the 2006 Census , making them by far the largest group of people with Arabic-speaking roots . Lebanese immigration began in 1882 . The first Lebanese immigrant to Canada was Abraham Bounadere ( Ibrahim Abu Nadir ) from Zahlé in Lebanon who settled in Montreal . Because of situations within Lebanon and restrictive Canadian laws these immigrants were 90% Christian . These immigrants were mostly economic migrants seeking greater prosperity in the New World . In more recent years this pattern has changed , and large numbers of Lebanese Muslims and Druze have come to Canada . Immigration laws were liberalized after the Second World War , and immigration steadily increased in the 1950s and 1960s . The greatest influx of Lebanese was during the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975-1990 ) , and this period saw a number of Lebanon 's wealthiest and best educated move to Canada to flee the violence in their homeland . Canada and Australia were the only western countries to set up special programs to enable Lebanese to more easily emigrate . Canada set up an office in Cyprus to process Lebanese refugees . Many Lebanese speak French and prefer to settle in francophone Montreal rather than anglophone Toronto and Vancouver , British Columbia ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Canada)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable Lebanese Canadians ; individuals born in Canada of Lebanese ancestry , or people of Lebanese and Canadian dual nationality who live or lived in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': '120,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '299,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arab World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': 'Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia have a population exceeding 120,000 and other estimates report a total of 299,000 Lebanese in Saudi Arabia . Lebanese people form one of the largest community of non-citizen Arabs in Saudi Arabia . In addition , an increasing number of Lebanese students seeking education and career opportunities opted for the country in light of its relatively reputable institutions across the Middle East . The Lebanese people tend to be spread out over various parts of the country , with areas of high concentration being Riyadh , Jeddah , and Dammam .'}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Saudi_Arabia)', 'summary': 'The list includes :'}]}, {'value': 'Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syria', 'summary': "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '114,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arab World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Syria', 'summary': 'The Lebanese people in Syria are people from Lebanon or those of Lebanese descent who live in the country of Syria . There are many prominent people in Syria who are of Lebanese descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Syria', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Syria of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Syrian dual nationality who live or lived in Syria .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225,000 - 250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Union_member_states', 'summary': "The European Union ( EU ) consists of 27 member states . Each member state is party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby shares in the privileges and obligations of membership . Unlike members of most international organisations , the member states of the EU have agreed by treaty to shared sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some ( but by no means all ) aspects of government . Member states must agree unanimously for the EU to adopt some policies ; for others , collective decision making is by qualified majority voting . Subsidiarity , meaning that decisions are taking collectively if and only if they can not realistically be taken individually , is a founding principle of the EU . In 1957 , six core states founded the EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and West Germany ) . The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements . To accede , a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria , which require a candidate to have a democratic , free-market government together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions , and respect for the rule of law . Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate 's adoption of the existing body of EU law , known as the acquis communautaire . Until 2020 , no member state had withdrawn or been suspended from the EU , though some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas had previously left . The UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on 29 March 2017 to formally initiate the Brexit process . Completion occurred on 31 January 2020 ( London time ) , with all other arrangements remaining in place during a transition period while a free trade agreement is negotiated ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_France', 'summary': 'Lebanese people in France include migrants from Lebanon to France , as well as their descendants .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(France)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in France of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and French dual nationality who live or lived in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': '98,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Ecuadorian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Ecuador', 'summary': 'Lebanese Ecuadorians are Ecuadorians who are descended from migrants from Lebanon . There are approximately 98,000 Lebanese people and their descendants living in Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Ecuador)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Ecuador of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Ecuadoran dual nationality who live or lived in Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '80,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_America', 'summary': "Latin America [ a ] is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish and Portuguese are predominantly spoken ; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America . The term Latin America was first used in an 1856 conference with the title Initiative of the Americas . Idea for a Federal Congress of the Republics ( Iniciativa de la América . Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas ) , by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao . The term was used also by Napoleon III 's French government in the 1860s as Amérique latine to consider French-speaking territories in the Americas ( French Canadians , French Louisiana , French Guiana , Haiti , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Martin , Saint Barthélemy ) , along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed , including the Spanish-speaking portions of the United States ( Southwestern United States and Florida ) Today , areas of Canada ( such as Quebec ) and the United States ( with the exception of Puerto Rico ) where Spanish and French are predominant and are typically not included in definitions of Latin America even if technically speaking they are . Latin America consists of 20 countries and 14 dependent territories that cover an area that stretches from Saint Pierre and Miquelon to Tierra del Fuego and includes much of the Caribbean . It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2 ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) , almost 13% of the Earth 's land surface area . As of 2018 , its population was estimated at more than 642 million [ b ] and in 2019 , Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of US $ 5,188,250 million and a GDP PPP of 10,284,588 million USD ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese Dominican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': '80,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '156,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arab World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': 'Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates have a population exceeding 80,000 , closer estimates report a total of 156,000 Lebanese in the Emirates . Lebanese people form one of the largest community of non-citizen Arabs in the UAE . In addition , an increasing number of Lebanese students seeking education and career opportunities opted for the country in light of its relatively reputable institutions across the Middle East , the case that applies mostly to those born in United Arab Emirates . The Lebanese people tend to be spread out over various emirates of the country , with areas of high concentration being Dubai , Abu Dhabi and Sharjah .'}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': 'Lebanese expatriates that work in the United Arab Emirates are involved in business and the media as beauty surgeons , businessmen , artists , presenters and news anchors . Over 15,000 Lebanese companies operate in the Jebel Ali Free Zone , an economic hub located in Jebel Ali , a city in Dubai . Notable Lebanese people in the UAE include :'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}, {'value': '53,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Uruguayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_Uruguayan', 'summary': 'There are about 53,000 to 70,000 Lebanese Uruguayans , or Uruguayans of Lebanese origin . The Lebanese are one of the larger non-European communities , though still not as large a group as most European groups . Relations between Uruguay and Lebanon have always been close .'}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Uruguay)', 'summary': 'This is a list of notable individuals born in Uruguay of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Uruguayan dual nationality who live or lived in Uruguay .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Union_member_states', 'summary': "The European Union ( EU ) consists of 27 member states . Each member state is party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby shares in the privileges and obligations of membership . Unlike members of most international organisations , the member states of the EU have agreed by treaty to shared sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some ( but by no means all ) aspects of government . Member states must agree unanimously for the EU to adopt some policies ; for others , collective decision making is by qualified majority voting . Subsidiarity , meaning that decisions are taking collectively if and only if they can not realistically be taken individually , is a founding principle of the EU . In 1957 , six core states founded the EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and West Germany ) . The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements . To accede , a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria , which require a candidate to have a democratic , free-market government together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions , and respect for the rule of law . Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate 's adoption of the existing body of EU law , known as the acquis communautaire . Until 2020 , no member state had withdrawn or been suspended from the EU , though some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas had previously left . The UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on 29 March 2017 to formally initiate the Brexit process . Completion occurred on 31 January 2020 ( London time ) , with all other arrangements remaining in place during a transition period while a free trade agreement is negotiated ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Germany', 'summary': 'In the narrow sense , Lebanese people in Germany include migrants from Lebanon living in Germany and their descendants , excluding Palestinians . In the broader sense , it also include those Palestinians who immigrated from Lebanon to Germany and their descendants . According to this definition , you have three significant and large groups : Ethnic Lebanese , Mhallami and Libo-Palestinians . No concrete data exists on the religious affiliations , however it is commonly assumed that Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims make up the majority of the Lebanese and Palestinian population in Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_(Germany)', 'summary': 'This is a list of individuals of Lebanese ancestry who are born , grew up and/or live in Germany . The list does not include Libo-Palestinians ( - > List of German people of Palestinian descent )'}]}, {'value': 'Ivory Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}]}, {'value': '50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sub-saharan Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in Ivory Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "There is a large population of Lebanese people in Côte d'Ivoire , whose numbers are variously estimated in the tens or hundreds of thousands . They are the largest Lebanese diaspora community in West Africa ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese New Zealander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_New_Zealander', 'summary': 'Lebanese New Zealanders refers to citizens or permanent residents of New Zealand of Lebanese ancestry . The community is diverse , having a large Christian religious base , being mostly Maronite Catholics and Greek Orthodox , while also having a small Muslim group of both the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam . Lebanon , in both its modern-day form as the Lebanese state ( declared in 1920 , granted independence in 1943 ) and its historical form as the region of the Lebanon , has been a source of migrants to New Zealand for over two centuries . According to 2013 census , 1,044 Lebanese-descent people in New Zealand , with most of all people with Lebanese ancestry living in Auckland Region ( 44.0 percent ) , followed by the Wellington Region ( 22.4 percent ) , and the Otago Region ( 8.6 percent ) . Furthermore , 68.4 percent were born in New Zealand , up from 67.2 percent in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuwait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuwait', 'summary': "Kuwait ( /kʊˈweɪt/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : الكويت al-Kuwait , Gulf Arabic pronunciation : [ ɪl‿ɪkweːt ] or [ lɪkweːt ] ) , officially the State of Kuwait ( Arabic : دولة الكويت Dawlat al-Kuwait ) , is a country in Western Asia . Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf , it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kuwait has a population of 4.5 million people : 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are expatriates . Expatriates account for approximately 70% of the population . Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938 . In 1946 , crude oil was exported for the first time . From 1946 to 1982 , the country underwent large-scale modernization . In the 1980s , Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash . In 1990 , Kuwait was invaded , and later annexed , by Saddam 's Iraq . The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States . Kuwait is a major non-NATO ally of the United States . It is also a major ally of ASEAN , while maintaining a strong relationship with China ."}]}, {'value': '41,775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arab World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in Kuwait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Kuwait', 'summary': 'Lebanese people in Kuwait have a population exceeding 41,775 and other estimates report a total of 106,000 Lebanese in Kuwait . Lebanese people form one of the largest community of non-citizen Arabs in Kuwait . In addition , an increasing number of Lebanese students seeking education and career opportunities opted for the country in light of its relatively reputable institutions across the Middle East . Most of the Lebanese people in Kuwait live mainly in the capital city of Kuwait City .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sub-Saharan Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese Senegalese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Senegal', 'summary': 'There is a significant community of Lebanese people in Senegal .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Population numbers -- Diaspora', 'section_text': "Main article : Lebanese diaspora Rima Fakih , winner of Miss USA 2010 Carlos Ghosn Amal Clooney The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 8.6 [ 2 ] - 14 [ 3 ] million , both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent . The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians , [ 43 ] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside . An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total . Lebanese abroad are considered `` rich , educated and influential '' [ 44 ] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese `` commercial networks '' throughout the world . [ 45 ] The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil , where according to the Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim , there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] These figures , however , may be an exaggeration given that , according to a 2008 survey conducted by IBGE , in 2008 , covering only the states of Amazonas , Paraíba , São Paulo , Rio Grande do Sul , Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal , 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East [ 5 ] Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America , most notably in the United States ( 489,702 ) [ 46 ] and in Canada , the people of full or partial Lebanese descent are between 190,275 ( by ancestry , 2011 Census ) [ 47 ] to 250,000 based on estimates . [ 14 ] In the rest of the Americas , significant communities are found in Argentina , [ 9 ] Mexico ( 400,000 ) ; [ 48 ] Chile , [ 49 ] Colombia [ 10 ] and Venezuela , with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence . In Africa , Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese . [ 50 ] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000 . In the Arab world , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf harbour around 400,000 Lebanese . [ 53 ] Lebanese people also can be found in all of the 28 member states of the European Union . More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel . [ 54 ] Currently , Lebanon provides no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country , nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad . This situation disproportionately affects Christians . Recently , the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it , or their overseas-born descendants ( if they so wish ) may acquire it . [ 55 ] The list below contains approximate figures for people of Lebanese descent by country of residence , largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map . [ 15 ] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible . Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited ; where applicable , these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures . The Figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country .", 'uid': 'Lebanese_people_0', 'intro': 'The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Lubnānī, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃæʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The major religious groups among the Lebanese people within Lebanon are Shia Muslims (27%), Sunni Muslims (27%), Maronite Christians (21%), Greek Orthodox Christians (8%), Melkite Christians (5%), Druze (5.6%), Protestant Christians (1%). The largest contingent of Lebanese, however, comprise a diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa, which is predominantly Maronite Christian. As the relative proportion of the various sects is politically sensitive, Lebanon has not collected official census data on ethnic background since the 1932 under the French Mandate. It is therefore difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society. The largest concentration of people of Lebanese ancestry may be in Brazil having an estimated population of 5.8 to 7 million, but it may be an exaggeration, given that an official survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) showed that less than 1 million Brazilians claimed any Middle-Eastern origin. The Lebanese have always traveled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries. Estimated to have lost their status as the majority in Lebanon itself, with their reduction in numbers largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country. Descendants of Lebanese Christians make up the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, appearing principally in the diaspora.'}	null	null	What delta is on the eastern side of the nation with 341,000 residents with origins in Lebanon ?	Orinoco River Delta
05e214ec251dc4ad	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Austria at the 2010 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Linger , Wolfgang Linger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Linger', 'summary': "Andreas Linger ( born 31 May 1981 in Hall in Tirol ) is an Austrian retired luger who has competed internationally since 2000 . He and his younger brother Wolfgang began luging at a very young age , and did their first doubles run when they were 14 . Linger has won five medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with three golds ( Men 's doubles : 2003 , 2011 and 2012 ) and two bronzes ( Mixed team : 2003 and men 's doubles : 2013 ) . He also earned seven medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold ( Men 's doubles : 2010 ) , three silvers ( Men 's doubles : 2008 , Mixed team : 2008 , 2010 ) , and three bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 2004 and 2014 , Mixed team : 2004 ) . The Lingers were overall Luge World Cup men 's doubles champions in 2011-12 and scored 15 World Cup race victories . They were two time Olympic champions in the men 's doubles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . They won in 2006 despite Wolfgang having broken his leg in a luge crash the previous year . In 2010 , they successfully defended their gold medal against another team of brothers , Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Linger', 'summary': "Wolfgang Linger ( born 4 November 1982 in Hall in Tirol ) is an Austrian retired luger who has competed internationally since 2000 . As young children , he and his older brother Andreas learned to luge on a former Olympic luge track , and at age 14 began competing as a doubles team for the first time . Linger has won five medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with three golds ( Men 's doubles : 2003 , 2011 and 2012 ) and two bronzes ( Mixed team : 2003 and men 's doubles : 2013 ) . He also earned seven medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold ( Men 's doubles : 2010 ) , three silvers ( Men 's doubles : 2008 , Mixed team : 2008 , 2010 ) , and three bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 2004 and 2014 , Mixed team : 2004 ) . The Lingers were overall Luge World Cup men 's doubles champions in 2011-12 and scored 15 World Cup race victories . In 2005 , he broke his leg in a crash , but the next year at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy won the gold medal in doubles luge . He repeated this feat at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , defeating another team of brothers , Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Doubles', 'summary': "The doubles luge event at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held on 17 February at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia . Twenty teams participated . Austrian brothers Andreas and Wolfgang Linger , the defending Olympic and European champions , . won the gold medal . The silver medal was also won by a pair of brothers , Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia . Germans Patric Leitner and Alexander Resch clinched the bronze medal after edging out Italians Christian Oberstolz and Patrick Gruber , who were in third place after the first run . Changes had been made to the track after a Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili died during a training run before the Games began . The turn where Kumaritashvili died was adjusted and padding was added to metal support pillar nearby . In addition , the start of the doubles race was moved to the junior start , meaning not only that the course was shorter but that the athletes would enter a turn and then a sharp corner almost immediately after the start . This required a change in strategy for many competitors , and a limited number of training runs in which to develop it . However , media reports mentioned the changes positively after a doubles team , Austria 's Tobias and Markus Schiegl , crashed in the same turn where Kumaritashvili was killed ."}]}, {'value': '17 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Fischbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fischbacher', 'summary': 'Andrea Fischbacher ( born 14 October 1985 ) is a retired alpine ski racer from Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's super-G", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on Saturday , February 20 . Andrea Fischbacher of Austria won the gold medal , Tina Maze of Slovenia took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Lindsey Vonn of the United States , who had won gold in the downhill . The Franz 's Super-G course started at an elevation of 1,425 m ( 4,675 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) and a length of 2.005 km ( 1.25 mi ) . Fischbacher 's winning time of 80.14 seconds yielded an average course speed of 90.067 km/h ( 56.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.487 m/s ( 24.6 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Loitzl , Andreas Kofler , Thomas Morgenstern , Gregor Schlierenzauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Loitzl', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Loitzl ( born 13 January 1980 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper . He was the winner of the 2008-09 Four Hills Tournament and the 2009 Normal Hill World Champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Kofler', 'summary': 'Andreas Kofler ( born 17 May 1984 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Morgenstern', 'summary': "Thomas Morgenstern ( born 30 October 1986 ) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 2002 to 2014 . He is one of the sport 's most successful contemporary athletes , having won the World Cup overall title twice , the Four Hills Tournament and the Nordic Tournament once each , eight World Championship gold medals ( one individual , seven team ) , and three Winter Olympic gold medals ( one individual , two team ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Schlierenzauer', 'summary': "Gregor Schlierenzauer ( pronounced [ ˈʃliːʁənt͡saʊ̯ɐ ] ; born 7 January 1990 ) is an Austrian ski jumper . He is one of the sport 's most successful athletes of all time , having won the Ski Jumping World Cup overall title , the Four Hills Tournament , and Nordic Tournament twice each ; the Ski Flying World Cup overall title three times ; as well as four medals at the Winter Olympics , twelve at the Ski Jumping World Championships , and five at the Ski Flying World Championships . During his victorious 2008/09 World Cup season , Schlierenzauer set a number of ski jumping records , including surpassing Janne Ahonen 's record of twelve individual World Cup wins in a season with thirteen ; and also tying Ahonen , Matti Hautamäki , and Thomas Morgenstern 's record of six consecutive individual wins in a single season . On 26 January 2013 , Schlierenzauer equalled Matti Nykänen 's long-standing record of 46 individual World Cup wins , and currently has 53 to his name as of 22 January 2020 ; the most of any male ski jumper ."}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The ski jumping competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park between 12 and 22 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Large hill team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_team', 'summary': "The men 's large hill team ski jumping competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 22 February . The Austrian team of Andreas Widhölzl , Martin Koch , Andreas Kofler , and Thomas Morgenstern were the defending Olympic champions in this event . Widhölzl retired after the 2007-08 season . Austria was also the defending world champions in this event with the team of Wolfgang Loitzl , Koch , Morgenstern , and Gregor Schlierenzauer . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place at Willingen , Germany on 7 February 2010 and was won by the German team of Michael Neumayer , Pascal Bodmer , Martin Schmitt , and Michael Uhrmann ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernhard Gruber , David Kreiner , Felix Gottwald , Mario Stecher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Gruber', 'summary': 'Bernhard Gruber ( born 12 August 1982 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Kreiner', 'summary': 'David Kreiner ( born 8 March 1981 in Kitzbühel ) is an Austrian Nordic combined skier who has competed since 1998 . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , he won gold in the 4 x 5 team event . Kreiner also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one silver ( 2001 ) and one bronze ( 2005 ) . His best individual finish was ninth twice ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 , 15 km individual : 2001 ) . He has five individual career victories from 2001 to 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The nordic combined competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 14 and 25 February 2010 . Sprint and individual Gundersen events of 7.5 km and 15 km events were replaced by two 10 km individual events with one jump each from the normal and large hills respectively . Team event went from two jumps down for one jump per team member . This was done during the 2008-09 Nordic Combined World Cup season and was also applied to the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Team large hill/4 x 5 km', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Team_large_hill/4_×_5_km', 'summary': "The men 's team large hill/4 x 5 km Nordic combined competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 23 February . The Austrian team of Michael Gruber , Christoph Bieler , Felix Gottwald , and Mario Stecher were the defending Olympic champions . Gruber retired after the 2007-08 season . Gottwald originally retired after the 2006-07 World Cup season , but came out of retirement in May 2009 to compete for the 2009-10 World Cup season including the 2010 Games . The defending world champions were the Japanese team of Yūsuke Minato , Taihei Kato , Akito Watabe , and Norihito Kobayashi . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 12 December 2009 in Harrachov , Czech Republic , but that event was cancelled on 4 December 2009 to warm weather and lack of snow . A team normal hill event took place prior to the 2010 Winter Games in Schonach , Germany on 24 January 2010 and was won by the German team of Georg Hettich , Eric Frenzel , Björn Kircheisen , and Tino Edelmann ."}]}, {'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christoph Sumann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Sumann', 'summary': 'Christoph Sumi Sumann ( 19 January 1976 ) is a former Austrian biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's pursuit competition in biathlon at the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 16 , 2010 . It was won by Swedish athlete Björn Ferry , after both Ferry and second place finisher Christoph Sumann of Austria successfully pursued and overtook the leader at the start of the race , France 's Vincent Jay ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nina Reithmeyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nina_Reithmeyer', 'summary': "Nina Reithmayer ( born 8 June 1984 in Innsbruck ) is an Austrian luger who has competed since 2002 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , she won a silver medal in the women 's singles event at Vancouver in 2010 . Reithmeyer also earned a bronze in the women 's singles event at the FIL European Luge Championships 2010 in Sigulda . Her best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was sixth in the women 's singles event at Oberhof in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_singles", 'summary': "The women 's luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada took place on 15-16 February at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia . Germany 's Sylke Otto was the two-time defending Olympic champion . Otto retired midway through the 2006-07 season in January 2007 to pregnancy and after suffering a crash at the track in Königssee , Germany . Erin Hamlin of the United States was the defending world champion . The test event that took place at the venue was won by Germany 's Natalie Geisenberger . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 games took place in Cesana , Italy on 31 January 2010 and was won by Geisenberger . Geisenberger 's teammate Tatjana Hüfner , the defending Olympic bronze medalist , won the overall World Cup for 2009-10 season in women 's singles ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Matt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Matt', 'summary': 'Andreas Matt ( born 19 October 1982 ) is an Austrian retired freestyle skier who specialised in the skicross discipline . He is the brother of alpine skiers Mario Matt and Michael Matt .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events took place between the 13 and 25 February 2010 , and included a new event for these Olympics , ski cross .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's ski cross", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_ski_cross", 'summary': "The men 's ski cross event in freestyle skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , took place on 21 February at the Cypress Bowl Ski Area in the Cypress Provincial Park , West Vancouver ."}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Eder , Daniel Mesotitsch , Dominik Landertinger , Christoph Sumann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Eder', 'summary': 'Simon Eder ( born 23 February 1983 ) is an Austrian biathlete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Mesotitsch', 'summary': 'Daniel Mesotitsch ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an Austrian former biathlete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominik_Landertinger', 'summary': 'Dominik Landertinger ( German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔmɪnɪk ˈlandɐtɪŋɐ ] ; born 13 March 1988 ) is an Austrian biathlete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Sumann', 'summary': 'Christoph Sumi Sumann ( 19 January 1976 ) is a former Austrian biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_relay", 'summary': "The men 's relay competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 26 , 2010 . The race consisted of four laps of cross-country skiing , each lap a total of 7.5 km . Every 2.5 km there would be a shooting zone , the first one is prone and the second one is standing . Any misses in the shooting zones count as penalties which must be completed by going around a penalty loop right after the second shooting zone . There were four racers per team , each completing one lap . As all the teams started together , the team that crossed the finish line first would win ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlies Schild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlies_Schild', 'summary': 'Marlies Raich ( née Schild , born 31 May 1981 ) is a retired Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer . She specializes in the technical disciplines of slalom and giant slalom . Schild won four Olympic medals , with silvers in the combined ( 2006 ) and slalom ( 2010 , 2014 ) and a bronze in slalom ( 2006 ) . She has seven World Championship medals and has won five World Cup season titles . Schild completed her World Cup career with 37 wins , all but two in slalom . She retired from international competition at age 33 in September 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia on February 26 , 2010 . The race was held in challenging weather conditions of fog , snow , and warm temperatures . Maria Riesch of Germany won her second gold medal of these Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Karl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Karl', 'summary': 'Benjamin Martin Karl ( born 16 October 1985 in St. Pölten ) is an Austrian snowboarder with seven World Cup victories and one FIS World Ski Championships Victory . He competed for his nation in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Parallel Giant Slalom , coming in second to Jasey Jay Anderson .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The snowboarding competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events were held between the 15 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_parallel_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The men 's parallel giant slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain on February 27 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '27 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregor Schlierenzauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Schlierenzauer', 'summary': "Gregor Schlierenzauer ( pronounced [ ˈʃliːʁənt͡saʊ̯ɐ ] ; born 7 January 1990 ) is an Austrian ski jumper . He is one of the sport 's most successful athletes of all time , having won the Ski Jumping World Cup overall title , the Four Hills Tournament , and Nordic Tournament twice each ; the Ski Flying World Cup overall title three times ; as well as four medals at the Winter Olympics , twelve at the Ski Jumping World Championships , and five at the Ski Flying World Championships . During his victorious 2008/09 World Cup season , Schlierenzauer set a number of ski jumping records , including surpassing Janne Ahonen 's record of twelve individual World Cup wins in a season with thirteen ; and also tying Ahonen , Matti Hautamäki , and Thomas Morgenstern 's record of six consecutive individual wins in a single season . On 26 January 2013 , Schlierenzauer equalled Matti Nykänen 's long-standing record of 46 individual World Cup wins , and currently has 53 to his name as of 22 January 2020 ; the most of any male ski jumper ."}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The ski jumping competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park between 12 and 22 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Normal hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Normal_hill_individual', 'summary': "The men 's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 12 and 13 February 2010 at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . It was the first medal event of the 2010 Games . Sixty-one athletes took part in the qualifying round of the competition , from which 50 athletes advanced to the two competition rounds . Swiss athlete Simon Ammann had the longest jumps in both competition rounds , winning the gold medal . The silver medal was won by Polish jumper Adam Małysz who had the third best results in both the first and second competition rounds . German jumper Michael Uhrmann was in second place following the first jump , but did poorly on his second jump and ended up fifth in the overall standings . Gregor Schlierenzauer of Austria moved up from seventh place to win the bronze medal after jumping a full 5 meters ( 16 ft ) longer on his second attempt ."}]}, {'value': '13 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elisabeth Görgl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisabeth_Görgl', 'summary': "Elisabeth Görgl ( born 20 February 1981 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Born in Bruck an der Mur , Styria , Görgl made her World Cup debut in March 2000 and has reached World Cup podiums in all five alpine disciplines , with multiple victories in giant slalom , super G , and downhill . In January 2008 , she won her first World Cup race in the giant slalom at Maribor , Slovenia . As of March 22 , 2015 , Görgl has seven World Cup victories and 42 podiums . At the 2009 World Championships at Val d'Isère , Görgl won a bronze medal in super combined . In 2011 at Garmisch-Partenkirchen , she won two gold medals , the first in the super G and a second in the downhill five days later . Her sweep of the two women 's speed events marked the third consecutive occurrence at the World Championships - preceded by Lindsey Vonn in 2009 at Val discretion and Anja Pärson in 2007 at Åre . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Görgl won the bronze medal in the downhill - the same medal in the same event as her mother half a century earlier at the 1960 and the 1964 Winter Olympics . A week later she also won bronze in the giant slalom . Görgl also participated in 4 disciplines in the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Downhill , Giant slalom , Super G , combined ) . On 12 June 2017 she announced her retirement from active skiing . Her last race was a Super G in Aspen in March the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_downhill", 'summary': "The women 's downhill competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside on Wednesday , February 17 . The women 's downhill course runs on the top part of Wildcard , then the bottom of Jimmy 's Joker , then finishes out of the valley on Lower Franz 's Run . Finally the course merges with the Dave Murray Downhill at the Grandstand finish . The course was labeled as extremely difficult for skiers and most training runs were cancelled due to weather conditions . This resulted in several accidents during the competition . The worst accident involved Swedish skier Anja Pärson , who lost balance on the last jump before the finish , which resulted in a sixty-meter ( 200 ft ) flight and subsequent fall , but without serious health consequences . Earlier in the same place Swiss skier Dominique Gisin fell ; Pärson returned the very next day to win the bronze in the super combined . Lindsey Vonn won the gold medal , teammate Julia Mancuso took the silver , and Elisabeth Görgl was the bronze medalist . Through 2019 , it is the sole victory for the United States in the women 's downhill at the Olympics . Görgl 's mother Traudl Hecher was also a bronze medalist for Austria in this event in 1960 and 1964 . The Franz 's Downhill course started at an elevation of 1,595 m ( 5,233 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 770 m ( 2,526 ft ) and a length of 2.939 km ( 1.83 mi ) . Vonn 's winning time of 104.19 seconds yielded an average course speed of 101.549 km/h ( 63.1 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.390 m/s ( 24.2 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': '17 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregor Schlierenzauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Schlierenzauer', 'summary': "Gregor Schlierenzauer ( pronounced [ ˈʃliːʁənt͡saʊ̯ɐ ] ; born 7 January 1990 ) is an Austrian ski jumper . He is one of the sport 's most successful athletes of all time , having won the Ski Jumping World Cup overall title , the Four Hills Tournament , and Nordic Tournament twice each ; the Ski Flying World Cup overall title three times ; as well as four medals at the Winter Olympics , twelve at the Ski Jumping World Championships , and five at the Ski Flying World Championships . During his victorious 2008/09 World Cup season , Schlierenzauer set a number of ski jumping records , including surpassing Janne Ahonen 's record of twelve individual World Cup wins in a season with thirteen ; and also tying Ahonen , Matti Hautamäki , and Thomas Morgenstern 's record of six consecutive individual wins in a single season . On 26 January 2013 , Schlierenzauer equalled Matti Nykänen 's long-standing record of 46 individual World Cup wins , and currently has 53 to his name as of 22 January 2020 ; the most of any male ski jumper ."}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The ski jumping competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park between 12 and 22 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Large hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_individual', 'summary': "The Men 's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . It started on 19 February and ended on 20 February . Austria 's Thomas Morgenstern was the defending Olympic champion in this event . Andreas Küttel of Switzerland was the defending world champion in this event . Two test events took place at the Olympic venue on 24-25 January 2009 , both won by Austria 's Gregor Schlierenzauer . On the 25th , Schlierenzauer set the hill jumping record with a jump of 149.0 metres ( 488.8 ft ) which was also tied by Finland 's Ville Larinto . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place on 6 February 2010 in Willingen , Germany and was won by Schlierenzauer ."}]}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elisabeth Görgl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisabeth_Görgl', 'summary': "Elisabeth Görgl ( born 20 February 1981 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Born in Bruck an der Mur , Styria , Görgl made her World Cup debut in March 2000 and has reached World Cup podiums in all five alpine disciplines , with multiple victories in giant slalom , super G , and downhill . In January 2008 , she won her first World Cup race in the giant slalom at Maribor , Slovenia . As of March 22 , 2015 , Görgl has seven World Cup victories and 42 podiums . At the 2009 World Championships at Val d'Isère , Görgl won a bronze medal in super combined . In 2011 at Garmisch-Partenkirchen , she won two gold medals , the first in the super G and a second in the downhill five days later . Her sweep of the two women 's speed events marked the third consecutive occurrence at the World Championships - preceded by Lindsey Vonn in 2009 at Val discretion and Anja Pärson in 2007 at Åre . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Görgl won the bronze medal in the downhill - the same medal in the same event as her mother half a century earlier at the 1960 and the 1964 Winter Olympics . A week later she also won bronze in the giant slalom . Görgl also participated in 4 disciplines in the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Downhill , Giant slalom , Super G , combined ) . On 12 June 2017 she announced her retirement from active skiing . Her last race was a Super G in Aspen in March the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's giant slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on February 24 . Following the first run , the event was postponed due to heavy fog in the afternoon ; the second run was held the next morning , February 25 . Viktoria Rebensburg of Germany won the gold medal , her first victory in international competition . Her previous best finish was second place at a GS a month earlier , her only World Cup podium ."}]}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernhard Gruber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Gruber', 'summary': 'Bernhard Gruber ( born 12 August 1982 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The nordic combined competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 14 and 25 February 2010 . Sprint and individual Gundersen events of 7.5 km and 15 km events were replaced by two 10 km individual events with one jump each from the normal and large hills respectively . Team event went from two jumps down for one jump per team member . This was done during the 2008-09 Nordic Combined World Cup season and was also applied to the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual large hill/10 km', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Individual_large_hill/10_km', 'summary': "The men 's individual large hill/10 km Nordic combined competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 25 February . Austria 's Felix Gottwald was the defending Olympic champion when the event was known as the 7.5 km Sprint . Gottwald retired originally after the 2006-07 World Cup season , but came out of retirement in May 2009 to compete for the 2009-10 World Cup season including the 2010 Games . Bill Demong of the United States was the defending world champion in this event . Two test events took place at the Olympic venue on 16-17 January 2009 with Demong winning on the 16th and Norway 's Magnus Moan , defending Olympic silver medalist in this event when it was the 7.5 km sprint , winning on the 17th . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 10 January 2010 in Val di Fiemme , Italy and was won by Demong ."}]}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion Kreiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_Kreiner', 'summary': 'Marion Kreiner ( born 4 May 1981 in Graz ) is an Austrian snowboarder known for Parallel Giant Slalom . She won gold at the FIS Snowboarding World Championships 2009 for Parallel Giant Slalom . She earned a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The snowboarding competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events were held between the 15 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_parallel_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's parallel giant slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain on February 26 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Austria_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Austria participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.'}	null	null	What is the month of birth of the bronze medalist in the women 's downhill alpine skiing event of the 2010 Winter Olympics ?	26 February
05e271a2c0bd9660	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_changes_on_Australian_television_in_2008', 'title': 'List of programming changes on Australian television in 2008', 'header': ['Program', 'New network', 'Debut date', 'End date'], 'data': [{'value': 'It Takes Two : Getting Ready', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/It_Takes_Two_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'It Takes Two was a short-lived Australian music talent show , which ran for three seasons from May 2006 to April 2008 . It was based on the original UK programme Just the Two of Us .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '19 February 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 February 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NightCap , The The NightCap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_NightCap', 'summary': "The NightCap was an Australian television talk show broadcast on 7HD . It was the first Australian television program to be produced exclusively for a HDTV multichannel . The show began broadcasting on the 12 February 2008 and screened every Tuesday and Thursday night at 10.30pm . It was cancelled after the Easter 2008 television non-ratings period . According to producer Adam Boland , he NightCap was a late night panel show that would cover news in an 'unconventional ' way ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven HD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_HD', 'summary': "7HD is an Australian television channel , owned by Seven West Media , originally launched on 15 October 2007 featuring unique breakaway programming from 10 December 2007 to 4 October 2009 and a HD simulcast of Seven until 25 September 2010 . The channel is available to high definition digital television viewers in metropolitan areas through a number of owned-and-operated stations . On 25 September 2010 , 7HD was replaced by the new channel 7mate . 7HD returned as a high definition simulcast on channel 70 on 10 May 2016 . Initially , the Melbourne and Adelaide markets received 7HD as a HD simulcast of Seven 's primary channel while the Sydney , Brisbane and Perth markets received 7HD as a HD simulcast of 7mate ; this was to allow Australian Football League ( AFL ) matches to be broadcast in HD in those markets . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth temporarily received 7HD as a simulcast of the primary channel for the duration of the 2016 Summer Olympics , before the change was made permanent during and after the 2017 Australian Open tennis . Breakaway programming will be used to show further AFL matches in HD ."}]}, {'value': '12 February 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mint , The The Mint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mint_(Australia)', 'summary': "The Mint is an Australian phone-in quiz show based on the British program of the same name , and broadcast on the Nine Network in selected areas in the late night time slot ( post-midnight ) . The show was filmed live at Nine 's GTV Richmond studios in Melbourne . It replaced Quizmania and was produced entirely by the Nine Network , unlike Quizmania which was produced by Fremantle Media . Like Quizmania , the program received its revenue from phone charges rather than advertisements . Only contestants aged 18 or over were allowed to participate . Each entry cost a flat 55c charge to a premium-rate 1902 number when calling from a landline . On 18 March 2008 , it was announced that The Mint would be axed . The final episode aired on 29 March 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '31 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power of 10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_of_10_(Australian_game_show)', 'summary': "Power of 10 was a short-lived Australian game show which is based on the original American version created by Michael Davies . The game featured contestants guessing the correct percentage range of answers to polls which have been taken from surveys , for a chance to win a million dollars . The Australian version of the show premiered on Monday , 31 March 2008 at 7:30 pm on the Nine Network and was recorded in Melbourne 's GTV-9 studios . The show was hosted by Today weatherman Steven Jacobs . This version followed the basic rules of the American version of the show , except with different safe levels , which are $ 100 , $ 1000 , $ 10,000 , $ 100,000 and $ 1,000,000 . There was no ten million-dollar question as in the U.S. version . Despite eight episodes being filmed and six episodes never being screened , the network revealed that the game show was indefinitely shelved on 8 April 2008 after the second episode only pulled 200 people across all five main capital cities , losing the whole Monday Night to Channel Seven ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '31 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 April 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': "My Kid 's a Star", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/My_Kid's_a_Star", 'summary': "My Kid 's a Star is an Australian reality/talent show program based on the American series I Know My Kid 's a Star . Hosted by Cameron Daddo , it started airing during prime time on the Nine Network from 9 April 2008 in a 60-minute format . Due to low ratings , it later moved to a weekend timeslot , where it aired in a 30-minute format . The show follows 10 child performers and their parents on a six-week talent boot camp that will see one of the performers leave with $ 50,000 and the title of child star . The young performers will be judged by a three-member panel which includes former The Partridge Family actor Danny Bonaduce , who was also the host in the original American version . The show has raised some controversy for focusing on the antics of the stage parents rather than the young performers , and promos of the show prominently featured this aspect of the program . Some of the parents of the contestants have claimed that Nine misled them over the content of the show ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '7 April 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 May 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Million Dollar Wheel of Fortune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Million_Dollar_Wheel_of_Fortune', 'summary': "Wheel of Fortune is an Australian television game show produced by Grundy Television ( until 2006 ) . The program aired on the Seven Network from 1981 to 2004 and January to July 2006 and is mostly based on the same general format as the original American version of the program . After Wheel of Fortune ended , the format was revived by the Nine Network in 2008 as Million Dollar Wheel of Fortune , until it was cancelled in June 2008 due to low ratings and following arguments from long-time host John Burgess concerning why he did not like the revamped format . The rights to the show are currently owned by Network Ten , which now owns the video and format rights through its parent company , CBS Studios International , which holds international rights as the American version is distributed by the company 's broadcast syndication arm . An earlier unrelated show also titled Wheel of Fortune had been broadcast on the Nine Network . That version had been developed by Reg Grundy as a radio game show before it transferred to television in 1959 . In 2010 , hostess Adriana Xenides died after a long battle with illness ; she had been listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-serving hostess of a television game show until it was surpassed by her US counterpart in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '26 May 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 May 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Brother Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Brother_Australia', 'summary': "Big Brother Australia ( also known simply as Big Brother ) is an Australian reality game show based on the international Big Brother format . Following the premise of other versions of the format , the show features a group of contestants , known as Housemates who live together in a specially constructed house that is isolated from the outside world . The housemates are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones . Throughout the course of the competition , housemates are evicted from the house - voted-out of the competition . The last remaining Housemate wins the competition and is awarded a cash prize . Big Brother was produced from 2001 and ran for eight seasons on Network Ten before the network cancelled it in July 2008 after experiencing audience erosion and controversy . Big Brother returned in 2012 on the Nine Network . Nine 's iteration of the series lasted 3 seasons and was not beyond 2015 . Seven Network is set to reboot the series for 2020 . All eleven previous seasons were produced by Endemol Australia and Endemol Southern Star . The twelfth season will be produced by Endemol Shine Australia . The Ten and Nine iterations of the series used a compound located at theme park Dreamworld , on the Gold Coast , Queensland , as the Big Brother House ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '23 April 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 July 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nightline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightline_(Australian_news_program)', 'summary': "Nightline is an Australian late-night news bulletin television program produced by Nine News for Nine Network . Introduced in 1985 as a 5-minute late-night news summary before becoming a 30-minute bulletin in 1992 , it was cancelled in 2008 , then was brought back in 2009 before it was cancelled again in July 2010 . It aired at around 11:30 pm on weeknights , but was not shown in Perth or Adelaide . Nightline was previously presented by Kellie Sloane . Its main competitors were Ten Late News and Sports Tonight and ABC News 's Lateline , both of which aired prior to Nightline at 10:30 pm . The series was patterned after the version that airs on ABC ( US ) , but that one is different from the Australian counterpart even though at one point both versions used the same opening graphics , which both no longer use ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 July 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunday_(Australian_TV_program)', 'summary': 'Sunday was an Australian current affairs , arts and politics program , broadcast nationally on Sunday mornings on the Nine Network Australia . The program covered a range of topical issues including local and overseas news , politics , and in-depth stories on Australia and the world , plus independent film reviews , independent arts features , and independent music reviews . Its final show aired on Sunday , 3 August 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '15 November 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 August 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taken Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taken_Out', 'summary': "Taken Out is an Australian television dating game show that was originally broadcast on Network Ten between 1 September 2008 and 26 February 2009 . The format was developed by FremantleMedia ( now Fremantle ) and was hosted by James Kerley . International versions were developed using various titles , starting in 2008 in Denmark as Dagens Mand [ da ] ( Today 's Man ) and in 2009 in the Netherlands as Take Me Out . This title was also used for Britain , Ireland , the Philippines and the United States versions of the show . A new Australian version of Take Me Out , hosted by comedian Joel Creasey , aired on the Seven Network from 3 September until 27 November 2018 . Versions have also been made in Sweden , Indonesia , Japan , China , Spain , Albania , Finland , Thailand , Germany , Italy , France , Malaysia , Taiwan , Canada ( Quebec ) and Lebanon ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '1 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outdoor Room , The The Outdoor Room', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Outdoor_Room', 'summary': "The Outdoor Room was an Australian lifestyle television program hosted by Jamie Durie on the Seven Network in 2008 with repeats broadcast on 7Two . The Outdoor Room is a backyard improvement show that saw Durie design a new backyard for a worthy family , similar to his previous show Backyard Blitz . He was seen travelling to various countries around the world to seek inspiration and gain new ideas before coming home to start work on the design with his team . Along with reuniting with former Backyard Blitz horticulturist Jody Rigby , each week Durie was also joined by a prominent Australian chef who serves up a dish from each episode 's country of inspiration . It did not return for a second season due to budgetary constraints to produce each episode but an American version of the show was produced . HGTV picked up the series with Jamie Durie , produced by Scout Productions , Emmy Award-winning producers of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy . Running for four seasons and 52 episodes , the series was produced by showrunner Michael Hauser ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '31 August 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ttn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ttn', 'summary': 'ttn ( the total news ) was a 30 minute weekly Australian news program aimed at school-aged ( 9- to 14-year-old ) children produced and broadcast by Network Ten from 2004 to 2008 . It presented current issues and events in a way that could be understood and further explored by its intended viewers . ttn premiered on 3 February 2004 . It was created in the wake of an outcry against the cancellation of Behind the News , a long running ABC TV program similar in objective to ttn that was axed for a time due to budget cuts . ttn itself was axed in December 2008 after five years on air following budgetary constraints . ttn aired every Tuesday each week during the school year . Episodes were supplemented by features and activities printed weekly in News Limited newspapers .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '3 February 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Strip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Strip_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Strip is an Australian television drama series that screened on the Nine Network . The series premiered on the Nine Network at 8:30pm on 4 September 2008 but was moved to a later 10:30pm timeslot from 13 November 2008 . The show did not return for a second season , due to disappointing ratings .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '4 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enough Rope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enough_Rope', 'summary': "Enough Rope with Andrew Denton ( often shortened to Enough Rope ) is a television interview show originally broadcast on ABC1 in Australia . The title of the show came from the phrase give someone enough rope and they 'll hang themselves . The program was the brainchild of Australian comedian , social critic , producer and media personality Andrew Denton , who hosted the show . The hour-long chat show aired from 2003 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '17 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 December 2008', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ending this year', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_programming_changes_on_Australian_television_in_2008_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of programming changes which occurred on Australian television in 2008. The list is arranged chronological order. Where more than one programming changed was made on the same date, those changes are listed alphabetically.'}	null	null	Which network as of 2019 is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia ?	Seven Network
05e2ee315cb7caeb	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1980', 'summary': 'The 22nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 1980 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1979 . This year was notable for being the first year to have a designated category for Rock music . Album of the Year went to Phil Ramone and Billy Joel for 52nd Street , and Song of the Year went to Kenny Loggins and Michael McDonald for What a Fool Believes .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by Thomas Z. Shepard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim', 'summary': "Stephen Joshua Sondheim ( /ˈsɒndhaɪm/ ; born March 22 , 1930 ) is an American composer and lyricist known for his work in musical theater . One of the most important figures in 20th-century musical theater , Sondheim has been praised for [ reinventing ] the American musical with shows that tackle unexpected themes that range far beyond the [ genre 's ] traditional subjects with music and lyrics of unprecedented complexity and sophistication . His shows have been praised for addressing darker , more harrowing elements of the human experience , with songs often tinged with ambivalence about various aspects of life . His best-known works as composer and lyricist include A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) , Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) , A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) , Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , and Into the Woods ( 1987 ) . He is also known for writing the lyrics for West Side Story ( 1957 ) and Gypsy ( 1959 ) . He has received an Academy Award , eight Tony Awards ( more than any other composer , including a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ) , eight Grammy Awards , a Pulitzer Prize , a Laurence Olivier Award , and a 2015 Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2010 , the former Henry Miller 's Theater on Broadway was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre ; in 2019 , it was announced that the Queen 's Theatre in the West End of London would be renamed the Sondheim Theatre at the end of the year . Sondheim has written film music , contributing Goodbye for Now for Warren Beatty 's 1981 Reds . He wrote five songs for 1990 's Dick Tracy , including Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) , sung in the film by Madonna , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Film adaptations of Sondheim 's work include West Side Story ( 1961 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , and Into the Woods ( 2014 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Z._Shepard', 'summary': 'Thomas Z. Shepard ( born June 20 , 1936 ) is an American record producer who is best known for his recordings of Broadway musicals , including the works of Stephen Sondheim . Shepard is also a composer , conductor , music arranger and pianist . He has won twelve Grammy Awards and produced the original cast recordings of many of the Sondheim musicals , including Sweeney Todd , Company and Sunday in the Park with George , among others . He also produced the original cast recordings of 1776 , La Cage aux Folles and 42nd Street , among over a hundred others . He has produced hundreds of classical music and popular music recordings .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street', 'summary': 'Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( often referred to simply as Sweeney Todd ) is a 1979 musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by Hugh Wheeler . It is based on the 1973 play of the same name by Christopher Bond . Sweeney Todd opened on Broadway in 1979 and in the West End in 1980 . It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Olivier Award for Best New Musical . It has since had numerous revivals as well as a film adaptation .'}]}, {'value': "Ballroom The Grand Tour I 'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road They 're Playing Our Song", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballroom_(musical)', 'summary': "Ballroom is a musical with a book by Jerome Kass and music by Billy Goldenberg and lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . Based on Kass 's teleplay for the 1975 Emmy Award-winning television drama Queen of the Stardust Ballroom , the plot focuses on lonely widow Bea Asher , who becomes romantically involved with Alfred Rossi , a mail carrier she meets at the local dance hall . Her dream of a happily-ever-after relationship is shattered when she discovers Alfred has n't been as honest about his personal life as she thought . After eleven previews , the Broadway production , directed and choreographed by Michael Bennett , opened on December 14 , 1978 at the Majestic Theatre , where it ran for 116 performances . The cast included Dorothy Loudon as Bea and Vincent Gardenia as Alfred . The sets were by Robin Wagner , and Theoni V. Aldredge designed the costumes . The production was Bennett 's first project following A Chorus Line three years earlier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Grand_Tour_(musical)', 'summary': "The Grand Tour is a musical with a book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble and music and lyrics by Jerry Herman . Based on S. N. Behrman 's play Jacobowsky and the Colonel , the story concerns an unlikely pair . S.L . Jacobowsky , a Polish-Jewish intellectual , has purchased a car he can not drive . Stjerbinsky , an aristocratic , anti-Semitic colonel , knows how to drive but has no car . When the two men meet at a Paris hotel , they agree to join forces in order to escape the approaching Nazis . Together with the Colonels girlfriend , Marianne , they experience many adventures while on the road , but trouble ensues when Jacobowsky falls in love with the young girl ."}, {'url': "/wiki/I'm_Getting_My_Act_Together_and_Taking_It_on_the_Road", 'summary': "I 'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road is a musical with music by Nancy Ford and book and lyrics by Gretchen Cryer . The show premiered Off-Broadway in 1978 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/They're_Playing_Our_Song", 'summary': "They 're Playing Our Song is a musical with a book by Neil Simon , lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager , and music by Marvin Hamlisch . In a story based on the real-life relationship of Hamlisch and Sager , a wisecracking composer finds a new , offbeat lyricist , but initially the match is not one made in heaven . The two undergo a series of trials and overcome a number of hurdles before finding true love by the final curtain . They 're Playing Our Song is essentially a two-character show . Vernon and Sonia are the sole characters on stage ; each character has a three-person Greek chorus acting as their inner voices , and there are no big production numbers ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1981', 'summary': 'The 23rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1981 , at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1980 . Album of the Year went to Michael Omartian and Christopher Cross for Christopher Cross , Record and Song of the Year went to Christopher Cross for Sailing . Cross was the first artist in Grammy history to win all four General Field awards in a single ceremony , bringing home Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best New Artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Lloyd Webber ( composer ) & Tim Rice ( lyricist ) · produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber & Tim Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber', 'summary': "Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were successful outside of their parent musicals , such as The Music of the Night and All I Ask of You from The Phantom of the Opera , I Do n't Know How to Love Him from Jesus Christ Superstar , Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina from Evita , Any Dream Will Do from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , and Memory from Cats . In 2001 The New York Times referred to him as the most commercially successful composer in history . The Daily Telegraph ranked him the fifth most powerful person in British culture in 2008 , with lyricist Don Black writing Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical . He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to the Arts , six Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , and an Emmy Award . He is one of fifteen people to have won an Oscar , an Emmy , a Grammy , and a Tony . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Rice', 'summary': "Sir Timothy Miles Bindon Rice ( born 10 November 1944 ) is an English lyricist and author . He is best known for his collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber , with whom he wrote , among other shows , Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Evita ; with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA , with whom he wrote Chess ; and with Disney on Aladdin , The Lion King , the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , and the original Broadway musical Aida . He also wrote lyrics for the Alan Menken musical King David , and for DreamWorks Animation 's The Road to El Dorado . Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994 . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , is a Disney Legend recipient , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . In addition to his awards in the UK , he is one of fifteen artists to have won an Emmy , Oscar , Grammy and Tony in the US . Rice twice hosted the Brit Awards ( in 1983 and 1984 ) . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at £150m ; the 15th-richest music millionaire in the UK ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber', 'summary': "Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were successful outside of their parent musicals , such as The Music of the Night and All I Ask of You from The Phantom of the Opera , I Do n't Know How to Love Him from Jesus Christ Superstar , Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina from Evita , Any Dream Will Do from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , and Memory from Cats . In 2001 The New York Times referred to him as the most commercially successful composer in history . The Daily Telegraph ranked him the fifth most powerful person in British culture in 2008 , with lyricist Don Black writing Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical . He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to the Arts , six Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , and an Emmy Award . He is one of fifteen people to have won an Oscar , an Emmy , a Grammy , and a Tony . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Rice', 'summary': "Sir Timothy Miles Bindon Rice ( born 10 November 1944 ) is an English lyricist and author . He is best known for his collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber , with whom he wrote , among other shows , Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Evita ; with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA , with whom he wrote Chess ; and with Disney on Aladdin , The Lion King , the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , and the original Broadway musical Aida . He also wrote lyrics for the Alan Menken musical King David , and for DreamWorks Animation 's The Road to El Dorado . Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994 . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , is a Disney Legend recipient , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . In addition to his awards in the UK , he is one of fifteen artists to have won an Emmy , Oscar , Grammy and Tony in the US . Rice twice hosted the Brit Awards ( in 1983 and 1984 ) . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at £150m ; the 15th-richest music millionaire in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Evita : Premier American Recording', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evita_(musical)', 'summary': "Evita is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics and book by Tim Rice . It concentrates on the life of Argentine political leader Eva Perón , the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón . The story follows Evita 's early life , rise to power , charity work , and eventual death . The musical began as a rock opera concept album released in 1976 . Its success led to productions in London 's West End in 1978 , winning the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical , and on Broadway a year later , where it was the first British musical to receive the Tony Award for Best Musical . This has been followed by a string of professional tours and worldwide productions and numerous cast albums , as well as a 1996 film adaptation of the musical . The musical was revived in London in 2006 , and on Broadway in 2012 , and toured the UK again in 2013-14 before running for 55 West End performances at the Dominion Theatre in September-October 2014 ."}]}, {'value': "Barnum A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine Oklahoma ! One Mo ' Time", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnum_(musical)', 'summary': 'Barnum is an American musical with a book by Mark Bramble , lyrics by Michael Stewart , and music by Cy Coleman . It is based on the life of showman P. T. Barnum , covering the period from 1835 through 1880 in America and major cities of the world where Barnum took his performing companies . The production combines elements of traditional musical theater with the spectacle of the circus . The characters include jugglers , trapeze artists and clowns , as well as such real-life personalities as Jenny Lind and General Tom Thumb . The original Broadway production ran for 854 performances and was followed by a London production , among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A_Day_in_Hollywood_/_A_Night_in_the_Ukraine', 'summary': 'A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine is a musical comedy consisting of two essentially independent one-act plays , with a book and lyrics by Dick Vosburgh and music by Frank Lazarus . Additionally , songs by other composers are incorporated into the score . The musical premiered in the West End and then ran on Broadway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma!', 'summary': "Oklahoma ! is the first musical written by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and librettist Oscar Hammerstein II . The musical is based on Lynn Riggs ' 1931 play , Green Grow the Lilacs . Set in farm country outside the town of Claremore , Indian Territory , in 1906 , it tells the story of farm girl Laurey Williams and her courtship by two rival suitors , cowboy Curly McLain and the sinister and frightening farmhand Jud Fry . A secondary romance concerns cowboy Will Parker and his flirtatious fiancée , Ado Annie . The original Broadway production opened on March 31 , 1943 . It was a box-office smash and ran for an unprecedented 2,212 performances , later enjoying award-winning revivals , national tours , foreign productions and an Oscar-winning 1955 film adaptation . It has long been a popular choice for school and community productions . Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize for Oklahoma ! in 1944 . This musical , building on the innovations of the earlier Show Boat , epitomized the development of the book musical , a musical play where the songs and dances are fully integrated into a well-made story with serious dramatic goals that are able to evoke genuine emotions other than laughter . In addition , Oklahoma !"}, {'url': "/wiki/One_Mo'_Time_(musical)", 'summary': "One Mo ' Time is a musical revue conceived by Vernel Bagneris . It is an evening of 1920s African-American vaudeville , set in the Lyric Theatre in New Orleans in 1926 . The Lyric Theatre was on the black vaudeville circuit known as the Theatre Owners Booking Association ( T.O.B.A. ) . The Off-Broadway production opened in New York at the Village Gate Theatre in October 1979 . On the 23rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1980 the recording of the show was nominated for the Best Original Cast Show Album . The 1981 West End production , at the Cambridge Theatre , was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best New Musical . The musical was revived for a short Broadway season at the Longacre Theatre in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1982', 'summary': 'The 24th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1982 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . The event recognized the accomplishments of musicians during the year 1981 . Quincy Jones was the major recipient of awards with a total of five Grammys . The much coveted Album of the Year award went to Jack Douglas , John Lennon and Yoko Ono for Double Fantasy , and Song of the Year went to Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon for Bette Davis Eyes .'}]}, {'value': 'Quincy Jones ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy_Jones', 'summary': "Quincy Delight Jones Jr. ( born March 14 , 1933 ) is an American record producer , multi-instrumentalist , songwriter , composer , arranger , and film and television producer . His career spans over 60 years in the entertainment industry with a record 80 Grammy Award nominations , 28 Grammys , and a Grammy Legend Award in 1992 . Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor , before moving on to work in pop music and film scores . In 1969 Jones and his songwriting partner Bob Russell became the first African-Americans to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song , for The Eyes of Love from the film Banning . Jones was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score for his work on the 1967 film In Cold Blood , making him the first African-American to be nominated twice in the same year . In 1971 he became the first African-American to be the musical director and conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony . In 1995 he was the first African-American to receive the Academy 's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . He has tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the second most Oscar-nominated African-American , with seven nominations each . Jones was the producer , with Michael Jackson , of Jackson 's albums Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , Thriller ( 1982 ) , and Bad ( 1987 ) , as well as the producer and conductor of the 1985 charity song We Are the World , which raised funds for victims of famine in Ethiopia . In 2013 , Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner , alongside Lou Adler , of the Ahmet Ertegun Award . He was named one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century by Time magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lena_Horne:_The_Lady_and_Her_Music', 'summary': "Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music was a 1981 Broadway musical revue written for and starring American singer and actress Lena Horne . The musical was produced by Michael Frazier and Fred Walker , and the cast album was produced by Quincy Jones . The show opened on May 12 , 1981 , and after 333 performances , closed on June 30 , 1982 , Horne 's 65th birthday . Horne toured with the show in the U.S. and Canada and performed in London and Stockholm in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': '42nd Street The Pirates of Penzance Sophisticated Ladies Woman of the Year', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Street_(musical)', 'summary': "42nd Street is an American musical with a book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble , lyrics by Al Dubin and Johnny Mercer , and music by Harry Warren . The 1980 Broadway production , produced by David Merrick , directed by an ailing Gower Champion and orchestrated by Philip J. Lang , won the Tony Award for Best Musical and became a long-running hit . The show was produced in London in 1984 ( winning the Olivier Award for Best Musical ) and its 2001 Broadway revival won the Tony for Best Revival . Based on the novel by Bradford Ropes and the subsequent 1933 Hollywood film adaptation , the backstage musical show focuses on the efforts of famed dictatorial Great White Way director Julian Marsh to mount a successful stage production of a musical extravaganza at the height of the Great Depression . The show is a jukebox musical of sorts , in that , in addition to songs from the 1933 film 42nd Street , it includes songs that Dubin and Warren wrote for many other films at around the same time , including Gold Diggers of 1933 , Roman Scandals , Dames , Gold Diggers of 1935 , Go into Your Dance , Gold Diggers of 1937 and The Singing Marine . It also includes There 's a Sunny Side to Every Situation , written by Warren and Johnny Mercer for Hard to Get . A 2017 revival added the song Boulevard of Broken Dreams , written by Warren and Dubin for Moulin Rouge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance', 'summary': "The Pirates of Penzance ; or , The Slave of Duty is a comic opera in two acts , with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert . The opera 's official premiere was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City on 31 December 1879 , where the show was well received by both audiences and critics . Its London debut was on 3 April 1880 , at the Opera Comique , where it ran for 363 performances , having already been playing successfully for more than three months in New York . The story concerns Frederic , who , having completed his 21st year , is released from his apprenticeship to a band of tender-hearted pirates . He meets Mabel , the daughter of Major-General Stanley , and the two young people fall instantly in love . Frederic soon learns , however , that he was born on the 29th of February , and so , technically , he has a birthday only once each leap year . His indenture specifies that he remain apprenticed to the pirates until his twenty-first birthday , meaning that he must serve for another 63 years . Bound by his own sense of duty , Frederic 's only solace is that Mabel agrees to wait for him faithfully . Pirates was the fifth Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration and introduced the much-parodied Major-General 's Song . The opera was performed for over a century by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Britain and by many other opera companies and repertory companies worldwide . Modernized productions include Joseph Papp 's 1981 Broadway production , which ran for 787 performances , winning the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical , and spawning many imitations and a 1983 film adaptation . Pirates remains popular today , taking its place along with The Mikado and H.M.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sophisticated_Ladies', 'summary': 'Sophisticated Ladies is a musical revue based on the music of Duke Ellington . The musical ran on Broadway in 1981 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woman_of_the_Year_(musical)', 'summary': 'Woman of the Year is a musical with a book by Peter Stone and score by John Kander and Fred Ebb . Based on the Ring Lardner Jr.-Michael Kanin screenplay for the 1942 Katharine Hepburn-Spencer Tracy film Woman of the Year , the musical changes the newspaper reporters of the original to television personality Tess Harding and cartoonist Sam Craig , who experience difficulty merging their careers with their marriage . The musical ran on Broadway in 1981 and starred Lauren Bacall .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1983', 'summary': 'The 25th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 1983 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to Toto for Toto IV , and Song of the Year went to Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson for Always on My Mind .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Krieger ( composer ) & Tom Eyen ( lyricist ) · produced by David Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Krieger', 'summary': 'Henry Krieger ( born February 9 , 1945 in New York City ) is an American musical theatre composer . He most notably wrote the music for the Broadway shows Dreamgirls ( 1981 , with lyrics and book by Tom Eyen ) , The Tap Dance Kid ( 1983 ) , and Side Show ( 1997 ) . He was nominated for the Tony Awards for Best Score for both Dreamgirls and Side Show , won a Grammy Award for the cast album of Dreamgirls and received three Academy Award nominations for the songs he wrote for the 2006 film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Eyen', 'summary': "Tom Eyen ( August 14 , 1940 - May 26 , 1991 ) was an American playwright , lyricist , television writer and director . He received a Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for Dreamgirls in 1981 . Eyen is best known for works at opposite ends of the theatrical spectrum . Mainstream theatergoers became acquainted with him in 1981 , when he partnered with composer Henry Krieger and director Michael Bennett to write the book and lyrics for the hit Broadway musical Dreamgirls , about an African-American female singing trio . Eyen 's career started , however , with experimental theatre that he wrote and directed Off-Off Broadway in the 1960s . This led to his Off-Broadway success with The Dirtiest Show in Town ( 1970 ) , a musical revue with nudity , and Women Behind Bars ( 1975 ) , a camp parody of women 's prison exploitation films . Eyen died of AIDS-related complications in Palm Beach , Florida at the age of fifty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Foster', 'summary': 'David Walter Foster , OC , OBC ( born November 1 , 1949 ) , is a Canadian musician , record producer , composer , songwriter , and arranger . He has been a producer for musicians including Christina Aguilera , Mary J. Blige , Andrea Bocelli , Toni Braxton , Michael Bublé , Peter Cetera , Chicago , John Parr , Natalie Cole , Alice Cooper , Celine Dion , Kenny G , Josh Groban , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , Chaka Khan , Kenny Loggins , Jennifer Lopez , Cheryl Lynn , Madonna , Olivia Newton-John , Brandy Norwood , Kenny Rogers , Seal , Blake Shelton , Rod Stewart , Barbra Streisand , Donna Summer , The Corrs and Jake Zyrus . Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations . He was the chairman of Verve Records from 2012 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreamgirls:_Original_Broadway_Cast_Album', 'summary': "Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album is the cast album for the original Broadway production of the musical Dreamgirls , which debuted at the Imperial Theatre on December 20 , 1981 . The album was issued by David Geffen , a co-financier of the musical and later producer of its 2006 film adaptation , on his Geffen Records label during the winter of 1982 . The Dreamgirls cast album features cast performances by the show 's performers , including Jennifer Holliday , Sheryl Lee Ralph , Loretta Devine , Ben Harney , Cleavant Derricks , Obba Babatundé , and Vondie Curtis-Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'Cats ( Original London Cast Recording ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Merrily We Roll Along Nine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cats_(musical)', 'summary': "Cats is a sung-through musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber based on the 1939 poetry collection Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot . It tells the story of a tribe of cats called the Jellicles and the night they make the Jellicle choice , deciding which cat will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life . The musical includes the well-known song Memory as sung by Grizabella . As of 2019 , Cats remains the fourth-longest-running Broadway show and the sixth-longest-running West End show . Lloyd Webber began setting Eliot 's poems to music in 1977 and the compositions were first presented as a song cycle in 1980 . Producer Cameron Mackintosh then recruited director Trevor Nunn and choreographer Gillian Lynne to turn the songs into a complete musical . Cats opened to positive reviews at the New London Theatre in the West End in 1981 and then to mixed reviews at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in 1982 . It won numerous awards including Best Musical at both the Laurence Olivier and Tony Awards . Despite its unusual premise that deterred investors initially , the musical turned out to be an unprecedented commercial success , with a worldwide gross of US $ 3.5 billion by 2012 . The London production ran for 21 years and 8,949 performances , while the Broadway production ran for 18 years and 7,485 performances , making Cats the longest-running musical in both theatre districts for a number of years . Cats has since been revived in the West End twice and on Broadway once . It has also been translated into multiple languages and performed around the world many times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat', 'summary': "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( often colloquially known as Joseph ) is a musical comedy with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber . The story is based on the coat of many colours story of Joseph from the Bible 's Book of Genesis . This was the first Lloyd Webber and Rice musical to be performed publicly ; their first collaboration , The Likes of Us , written in 1965 , was not performed until 2005 . The show has only a few lines of spoken dialogue ; it is almost entirely sung-through . Its family-friendly story , familiar themes and catchy music have resulted in numerous stagings . According to the owner of the copyright , the Really Useful Group , by 2008 more than 20,000 schools and amateur theatre groups had staged productions . Joseph was first presented as a 15-minute pop cantata at Colet Court School in London in 1968 , and was published by Novello and recorded in an expanded form by Decca Records in 1969 . After the success of the next Lloyd Webber and Rice piece , Jesus Christ Superstar , Joseph received amateur stage productions in the US beginning in 1970 , and the first American release of the album was in 1971 . The musical had its professional premiere , as a 35-minute musical , at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1972 . While still undergoing various modifications and expansions , the musical was produced in the West End in 1973 . In 1974 , its full modern format was performed at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester and was also recorded that year . The musical was mounted on Broadway in 1982 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Merrily_We_Roll_Along_(musical)', 'summary': "Merrily We Roll Along is a musical with a book by George Furth and lyrics and music by Stephen Sondheim . It is based on the 1934 play of the same name by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart . Furth and Sondheim retained the basic structure and overall theme of the play but updated it to encompass the period from 1957 to 1976 . The story revolves around Franklin Shepard who , having once been a talented composer of Broadway musicals , has now abandoned his friends and his songwriting career to become a producer of Hollywood movies . Like the play , the musical begins at the height of his Hollywood fame and moves backwards in time , showing snapshots of the most important moments in Frank 's life that shaped the man that he is today . The musical utilizes a chorus that sings reprises of the title song to transition the scenes . The musical ran on Broadway for 44 previews and 16 performances in 1981 and marked the end of the Harold Prince-Sondheim collaborations until Bounce in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nine_(musical)', 'summary': "Nine is a musical , initially created and written by Maury Yeston as a class-project in Lehman Engel 's BMI Music Theatre Workshop in 1973 . It was later developed with a book by Mario Fratti , and then again with a book by Arthur Kopit , music and lyrics by Maury Yeston . The story is based also on Federico Fellini 's semi-autobiographical film 8½ . It focuses on film director Guido Contini , who is dreading his imminent 40th birthday and facing a midlife crisis , which is blocking his creative impulses and entangling him in a web of romantic difficulties in early-1960s Venice . The original Broadway production opened in 1982 and ran for 729 performances , starring Raul Julia . The musical won five Tony Awards , including Best Musical , and has enjoyed a number of revivals ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1984', 'summary': 'The 26th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1984 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1983 . Michael Jackson who had been recovering from scalp burns sustained due to an accident which occurred during filming of a Pepsi commercial , won a record eight awards during the show . It is notable for garnering the largest Grammy Award television audience ever . Album of the Year and Record of the Year went to Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson for Thriller and Beat It , and Song of the Year went to The Police for Every Breath You Take .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Lloyd Webber ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber', 'summary': "Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were successful outside of their parent musicals , such as The Music of the Night and All I Ask of You from The Phantom of the Opera , I Do n't Know How to Love Him from Jesus Christ Superstar , Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina from Evita , Any Dream Will Do from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , and Memory from Cats . In 2001 The New York Times referred to him as the most commercially successful composer in history . The Daily Telegraph ranked him the fifth most powerful person in British culture in 2008 , with lyricist Don Black writing Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical . He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to the Arts , six Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , and an Emmy Award . He is one of fifteen people to have won an Oscar , an Emmy , a Grammy , and a Tony . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London ."}]}, {'value': 'Cats : Complete Original Broadway Cast Recording', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cats:_Complete_Original_Broadway_Cast_Recording', 'summary': 'A cast recording by the original Broadway cast of the musical Cats was released on January 26 , 1983 , by Geffen Records . The recording won Best Cast Show Album at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'La Cage aux Folles Little Shop of Horrors On Your Toes Zorba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)', 'summary': "La Cage aux Folles ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ la kaʒ o fɔl ] ) is a musical with music and lyrics by Jerry Herman , and a book by Harvey Fierstein . Based on the 1973 French play of the same name by Jean Poiret , it tells the story of a gay couple , Georges , the manager of a Saint-Tropez nightclub featuring drag entertainment , and Albin , his romantic partner and star attraction , and the farcical adventures that ensue when Georges 's son , Jean-Michel , brings home his fiancée 's ultra-conservative parents to meet them . La cage aux folles literally means the cage of mad women . However , folles is also a slang term for effeminate homosexuals ( queens ) . Opening on Broadway in 1983 , La Cage broke barriers for gay representation by becoming one of the first hit Broadway musicals centered on a homosexual relationship . The show 's Act One finale , I Am What I Am , received praise as a gay anthem , and has been widely recorded . The original production ran for more than four years ( 1,761 performances ) , and won six Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Score and Best Book . The success of the musical spawned a West End production and several international runs . The 2004 Broadway revival won the Tony Award for Best Revival , and the 2008 London revival garnered the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival . The 2010 Broadway revival was nominated for eleven Tony Awards , winning the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical . La Cage aux Folles is the first musical which has won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical twice and it has won a Best Musical Tony Award ( Best Musical or Best Revival of a Musical ) for each of its Broadway productions . The show has garnered five nominations for Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical from its three Broadway productions , twice for portrayers of Georges and three times for portrayers of Albin , winning the award twice ( both for actors playing Albin ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(musical)', 'summary': "Little Shop of Horrors is a horror comedy rock musical with music by Alan Menken and lyrics and a book by Howard Ashman . The story follows a hapless florist shop worker who raises a plant that feeds on human blood and flesh . The musical is based on the low-budget 1960 black comedy film The Little Shop of Horrors . The music , composed by Menken in the style of early 1960s rock and roll , doo-wop and early Motown , includes several well-known tunes , including the title song , Skid Row ( Downtown ) , Somewhere That 's Green , and Suddenly , Seymour . The musical premiered Off-Off-Broadway in 1982 before moving to the Orpheum Theatre Off-Broadway , where it had a five-year run . It later received numerous productions in the U.S. and abroad , and a subsequent Broadway production . Because of its small cast , it has become popular with community theatre , school and other amateur groups . The musical was also made into a 1986 film of the same name , directed by Frank Oz ."}, {'url': '/wiki/On_Your_Toes', 'summary': "On Your Toes ( 1936 ) is a musical with a book by Richard Rodgers , George Abbott , and Lorenz Hart , music by Rodgers , and lyrics by Hart . It was adapted into a film in 1939 . While teaching music at Knickerbocker University , Phil Junior Dolan III tries to persuade Sergei Alexandrovich , the director of the Russian Ballet , to stage the jazz ballet Slaughter on Tenth Avenue . After becoming involved with the company 's prima ballerina , Vera Barnova , Junior is forced to assume the male lead in Slaughter . Trouble ensues when he becomes the target of two thugs hired by Veras lover and dance partner to kill him . On Your Toes marked the first time a Broadway musical made dramatic use of classical dance and incorporated jazz into its score ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zorba_(musical)', 'summary': 'Zorba is a musical with a book by Joseph Stein , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and music by John Kander . Adapted from the 1952 novel Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis and the subsequent 1964 film of the same name , it focuses on the friendship that evolves between Zorba and Nikos , a young American who has inherited an abandoned mine on Crete , and their romantic relationships with a local widow and a French woman , respectively . The musical premiered on Broadway in 1968 in a production directed by Harold Prince . It was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical in a season that included Hair , Promises , Promises and 1776 . The last of these won the award . The original production ran for 305 performances , and a 1983 Broadway revival ran for 362 performances with a cast starring Anthony Quinn .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1985', 'summary': 'The 27th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1985 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by Thomas Z. Shepard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim', 'summary': "Stephen Joshua Sondheim ( /ˈsɒndhaɪm/ ; born March 22 , 1930 ) is an American composer and lyricist known for his work in musical theater . One of the most important figures in 20th-century musical theater , Sondheim has been praised for [ reinventing ] the American musical with shows that tackle unexpected themes that range far beyond the [ genre 's ] traditional subjects with music and lyrics of unprecedented complexity and sophistication . His shows have been praised for addressing darker , more harrowing elements of the human experience , with songs often tinged with ambivalence about various aspects of life . His best-known works as composer and lyricist include A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) , Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) , A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) , Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , and Into the Woods ( 1987 ) . He is also known for writing the lyrics for West Side Story ( 1957 ) and Gypsy ( 1959 ) . He has received an Academy Award , eight Tony Awards ( more than any other composer , including a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ) , eight Grammy Awards , a Pulitzer Prize , a Laurence Olivier Award , and a 2015 Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2010 , the former Henry Miller 's Theater on Broadway was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre ; in 2019 , it was announced that the Queen 's Theatre in the West End of London would be renamed the Sondheim Theatre at the end of the year . Sondheim has written film music , contributing Goodbye for Now for Warren Beatty 's 1981 Reds . He wrote five songs for 1990 's Dick Tracy , including Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) , sung in the film by Madonna , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Film adaptations of Sondheim 's work include West Side Story ( 1961 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , and Into the Woods ( 2014 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Z._Shepard', 'summary': 'Thomas Z. Shepard ( born June 20 , 1936 ) is an American record producer who is best known for his recordings of Broadway musicals , including the works of Stephen Sondheim . Shepard is also a composer , conductor , music arranger and pianist . He has won twelve Grammy Awards and produced the original cast recordings of many of the Sondheim musicals , including Sweeney Todd , Company and Sunday in the Park with George , among others . He also produced the original cast recordings of 1776 , La Cage aux Folles and 42nd Street , among over a hundred others . He has produced hundreds of classical music and popular music recordings .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunday in the Park with George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George', 'summary': "Sunday in the Park with George is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine . It was inspired by the French pointillist painter Georges Seurat 's painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte . The plot revolves around George , a fictionalized version of Seurat , who immerses himself deeply in painting his masterpiece , and his great-grandson ( also named George ) , a conflicted and cynical contemporary artist . The Broadway production opened in 1984 . The musical won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Drama , two Tony Awards for design ( and a nomination for Best Musical ) , numerous Drama Desk Awards , the 1991 Olivier Award for Best Musical and the 2007 Olivier Award for Outstanding Musical Production . It has enjoyed several major revivals , including the 2005-06 UK production first presented at the Menier Chocolate Factory and its subsequent 2008 Broadway transfer ."}]}, {'value': 'Doonesbury My One and Only A Stephen Sondheim Evening Sugar Babies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doonesbury_(musical)', 'summary': "Doonesbury , also known as Doonesbury : A Musical Comedy , is a musical with a book and lyrics by Garry Trudeau and music by Elizabeth Swados . Based on Trudeau 's comic strip of the same name , it served to change the format of the strip from an episodic satire of college campus life that existed on a floating timeline to a more character driven , serialized political cartoon series in which characters changed , aged , and died , while still retaining a satirical political bent . Notably , the play depicts the core cast of characters - perpetually twenty-something undergraduates for the first twelve years of the strip 's run - graduating college . Trudeau took a nearly two-year sabbatical from writing the comic strip to develop the project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_One_and_Only_(musical)', 'summary': 'My One and Only is a musical with a book by Peter Stone and Timothy S. Mayer and music and lyrics by George and Ira Gershwin . The musical ran on Broadway and West End .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Babies_(musical)', 'summary': 'Sugar Babies is a musical revue conceived by Ralph G. Allen and Harry Rigby , with music by Jimmy McHugh , lyrics by Dorothy Fields and Al Dubin and various others . The show is a tribute to the old burlesque era . First produced in 1979 on Broadway and running nearly three years , the revue attracted warm notices and was given subsequent touring productions .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1986', 'summary': "The 28th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1986 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year , 1985 . Album of the Year went to Hugh Padgham and Phil Collins for No Jacket Required , and Song of the Year went to Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie for We Are the World . The night 's big winner was USA For Africa 's We Are The World , which won four awards , including Song of the Year . The latter was awarded to its songwriters , Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson . This was a sweet victory for both , as it marked the first time in their respective careers that they won the coveted Song of the Year category . For Richie , it was his sixth attempt in eight years . The other three awards for the charity single were not given to the performing artist ( as is usually the case ) , but to the song 's producer , Quincy Jones . These three Grammy 's brought his career total to 19 , just one shy of the ( then ) record holder in the popular genres , Henry Mancini . Another big winner was Phil Collins , whose No Jacket Required LP amassed three wins : Album of the Year , Producer of the Year and Best Pop Vocal ( Male ) . There were a number of remarkable wins in the classical field . The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra 's recording of Berlioz : Requiem won three awards , while a different recording by the same orchestra won the Best Orchestral Performance award ."}]}, {'value': 'John McClure ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McClure_(producer)', 'summary': 'John Taylor McClure ( June 28 , 1929 - June 17 , 2014 ) was an American recording engineer and record producer , who worked in the fields of classical music , jazz , and popular music .'}]}, {'value': 'West Side Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Side_Story', 'summary': "West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s , an ethnic , blue-collar neighborhood ( in the early 1960s , much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood 's character ) . The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks , two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds . The members of the Sharks , from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets , a white gang . The young protagonist , Tony , a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang 's leader , Riff , falls in love with Maria , the sister of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks . The dark theme , sophisticated music , extended dance scenes , and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre . Bernstein 's score for the musical includes Jet Song , Something 's Coming , Maria , Tonight , America , Cool , One Hand , One Heart , I Feel Pretty , Somewhere , Gee , Officer Krupke and A Boy Like That . The original 1957 Broadway production , conceived , directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim 's Broadway debut . It ran for 732 performances before going on tour . The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957 , but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs ."}]}, {'value': 'Big River : The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Leader of the Pack The Tap Dance Kid Very Warm for May', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_River_(musical)', 'summary': "Big River : The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a musical with a book by William Hauptman and music and lyrics by Roger Miller . Based on Mark Twain 's classic 1884 novel , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , it features music in the bluegrass and country styles in keeping with the setting of the novel . The 1985 Broadway production ran for more than 1,000 performances and it remained one of the few very successful American musicals in the mid-1980s among the emerging successes coming from Great Britain . Big River won 7 Tony Awards , including Best Musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leader_of_the_Pack_(musical)', 'summary': "Leader of the Pack is a 1984 American jukebox musical based on the life and music of singer/songwriter Ellie Greenwich . The musical tells the story of Greenwich 's career and personal life from the 1950s to the 1980s , using songs written or co-written by Greenwich , along with Jeff Barry , Phil Spector , George Shadow Morton , Jeff Kent , and Ellen Foley . The musical was based on an original concept by Melanie Mintz , and the book ( referred to as the liner notes ) was written by Anne Beatts , with additional material by Jack Heifner . The musical had a brief Off-Broadway run in 1984 , followed by a 120-performance Broadway run in 1985 . The Broadway production had a lengthy preview period , during which the musical was retooled and much of the spoken dialogue was cut , turning Leader of the Pack into more of a revue . In both productions , the young Ellie was played by Dinah Manoff , while Greenwich herself appeared as the older Ellie . Annie Golden and Darlene Love , both of them Greenwich 's real-life friends and collaborators , also appeared as themselves ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Tap_Dance_Kid', 'summary': "The Tap Dance Kid is a musical based on the novel Nobody 's Family is Going to Change by Louise Fitzhugh . It was written by Charles Blackwell with music by Henry Krieger and lyrics by Robert Lorick ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Very_Warm_for_May', 'summary': "Very Warm for May is a musical composed by Jerome Kern , with a libretto by Oscar Hammerstein II . It was the team 's final score for Broadway , following their hits Show Boat , Sweet Adeline , and Music in the Air . It marked a return to Broadway for Kern , who had spent several years in Hollywood writing music for movies , including Swing Time for Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers . Vincente Minnelli directed Very Warm for May , which opened at the Alvin Theatre on November 17 , 1939 . It contained such favorite songs as All the Things You Are , All in Fun , and In the Heart of the Dark . Gerald Bordman , author of the definitive Kern biography Jerome Kern : His Life and Music , hailed the score as one of Kern 's finest . Very Warm for May ran on Broadway for two months , with June Allyson , Eve Arden , and Vera-Ellen among the performers . It closed after 59 performances . It received mixed reviews , with the New York World-Telegram calling the show Gay and delightful and finding the songs to be the most charming that Kern and Hammerstein have ever written , while Brooks Atkinson , of the New York Times , yawned , Very Warm for May is not so hot for November , and Robert Benchley of The New Yorker praised the show as Lovely to the ear and complimentary to the intelligence.unlike most musicals , ( it ) actually gets better and funnier as it goes on . Part of the lukewarm response may have been due to a book that was changed at the last minute . Very Warm for May opened out of town with a plot that had Long Island society girl May Graham fleeing threatening gangsters and hiding out with an avant-garde summer stock troupe in Connecticut . Eve Arden portrayed a dizzy society matron ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1987', 'summary': "The 29th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1987 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Paul Simon won Album of the Year for Graceland , and Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager won Song of the Year for That 's What Friends Are For ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Z. Shepard ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Z._Shepard', 'summary': 'Thomas Z. Shepard ( born June 20 , 1936 ) is an American record producer who is best known for his recordings of Broadway musicals , including the works of Stephen Sondheim . Shepard is also a composer , conductor , music arranger and pianist . He has won twelve Grammy Awards and produced the original cast recordings of many of the Sondheim musicals , including Sweeney Todd , Company and Sunday in the Park with George , among others . He also produced the original cast recordings of 1776 , La Cage aux Folles and 42nd Street , among over a hundred others . He has produced hundreds of classical music and popular music recordings .'}]}, {'value': 'Follies in Concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Follies', 'summary': "Follies is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by James Goldman . The story concerns a reunion in a crumbling Broadway theatre , scheduled for demolition , of the past performers of the Weismann 's Follies , a musical revue ( based on the Ziegfeld Follies ) , that played in that theatre between the World Wars . It focuses on two couples , Buddy and Sally Durant Plummer and Benjamin and Phyllis Rogers Stone , who are attending the reunion . Sally and Phyllis were showgirls in the Follies . Both couples are deeply unhappy with their marriages . Buddy , a traveling salesman , is having an affair with a girl on the road ; Sally is still as much in love with Ben as she was years ago ; and Ben is so self-absorbed that Phyllis feels emotionally abandoned . Several of the former showgirls perform their old numbers , sometimes accompanied by the ghosts of their former selves . The musical numbers in the show have been interpreted as pastiches of the styles of the leading Broadway composers of the 1920s and '30s , and sometimes as parodies of specific songs . The Broadway production opened on April 4 , 1971 , directed by Harold Prince and Michael Bennett , and with choreography by Bennett . The musical was nominated for eleven Tony Awards and won seven . The original production , the second-most costly performed on Broadway to that date , ran for over 500 performances but ultimately lost its entire investment . The musical has had a number of major revivals , and several of its songs have become standards , including Broadway Baby , I 'm Still Here , Too Many Mornings , Could I Leave You ? , and Losing My Mind ."}]}, {'value': 'Me and My Girl The Mystery of Edwin Drood Song and Dance Sweet Charity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Me_and_My_Girl', 'summary': "Me and My Girl is a musical with music by Noel Gay and its original book and lyrics by Douglas Furber and L. Arthur Rose . The musical is set in the late 1930s and tells the story of an unapologetically unrefined cockney gentleman named Bill Snibson , who learns that he is the 14th heir to the Earl of Hareford . The action is set in Hampshire , Mayfair , and Lambeth . The musical had a successful original run in the West End in 1937 , and was turned into a film in 1939 , titled The Lambeth Walk , named after one of the show 's songs . The Lambeth Walk was also the subject of a news story in The Times of October 1938 : While dictators rage and statesmen talk , all Europe dances - to The Lambeth Walk . The show also included the song The Sun Has Got His Hat On . After returning to the West End briefly in 1952 , the musical 's book received a revision by Stephen Fry with Mike Ockrent in the 1980s . This revised version of Me and My Girl also included the song Leaning on a Lamp-post . The show was revised again and revived in the West End in 1984 , where it received two Laurence Olivier Awards and ran for eight years . The same production was revived on Broadway in 1986 for a three-year run . The show won three of 11 Tony Award nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drood', 'summary': "The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( or simply Drood ) is a musical based on the unfinished Charles Dickens novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood . It is written by Rupert Holmes , and was the first Broadway musical with multiple endings ( determined by audience vote ) . Holmes received Tony Awards for Best Book of a Musical and Best Original Score . The musical won five Tony Awards out of eleven nominations , including Best Musical and Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical . The musical debuted as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival in August 1985 , and , following revision , transferred to Broadway , where it ran until May 1987 . Two national tours and a production in London 's West End followed . The Roundabout Theatre Company revived the musical as The Mystery of Edwin Drood in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Song_and_Dance', 'summary': "Song and Dance is a musical comprising two acts , one told entirely in Song and one entirely in Dance , tied together by a unifying love story . The Song act is Tell Me on a Sunday , with lyrics by Don Black and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber , about a young British woman 's romantic misadventures in New York City and Hollywood . The Dance act is a ballet choreographed to Variations , composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber for his cellist brother Julian , which is based on the A Minor Caprice No . 24 by Paganini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Charity', 'summary': "Sweet Charity is a musical with music by Cy Coleman , lyrics by Dorothy Fields and book by Neil Simon . It was directed and choreographed for Broadway by Bob Fosse starring his wife and muse Gwen Verdon alongside John McMartin . It is based on the screenplay for the Italian film Nights of Cabiria . However , whereas Federico Fellini 's black-and-white film concerns the romantic ups-and-downs of an ever-hopeful prostitute , in the musical the central character is a dancer-for-hire at a Times Square dance hall . The musical premiered on Broadway in 1966 , where it was nominated for nine Tony Awards , winning the Tony Award for Best Choreography . The production also ran in the West End as well as having revivals and international productions . The musical was adapted for the screen in 1969 with Shirley MacLaine as Charity and John McMartin recreating his Broadway role as Oscar Lindquist . For Bob Fosse , who directed and choreographed , the film was his feature-film directorial debut ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1988', 'summary': 'The 30th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2 , 1988 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to U2 for The Joshua Tree , and Song of the Year went to Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil and James Horner for Somewhere Out There .'}]}, {'value': 'Claude-Michel Schönberg ( composer ) · lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer ; · produced by Alain Boublil & Claude-Michel Schönberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude-Michel_Schönberg', 'summary': 'Claude-Michel Schönberg ( born 6 July 1944 in Vannes ) is a French record producer , actor , singer , songwriter , and musical theatre composer , best known for his collaborations with lyricist Alain Boublil . Major works include La Révolution Française ( 1973 ) , Les Misérables ( 1980 ) , Miss Saigon ( 1989 ) , Martin Guerre ( 1996 ) , The Pirate Queen ( 2006 ) , and Marguerite ( 2008 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Kretzmer', 'summary': 'Herbert Kretzmer , OBE ( born 5 October 1925 ) is an English journalist and lyricist . He is best known as the lyricist for the English-language musical adaptation of Les Misérables as well as for his long-time collaboration writing the English-language lyrics to the songs of French songwriter Charles Aznavour .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alain_Boublil', 'summary': "Alain Boublil ( born 5 March 1941 ) is a French musical theatre lyricist and librettist , best known for his collaborations with the composer Claude-Michel Schönberg for musicals on Broadway and London 's West End . These include : La Révolution Française ( 1973 ) , Les Misérables ( 1980 ) , Miss Saigon ( 1989 ) , Martin Guerre ( 1996 ) , The Pirate Queen ( 2006 ) , and Marguerite ( 2008 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Misérables ( Original Broadway Cast Recording )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Misérables_(musical)', 'summary': "Les Misérables ( /leɪ ˌmɪzəˈrɑːb ( lə ) / ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ le mizeʁabl ( ə ) ] ) , colloquially known in English-speaking countries as Les Mis ( /leɪ ˈmɪz/ ) , is a sung-through musical ( or operetta ) adapted from French poet and novelist Victor Hugo 's 1862 novel of the same name by Claude-Michel Schönberg ( music ) , Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel ( original French lyrics ) , and Herbert Kretzmer ( English lyrics ) . The original French musical premiered in Paris in 1980 with direction by Robert Hossein . Its English-language adaptation by producer Cameron Mackintosh has been running in London since October 1985 , making it the longest-running musical in the West End and the second longest-running musical in the world after the original Off-Broadway run of The Fantasticks . Set in early 19th-century France , Les Misérables is the story of Jean Valjean , a French peasant , and his desire for redemption after serving nineteen years in jail for having stolen a loaf of bread for his sister 's starving child . Valjean decides to break his parole and start his life anew after a bishop inspires him by a tremendous act of mercy , but he is relentlessly tracked down by a police inspector named Javert . Along the way , Valjean and a slew of characters are swept into a revolutionary period in France , where a group of young idealists attempt to overthrow the government at a street barricade ."}]}, {'value': 'Me and My Girl My Fair Lady The Phantom of the Opera South Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Me_and_My_Girl', 'summary': "Me and My Girl is a musical with music by Noel Gay and its original book and lyrics by Douglas Furber and L. Arthur Rose . The musical is set in the late 1930s and tells the story of an unapologetically unrefined cockney gentleman named Bill Snibson , who learns that he is the 14th heir to the Earl of Hareford . The action is set in Hampshire , Mayfair , and Lambeth . The musical had a successful original run in the West End in 1937 , and was turned into a film in 1939 , titled The Lambeth Walk , named after one of the show 's songs . The Lambeth Walk was also the subject of a news story in The Times of October 1938 : While dictators rage and statesmen talk , all Europe dances - to The Lambeth Walk . The show also included the song The Sun Has Got His Hat On . After returning to the West End briefly in 1952 , the musical 's book received a revision by Stephen Fry with Mike Ockrent in the 1980s . This revised version of Me and My Girl also included the song Leaning on a Lamp-post . The show was revised again and revived in the West End in 1984 , where it received two Laurence Olivier Awards and ran for eight years . The same production was revived on Broadway in 1986 for a three-year run . The show won three of 11 Tony Award nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Fair_Lady', 'summary': "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion , with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe . The story concerns Eliza Doolittle , a Cockney flower girl who takes speech lessons from professor Henry Higgins , a phoneticist , so that she may pass as a lady . The original Broadway and London shows starred Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews . The musical 's 1956 Broadway production was a notable critical and popular success . It set a record for the longest run of any show on Broadway up to that time . It was followed by a hit London production , a popular film version , and many revivals . My Fair Lady has been called the perfect musical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1976_musical)', 'summary': "Phantom of the Opera is a 1976 musical with book and lyrics by Ken Hill . It is the first musical adaptation of the novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux , about the hideously disfigured Phantom 's amorous obsession with the magnificent , naïve singer , Christine . Hill wrote the original English lyrics to the music of Verdi , Gounod , Offenbach , Mozart , Weber , Donizetti , and Boito ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)', 'summary': "South Pacific is a musical composed by Richard Rodgers , with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Hammerstein and Joshua Logan . The work premiered in 1949 on Broadway and was an immediate hit , running for 1,925 performances . The plot is based on James A. Michener 's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 book Tales of the South Pacific and combines elements of several of those stories . Rodgers and Hammerstein believed they could write a musical based on Michener 's work that would be financially successful and , at the same time , send a strong progressive message on racism . The plot centers on an American nurse stationed on a South Pacific island during World War II , who falls in love with a middle-aged expatriate French plantation owner but struggles to accept his mixed-race children . A secondary romance , between a U.S. lieutenant and a young Tonkinese woman , explores his fears of the social consequences should he marry his Asian sweetheart . The issue of racial prejudice is candidly explored throughout the musical , most controversially in the lieutenant 's song , You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught . Supporting characters , including a comic petty officer and the Tonkinese girl 's mother , help to tie the stories together . Because he lacked military knowledge , Hammerstein had difficulty writing that part of the script ; the director of the original production , Logan , assisted him and received credit as co-writer of the book . The original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success , became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point ( behind Rodgers and Hammerstein 's earlier Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) ) , and has remained popular ever since . After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads , Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote several of the songs with the particular talents of their stars in mind ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1989', 'summary': "The 31st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 22 , 1989 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to George Michael for Faith , and Song of the Year went to Bobby McFerrin for Do n't Worry , Be Happy ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) · produced by Jay David Saks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim', 'summary': "Stephen Joshua Sondheim ( /ˈsɒndhaɪm/ ; born March 22 , 1930 ) is an American composer and lyricist known for his work in musical theater . One of the most important figures in 20th-century musical theater , Sondheim has been praised for [ reinventing ] the American musical with shows that tackle unexpected themes that range far beyond the [ genre 's ] traditional subjects with music and lyrics of unprecedented complexity and sophistication . His shows have been praised for addressing darker , more harrowing elements of the human experience , with songs often tinged with ambivalence about various aspects of life . His best-known works as composer and lyricist include A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) , Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) , A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) , Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , and Into the Woods ( 1987 ) . He is also known for writing the lyrics for West Side Story ( 1957 ) and Gypsy ( 1959 ) . He has received an Academy Award , eight Tony Awards ( more than any other composer , including a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ) , eight Grammy Awards , a Pulitzer Prize , a Laurence Olivier Award , and a 2015 Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2010 , the former Henry Miller 's Theater on Broadway was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre ; in 2019 , it was announced that the Queen 's Theatre in the West End of London would be renamed the Sondheim Theatre at the end of the year . Sondheim has written film music , contributing Goodbye for Now for Warren Beatty 's 1981 Reds . He wrote five songs for 1990 's Dick Tracy , including Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) , sung in the film by Madonna , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Film adaptations of Sondheim 's work include West Side Story ( 1961 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , and Into the Woods ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Into the Woods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_the_Woods', 'summary': "Into the Woods is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine . The musical intertwines the plots of several Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault fairy tales , exploring the consequences of the characters ' wishes and quests . The main characters are taken from Little Red Riding Hood , Jack and the Beanstalk , Rapunzel , and Cinderella , as well as several others . The musical is tied together by a story involving a childless baker and his wife and their quest to begin a family ( the original beginning of The Grimm Brothers ' Rapunzel ) , their interaction with a witch who has placed a curse on them , and their interaction with other storybook characters during their journey . The musical debuted in San Diego at the Old Globe Theatre in 1986 and premiered on Broadway on November 5 , 1987 , where it won several Tony Awards , including Best Score , Best Book , and Best Actress in a Musical ( Joanna Gleason ) , in a year dominated by The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) . The musical has since been produced many times , with a 1988 US national tour , a 1990 West End production , a 1997 tenth anniversary concert , a 2002 Broadway revival , a 2010 London revival , and in 2012 as part of New York City 's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series . A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014 . The film grossed over $ 213 million worldwide , and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations ."}]}, {'value': "Anything Goes Chess Of Thee I Sing / Let 'Em Eat Cake Show Boat", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anything_Goes', 'summary': "Anything Goes is a 1934 musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The original book was a collaborative effort by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse , heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London . Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt , who is engaged to Lord Evelyn Oakleigh . Nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy Number 13 , Moonface Martin , aid Billy in his quest to win Hope . The musical introduced such songs as Anything Goes , You 're the Top , and I Get a Kick Out of You . Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre ( now known as the Neil Simon Theatre ) on Broadway , the musical has been revived several times in the United States and Britain and has been filmed twice . The musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chess_(musical)', 'summary': "Chess is a musical with music by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of the pop group ABBA , lyrics by Ulvaeus and Tim Rice , and a book by Rice . The story involves a politically driven , Cold War-era chess tournament between two grandmasters , one American and the other Soviet Russian , and their fight over a woman who manages one and falls in love with the other . Although the protagonists were not intended to represent any real individuals , the character of the American grandmaster ( named Freddie Trumper in the stage version ) was loosely based on Bobby Fischer , while elements of the story may have been inspired by the chess careers of Russian grandmasters Viktor Korchnoi and Anatoly Karpov . Chess allegorically reflected the Cold War tensions present in the 1980s . The musical has been referred to as a metaphor for the whole Cold War , with the insinuation being made that the Cold War is itself a manipulative game . Released and staged at the height of the strong anti-communist agenda that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine , Chess addressed and satirized the hostility of the international political atmosphere of the 1980s . As with other productions such as Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita , a highly successful concept album was released prior to the first theatrical production in order to raise money . In the case of Chess , the concept album was released in the autumn of 1984 while the show opened in London 's West End in 1986 where it played for three years . A much-altered US version premiered on Broadway in 1988 with a book by Richard Nelson , but survived only for two months . Chess is frequently revised for new productions , many of which try to merge elements from both the British and American versions , but no major revival production of the musical had been attempted until a West End revival in 2018 . Chess placed seventh in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK 's Number One Essential Musicals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing', 'summary': 'Of Thee I Sing is a musical with a score by George Gershwin , lyrics by Ira Gershwin and a book by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind . The musical lampoons American politics ; the story concerns John P. Wintergreen , who runs for President of the United States on the love platform . When he falls in love with the sensible Mary Turner instead of Diana Devereaux , the beautiful pageant winner selected for him , he gets into political hot water . The original Broadway production , directed by Kaufman , opened in 1931 and ran for 441 performances , gaining critical and box office success . It has been revived twice on Broadway and in concert stagings in the U.S. and in London . In 1932 , Of Thee I Sing was the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Let_'Em_Eat_Cake", 'summary': "Let 'Em Eat Cake is a Broadway musical with music by George Gershwin , lyrics by Ira Gershwin , and book by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind . It is the sequel to the Pulitzer prize-winning Of Thee I Sing and had the same producer , writers , and stars . However , the tone of Let 'Em Eat Cake was much darker and the issues more complex : President Wintergreen is defeated for reelection , and he and his former Vice President , Alexander Throttlebottom , form an incipient Fascist movement to take over the government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Show_Boat', 'summary': "Show Boat is a musical in two acts , with music by Jerome Kern and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II , based on Edna Ferber 's best-selling novel of the same name . The musical follows the lives of the performers , stagehands and dock workers on the Cotton Blossom , a Mississippi River show boat , over 40 years from 1887 to 1927 . Its themes include racial prejudice and tragic , enduring love . The musical contributed such classic songs as Ol ' Man River , Make Believe , and Ca n't Help Lovin ' Dat Man . The musical was first produced in 1927 by Florenz Ziegfeld . The premiere of Show Boat on Broadway was an important event in the history of American musical theatre . It was a radical departure in musical storytelling , marrying spectacle with seriousness , compared with the trivial and unrealistic operettas , light musical comedies and Follies-type musical revues that defined Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century . According to The Complete Book of Light Opera :"}]}], 'section_title': 'Winner and nominees -- 1980s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Theater_Album_3', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album has been awarded since 1959. The award was given only to the album producer, and to the composer and lyricist who wrote at least 51% of the music which had not been recorded previously. Over the years, the qualifications for the individual nominees has fluctuated with principal artists, composers, and producers at one point being the sole eligible nominee, to the more recent standard which includes those whose contributions accounted for the majority of the album. As of 2012, the award description is as follows: Award to the principal vocalist(s) and the album producer(s) of 51% or more playing time of the album. The lyricist(s) and composer(s) of a new score are eligible for an Award if they have written and/or composed a new score which comprises 51% or more playing time of the album. Therefore, composers and lyricists are ineligible when recordings contain a majority of previously released material (revivals, collected works). Also, while they are not listed among the nominees, since 2001 the Recording Academy has awarded an official Grammy to the engineers/mixers of the winning Album. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, for music released in the previous year. As of 2008, the current eligibility year is defined by the Recording Academy as beginning October 1, and ending the following September 30. Awards are given in February following the eligibility period.'}	null	null	The 1988 work was based on a written work from what year ?	1862
05e3ec6f0def5ec0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaca_Geetmala', 'title': 'Binaca Geetmala', 'header': ['Year', 'Song', 'Film', 'Music Director', 'Lyricist', 'Singer ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ye Zindagi Usi ki Hai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anarkali ( film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anarkali_(1953_film)', 'summary': 'Anarkali is a 1953 Indian historical drama film , directed by Nandlal Jaswantlal , and written by Nasir Hussain and Hameed Butt , based on the historical legend of the Mughal emperor Jahangir ( Salim ) . As per the legend , Jahangir revolted against his father Akbar over his love for a common girl called Anarkali . It was the top grossing Hindi film in the year of its release - 1953 . Another film on the same theme was Mughal-e-Azam , released in 1960 , which turned out to be one of the biggest box office success in the history of Indian cinema and a major critical success as well .'}]}, {'value': 'C. Ramachandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._Ramachandra', 'summary': "Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar ( 12 January 1918 - 5 January 1982 ) was a renowned music composer in the movie industry of India . In the composer 's role , he mostly used the name C. Ramachandra , though he also used the names Annasaheb ( in the movies Bahadur Pratap , Matwale , and Madadgaar ) , Ram Chitalkar ( in the movies Sukhi Jeevan , Badla , Mr. Jhatpat , Bahadur , and Dosti ) , and Shyamoo ( in the movie Yeh hai duniya ) . Further , he often sang and acted in Marathi movies under the name R. N. Chitalkar . For his career as an occasional playback singer he used only his surname Chitalkar . Chitalkar sang some renowned and unforgettable duets with Lata such as Kitna haseen hai mausam in film Azad or Shola Jo bhadke in Albela ."}]}, {'value': 'Rajinder Krishan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajinder_Krishan', 'summary': 'Rajendra Krishan Duggal ( 6 June 1919 - 23 September 1987 ) also credited as Rajinder Krishan , was an Indian poet , lyricist and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar', 'summary': "Lata Mangeshkar ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ( born 28 September 1929 ) is an Indian playback singer and music director . She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India . She has recorded songs in over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages , though primarily in Marathi , Hindi , and Bengali . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed on her in 1989 by the Government of India . In 2001 , in recognition of her contributions to the nation , she was awarded the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour and is only the second vocalist , after M. S. Subbulakshmi , to receive this honour . France conferred on her its highest civilian award ( Officer of the Legion of Honour ) in 2007 . She is the recipient of three National Film Awards , 15 Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards , four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards , two Filmfare Special Awards , Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award and many more . In 1974 , she became the first Indian to perform in the Royal Albert Hall . She has four siblings - Meena Khadikar , Asha Bhosle , Usha Mangeshkar , and Hridaynath Mangeshkar - of whom she is the eldest ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jayen To Jayen Kahan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taxi Driver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(1954_film)', 'summary': "Taxi Driver is a 1954 Hindi movie produced by Navketan Films . The film was directed by Chetan Anand and stars his brother Dev Anand , Dev 's wife-to-be Kalpana Kartik and Johnny Walker . The film was written by Chetan himself , along with his wife Uma Anand and his other brother Vijay Anand . The film 's music director was S. D. Burman and the lyrics were written by Sahir Ludhianvi ."}]}, {'value': 'S.D . Burman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.D._Burman', 'summary': "Sachin Dev Burman ( 1 October 1906 - 31 October 1975 ) was an Indian music director and singer . A member of the Tripura royal family , he started his career with Bengali films in 1937 . Later he began composing for Hindi movies , and became one of the most successful and influential Bollywood film music composers . S D Burman composed music for over 100 movies , including Hindi and Bengali films . Apart from being a versatile composer , he also sang songs in light semi-classical and folk style of Bengal . His son Rahul Dev Burman was also a celebrated music composer for Bollywood films . S.D . Burman 's compositions have been sung by leading singers of the period including Lata Mangeshkar , Mohammed Rafi , Geeta Dutt , Manna Dey , Kishore Kumar , Hemant Kumar , Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum . Mukesh and Talat Mahmood have also sung songs composed by him . He has himself sung about 14 Hindi and 13 Bengali film songs ."}]}, {'value': 'Sahir Ludhianvi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahir_Ludhianvi', 'summary': "Abdul Hayee ( 8 March 1921 - 25 October 1980 ) , popularly known by his takhallus ( pen name ) Sahir Ludhianvi , was an Indian poet and film songs lyricist who wrote in the Hindi and Urdu languages . His work influenced Indian cinema , in particular Bollywood film . Sahir won a Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist for Taj Mahal ( 1963 ) . He won a second Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist for his work on Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) . He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1971 . On 8 March 2013 , the ninety-second anniversary of Sahir 's birth , a commemorative stamp was issued in his honour ."}]}, {'value': 'Talat Mahmood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talat_Mahmood', 'summary': "Talat Mahmood ( 24 February 1924 - 9 May 1998 ) was an Indian playback singer who is considered as one of the greatest male Indian non-classical and semi-classical singers . Although he tried his luck as a film actor , he did not succeed a great deal in acting . Talat received Padma Bhushan in 1992 , in recognition of his artistic contributions in the spheres of cinematic and ghazal music . he had a unique , elegant and profoundly artistic style of singing . Talat was a very gifted singer in every sense . He was particularly famous for singing soft and sombre semi-classical and non-classical ghazals , but the film songs sung by him are also considered critically flawless and outstanding . Although Talat 's typical genre was Ghazal , he was an astoundingly brilliant film singer who sung innumerable fantastic film songs . Romantic and tragic were the moods he liked most and it was he who helped a great deal in shaping the style and method of modern ghazal singing . He can be described as the real founder of modern semi-classical and non-classical ghazal . During the 1950s and 60s , Talat was the first choice of the high-brow literary and artistic community of Indian sub-continent , especially Urdu-speaking community . Even his cancelled songs were immensely popular among them . No other singer had such intellectually high-class and learned audience at the time with an exception of Manna Dey ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mera Joota Hai Japani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mera_Joota_Hai_Japani', 'summary': 'Mera Joota Hai Japani ( pronounced [ meːrɑː d͡ʒuːt̪ɑː hɛː d͡ʒɑːpɑːniː ] ; lit . My Shoes are Japanese ) is a Hindi song with music by Shankar Jaikishan and lyrics by Shailendra , written for the 1955 Bollywood film Shree 420 . It was performed by popular Bollywood star Raj Kapoor , though actually sung by playback singer Mukesh . In the song , the narrator asserts pride in being Indian , despite their clothes all being from other countries . The chorus runs :'}]}, {'value': 'Shri 420', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shri_420', 'summary': "Shree 420 ( Hindi : श्री ४२० ; translation : Sri 420 , also transliterated as Shri 420 ) is a 1955 Hindi film , directed and produced by Raj Kapoor , written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas , and starring Raj Kapoor and Nargis . The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code , which prescribes the punishment for the offence of cheating ; hence , Mr. 420 is a derogatory term for a cheat . The film centers on Raj , a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success . Kapoor 's character is influenced by Charlie Chaplin 's little tramp , much like Kapoor 's character in his 1951 Awaara . The music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan , and the lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri . Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955 , the highest grossing Indian film of all time at the time of its release and the song Mera Joota Hai Japani ( My Shoes are Japanese ) , sung by Mukesh , became popular and a patriotic symbol of the newly independent India ."}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shankar_Jaikishan', 'summary': 'Shankar Jaikishan ( also known as S-J ) , were a popular and successful Indian composer duo of the Hindi film industry , working together from 1949 to 1971 . They are considered to be among the best composers of the Hindi film industry . Later , Shankar continued to function as a Music Director alone , still giving music under the banner Shankar-Jaikishan , till 1987 . Shankar-Jaikishan , along with other artists , composed everlasting and immortal melodies in the 1950s , 1960s , and early 1960 . Their best work was noted for being raga-based and having both lilt and sonority .'}]}, {'value': 'Shailendra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shailendra_(lyricist)', 'summary': 'Shailendra ( 30 August 1923 - 14 December 1966 ) was a popular Indian Hindi lyricist . Noted for his association with the filmmaker Raj Kapoor and the composers Shankar-Jaikishan , he wrote lyrics for several successful Hindi film songs in the 1950s and the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Mukesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukesh_(singer)', 'summary': 'Mukesh Chand Mathur ( 22 July 1923 - 27 August 1976 ) , better known mononymously as Mukesh , was an Indian playback singer . Mukesh is considered to be one of the most popular and acclaimed playback singers of the Hindi film industry . Amongst the numerous nominations and awards he won , his song Kai Baar Yuhi Dekha Hai from the film Rajnigandha ( 1973 ) won him the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer . Mukesh was also popular as being the voice of actors Raj Kapoor , Manoj Kumar , Feroz Khan , Sunil Dutt and Dilip Kumar .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jeena Yaha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.I.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.I.D._(1956_film)', 'summary': "C.I.D . is a 1956 Indian crime thriller film directed by Raj Khosla and produced by Guru Dutt . It stars Dev Anand , Shakila , Johnny Walker , K. N. Singh and Waheeda Rehman . The film has Dev Anand playing a police inspector investigating a murder case . The music is by O. P. Nayyar and the lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Jan Nisar Akhtar . It was Waheeda Rehman 's screen debut , and future directors Pramod Chakravorty and Bhappi Sonie worked as assistant directors ."}]}, {'value': 'O. P. Nayyar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O._P._Nayyar', 'summary': "Omkar Prasad Nayyar ( 16 January 1926 - 28 January 2007 ) was an Indian film music composer , singer-songwriter , music producer , and musician . He is considered to be one of the most rhythmic and melodious music directors of the Hindi film industry . He won the 1958 Filmfare Award for Best Music Director ( for Naya Daur ) . Nayyar worked extensively with singers Geeta Dutt , Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi but not with leading Bollywood female singer Lata Mangeshkar . However , Mangeshkar 's song Saari Saari Raat Teri Yaad Satayein ( from the 1958 film Aji Bas Shukriya ) was used in the 1973 Hindi film Taxi Driver , for which Nayyar was music director . According to music and film expert Rajesh Subramanian , Aap Ke Haseen Rukh ( from Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi ) was planned with full orchestration but many of the musicians were late for the recording . After a disagreement with Mohammed Rafi , Nayyar began working with singer Mahendra Kapoor . Kapoor performed Nayyar 's song Badal Jaaye Agar Maali , Chaman Hotaa Nahi Khaali in Bahaaren Phir Bhi Aayengi . Based on a Bengali language work by Rabindranath Tagore , Nayyar composed Chal Akelaa , Chal Akelaa ( sung by Mukesh in 1969 film Sambandh ) . Nayyar co-produced songs with Shamshad Begum ( including Kajra Mohabbatwala ) , and after Madhubala 's 1969 death Vyjayanthimala , Mala Sinha , Padmini , Asha Parekh and Sharmila Tagore lip-synced several Nayyar-Bhosle songs . Nayyar and Bhosle parted ways in 1974 , and he then worked with Dilraj Kaur , Alka Yagnik , Krishna Kale , Vani Jayaram and Kavita Krishanmurthy . Majrooh Sultanpuri and Sahir Ludhianvi wrote the lyrics for some of Nayyar 's earlier songs , including Naya Daur ."}]}, {'value': 'Majrooh Sultanpuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majrooh_Sultanpuri', 'summary': "Asrar ul Hassan Khan ( 1 October 1919 − 24 May 2000 ) , better known as Majrooh Sultanpuri , was an Indian Urdu poet . He is known for his work as an Urdu poet , and as a lyricist and songwriter in the Bollywood film industry , where he wrote Hindi-Urdu lyrics for numerous Bollywood soundtracks . He was one of the dominating musical forces in Indian cinema in the 1950s and early 1960s and was an important figure in the Progressive Writers ' Movement . He is considered one of the finest avant-garde Urdu poets of 20th century literature . In his career spanning six decades , he worked with many music directors . He won the Filmfare Best Lyricist Award in 1965 for Chahunga Main Tujhe in the film Dosti , and the highest award in Indian cinema , the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetime achievement in 1993 . In the 1980s and 1990s , most of his work was with Anand-Milind , their most notable collaborations being Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak , Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka , Love , Kurbaan and Dahek . He also wrote timeless classics with Jatin-Lalit for films like Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander ( including the song Pehla Nasha ) and Yaara Dildara ( including the song Bin Tere Sanam ) , which are still heard to this day on the airwaves ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi , Geeta Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi', 'summary': "Mohammed Rafi ( 24 December 1924 - 31 July 1980 ) was an Indian playback singer . He is considered as one of the greatest and most influential singers of the Indian subcontinent . Rafi was notable for his voice , versatility and range ; his songs were varied from fast peppy numbers to patriotic songs , sad numbers to highly romantic songs , qawwalis to ghazals and bhajans to classical songs . He was known for his ability to mould his voice to the persona and style of an actor , lip-syncing the song on screen in the movie . He received six Filmfare Awards and one National Film Award . In 1967 , he was honoured with the Padma Shri award by the Government of India . In 2001 , Rafi was honoured with the Best Singer of the Millennium title by Hero Honda and Stardust magazine . In 2013 , Rafi was voted for the Greatest Voice in Hindi Cinema in the CNN-IBN 's poll . He has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in various regional Indian languages as well as foreign languages , though primarily in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi over which he had a strong command . He has recorded as many as 7405 songs in many languages . He has sung in many regional Indian languages including Konkani , Assamese , Bhojpuri , Odia , Punjabi , Bengali , Marathi , Sindhi , Kannada , Gujarati , Tamil , Telugu , Magahi , Maithili . Apart from Indian languages , he also sang songs in many foreign languages including English , Farsi , Arabic , Sinhala , Creole and Dutch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Geeta_Dutt', 'summary': 'Geeta Dutt ( born Geeta Ghosh Roy Chowdhuri ; 23 November 1930 - 20 July 1972 ) was a prominent Indian playback singer and a famous Hindi and Bengali classical artist , born in Faridpur before the Partition of India . She found particular prominence as a playback singer in Hindi cinema . She also sang many modern Bengali songs , both in the film and non-film genre .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zara Saamne Toh Aao Chhaliye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janam Janam Ke Phere', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. N. Tripathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S._N._Tripathi', 'summary': "S. N. Tripathi also known as Shri Nath Tripathi ( 14 March 1913 - 28 March 1988 ) was an Indian composer , whose active years were from the 1930s to the 1980s . Tripathi 's multi-faceted work range included being a composer , writer , actor , and director of films . His debut film as an independent composer was Chandan ( 1942 ) . He was the first composer to make use of the slogan Jai Hind ( Victory to India ) in a song in films , during the end of the British Raj . The song was Jai Hind , Jai Hind , Jai Hind , Yeh Hind Ki Kahaniyan from the film Mansarovar ( 1946 ) . He gained popularity as an actor when he started playing the role of Hanuman in mythological and religious films like Homi Wadia 's Hanuman Pataal Vijay ( 1951 ) . Tripathi turned to direction in 1957 starting with Rani Roopmati . Two of his films with Nirupa Roy and Bharat Bhushan , Rani Roopmati ( 1959 ) and Kavi Kalidas ( 1959 ) , are cited as having cinematic merit and unforgettable music . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Bharat Vyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharat_Vyas', 'summary': 'Bharat Vyas ( 1918-1983 ) was a noted Indian lyricist who wrote the songs for Hindi films in 1950s and 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi , Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solva Saal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solva_Saal', 'summary': "Solva Saal ( English : Sixteenth Year ) is a 1958 Hindi movie . Produced by Chandrakant C. Desai , the film is directed by Raj Khosla . The film stars Dev Anand and Waheeda Rehman . The film 's music is by Sachin Dev Burman and the lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri . This film also contains the song Hai Apna Dil To Awaara picturized on Dev Anand and Waheeda Rehman in the train , sung by Hemant Kumar , with mouth organ by Rahul Dev Burman . Director Raj Khosla makes a cameo appearance in the movie ."}]}, {'value': 'S. D. Burman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majrooh Sultanpuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hemant Kumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hemant_Kumar', 'summary': 'Hemanta Mukherjee also known as Hemant Kumar ( 16 June 1920 - 26 September 1989 ) ; was an Indian music director and singer who sang in Bengali , Hindi and other Indian languages . He was an artist of Rabindra Sangeet . He won two National awards for the category best male playback singer .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chalti_Ka_Naam_Gaadi', 'summary': 'Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi ( transl . That Which Moves Is Called a Car ) is a 1958 Indian comedy film . The film featured Kishore Kumar , his two brothers Anoop Kumar and Ashok Kumar , and Madhubala . Kishore Kumar sang many of the songs in the film , along with Asha Bhosle . The music was composed by S. D. Burman , and the lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri . The success of the film led the brothers to act in another comedy titled Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi ( That Which Grows Is a Beard ) to rhyme with the name of this film . The film was remade in Marathi in 2006 as Saade Maade Teen .'}]}, {'value': 'S. D. Burman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majrooh Sultanpuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kishore Kumar , Asha Bhosle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kishore_Kumar', 'summary': "Abhas Kumar Ganguly ( born 4 August 1929 - 13 October 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Kishore Kumar ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) was an Indian playback singer , actor , music director , lyricist , writer , director , producer and screenwriter . He is considered as one of the most popular singers of Indian film industry and from soft numbers to peppy tracks to romantic moods , Kumar sang in different genres but some of his rare compositions which were considered classics were lost in time . According to Ashok Kumar , Kumar 's success lies in the fact that his voice used to hit the microphone straight at its most sensitive point . Apart from Hindi , he sang in many Indian languages including Bengali , Marathi , Assamese , Gujarati , Kannada , Bhojpuri , Malayalam and Urdu . He has also sung in private albums in several languages especially in Bengali . He won 8 Filmfare Awards for Best Male Playback Singer and holds the record for winning the most Filmfare Awards in that category . He was awarded the Lata Mangeshkar Award by the Madhya Pradesh government in the year 1985-86 . In the year 1997 , the Madhya Pradesh Government initiated an award called the Kishore Kumar Award as a contribution to Hindi cinema . Recently , Kishore Kumar 's unreleased last song was sold for Rs 1560,000 ( 1.56 million ) at the Osian 's Cinefan Auction , New Delhi in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Asha_Bhosle', 'summary': "Asha Bhosle ( born 8 September 1933 ) is an Indian playback singer and an entrepreneur . She is best known for her playback singing in Hindi cinema , although she has a wider repertoire . Bhosle 's career started in 1943 and has spanned over six decades . She has done playback singing for over a thousand Bollywood movies . In addition , she has recorded several private albums and participated in numerous solo concerts in India and abroad . In 2006 , Asha Bhosle stated that she had sung over 12,000 songs , a figure repeated by several other sources . In 2011 , she was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history . The Government of India honoured her with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2000 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2008 . Bhosle is the sister of playback singer Lata Mangeshkar . Renowned for her soprano voice range and often credited for her versatility , Bhosle 's work includes film music , pop , ghazals , bhajans , traditional Indian classical music , folk songs , qawwalis , and Rabindra Sangeets . Apart from Hindi , she has sung in over 20 Indian and foreign languages . In 2013 , she made her debut as an actress in the film Mai , and received critical acclaim for her performance ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zindagi Bhar Nai Bhoolegi Wo Barsaat Ki Raat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barsaat Ki Raat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barsaat_Ki_Raat', 'summary': "Barsaat Ki Raat ( transl . A Rainy Night ) is a 1960 Bollywood film starring Bharat Bhushan , Madhubala , Shyama , Mumtaz Begum and K.N . Singh . It was directed by P. L. Santoshi . This film was released in black-and-white . It became particularly popular for its qawwali songs and was one of the biggest hits at the box office in 1960 . This was music director Roshan 's biggest musical success ; almost all the film songs became hits . Barsaat Ki Raat was also one of the last films to star celebrated actress Madhubala ."}]}, {'value': 'Roshan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roshan_(music_director)', 'summary': 'Roshan Lal Nagrath ( 14 July 1917 - 16 November 1967 ) , better known by his first name Roshan , was an Indian esraj player and music director . He was the father of the actor and film director Rakesh Roshan and music director Rajesh Roshan and paternal grandfather of Hrithik Roshan .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahir Ludhianvi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teri Pyaari Pyaari Surat Ko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sasural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sasural_(1961_film)', 'summary': 'Sasural ( lit . In-laws ) is a 1961 Hindi movie produced by L. V. Prasad and directed by T. Prakash Rao . The film stars Rajendra Kumar , B. Saroja Devi , Mehmood and Lalita Pawar . The music is by Shankar Jaikishan . It is a remake of the Telugu film Illarikam ( 1959 ) . The film became a box office success .'}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasrat Jaipuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hasrat_Jaipuri', 'summary': 'Hasrat Jaipuri , born Iqbal Ahmed ( 15 April 1922 - 17 September 1999 ) was an Indian poet , who wrote in the Hindi and Urdu languages . He was also a renowned film lyricist in Hindi films , where he won the Filmfare Awards for Best Lyricist twice .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junglee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junglee_(1961_film)', 'summary': 'Junglee ( English : Wild or Ill-Mannered ) is a 1961 Indian movie produced and directed by Subodh Mukherjee . The music is by Shankar Jaikishan and the lyrics by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri . The film stars Shammi Kapoor , Lalita Pawar , Shashikala , Anoop Kumar and Asit Sen. Saira Banu , in her debut film , earned a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress . The movie was a lighthearted musical . Box Office India calls the film a super-hit with a net earning of ₹ 1,75,00,000 . The song Chahe Koi Mujhe Junglee Kahe was choreographed by P.L . Raj . The film was remade into Telugu as Sarada Ramudu ( 1980 ) , starring N.T . Rama Rao and Jayasudha .'}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasrat Jaipuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jo Wada Kiya Woh Nibhana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taj Mahal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(1963_film)', 'summary': 'Taj Mahal is a 1963 film based on the historical legend of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan , who built the Taj Mahal in fond remembrance and as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal . Taj Mahal ( 1963 film ) was a commercial hit , but is remembered mostly for its Filmfare award-winning music .'}]}, {'value': 'Roshan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahir Ludhianvi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi , Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mere Man ki Ganga aur tere man ki Jamuna ka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangam_(1964_Hindi_film)', 'summary': "Sangam ( transl . Confluence ) is a 1964 Bollywood romance film , directed by Raj Kapoor , written by Inder Raj Anand , and produced by Kapoor with Mehboob Studio and Filmistan . The film stars Vyjayanthimala , Raj Kapoor and Rajendra Kumar in the lead roles , with Iftekhar , Raj Mehra , Nana Palsikar , Lalita Pawar , Achala Sachdev and Hari Shivdasani appearing in supporting roles . Sangam was Raj Kapoor 's first colour film , distinguished by its technicolor and epic length ( even by Bollywood standards ) . It became a hit in India and is considered a classic today . Overseas , the film released in the Soviet Union in 1964 and Turkey in 1968 , as well as Bulgaria , Greece and Hungary . Director Dasari Narayana Rao remade the film in Telugu and Kannada languages as Swapna ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shailendra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukesh , Vyjayanthimala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vyjayanthimala', 'summary': "Vyjayanthimala ( born 13 August 1936 ) is an Indian film actress , Bharathanatyam dancer , Carnatic singer , dance choreographer and parliamentarian . She was the highest paid actress of her time . Regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema , She made her debut in the Tamil language film Vaazhkai in 1949 and in the Telugu film Jeevitham in 1950 . She later became one of the most prominent actresses of South Indian cinema and in the golden era of Bollywood and was known as one of the iconic leading actresses of all time.Vyjayanthimala was one of the biggest Bollywood stars with a career lasting almost two decades . She was the first star to completely change the standard and style of dancing in Indian cinema . It was because of her that Indian film actresses later on were expected to know classical dance . She was the first South Indian actress to become a Bollywood star and paved a way for other south Indian actresses to foray into Bollywood . Vyjayanthimala is an accomplished dancer and was one of those who introduced semi-classical dance to Bollywood . Her subsequent dance numbers in her films had earned her the title of twinkle toes . Vyjayanthimala made her screen debut at the age of 13 through the Tamil film Vaazhkai ( 1949 ) and Telugu film Jeevitham in 1950 and acted in Bollywood movies Bahar and Ladki . Following the success of Nagin , Vyjayanthimala established herself as one of Bollywood 's leading actresses while making inroads in successful Tamil and Telugu films . After successfully establishing herself as a commercial actress , Vyjayanthimala appeared in Devdas , playing Chandramukhi , the hooker with a heart of gold , in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jis dil mein basa tha pyaar tera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saheli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalyanji Anandji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalyanji_Anandji', 'summary': 'Kalyanji-Anandji are an Indian composer duo from Gujarat : Kalyanji Virji Shah ( 30 June 1928 - 24 August 2000 ) and his brother Anandji Virji Shah ( born 2 March 1933 ) . The duo are known for their work on Hindi film soundtracks , with many evergreen songs being composed by them . Some of their best-known works are Don , Bairaag , Saraswatichandra , Qurbani , Muqaddar Ka Sikandar , Laawaris ( film ) , Tridev , Safar , etc . They won the 1975 Filmfare Award for Best Music Director for Kora Kagaz .'}]}, {'value': 'Indeevar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indeevar', 'summary': 'Shyamalal Babu Rai , known professionally as Indeevar , ( credited as Indiwar , Indeewar , Indivar , or Indiver ) ( 1 January 1924 - 27 February 1997 ) was one of the leading Hindi film lyricists in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Mukesh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baharon phool barsao mera mehboob aaya hai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suraj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suraj_(1966_film)', 'summary': "Suraj ( lit . Sun ) is a 1966 swashbuckler Ruritanian romance Hindi film produced by S. Krishnamurthy and T. Govindarajan and directed by T. Prakash Rao . The film stars Vyjayanthimala and Rajendra Kumar in the lead with Ajit , Mumtaz , Johnny Walker , Lalita Pawar , Neetu Singh , Gajanan Jagirdar , David Abraham Cheulkar , Agha , Mukri , Mallika and Niranjan Sharma in the supporting roles . The film 's music was composed by Shankar Jaikishan , with the lyrics penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri ."}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasrat Jaipuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Rafi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saawan ka mahina pawan kare sor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan_(1967_film)', 'summary': 'Milan is a 1967 Hindi film directed by Adurthi Subba Rao . It was a remake of his hit Telugu film Mooga Manasulu ( 1963 ) and was produced by L. V. Prasad . The film stars Sunil Dutt , Nutan , Jamuna ( reprising her role from the original Telugu version ) , Pran and Deven Varma . The award-winning and very popular music was given by Laxmikant Pyarelal . It is among the earliest films to deal with the theme of reincarnation .'}]}, {'value': 'Laxmikant-Pyarelal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laxmikant-Pyarelal', 'summary': 'Laxmikant-Pyarelal are a popular and successful Indian composer duo , consisting of Laxmikant Shantaram Kudalkar ( 1937-1998 ) and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma ( 1940- ) . They are considered among the most successful composers in Hindi film history and composed music for about 750 Hindi movies from 1963 to 1998 , working for almost all notable filmmakers , including Raj Kapoor , Dev Anand , B.R . Chopra , Shakti Samanta , Manmohan Desai , Yash Chopra , Boney Kapoor , J. Om Prakash , Raj Khosla , L V Prasad , Subhash Ghai , K Viswanath and Manoj Kumar .'}]}, {'value': 'Anand Bakshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anand_Bakshi', 'summary': 'Anand Bakshi ( 21 July 1930 - 30 March 2002 ) was a popular Indian poet and lyricist .'}]}, {'value': 'Mukesh , Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dil wil pyar vyar main kya jaanu re', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shagird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shagird', 'summary': 'Shagird ( Hindi : शागिर्द ; English : Disciple ) is a 1967 Indian Bollywood comedy film directed by Samir Gunguly . The film stars Joy Mukherjee and Saira Banu in lead roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Laxmikant-Pyarelal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majrooh Sultanpuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaise rahoon chup ki meine pee hi kya hai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inteqam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inteqam', 'summary': 'Inteqam ( English : Revenge ) is an Indian action revenge film directed by Rajkumar Kohli and released in 1988 . The movie stars Sunny Deol , Anil Kapoor , Meenakshi Sheshadri , Kimi Katkar and Kader Khan .'}]}, {'value': 'Laxmikant-Pyarelal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajendra Krishna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bindiya chamkegi choodi khankegi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Do Raaste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Do_Raaste', 'summary': 'Do Raaste ( translation : Two ways ) is a 1969 Indian Hindi film directed by Raj Khosla . It stars Rajesh Khanna as the dutiful son and Mumtaz as his love interest . Balraj Sahni and Kamini Kaushal play the eldest son and his wife . Prem Chopra plays the wayward son with Bindu as his wife who creates disputes . The story was based on the trials and tribulations of a lower-middle-class family . It placed emphasis on respect for elders , the paramount status of the mother , the sanctity of the joint family and the supremacy of relations that are stronger than ties of blood . The film became a blockbuster at the box office . This film is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971 , by adding the two-hero films Marayada and Andaz to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laxmikant-Pyarelal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anand Bakshi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lata Mangeshkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zindagi ek safar hai suhana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zindagi_ek_safar_hai_suhana', 'summary': 'Zindagi Ek Safar Hai ( translation : Life is a wonderful journey ) is a song from the Hindi film Andaz , composed by the duo of Shankar Jaikishan , written by Hasrat Jaipuri and sung by Kishore Kumar . The song topped the annual list of Binaca Geetmala for 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andaz_(1971_film)', 'summary': "Andaz ( English : Style ) is a 1971 Indian Bollywood romantic drama film , directed by Ramesh Sippy , and written by Salim-Javed , Gulzar and Sachin Bhowmick . It stars Shammi Kapoor , Hema Malini , Rajesh Khanna and Simi Garewal . The film was a considerable success and was important in the career of Malini as an actress . The film features Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana , one of the best known Bollywood yodels which also featured on the soundtrack of Mira Nair 's Mississippi Masala . The song fetched singer Kishore Kumar a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer . When this film released , films of Shammi Kapoor were not doing well at the box office . The 10-minute cameo of Rajesh Khanna is credited for turning Andaz ( 1971 ) into a hit film . This film is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films of Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971 , by adding the two-hero films Marayada and Andaz to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971 . Further , this film is the first of the successful script writing that Salim-Javed started ."}]}, {'value': 'Shankar Jaikishan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasrat Jaipuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kishore Kumar , Asha Bhosle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dum Maro Dum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dum_Maro_Dum_(song)', 'summary': 'Dum Maro Dum ( Hindi : दम मारो दम , Puff , take a puff ! ) is an Indian Hindi song from the 1971 Bollywood film Hare Rama Hare Krishna . It was sung by Asha Bhosle and chorus . The song was picturized on Zeenat Aman . It was written by Anand Bakshi and composed by Rahul Dev Burman . It has been remixed and sampled by many other artists . The song was a hit in the 1970s , and gained cult status in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Hare Raama Hare Krishna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hare_Raama_Hare_Krishna', 'summary': "Haré Rama Haré Krishna is a 1971 Indian film directed by Dev Anand starring himself , Mumtaz and Zeenat Aman . The film was a hit and a star-making vehicle for Zeenat Aman , who played a westernized hippie , and won the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award , as well as the BFJA Award for Best Actress . The movie dealt with the decadence of the Hippie culture . It aimed to have an anti-drug message and also depicts some problems associated with Westernization such as divorce . The story for Haré Rama Haré Krishna actually came to Dev Anand 's mind when he saw hippies and their fallen values in Kathmandu , Nepal where he was on a visit after protests against his previous film Prem Pujari in Calcutta . He was low in spirits because his film had been opposed and some communists had burnt Prem Pujari 's posters ."}]}, {'value': 'R. D. Burman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._D._Burman', 'summary': 'Rahul Dev Burman ( 27 June 1939 - 4 January 1994 ) was an Indian music director . From the 1960s to the 1990s , Burman composed musical scores for 331 films . Burman did major work with Asha Bhosle ( his wife ) and Kishore Kumar and scored many of the songs that made these singers famous . He has also scored many songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar . Nicknamed Pancham , he was the only son of the composer Sachin Dev Burman . He was mainly active in the Hindi film industry as a composer , and also provided vocals for a few compositions . He served as an influence to the next generation of Indian music directors , and his songs continue to be popular in India and overseas .'}]}, {'value': 'Anand Bakshi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asha Bhosle , Usha Iyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usha_Iyer', 'summary': 'Usha Uthup ( 7 November 1947 ) is an Indian pop , filmi , jazz , and playback singer who sang songs in the late 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . Darling , which she recorded with Rekha Bhardwaj for the film 7 Khoon Maaf , won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer in 2012 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Lists of top songs per year', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Binaca_Geetmala_annual_list_1975_0', 'intro': 'Binaca Geetmala was a weekly countdown show of top filmi songs from Hindi cinema. It was popular and had millions of listeners. Binaca Geetmala was broadcast on Radio Ceylon from 1952 to 1988 and then shifted to the Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio network in 1989 where it ran until 1994. It was the first radio countdown show of Indian film songs, and has been quoted as being the most popular radio program in India during its run. Its name reflects its sponsorship by Binaca. Binaca Geetmala, and its subsequent incarnations named after Cibaca - Cibaca Sangeetmala, Cibaca Geetmala, and Colgate Cibaca Sangeetmala - ran from 1954 to 1994 on Radio Ceylon and then on Vividh Bharati. They also broadcast annual year-end lists from 1954 to 1993.'}	null	null	Dil wil pyar vyar main kya jaanu re appeared in a movie where what person was the director ?	Samir Gunguly
05e74777a55ccd3c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup_champions', 'title': 'List of FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1996-97 ¹', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1996-97 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 16th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Kiruna , Sweden , on 23 November 1996 and finished in Holmenkollen , Oslo , Norway , on 15 March 1997 . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won the overall men 's cup , and Yelena Välbe of Russia won the women 's . Both skiers won their fifth overall World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Mika Myllylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Myllylä', 'summary': 'Mika Kristian Myllylä ( 12 September 1969 - 5 July 2011 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed from 1992 to 2005 . He won six medals at the Winter Olympics , earning one gold ( 1998 : 30 km ) , one silver ( 1994 : 50 km ) , and four bronzes ( 1994 : 30 km , 4 × 10 km ; 1998 : 10 km , 4 × 10 km ) . Myllylä also won a total of nine medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning four golds ( 1997 : 50 km , 1999 : 10 km , 30 km , 50 km ) , three silvers ( 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit : 1997 , 1999 ; 4 × 10 km relay : 1997 ) , and two bronzes ( 10 km : 1995 , 1997 ) . He was on his way to become one of the greatest stars in cross-country skiing history , until he was caught doping in the Finnish 2001 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships scandal for taking hydroxyethyl starch ( HES ) , a blood plasma expander usually used to cover up the use of erythropoietin ( EPO ) in athletes . The scandal also affected five other Finnish skiers , including Jari Isometsä and Harri Kirvesniemi . Myllylä received a two-year suspension from the FIS as a result . In connection with a 2011 court case , Myllylä gave a sworn statement where he admitted using EPO in the 1990s , during his career . After the suspension Myllylä tried to return to skiing , but failed to come back to the international level despite winning a few Finnish championships . Myllylä retired from the skiing sports in 2005 . In the following years he was involved in alcohol-related problems which were extensively covered in Finnish tabloid papers . On 5 July 2011 , Myllylä was found dead at his home in Kokkola . According to the police investigation , his death was an accident and both suicide and foul play could be ruled out .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Smirnov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)', 'summary': 'Vladimir Mikhaylovich Smirnov ( Russian : Влади́мир Миха́йлович Смирно́в ; born 7 March 1964 ) is a Kazakhstani former cross-country skier who raced from the 1982 until 1991 for the USSR and , later , for Kazakhstan . He is the first Olympic champion from independent Kazakhstan and the most decorated Olympian in history of Kazakhstan . He is also a vice president of the International Biathlon Union . Smirnov is a former member of International Olympic Committee .'}]}, {'value': '1997-98 ¹', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1997-98 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 17th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Beitostølen , Norway , on 22 November 1997 and finished at Holmenkollen , Oslo , Norway , on 14 March 1998 . Thomas Alsgaard of Norway won the overall men 's cup , and Larisa Lazutina of Russia won the women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Alsgaard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Alsgaard', 'summary': "Thomas Alsgaard ( born 10 January 1972 ) is a Norwegian former professional cross-country skier . Alsgaard is regarded by many as the best performer of the freestyle technique ( skating ) in cross-country skiing and many of today 's best skiers have studied his technique . In total , Alsgaard won 15 medals in the Winter Olympics and FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , making him one of the most successful skiers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Mika Myllylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Myllylä', 'summary': 'Mika Kristian Myllylä ( 12 September 1969 - 5 July 2011 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed from 1992 to 2005 . He won six medals at the Winter Olympics , earning one gold ( 1998 : 30 km ) , one silver ( 1994 : 50 km ) , and four bronzes ( 1994 : 30 km , 4 × 10 km ; 1998 : 10 km , 4 × 10 km ) . Myllylä also won a total of nine medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning four golds ( 1997 : 50 km , 1999 : 10 km , 30 km , 50 km ) , three silvers ( 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit : 1997 , 1999 ; 4 × 10 km relay : 1997 ) , and two bronzes ( 10 km : 1995 , 1997 ) . He was on his way to become one of the greatest stars in cross-country skiing history , until he was caught doping in the Finnish 2001 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships scandal for taking hydroxyethyl starch ( HES ) , a blood plasma expander usually used to cover up the use of erythropoietin ( EPO ) in athletes . The scandal also affected five other Finnish skiers , including Jari Isometsä and Harri Kirvesniemi . Myllylä received a two-year suspension from the FIS as a result . In connection with a 2011 court case , Myllylä gave a sworn statement where he admitted using EPO in the 1990s , during his career . After the suspension Myllylä tried to return to skiing , but failed to come back to the international level despite winning a few Finnish championships . Myllylä retired from the skiing sports in 2005 . In the following years he was involved in alcohol-related problems which were extensively covered in Finnish tabloid papers . On 5 July 2011 , Myllylä was found dead at his home in Kokkola . According to the police investigation , his death was an accident and both suicide and foul play could be ruled out .'}]}, {'value': '1998-99 ¹', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1998-99 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 18th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Muonio , Finland on 28 November 1998 and finished at Holmenkollen , Oslo , Norway on 20 March 1999 . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won the overall men 's cup . Bente Martinsen of Norway won the women 's cup on more victories than Stefania Belmondo of Italy after both finished the season achieving 768 points . The 1998-99 season was the last season the results from World Championships counted in the overall World Cup standings ."}]}, {'value': 'Mikhail Botwinov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikhail_Botwinov', 'summary': 'Mikhail Viktorovich Botvinov ( Russian : Михаил Викторович Ботвинов ) ; born 17 November 1967 in Lidinka , Soviet Union ) is a Russian-born Austrian cross-country skier who competed from 1990 to 2007 for both Russia ( until 1996 ) and Austria ( since 1997 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjørn Dæhlie ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjørn_Dæhlie', 'summary': "Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie ( born 19 June 1967 ) is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier . In the years from 1992 to 1999 , Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times , finishing second in 1994 and 1998 . Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships in the period between 1991 and 1999 , making Dæhlie the most successful male cross-country skier in history . During his career , Dæhlie measured a VO2 max of 96 ml/kg/min . Dæhlie 's result was achieved out of season , and physiologist Erlend Hem who was responsible for the testing stated that he would not discount the possibility of the skier passing 100 ml/kg/min at his absolute peak . [ citation needed ] In addition to being an athletic figurehead , Dæhlie is a cultural icon in Norway . Since retiring , Dæhlie has become a successful businessman in real estate and fashion . His real estate investments have produced a fortune of more than half a billion kroner . Dæhlie has been featured in advertising campaigns , he started a brand of signature ski apparel , and he co-hosted a television show called Gutta på tur . Dæhlie also invented the Salomon Nordic System Pilot Bindings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Mika Myllylä ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Myllylä', 'summary': 'Mika Kristian Myllylä ( 12 September 1969 - 5 July 2011 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier who competed from 1992 to 2005 . He won six medals at the Winter Olympics , earning one gold ( 1998 : 30 km ) , one silver ( 1994 : 50 km ) , and four bronzes ( 1994 : 30 km , 4 × 10 km ; 1998 : 10 km , 4 × 10 km ) . Myllylä also won a total of nine medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning four golds ( 1997 : 50 km , 1999 : 10 km , 30 km , 50 km ) , three silvers ( 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit : 1997 , 1999 ; 4 × 10 km relay : 1997 ) , and two bronzes ( 10 km : 1995 , 1997 ) . He was on his way to become one of the greatest stars in cross-country skiing history , until he was caught doping in the Finnish 2001 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships scandal for taking hydroxyethyl starch ( HES ) , a blood plasma expander usually used to cover up the use of erythropoietin ( EPO ) in athletes . The scandal also affected five other Finnish skiers , including Jari Isometsä and Harri Kirvesniemi . Myllylä received a two-year suspension from the FIS as a result . In connection with a 2011 court case , Myllylä gave a sworn statement where he admitted using EPO in the 1990s , during his career . After the suspension Myllylä tried to return to skiing , but failed to come back to the international level despite winning a few Finnish championships . Myllylä retired from the skiing sports in 2005 . In the following years he was involved in alcohol-related problems which were extensively covered in Finnish tabloid papers . On 5 July 2011 , Myllylä was found dead at his home in Kokkola . According to the police investigation , his death was an accident and both suicide and foul play could be ruled out .'}]}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–2000_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 1999-2000 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 19th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 27 November 1999 in Kiruna , Sweden and finished on 19 March 2000 in Bormio , Italy . Johann Mühlegg of Spain won the men 's cup , and Bente Skari of Norway won the women 's . The 1999-2000 World Cup season is the only season where a Middle Distance Cup has been arranged ."}]}, {'value': 'not arranged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2000-01 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 20th official World Cup in cross-country skiing . It started in Beitostølen , Norway on 25 November 2000 and finished in Kuopio , Finland on 25 March 2001 . Per Elofsson of Sweden won the overall men 's cup , and Yuliya Chepalova of Russia won the women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'not arranged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001–02_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2001-02 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 21st official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Kuopio , Finland on 24 November 2001 and finished in Lillehammer , Norway on 23 March 2002 . Per Elofsson of Sweden won the overall men 's cup , and Bente Skari of Norway won the women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'not arranged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2002-03 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 22nd official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Düsseldorf , Germany , on 26 October on 2002 and was concluded in Falun , Sweden , on 23 March 2003 . Mathias Fredriksson of Sweden won the overall men 's cup , and Bente Skari of Norway won the women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'not arranged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2003-04 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 23rd official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Düsseldorf , Germany on 25 October 2003 and finished in Pragelato , Italy on 14 March 2004 . Rene Sommerfeldt of Germany won the overall men 's cup , and Gabriella Paruzzi of Italy won the women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'René Sommerfeldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/René_Sommerfeldt', 'summary': "René Sommerfeldt ( born 2 October 1974 in Zittau ) is a German cross-country skier who competed from 1994 to 2010 . He won two medals in the 4 × 10 km relays at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 2006 and a bronze in 2002 . Sommerfeldt 's best individual Olympic finish was 12th in the 15 km event in 2006 . Sommerfeldt also has three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , earning two silvers ( 50 km : 2001 , 4 × 10 km relay : 2003 ) and one bronze ( 4 × 10 km relay : 2001 ) . He also won the 50 km event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival in 2004 , becoming the second German to win this prestigious honor ( the first was Gerhard Grimmer in 1970/71 ) . Sommerfeldt will become a coach in cross-country skiing for the German team ."}]}, {'value': 'Mathias Fredriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Fredriksson', 'summary': "Mathias Fredriksson ( born 11 February 1973 in Uddevalla , Västra Götaland County ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who has competed since 1993 . He earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Fredriksson 's best Olympic finish was at these same Olympics with a tenth in the 50 km event . Fredriksson has won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships ; two silvers ( 15 km and 4 × 10 km : both 2001 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 10 km relay : 2003 , 2007 ) . He has 34 victories on the national , FIS , and World Cup levels at various distances since 1993 . He won the World Cup in the 2002-03 season . Fredriksson has a brother , Thobias Fredriksson , at the same professional level . He is married to Emma Helena Nilsson . In October 2008 he was sentenced to sixteen days in prison for breaking the speed limit at Dovrefjell in June the same year . Fredriksson retired at the end of the 2012 season . His last competition was the Åre Cross Country Open on 14 April 2012 . In November 2013 he joined Sveriges Television as an expert commentator and studio analyst , covering the FIS Cross-Country World Cup and World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Frode Estil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frode_Estil', 'summary': 'Frode Estil ( born 31 May 1972 in Lierne , Nord-Trøndelag ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier . He lives in Meråker with his wife Grete whom he married in the summer of 2001 . They have two sons , Bernhard , born in August 2002 , and Konrad . Estil was classical specialist and also a specialist at succeeding in World Championships and Olympics . While Estil only won four World Cup races , he won one individual Olympic Gold and one individual World Championship gold . In addition , he won three team events in the World Championships and another team gold in the Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004–05_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2004-05 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 24th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Düsseldorf , Germany on 23 October 2004 and was concluded in Falun , Sweden on 20 March 2005 . The overall winners were Marit Bjørgen and Axel Teichmann .'}]}, {'value': 'Axel Teichmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axel_Teichmann', 'summary': 'Axel Teichmann ( born 14 July 1979 in Ebersdorf , today Saalburg-Ebersdorf , Thuringia ) is a retired German cross-country skier .'}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Vittoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Vittoz', 'summary': "Vincent Vittoz ( born 17 July 1975 in Annecy , Haute-Savoie ) is a French former cross-country skier , non-commissioned officer and coach . He grew up in the town of La Clusaz in the Northern French Alps and has been competing since 1982 . He made his FIS Cross-Country World Cup debut in January 1996 in Nové Město na Moravě , finishing 22nd in a 15 km classical race . He won a gold medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf . As of 2018 Vittoz is the only French cross-country skiing world champion . Vittoz 's best overall team finish at the Winter Olympics was a fourth place in the 4 × 10 km relay events in Turin in the 2006 and in Vancouver in 2010 . His best individual finish in Turin was sixth in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit in . He finished fifth in the 15 km free event in Vancouver . He competed in four Olympic Games in total , in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 . Vittoz won seven World Cup individual events and one World Cup team event . He was ranked second in the overall classification of the 2005 World Cup . Vittoz served as an ambassador for Annecy 's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Tobias Angerer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Angerer', 'summary': 'Tobias Angerer ( born 12 April 1977 in Traunstein , Bavaria ) is a German cross-country skier , and skies with the SC Vachendorf club . He graduated from the Skigymnasium Berchtesgaden in 1996 . His occupation is Sports Soldier . Angerer has been competing since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2005-06 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 25th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began in Düsseldorf on 22 October 2005 and was concluded in Sapporo on 19 March 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tobias Angerer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Angerer', 'summary': 'Tobias Angerer ( born 12 April 1977 in Traunstein , Bavaria ) is a German cross-country skier , and skies with the SC Vachendorf club . He graduated from the Skigymnasium Berchtesgaden in 1996 . His occupation is Sports Soldier . Angerer has been competing since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Vittoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Vittoz', 'summary': "Vincent Vittoz ( born 17 July 1975 in Annecy , Haute-Savoie ) is a French former cross-country skier , non-commissioned officer and coach . He grew up in the town of La Clusaz in the Northern French Alps and has been competing since 1982 . He made his FIS Cross-Country World Cup debut in January 1996 in Nové Město na Moravě , finishing 22nd in a 15 km classical race . He won a gold medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf . As of 2018 Vittoz is the only French cross-country skiing world champion . Vittoz 's best overall team finish at the Winter Olympics was a fourth place in the 4 × 10 km relay events in Turin in the 2006 and in Vancouver in 2010 . His best individual finish in Turin was sixth in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit in . He finished fifth in the 15 km free event in Vancouver . He competed in four Olympic Games in total , in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 . Vittoz won seven World Cup individual events and one World Cup team event . He was ranked second in the overall classification of the 2005 World Cup . Vittoz served as an ambassador for Annecy 's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Anders Södergren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anders_Södergren', 'summary': 'Hans Anders Södergren ( born 17 May 1977 in Söderhamn , Hälsingland ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 1999 . He earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and also finished 5th in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit event at those same Olympics . In the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver he won a gold medal with the Swedish team in the 4 × 10 km relay . Södergren won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two silvers ( 15 km + 15 km double pursuit : 2009 , 50 km : 2003 ) and two bronzes in the 4 × 10 km relay ( 2003 , 2007 ) . He has eight FIS Race victories and is a ten-time national champion at distances between 15 km and 50 km as of the 2005-06 season . Södergren won the 50 km event at both the 2006 and the 2008 Holmenkollen ski festival , making him the only skier to have won an international 50 km elite race with individual start in free technique since 2004 . Södergren has a twin brother , Per , who was forced to abandon his cross-country skiing career following a back injury . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–07_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2006-07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi race tournament over a season for cross-country skiers . It was the 26th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 28 October 2006 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf which was eventually won by Marit Bjørgen of Norway . This season , Tour de Ski was a part of the World Cup for the first time . The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping , snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others .'}]}, {'value': 'Tobias Angerer ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Angerer', 'summary': 'Tobias Angerer ( born 12 April 1977 in Traunstein , Bavaria ) is a German cross-country skier , and skies with the SC Vachendorf club . He graduated from the Skigymnasium Berchtesgaden in 1996 . His occupation is Sports Soldier . Angerer has been competing since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Vittoz ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Vittoz', 'summary': "Vincent Vittoz ( born 17 July 1975 in Annecy , Haute-Savoie ) is a French former cross-country skier , non-commissioned officer and coach . He grew up in the town of La Clusaz in the Northern French Alps and has been competing since 1982 . He made his FIS Cross-Country World Cup debut in January 1996 in Nové Město na Moravě , finishing 22nd in a 15 km classical race . He won a gold medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf . As of 2018 Vittoz is the only French cross-country skiing world champion . Vittoz 's best overall team finish at the Winter Olympics was a fourth place in the 4 × 10 km relay events in Turin in the 2006 and in Vancouver in 2010 . His best individual finish in Turin was sixth in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit in . He finished fifth in the 15 km free event in Vancouver . He competed in four Olympic Games in total , in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 . Vittoz won seven World Cup individual events and one World Cup team event . He was ranked second in the overall classification of the 2005 World Cup . Vittoz served as an ambassador for Annecy 's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odd-Bjørn_Hjelmeset', 'summary': "Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset ( born December 6 , 1971 in Nordfjordeid ) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1993 to 2011 . A classical technique specialist , Hjelmeset 's biggest success is the gold medal in the 50 km event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he won eight medals ( all in the classical style ) . This includes five gold medals ( 50 km : 2007 , 4 × 10 km relay : 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and three bronze medals ( 1999 : 10 km , 2001 : 15 km , and 2005 : 50 km ) . Hjelmeset has also competed on the national level in athletics , and won the bronze medal at the Norwegian championships in the 3000 metre steeplechase in 1996 and 1999 . The 2007 season was Hjelmeset 's best . He won two gold medals at the World Championships in Sapporo , then a World Cup race in Lahti , before winning the 50 km individual start in Holmenkollen where he had won the sprint event in 2000 . Hjelmeset was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 2007 ( Shared with Frode Estil , King Harald V , and Queen Sonja ) . He retired after he failed to qualify for the 2011 Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo . He last World Cup race was the 50 kilometre at the 2012 Holmenkollen Ski Festival , where he finished 52nd ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2007-08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 27th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 27 October 2007 with 800m sprint races for women in Düsseldorf , won by Natalia Matveeva of Russia , who took her first World Cup victory . Finnish skier Virpi Kuitunen won the overall women 's cup for the 2nd consecutive season and Lukáš Bauer of Czech Republic won the overall men 's cup . The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping , snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others ."}]}, {'value': 'Lukáš Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lukáš_Bauer', 'summary': 'Lukáš Bauer ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlukaːʃ ˈbauɛr ] ; born 18 August 1977 ) is a Czech cross-country skier who has competed since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Piller_Cottrer', 'summary': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer ( born 20 December 1974 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who won gold medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was born at Sappada , province of Belluno .'}]}, {'value': 'René Sommerfeldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/René_Sommerfeldt', 'summary': "René Sommerfeldt ( born 2 October 1974 in Zittau ) is a German cross-country skier who competed from 1994 to 2010 . He won two medals in the 4 × 10 km relays at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 2006 and a bronze in 2002 . Sommerfeldt 's best individual Olympic finish was 12th in the 15 km event in 2006 . Sommerfeldt also has three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , earning two silvers ( 50 km : 2001 , 4 × 10 km relay : 2003 ) and one bronze ( 4 × 10 km relay : 2001 ) . He also won the 50 km event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival in 2004 , becoming the second German to win this prestigious honor ( the first was Gerhard Grimmer in 1970/71 ) . Sommerfeldt will become a coach in cross-country skiing for the German team ."}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2008-09 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 28th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 22 November 2008 with 15 km freestyle races for women in Gällivare , won by Charlotte Kalla of Sweden . The World Cup is organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping , snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Piller_Cottrer', 'summary': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer ( born 20 December 1974 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who won gold medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was born at Sappada , province of Belluno .'}]}, {'value': 'Dario Cologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Cologna', 'summary': 'Dario Cologna ( born 11 March 1986 ) is a Swiss cross-country skier . He has four overall World Cup victories , four Olympic gold medals , one World Championships gold medal and four Tour de Ski victories in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 29th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season started 21 November 2009 in Beitostølen , Norway and ended on 21 March 2010 in Falun , Sweden . The World Cup was organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping , snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others . A new website was created by the FIS for Cross-country skiing fan that was released the week of 16 November 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': 'Lukáš Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lukáš_Bauer', 'summary': 'Lukáš Bauer ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlukaːʃ ˈbauɛr ] ; born 18 August 1977 ) is a Czech cross-country skier who has competed since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Hellner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Hellner', 'summary': 'Carl Marcus Joakim Hellner ( born 25 November 1985 ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed between 2003 and 2018 . He retired at the end of the 2017-18 FIS World Cup season .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 30th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 20 November 2010 in Gällivare , Sweden and ended on 20 March 2011 in Falun , Sweden . The World Cup was organised by the FIS who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping , snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others .'}]}, {'value': 'Dario Cologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Cologna', 'summary': 'Dario Cologna ( born 11 March 1986 ) is a Swiss cross-country skier . He has four overall World Cup victories , four Olympic gold medals , one World Championships gold medal and four Tour de Ski victories in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Richardsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Richardsson', 'summary': 'Jan Olof Daniel Rickardsson ( born 15 March 1982 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lukáš Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lukáš_Bauer', 'summary': 'Lukáš Bauer ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlukaːʃ ˈbauɛr ] ; born 18 August 1977 ) is a Czech cross-country skier who has competed since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "2011-12 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 31st official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 19 November 2011 and ended on 18 March 2012 . This season 's biggest event was the Tour de Ski , as there were no World Championships or Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dario Cologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Cologna', 'summary': 'Dario Cologna ( born 11 March 1986 ) is a Swiss cross-country skier . He has four overall World Cup victories , four Olympic gold medals , one World Championships gold medal and four Tour de Ski victories in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Devon Kershaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devon_Kershaw', 'summary': "Devon Kershaw ( born December 20 , 1982 ) is a Canadian retired cross country skier who competed from 2005 to 2018 . Growing up in Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , he split his time between several sports before choosing to focus on his cross-country ski career . His career highlights include placing second overall in the World Cup standing in 2011/2012 and claiming the World Champion title in 2011 at the World Ski Championships in Oslo , Norway in the men 's team sprint with teammate Alex Harvey ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Legkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Legkov', 'summary': 'Alexander Gennadiyevich Legkov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Геннáдьевич Легков ; born 7 May 1983 ) is a retired Russian cross-country skier who competed internationally between 2002 and 2017 . He has five individual World Cup victories including one Tour de Ski title , as well as gold and silver medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "2012-13 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . It was the 32nd official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season started on 24 November 2012 in Gällivare , Sweden and ended on 24 March 2013 in Falun , Sweden . This season 's biggest event was the Tour de Ski and the 2013 World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Legkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Legkov', 'summary': 'Alexander Gennadiyevich Legkov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Геннáдьевич Легков ; born 7 May 1983 ) is a retired Russian cross-country skier who competed internationally between 2002 and 2017 . He has five individual World Cup victories including one Tour de Ski title , as well as gold and silver medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Dario Cologna ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Cologna', 'summary': 'Dario Cologna ( born 11 March 1986 ) is a Swiss cross-country skier . He has four overall World Cup victories , four Olympic gold medals , one World Championships gold medal and four Tour de Ski victories in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Petter Northug ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "2013-14 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over the season for cross-country skiers . This was the 33rd official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season began on 29 November 2013 in Kuusamo , Finland and ended on 16 March 2014 in Falun , Sweden . This season 's biggest event was 2014 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Johnsrud_Sundby', 'summary': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2003 . He is the silver medalist of the 2010 Winter Olympics in the team relay and the bronze medalist of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 30 km skiathlon . In 2014 , he became the first Norwegian to win the Tour de Ski .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Legkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Legkov', 'summary': 'Alexander Gennadiyevich Legkov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Геннáдьевич Легков ; born 7 May 1983 ) is a retired Russian cross-country skier who competed internationally between 2002 and 2017 . He has five individual World Cup victories including one Tour de Ski title , as well as gold and silver medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Richardsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Richardsson', 'summary': 'Jan Olof Daniel Rickardsson ( born 15 March 1982 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': "The 2014-15 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 34th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season started on 29 November 2014 in Ruka , Finland and ended on 15 March 2015 in Oslo , Norway . The season 's biggest event is FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dario Cologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Cologna', 'summary': 'Dario Cologna ( born 11 March 1986 ) is a Swiss cross-country skier . He has four overall World Cup victories , four Olympic gold medals , one World Championships gold medal and four Tour de Ski victories in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Johnsrud_Sundby', 'summary': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2003 . He is the silver medalist of the 2010 Winter Olympics in the team relay and the bronze medalist of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 30 km skiathlon . In 2014 , he became the first Norwegian to win the Tour de Ski .'}]}, {'value': 'Evgeniy Belov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evgeniy_Belov', 'summary': 'Evgeniy Nikolayevich Belov ( Russian : Евгений Николаевич Белов ) ( born August 7 , 1990 ) is a cross-country skier from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 35th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies . The season started on 27 November 2015 in Kuusamo , Finland , and ended on 12 March 2016 in Canmore , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Johnsrud_Sundby', 'summary': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2003 . He is the silver medalist of the 2010 Winter Olympics in the team relay and the bronze medalist of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 30 km skiathlon . In 2014 , he became the first Norwegian to win the Tour de Ski .'}]}, {'value': 'Maurice Manificat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Manificat', 'summary': 'Maurice Manificat ( born 4 April 1986 ) is a French cross-country skier who has competed since 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Niklas Dyrhaug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niklas_Dyrhaug', 'summary': 'Niklas Dyrhaug ( born 6 July 1987 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier . He competed in the World Cup 2015 season . He represented Norway at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 in Falun winning a gold medal in the 4 × 10 km relay . He also represented Norway at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2017 in Lahti winning a bronze medal in the 15 km classical race .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Distance', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup_champions_2', 'intro': 'The tables below list the FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions. The medalists are the three contestants with the highest total scores at the end of the cross-country skiing World Cup season. The list extends from 1973-74 onwards for overall men, 1978-79 onwards for overall women, 1996-97 onwards for sprint and distance (both genders), as well as Nations Cup winners beginning for 1981-82.'}	null	null	What nationality was the champion of the FIS Cross-Country World Cup where the runner-up was a Norwegian businessman and the third-place finisher was the most decorated Olympian in Kazakhstan history ?	Finnish
05e7793fb58021e1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:FR', 'title': 'ISO 3166-2:FR', 'header': ['Code', 'Subdivision name', 'Subdivision category'], 'data': [{'value': 'FR-CP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clipperton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clipperton_Island', 'summary': 'Clipperton Island ( French : Île de Clipperton or Île de la Passion ; Spanish : Isla de la Pasión ) is an uninhabited 6 km2 ( 2.3 sq mi ) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America . It is 10,677 km ( 6,634 mi ) from Paris , France , 5,400 km ( 3,400 mi ) from Papeete , Tahiti , and 1,080 km ( 670 mi ) from Mexico . It is an overseas minor territory of France , under direct authority of the Minister of Overseas France .'}]}, {'value': 'dependency', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-GF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyane ( française )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Guiana', 'summary': "French Guiana ( /ɡiˈɑːnə/ or /ɡiˈænə/ ; French : Guyane [ ɡɥijan ] ) is an overseas department and region of the French Republic on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas . It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west . French Guiana is the only territory of the mainland Americas to have full integration in a European country . With a land area of 83,534 km2 ( 32,253 sq mi ) , French Guiana is the second-largest region of France ( it is more than one-seventh the size of Metropolitan France ) and the largest outermost region within the European Union . It has a very low population density , with only 3.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 9.3/sq mi ) . ( Its population is less than 1/200 the population of Metropolitan France . ) Half of its 296,711 inhabitants in 2019 lived in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . 98.9% of the land territory of French Guiana is covered by forests , a large part of which is primeval rainforest . The Guiana Amazonian Park , which is the largest national park in the European Union , covers 41% of French Guiana 's territory . Since December 2015 both the region and the department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-MQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martinique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martinique', 'summary': "Martinique ( /ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK , French : [ maʁtinik ] ( listen ) ; Martinican Creole : Matnik or Matinik ) is an insular region of France located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea , with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres ( 436 sq mi ) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016 . Like Guadeloupe , it is an overseas region ( région d'outre-mer ) of France , consisting of a single overseas department . One of the Windward Islands , it is directly north of Saint Lucia , northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica . As one of the eighteen regions of France , Martinique is part of the European Union , and its currency is the euro . Virtually the entire population speaks both French , the official language , and Antillean Creole ( Créole Martiniquais ) ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-NC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nouvelle-Calédonie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Caledonia', 'summary': 'New Caledonia ( /ˌkælɪˈdoʊniə/ ; French : Nouvelle-Calédonie ) [ nb 1 ] is a special collectivity of France , currently governed under the Nouméa Accord , located in the southwest Pacific Ocean , to the south of Vanuatu , about 1,210 km ( 750 mi ) east of Australia and 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) from Metropolitan France . The archipelago , part of the Melanesia subregion , includes the main island of Grande Terre , the Loyalty Islands , the Chesterfield Islands , the Belep archipelago , the Isle of Pines , and a few remote islets . The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea . French people , and especially locals , refer to Grande Terre as Le Caillou ( the pebble ) . New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 km2 ( 7,172 sq mi ) divided into three provinces . The North and South Provinces are located on the New Caledonian mainland , while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of islands off the mainland . Its population of 271,407 ( October 2019 census ) consists of a mix of the original inhabitants , Kanak people , who are the majority in the North Province and the Loyalty Islands Province and people of European descent ( Caldoches and Metropolitan French ) , Polynesian people ( mostly Wallisians ) , and Southeast Asian people , as well as a few people of Pied-Noir and North African descent who are the majority in the South Province . The capital of the territory is Nouméa .'}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polynésie française', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Polynesia', 'summary': "French Polynesia ( /ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɪˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) ; French : Polynésie française [ pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz ] ; Tahitian : Pōrīnetia Farāni ) is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic and its sole overseas country . It is composed of 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over an expanse of more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) in the South Pacific Ocean . Its total land area is 4,167 square kilometres ( 1,609 sq mi ) . French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands : the Society Islands archipelago , composed of the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands ; the Tuamotu Archipelago ; the Gambier Islands ; the Marquesas Islands ; and the Austral Islands . Among its 118 islands and atolls , 67 are inhabited . Tahiti , which is located within the Society Islands , is the most populous island , having close to 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017 [ update ] . Papeete , located on Tahiti , is the capital . Although not an integral part of its territory , Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007 . Following the Great Polynesian Migration , European explorers visited the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions . Traders and whaling ships also visited . In 1842 , the French took over the islands and established a French protectorate they called Établissements français d'Océanie ( EFO ) ( French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania ) . In 1946 , the EFO became an overseas territory under the constitution of the French Fourth Republic , and Polynesians were granted the right to vote through citizenship ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-BL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Barthélemy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Barthélemy', 'summary': "Saint Barthélemy ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sɛ̃baʁtelemi ] ) , officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy ( French : Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy ) , is an overseas collectivity of France in the Caribbean . Often abbreviated to St-Barth in French , and St. Barths or St. Barts in English , the island lies about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) south-east of the Dutch-country Sint Maarten and north-east of the Dutch islands of Saba , Sint Eustatius , and the independent country of Saint Kitts and Nevis . Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of France . In 2003 the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity ( collectivité d'outre-mer , abbreviated to COM ) of France . The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that comprise the French West Indies , along with Saint Martin , Guadeloupe ( 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southeast ) , and Martinique . Saint Barthélemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres ( 9.7 sq mi ) and a population of about 10,000 . Its capital is Gustavia , which also contains the main harbour . It is the only Caribbean island that was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time ; before the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Guadeloupe came under Swedish rule for nearly a century . Symbolism from the Swedish national arms , the Three Crowns , still appears in the island 's coat of arms . The language , cuisine , and culture , however , are distinctly French . The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , geared towards the high-end , luxury tourist market ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin', 'summary': 'The Collectivity of Saint Martin ( French : Collectivité de Saint-Martin ) , commonly known as simply Saint Martin ( Saint-Martin ) , is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean . With a population of 36,286 as of January 2011 ( with more recent estimates putting the population at 32,300 ) on an area of 53.2 square kilometres ( 20.5 sq mi ) , it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin , and some neighbouring islets , the largest of which is Île Tintamarre . The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten , which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 . This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands . Before 2007 , the French region of Saint Martin formed a part of the French overseas région and département of Guadeloupe . Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel . Its capital is Marigot .'}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-PM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon', 'summary': "Saint Pierre and Miquelon , officially the Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( French : Collectivité d'outre-mer de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon , IPA : [ sɛ̃.pjɛʁ.e.mi.klɔ̃ ] ) , is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France , situated in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is the only part of New France that remains under French control , with an area of 242 square kilometres ( 93 sq mi ) and a population of 6,008 at the March 2016 census . The islands are situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the entrance of Fortune Bay , which extends into the southwestern coast of Newfoundland , near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . They are 3,819 kilometres ( 2,373 mi ) from Brest , the nearest point in Metropolitan France , and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-TF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terres australes françaises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands', 'summary': "The French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( French : Terres australes et antarctiques françaises , TAAF ) is an overseas territory ( French : Territoire d'outre-mer or TOM ) of France . It consists of :"}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FR-WF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wallis-et-Futuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna', 'summary': "Wallis and Futuna , officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands ( /ˈwɒlɪs . fuːˈtuːnə/ ; French : Wallis-et-Futuna [ walis.e.futuna ] or Territoire des îles Wallis-et-Futuna , Fakauvea and Fakafutuna : 'Uvea mo Futuna ) , is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest , Fiji to the southwest , Tonga to the southeast , Samoa to the east , and Tokelau to the northeast . Its land area is 142.42 km2 ( 54.99 sq mi ) with a population of 11,558 at the 2018 census ( down from 14,944 at the 2003 census ) . Matā'Utu is the capital and biggest city . The territory is made up of three main volcanic tropical islands along with a number of tiny islets , and is split into two island groups that lie about 260 km ( 160 mi ) apart , namely the Wallis Islands ( 'Uvea ) in the northeast , and the Hoorn Islands ( also known as the Futuna Islands ) in the southwest , including Futuna Island proper and the mostly uninhabited Alofi Island . Since 2003 , Wallis and Futuna has been a French overseas collectivity ( collectivité d'outre-mer , or COM ) . Between 1961 and 2003 , it had the status of a French overseas territory ( territoire d'outre-mer , or TOM ) , though its official name did not change when the status changed ."}]}, {'value': 'overseas territorial collectivity', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current codes -- Dependency and overseas territorial collectivities', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'ISO_3166-2:FR_3', 'intro': 'ISO 3166-2:FR is the entry for France in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for France, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for the following subdivisions:'}	null	null	What is the code of the subdivision that is an uninhabited 6 km2 ( 2.3 sq mi ) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America ?	FR-CP
05e80921ed83657e	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_St_John's_College,_Oxford", 'title': "List of alumni of St John's College, Oxford", 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rushanara Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushanara_Ali', 'summary': 'Rushanara Ali MP ( Bengali : রুশনারা আলী , Sylheti : ꠞꠥꠡꠘꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠟꠤ ; born 14 March 1975 ) is a British Labour Party politician and Associate Director of the Young Foundation , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bethnal Green and Bow since 2010 . Previously Shadow Minister for International Development , in the 2013 Labour reshuffle , Ali joined the Shadow Education team . She resigned from the Labour frontbench to abstain on a House of Commons motion permitting military action in Iraq in September 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour MP for Bethnal Green and Bow ( 2010- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bethnal Green and Bow is a constituency [ n 1 ] in Greater London . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Bayntun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Bayntun_(died_1679)', 'summary': "Sir Edward Bayntun ( 2 December 1618 - 26 July 1679 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1640 and 1679 . Bayntun was the son of Sir Edward Bayntun of Bromham , Wiltshire and his wife Elizabeth Maynard , daughter of Sir Henry Maynard of Eaton , Essex . He matriculated at St John 's College , Oxford on 15 January 1636 , aged 17 . He was a student of Lincoln 's Inn in 1638 . In April 1640 , Bayntun was elected Member of Parliament for Devizes in the Short Parliament . He was re-elected MP for Devizes for the Long Parliament in November 1640 and sat until he was excluded under Pride 's Purge in 1648 . In 1654 he was re-elected MP for Devizes in the First Protectorate Parliament . He was elected MP for Calne in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament and in 1660 for the Convention Parliament . After the Restoration , Bayntun was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath in 1661 and had a command in the Scots army . He was High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1664 . In 1675 he was elected MP for Devizes again and sat until his death in 1679 . Bayntun died at the age of 60 ."}]}, {'value': '1636', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MP for Devizes and Calne at various points between 1640-1679', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devizes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': "Devizes /dɪvaɪzɪz/ is a constituency in Wiltshire , England , which is represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament and includes four towns and many villages in the middle and east of the county . [ n 1 ] The area 's representative has been a Conservative since 1924 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calne_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Calne was a parliamentary borough in Wiltshire , which elected two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1832 , and then one member from 1832 until 1885 , when the borough was abolished .'}]}, {'value': 'Tony Blair ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Blair', 'summary': "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair ( born 6 May 1953 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007 . After his resignation , he was appointed Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East , an office which he held until 2015 . He currently runs the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change . Born in Edinburgh , Blair 's father was a barrister and academic . After attending the private Fettes College , he studied law at St John 's College , Oxford and became a barrister . He became involved in Labour politics and was elected Member of Parliament for Sedgefield in 1983 . He supported moving the party to the centre of British politics in an attempt to help it win power ( it had been out of government since 1979 ) . He was appointed to the party 's frontbench in 1988 and became Shadow Home Secretary in 1992 . He became Leader of the Opposition on his election as Labour Party leader in 1994 , following the sudden death of his predecessor , John Smith . Under Blair , the party used the phrase New Labour to distance itself from previous Labour politics and the traditional idea of socialism . He declared support for the Third Way - politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent , advocating social justice , cohesion , the equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Despite opposition from Labour 's hard left , he removed the party 's formal commitment to the nationalisation of the economy , weakened trade union influence in the party , and committed to the free market and the European Union ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Jurisprudence ( 2nd , 1975 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( 1997-2007 ) ; Labour MP for Sedgefield ( 1983-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Kingdom ( informally abbreviated to PM ) , until 1801 known as the prime minister of Great Britain , is the head of government of the United Kingdom . The prime minister directs both the executive and the legislature , and together with their Cabinet is accountable to the monarch , to Parliament , to their party , and ultimately to the electorate , for the government 's policies and actions . The office of Prime Minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long-established convention , whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688-1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s , the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the lower house , making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sedgefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': "Sedgefield is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament [ n 2 ] Sedgefield was continuously represented by Labour MPs from 1935 until 2019 . From 1983 to 2007 , the constituency was represented by Tony Blair , who became Leader of the Labour Party in 1994 , and Prime Minister in 1997 . Blair resigned as Prime Minister , Leader of the Labour Party , and as the MP for Sedgefield in 2007 , triggering a by-election which was retained for the Labour Party by Phil Wilson . In the 2019 general election , the Conservatives took the seat from Labour , ending Labour 's continuous hold on the seat since 1935 . Paul Howell became the new MP with a majority of 4,513 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aidan Burley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aidan_Burley', 'summary': 'Aidan Burley ( born 22 January 1979 ) is a British politician . He was Conservative Member of Parliament for Cannock Chase , elected in 2010 on a large vote swing away from the Labour Party candidate . Burley stepped down in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Theology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP for Cannock Chase ( 2010-2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannock_Chase_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cannock Chase is a parliamentary constituency in Staffordshire which has been served by Amanda Milling of the Conservative Party since 2015 . [ n 1 ] . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Alistair Burt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alistair_Burt', 'summary': 'Alistair James Hendrie Burt ( born 25 May 1955 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North East Bedfordshire from 2001 until 2019 . He was previously MP for his native Bury North in Greater Manchester from 1983 until 1997 . Burt was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State then Minister of State at the Department of Social Security from 1992 to 1997 , and Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 2010 to 2013 . Burt was also Minister of State at the Department of Health from May 2015 to July 2016 . First elected as a Conservative , Burt had the Conservative whip removed on 3 September 2019 . On 29 October he was one of ten Conservative MPs to have the whip restored . However he has announced that he will not stand for the Conservative Party in the next general election in spite of this .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Jurisprudence ( 1977 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP for Bury North ( 1983-1997 ) and North East Bedfordshire ( 2001-2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bury_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bury North is a borough constituency in Greater Manchester , created in 1983 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . With a majority of 105 votes for the Conservative James Daly , it is the most marginal constituency in Great Britain as of the 2019 General Election .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_East_Bedfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'North East Bedfordshire is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2001 to 2019 by Alistair Burt , elected as a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Alan Duncan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Duncan', 'summary': "Sir Alan James Carter Duncan KCMG ( born 31 March 1957 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rutland and Melton and was the Minister of State for Europe and the Americas until his resignation on 22 July 2019 . He began his career in the oil industry with Royal Dutch Shell , and was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1992 general election . After gaining several minor positions in the government of John Major , he played a key role in William Hague 's successful bid for the Conservative leadership in 1997 . Duncan received several promotions to the Conservative front bench , and eventually joined the Shadow Cabinet after the 2005 general election . He stood for the Conservative leadership in 2005 , but withdrew early on because of a lack of support . Eventual winner David Cameron appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry in December 2005 ; the name of the department he shadowed was changed to Department for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in July 2007 . Following the 2010 general election , the new Conservative Prime Minister Cameron appointed Duncan as Minister of State for International Development . He left this post following the government reshuffle in July 2014 , and was subsequently appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in September 2014 , for services to international development and to UK-Middle East relations . While on the backbenches , Duncan served on the Intelligence and Security Committee between 2015 and 2016 . After two years out of government , he returned to frontline politics when new Prime Minister Theresa May appointed him as Minister for Europe and the Americas , and effective deputy to then-Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson , in July 2016 . Duncan resigned as Minister of State on 22 July 2019 citing the increasing possibility of Johnson being the UK 's next Prime Minister ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE ( 1979 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP for Rutland and Melton ( 1992-2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland_and_Melton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Rutland and Melton is a county constituency spanning Leicestershire and Rutland , represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first-past-the-post system of election . The constituency was first contested in 1983 . It has been considered a safe Conservative seat since its creation , continuing to elect a Conservative with a significant margin even with the 1997 national swing towards the Labour Party . Sir Alan Duncan did not stand for re-election in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Angela Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Eagle', 'summary': "Angela Eagle ( born 17 February 1961 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Wallasey since the 1992 general election . Eagle was born in Yorkshire and studied PPE at the University of Oxford , before working for the CBI and then a trade union . Eagle served as the Minister of State for Pensions and Ageing Society from June 2009 until May 2010 . Eagle was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in October 2010 and was appointed by Ed Miliband to be Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury . In October 2011 , she was appointed Shadow Leader of the House of Commons when Miliband reshuffled his Shadow Cabinet . She was appointed as both Shadow First Secretary of State and Shadow Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills in September 2015 in Jeremy Corbyn 's first Shadow Cabinet . She resigned from the Shadow Cabinet in June 2016 . Eagle announced a leadership challenge to Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn on 11 July 2016 , but eight days later she withdrew leaving Owen Smith to challenge Corbyn for the leadership . Eagle is the twin sister of fellow Labour MP Maria Eagle ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour MP for Wallasey ( 1992- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallasey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Wallasey is a constituency [ n 1 ] created in 1918 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1992 by Angela Eagle , a member of the Labour Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'John Grogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Grogan_(UK_politician)', 'summary': 'John Timothy Grogan ( born 24 February 1961 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019 . He is currently chair of the Mongolian-British Chamber of Commerce ( MBCC ) .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA History and Economics ( 1982 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour MP for Selby ( 1997-2010 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Selby was a parliamentary constituency in North Yorkshire , represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . The constituency existed from 1983 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'David Heath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Heath_(politician)', 'summary': 'David William St John Heath CBE PC ( born 16 March 1954 ) is a British optometrist and Liberal Democrat politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Somerton and Frome and was the Minister of State for Agriculture and Food . In October 2013 after being removed from his ministerial post in a reshuffle , he announced his intention to step down at the next UK General Election .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MA Physiological Sciences', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal Democrat MP for Somerton and Frome ( 1997-2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerton_and_Frome_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Somerton and Frome is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by David Warburton of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'John Howell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Howell_(politician)', 'summary': 'John Michael Howell OBE FSA FRGS MP ( born 27 July 1955 ) is a British Conservative politician . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Henley , having won the seat in the 2008 Henley by-election .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DPhil Archaeology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP for Henley ( 2008- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Henley is a constituency [ n 1 ] in Oxfordshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2008 by John Howell , a member of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Gregg McClymont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_McClymont', 'summary': 'Gregg McClymont ( born 3 June 1976 ) is a retirement expert , historian and former politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Cumbernauld , Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East from 2010 until 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DPhil History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour MP for Cumbernauld , Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East ( 2010-2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbernauld,_Kilsyth_and_Kirkintilloch_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cumbernauld , Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was created for the 2005 general election , replacing Cumbernauld and Kilsyth and part of Strathkelvin and Bearsden . The constituency covers the north of the North Lanarkshire council area , and small eastern and northern part of the East Dunbartonshire council area . It is currently represented by Stuart McDonald of the Scottish National Party , who overturned a Labour majority of nearly 14,000 to take 59.9% of the vote in the May 2015 general election . With 38 letters ( plus one comma and four spaces ) , Cumbernauld , Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East has the longest constituency name in the current Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Smith_(politician)', 'summary': 'Andrew David Smith ( born 1 February 1951 ) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Oxford East from 1987 until 2017 . He served in the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1999 to 2002 and then as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2002 to 2004 . Smith retired from the House of Commons at the 2017 general election .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE , BPhil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Labour MP for Oxford East ( 1987-2017 ) ; Chief Secretary to the Treasury ( 1999-2002 ) ; Secretary of State for Work and Pensions ( 2002-2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Oxford East is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Anneliese Dodds of the Labour Party . [ n 2 ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury', 'summary': 'The Chief Secretary to the Treasury is the third most senior ministerial position in HM Treasury , after the First Lord of the Treasury and the Chancellor of the Exchequer . It was created in 1961 , to share the burden of representing the Treasury with the Chancellor of the Exchequer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , or informally Work and Pensions Secretary is a post in the British Cabinet , responsible for the Department for Work and Pensions . It was created on 8 June 2001 by the merger of the Employment division of the Department for Education and Employment and the Department of Social Security . The Ministry of Pensions was created in 1916 to handle the payment of war pensions to former members of the Armed Forces and their dependants . In 1944 a separate Ministry of National Insurance ( titled the Ministry of Social Insurance until 17 November 1944 ) was formed ; the two merged in 1953 as the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance . In 1966 the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of Social Security , but this was short-lived , as the Ministry merged with the Ministry of Health in 1968 to form the Department of Health and Social Security . Confusingly , the Secretary of State responsible for this Department was titled the Secretary of State for Social Services . The Department was de-merged in 1988 , creating the separate Department of Health and Department of Social Security ."}]}, {'value': 'David Tredinnick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Tredinnick_(politician)', 'summary': 'David Arthur Stephen Tredinnick ( born 19 January 1950 ) is a British Conservative Member of Parliament who represented Bosworth in Leicestershire from 1987 to 2019 . He is an advocate of alternative medicine , and has been chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Integrated Healthcare ( previously Integrated and Complementary Healthcare ) since 2002 . In February 2019 he announced that he would stand down from parliament at the next election .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MLitt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP for Bosworth ( 1987-2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bosworth /bɒzwərθ/ is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented since 2019 by Luke Evans , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}]}], 'section_title': 'Politicians in the United Kingdom', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_alumni_of_St_John's_College,_Oxford_0", 'intro': "A list of alumni of St John's College, Oxford, former students of the college of the University of Oxford. The overwhelming maleness of this list is partially explained by the fact that for over 90% of its history (from its foundation in 1555 until 1979), women were barred from studying at St John's."}	null	null	Where was the alumni born who represented the same constituency as Phil Wilson ?	Edinburgh
05e92fdb7da15595	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season', 'title': '2011 Southeastern Conference football season', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'Class', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Murray', 'summary': 'Aaron William Murray ( born November 10 , 1990 ) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL . He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Murray currently leads the SEC career touchdown list , surpassing Peyton Manning , Eli Manning , and Matthew Stafford . Murray is also a college football color commentator for the CBS Sports Network .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Lattimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Lattimore', 'summary': 'Marcus Lattimore ( born October 29 , 1991 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at South Carolina , where he holds the career record for rushing touchdowns ( 38 ) . He rushed for 1,197 yards as a starter during his freshman year . His sophomore and junior years were truncated by severe knee injuries . He opted to forgo his senior year and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He never played a game for the 49ers and retired from playing football at the age of 23 . In 2016 , he was named head football coach at Heathwood Hall prep school in Columbia , South Carolina . In 2018 , he joined Will Muschamps staff as the Director of Player Development for the South Carolina Gamecocks .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trent Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Richardson', 'summary': 'Trenton Jamond Richardson ( born July 10 , 1990 ) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent . He played college football for the University of Alabama , was recognized as an All-American , and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams . Considered the top running back prospect for the 2012 NFL Draft , Richardson was considered by some as the best running back prospect since Adrian Peterson , and was selected third overall by the Cleveland Browns . After being traded away from the Browns during his second season with the team , and out of the NFL after five seasons , he is sometimes considered one of the biggest draft busts in league history . He played for the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football in 2019 , and led the league with 12 rushing touchdowns .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Childs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Childs_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Greg Childs ( born March 10 , 1990 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Arkansas , he was drafted by the Vikings in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All-Americans , and an all-time record of 716-504-40 . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alshon Jeffery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alshon_Jeffery', 'summary': 'Alshon Jemell Jeffery ( born February 14 , 1990 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at South Carolina , and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . As a member of the Eagles , he won Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Orson Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orson_Charles', 'summary': 'Orson Charles ( born January 27 , 1991 ) is an American football tight end and fullback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_Line', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Cordy Glenn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cordy_Glenn', 'summary': 'Cordy Glenn ( born September 18 , 1989 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Glenn earned a 2010 All-American selection and was considered one of the best offensive guards of his class by NFLdraftscout.com .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrett Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrett_Jones', 'summary': 'Barrett Jones ( born May 25 , 1990 ) is a former American football guard . He played college football at Alabama , and was drafted by the Rams in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley Sowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Sowell', 'summary': 'Bradley Keith Sowell ( born June 6 , 1989 ) is an American football tight end for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . A former offensive tackle , he played college football at the University of Mississippi . He signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as undrafted free agent in 2012 , and later spent time with the Indianapolis Colts , Arizona Cardinals , and Seattle Seahawks . He was born in Memphis , Tennessee and raised in nearby Hernando , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football', 'summary': "The Ole Miss Rebels football program represents the University of Mississippi , also known as Ole Miss . The Rebels compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . As of 2020 , the team is coached by Lane Kiffin . Founded in 1893 as the state 's first football team , Ole Miss has won six Southeastern Conference titles ( 1947 , 1954 , 1955 , 1960 , 1962 , and 1963 ) and three national titles ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 ) . The Rebels posted their 600th win on September 27 , 2008 , when they defeated the Florida Gators 31-30 . In 2017 , the NCAA vacated 33 of the team 's victories - nearly 5 percent of its total wins at the time - and levied a two-year ban on post-season play as punishment for recruiting and academic violations under head coaches Houston Nutt and Hugh Freeze ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Warford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Warford', 'summary': 'Larry Warford III ( born June 18 , 1991 ) is an American football guard for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football . The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Wildcats play their home games at Kroger Field in Lexington , Kentucky and are currently led by head coach Mark Stoops .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'William Vlachos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Vlachos', 'summary': 'William Christos Vlachos ( born May 26 , 1988 ) is a former American football center for the University of Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Preseason', 'section_text': "Florida head coach Urban Meyer retired in early December citing his health concerns and wanting to be around his family more . [ 1 ] Meyer then joined ESPN as an analyst for its college football coverage during the 2011 season . [ 2 ] In his place Florida hired Texas defensive coordinator Will Muschamp as the new head coach . [ 3 ] Muschamp elected to bring in former Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis as his offensive coordinator . [ 3 ] Vanderbilt interim head coach Robbie Caldwell had a tough year in 2010 with injuries and tough schedule , going 2–10 . [ 4 ] The school decided to search for a new coach to replace former head coach Bobby Johnson , who retired unexpectedly in July 2010 . [ 4 ] Vanderbilt hired Maryland offensive coordinator James Franklin , and this is Franklin 's first head coaching job . [ 4 ] LSU decided to part ways with offensive coordinator Gary Crowton because of a lack of offensive production the previous seasons . [ 5 ] In his place LSU hired former Louisville head coach Steve Kragthorpe . [ 6 ] Kentucky added new schemes to its defense by adding former Cincinnati head coach Rick Minter as its co-defensive coordinator alongside Steve Brown . [ 7 ] 2011 Pre-season Coaches All-SEC [ 8 ]", 'uid': '2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2011 Southeastern Conference football season began on Thursday, September 1, 2011 with Kentucky taking on Western Kentucky on ESPNU. The season concluded on January 9, 2012 as the Alabama Crimson Tide shut out LSU Tigers, 21-0 in the Allstate BCS National Championship Game at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans to claim their 14th national championship in school history.'}	null	null	What is the name of the player who is currently a free agent that used to play for Alabama ?	Trent Richardson
05e986647da65bb4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_General_Service_Medal_(1847)', 'title': 'Naval General Service Medal (1847)', 'header': ['Clasp', 'Battle or action', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'April & May Boat Service 1813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boats of Marlborough , Maidstone , Dragon , Statira , Dolphin , Fantome , Mohawk , Highflyer , and Racer destroyed cannon foundry at French Town and batteries at Havre-de-Grace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1807)', 'summary': 'HMS Marlborough was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 22 June 1807 at Deptford . In 1808 , she helped escort the Portuguese royal family in its flight from Portugal to Brazil . Marlborough was broken up in 1835 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Dragon_(1798)', 'summary': 'HMS Dragon was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 2 April 1798 at Rotherhithe . She was designed by Sir William Rule , and was the only ship built to her draught .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(1813)', 'summary': "HMS Dolphin was the 12-gun American privateer schooner Dolphin that Admiral John Borlase Warren 's squadron captured on 13 April 1813 and that the Royal Navy took into service . As HMS Dolphin she participated in boat actions on 29 April and 5 May 1813 for which the Admiralty issued a clasp for the Naval General Service Medal . Her ultimate fate is currently undocumented ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Fantome_(1810)', 'summary': 'HMS Fantome was an 18-gun brig-sloop of the Royal Navy . She was originally a French privateer brig named Fantôme , which the British captured in 1810 and commissioned into British service . Fantome saw extensive action in the War of 1812 until she was lost in a shipwreck at Prospect , Nova Scotia , near Halifax in 1814 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Highflyer_(1813)', 'summary': 'HMS Highflyer was originally an American privateer schooner built in 1811 . As a privateer she took several British vessels as prizes . The Royal Navy captured her in 1813 . She then participated in several raids on the Chesapeake and coastal Virginia before the Americans recaptured her later in 1813 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Shelburne_(1813)', 'summary': 'HMS Shelburne was the American letter of marque schooner Racer , built in Baltimore in 1811 and captured by the British in 1813 . She served on the American coast , capturing the American brig Frolic . She also captured some merchantmen and was sold in Britain in 1817 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frenchtown,_Cecil_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Frenchtown was a historic settlement on the Elk River in Cecil County , Maryland , United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Havre_de_Grace,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Havre de Grace /ˌhævər dɪˈɡreɪs/ ( listen ) , abbreviated HdG , is a city in Harford County , Maryland , United States , situated at the mouth of the Susquehanna River and the head of Chesapeake Bay . It is named after the port city of Le Havre , France , which in full was once Le Havre de Grâce ( French , Harbor of Grace ) . The population was 12,952 at the 2010 United States Census . In 2014 , the city was honored as one of the 20 best small towns in the U.S. to visit by Smithsonian magazine .'}]}, {'value': '28 April and 5 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 April Boat Service 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boats of La Hogue , Endymion , Maidstone , and Boxer destroyed 27 American vessels and a quantity of stores up the Connecticut River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_La_Hogue_(1811)', 'summary': "HMS La Hogue was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy , launched on 3 October 1811 at Deptford . She was named named after the 1692 Battle of La Hogue . The La Hogue of 1811 [ . ] sported a green and chocolate lion , its grinning mouth displaying rows of white teeth and a huge red tongue . During the War of 1812 , while under the command of Thomas Bladen Capel , HMS La Hogue successfully trapped the American privateer Young Teazer of the coast of Nova Scotia , British North America . On 16 August 1813 La Hogue captured the Portuguese ship Flor de Mar . At the time HMS Tenedos was in sight . [ Note 1 ] La Hogue was driven ashore at Halifax , Nova Scotia , on 12 November 1813 during a storm . She was refloated , repaired , and returned to service . From 7-8 April 1814 , ships ' boats of the La Hogue , Endymion , Maidstone and Borer attacked Pettipague point . In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp 8 Apr Boat Service 1814 to all surviving claimants from the action . The raid was commanded by Coote , who was promoted as a result of the successful outcome , as was Lieutenant Pyne of the La Hogue who assisted him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Endymion_(1797)', 'summary': "HMS Endymion was a 40-gun fifth rate that served in the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic Wars , the War of 1812 and during the First Opium War . She was built to the lines of the French prize Pomone captured in 1794 . Due to her exceptional handling and sailing properties , the Severn-class frigates were built to her lines , although the gunports were rearranged to mount an extra pair of guns per side , the ships were made of softwood and were not built until nearly the end of the Napoleonic Wars . She was famous for her battle with USS President on 15 January 1815 , in which she caught the American frigate and crippled her , which led to President 's final capture some hours later . Apart from this , Endymion was known as the fastest sailing-ship in the Royal Navy during the Age of Sail , logging 14.4 knots ( 26.7 km/h ) sailing large , and nearly 11.0 knots ( 20.4 km/h ) close-hauled . Endymion 's last active duty came during the First Opium War and included operations on the Yangtze river . She became a receiving ship in 1859 and was broken up in June 1868 . Throughout her career , Endymion was praised for her remarkable sailing qualities . She was therefore a highly desirable command for frigate captains . Even in the 1830s , long after her war service , she was regarded as the benchmark for Royal Navy frigates . When in company with much newer ships , she was still capable of outsailing them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Boxer', 'summary': 'Several ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Boxer , named after the competitor in a boxing match .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_River', 'summary': "The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States , flowing roughly southward for 406 miles ( 653 km ) through four states . It rises at the U.S. border with Quebec , Canada , and discharges at Long Island Sound . Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province , 11,260 square miles ( 29,200 km2 ) via 148 tributaries , 38 of which are major rivers . It produces 70% of Long Island Sound 's fresh water , discharging at 19,600 cubic feet ( 560 m3 ) per second . The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States ' most productive farmland , as well as a metropolitan region of approximately two million people surrounding Springfield , Massachusetts and Hartford , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '8 April 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shannon Wh . Chesapeake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shannon vs Chesapeake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)', 'summary': 'HMS Shannon was a 38-gun Leda-class frigate of the Royal Navy . She was launched in 1806 and served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 . She won a noteworthy naval victory on 1 June 1813 , during the latter conflict , when she captured the United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake in a singularly bloody battle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)', 'summary': "Chesapeake was a 38-gun wooden-hulled , three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy . She was one of the original six frigates whose construction was authorized by the Naval Act of 1794 . Joshua Humphreys designed these frigates to be the young navy 's capital ships . Chesapeake was originally designed as a 44-gun frigate , but construction delays , material shortages and budget problems caused builder Josiah Fox to alter her design to 38 guns . Launched at the Gosport Navy Yard on 2 December 1799 , Chesapeake began her career during the Quasi-War with France and later saw service in the First Barbary War . On 22 June 1807 she was fired upon by HMS Leopard of the Royal Navy for refusing to allow a search for deserters . The event , now known as the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair , angered the American public and government and was a precipitating factor that led to the War of 1812 . As a result of the affair , Chesapeake 's commanding officer , James Barron , was court-martialed and the United States instituted the Embargo Act of 1807 against the United Kingdom . Early in the War of 1812 she made one patrol and captured five British merchant ships . She was captured by HMS Shannon shortly after sailing from Boston , Massachusetts , on 1 June 1813 . The Royal Navy took her into their service as HMS Chesapeake , where she served until she was broken up and her timbers sold in 1819 . They are now part of the Chesapeake Mill in Wickham , England ."}]}, {'value': '1 June 1813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pelican 14 Augt . 1813', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Pelican_(1812)', 'summary': 'HMS Pelican was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy , launched in August 1812 . She is perhaps best known for her capture in August 1813 of the brig USS Argus . When the navy sold Pelican in 1865 she was the last Cruizer-class vessel still in service .'}]}, {'value': 'Capture of USS Argus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)', 'summary': "The first USS Argus , originally named USS Merrimack , was a brig in the United States Navy commissioned in 1803 . She enforced the Embargo Act of 1807 and fought in the First Barbary War - taking part in the blockade of Tripoli and the capture of Derna - and the War of 1812 . During the latter inflict , she had been audaciously raiding British merchant shipping in British home waters for a month , when the heavier British Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Pelican intercepted her . After a sharp fight during which Argus 's captain , Master Commandant William Henry Allen , was mortally wounded , Argus surrendered when the crew of Pelican were about to board ."}]}, {'value': '14 August 1813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoebe 28 March 1814', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(1795)', 'summary': 'HMS Phoebe was a 36-gun fifth rate of the Royal Navy . She had a career of almost twenty years and fought in the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 . Overall , her crews were awarded six clasps to the Naval General Service Medals , with two taking place in the French Revolutionary Wars , three during the Napoleonic Wars and the sixth in the War of 1812 . Three of the clasps carried the name Phoebe . During her career , Phoebe sailed to the Mediterranean , the Baltic , the Indian Ocean , South East Asia , North America and South America . Once peace finally arrived , Phoebe was laid up , though she spent a few years as a slop ship during the 1820s . She was then hulked . The Admiralty finally sold her for breaking up in 1841 .'}]}, {'value': 'Capture of USS Essex and Essex Junior ( Ex- Atlantic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Essex_(1799)', 'summary': 'The first USS Essex of the United States Navy was a 36-gun or 32-gun sailing frigate that participated in the Quasi-War with France , the First Barbary War , and in the War of 1812 . The British captured her in 1814 and she then served as HMS Essex until sold at public auction on 6 June 1837 .'}]}, {'value': '28 March 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherub 28 March 1814', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Cherub_(1806)', 'summary': 'HMS Cherub was an 18-gun Royal Navy Cormorant-class sloop built in Dover in 1806 . She participated in two major campaigns in the West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars , and one major engagement in the Pacific during the War of 1812 , all each of which earned her crews clasps to the Naval General Service Medal . The Navy sold her in 1820 .'}]}, {'value': 'Capture of USS Essex and Essex Junior ( Ex- Atlantic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Essex_(1799)', 'summary': 'The first USS Essex of the United States Navy was a 36-gun or 32-gun sailing frigate that participated in the Quasi-War with France , the First Barbary War , and in the War of 1812 . The British captured her in 1814 and she then served as HMS Essex until sold at public auction on 6 June 1837 .'}]}, {'value': '28 March 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Potomac 17 Augt . 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seahorse , Euryalus , Devastation , Aetna , Meteor , Erebus , Fairy , and Anna Maria at Alexandria ( Virginia ) and destruction of shipping in the Potomac River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1794)', 'summary': 'HMS Seahorse was a 38-gun Artois-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy . She was launched in 1794 and broken up in 1819 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1803)', 'summary': 'HMS Euryalus was a Royal Navy 36-gun Apollo-class frigate , which saw service in the Battle of Trafalgar and the War of 1812 . During her career she was commanded by three prominent naval personalities of the Napoleonic and post-Napoleonic period , Henry Blackwood , George Dundas and Charles Napier . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars she continued on active service for a number of years , before spending more than two decades as a prison hulk . She ended her career in Gibraltar where , in 1860 , she was sold for breaking up .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Devastation_(1804)', 'summary': 'HMS Devastation was an 8-gun British Royal Navy bomb vessel launched in 1803 at South Shields as the mercantile Intrepid . The Navy purchased her in 1804 . She served in the English Channel , the Baltic , off the coast of Spain , and in the United States during the Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812 , most notably at the bombardment of Fort McHenry in the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814 . The Navy sold her in 1816 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Aetna_(1803)', 'summary': 'HMS Aetna ( or HMS Etna ) was the mercantile Success launched in 1803 at Littlehampton . The Admiralty purchased here in 1803 to convert her to a Royal Navy bomb vessel . Aetna participated in the second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807 and the Battle of the Basque Roads in 1809 . Later , she participated in the attack on Fort McHenry in the Battle of Baltimore and the bombardment of Fort Washington , Maryland in 1814 , during the War of 1812 . The Navy sold her in 1816 and she returned to mercantile service under her original name . She sailed to Calcutta , to Rio de Janeiro , and more locally until she was wrecked in 1823 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Starr_(1805)', 'summary': 'HMS Starr was a 16-gun Merlin-class ship sloop of the Royal Navy . She was built by Tanner , of Dartmouth , to plans by Sir William Rule , and launched in July 1805 . As a sloop she served on convoy duty , though she also participated in the invasion of Martinique in early 1809 . She was rebuilt as a bomb vessel in May 1812 and renamed Meteor . As Meteor she served in the Baltic and then off the United States , participating in attacks on up the Potomac and on Baltimore and New Orleans . She was sold in October 1816 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1807)', 'summary': 'HMS Erebus was originally built as a Royal Navy fireship , but served as a sloop and was re-rated as such in March 1808 . She served in the Baltic during the Gunboat and Anglo-Russian Wars , where in 1809 she was briefly converted to a fireship , and then served in the War of 1812 . In 1814 she was converted to a rocket vessel to fire Congreve rockets . While serving off America , Erebus participated in the sack of Alexandria , Virginia , and launched the rockets that bombarded Fort McHenry in Baltimore on 13 September 1814 . In March 1815 , off Georgia , she fired the second-to-the-last-shot of the war . She was laid up in 1816 and sold for breaking up in 1819 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Fairy_(1812)', 'summary': 'HMS Fairy ( 1812 ) was a Cruizer-class brig-sloop , built by William Taylor at Bideford and launched in 1812 . She escorted convoys during the War of 1812 and participated in the Raid on Alexandria , the Royal Navys incursion up the Potomac in 1814 . She was broken up in 1821 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMS_Express_(1815)', 'summary': "HMS Express was the American merchant vessel Achilles , launched in 1809 in America . Her owners in 1813 renamed her Anna Maria . In 1814 she served the British Royal Navy in North American waters as an advice boat . In 1815 the Royal Navy commissioned her as HMS Express , a ship 's tender serving in the Mediterranean . In 1816 she was at the bombardment of Algiers . The Navy sold her at Malta in 1827 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia', 'summary': "Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 139,966 , and in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 160,530 . Located along the western bank of the Potomac River , Alexandria is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of downtown Washington , D.C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia , as well as Central Maryland , modern Alexandria has been influenced by its proximity to the U.S. capital . It is largely populated by professionals working in the federal civil service , in the U.S. military , or for one of the many private companies which contract to provide services to the federal government . One of Alexandria 's largest employers is the U.S. Department of Defense . Another is the Institute for Defense Analyses . In 2005 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved to Alexandria , and in 2017 , so did the headquarters of the National Science Foundation . The historic center of Alexandria is known as Old Town . With its concentration of boutiques , restaurants , antique shops and theaters , it is a major draw for all who live in Alexandria as well for visitors . Like Old Town , many Alexandria neighborhoods are compact and walkable . It is the 7th largest and highest-income independent city in Virginia . A large portion of adjacent Fairfax County , mostly south but also west of the city , is also referred to as Alexandria , and has Alexandria , Virginia , mailing addresses , but it is under the jurisdiction of Fairfax County 's government and separate from the independent city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Potomac_River', 'summary': "The Potomac River ( /pəˈtoʊmək/ ( listen ) ) is found within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands into the Chesapeake Bay . The river ( main stem and North Branch ) is approximately 405 miles ( 652 km ) long , with a drainage area of about 14,700 square miles ( 38,000 km2 ) . In terms of area , this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the 21st largest in the United States . Over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed . The river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington , D.C. , on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the river 's right descending bank . The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of Maryland . Exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia , and the border with Virginia being delineated from point to point ( thus various bays and shoreline indentations lie in Virginia ) . Except for a small portion of its headwaters in West Virginia , the North Branch Potomac River is considered part of Maryland to the low water mark on the opposite bank . The South Branch Potomac River lies completely within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters , which lie in Virginia ."}]}, {'value': '17 August 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 & 6 Sept. Boat Service 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boats on Lake Huron captured American schooners Tigress and Scorpion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Huron', 'summary': 'Lake Huron /ˈhjʊrɒn , ˈhjʊrən/ ( French : Lac Huron ) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . Hydrologically , it comprises the easterly portion of Lake Michigan-Huron , having the same surface elevation as its westerly counterpart , to which it is connected by the 5-mile-wide ( 8.0 km ) , 20-fathom-deep ( 120 ft ; 37 m ) Straits of Mackinac . It is shared on the north and east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south and west by the state of Michigan in the United States . The name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it for the Huron people inhabiting the region . The Huronian glaciation was named due to evidence collected from Lake Huron region . The northern parts of the lake include the North Channel and Georgian Bay . Across the lake to the southwest is Saginaw Bay . The main inlet is the St. Marys River , and the main outlet is the St. Clair River .'}]}, {'value': '3 & 6 September 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 Dec. Boat Service 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Lake Borgne ; boats of 16 British warships captured five American gunboats and a sloop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne', 'summary': 'The Battle of Lake Borgne was a battle between the Royal Navy and Royal Marines on one side and the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines on the other in the American South theatre of the War of 1812 . It occurred on December 14 , 1814 on Lake Borgne , and allowed the British to assault New Orleans ten days later .'}]}, {'value': '14 December 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Endymion Wh . President', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Endymion vs President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Endymion_(1797)', 'summary': "HMS Endymion was a 40-gun fifth rate that served in the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic Wars , the War of 1812 and during the First Opium War . She was built to the lines of the French prize Pomone captured in 1794 . Due to her exceptional handling and sailing properties , the Severn-class frigates were built to her lines , although the gunports were rearranged to mount an extra pair of guns per side , the ships were made of softwood and were not built until nearly the end of the Napoleonic Wars . She was famous for her battle with USS President on 15 January 1815 , in which she caught the American frigate and crippled her , which led to President 's final capture some hours later . Apart from this , Endymion was known as the fastest sailing-ship in the Royal Navy during the Age of Sail , logging 14.4 knots ( 26.7 km/h ) sailing large , and nearly 11.0 knots ( 20.4 km/h ) close-hauled . Endymion 's last active duty came during the First Opium War and included operations on the Yangtze river . She became a receiving ship in 1859 and was broken up in June 1868 . Throughout her career , Endymion was praised for her remarkable sailing qualities . She was therefore a highly desirable command for frigate captains . Even in the 1830s , long after her war service , she was regarded as the benchmark for Royal Navy frigates . When in company with much newer ships , she was still capable of outsailing them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_President_(1800)', 'summary': "USS President was a wooden-hulled , three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy , nominally rated at 44 guns . She was launched in April 1800 from a shipyard in New York City . President was one of the original six frigates whose construction the Naval Act of 1794 had authorized , and she was the last to be completed . The name President was among ten names submitted to President George Washington by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering in March of 1795 for the frigates that were to be constructed.Joshua Humphreys designed these frigates to be the young Navy 's capital ships , and so President and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period . Forman Cheeseman , and later Christian Bergh were in charge of her construction . Her first duties with the newly formed United States Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi War with France and to engage in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War . On 16 May 1811 , President was at the center of the Little Belt Affair ; her crew mistakenly identified HMS Little Belt as HMS Guerriere , which had impressed an American seaman . The ships exchanged cannon fire for several minutes . Subsequent U.S. and Royal Navy investigations placed responsibility for the attack on each other without a resolution . The incident contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Great Britain that led to the War of 1812 . During the war , President made several extended cruises , patrolling as far away as the English Channel and Norway ; she captured the armed schooner HMS Highflyer and numerous merchant ships . In January 1815 , after having been blockaded in New York for a year by the Royal Navy , President attempted to run the blockade , and was chased by a blockading squadron ."}]}, {'value': '15 January 1815', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clasps -- War of 1812', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Naval_General_Service_Medal_(1847)_2', 'intro': 'The Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) was a campaign medal approved in 1847, and issued to officers and men of the Royal Navy in 1849. The final date for submitting claims was 1 May 1851. Admiral Thomas Bladen Capel was one of the members of the board that authorised the medal. The NGSM was awarded retrospectively for various naval actions during the period 1793-1840, a period that included the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and the Anglo-American War of 1812. Each battle or campaign covered by the medal was represented by a clasp on the ribbon. The medal was never issued without a clasp, 231 of which were sanctioned. The clasps covered a variety of actions, from boat service, ship to ship skirmishes, to major fleet actions such as the Battle of Trafalgar. This medal and its army counterpart, the Military General Service Medal, were amongst the first real British campaign medals, issued to all ranks for serving in combat actions.'}	null	null	What clasp had ties to the action that participated in several raids on the Chesapeake and coastal Virginia ?	April & May Boat Service 1813
05e9c796ad8e8877	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Inyo_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Inyo County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bend City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bend_City,_California', 'summary': 'Bend City is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located on the Owens River near the modern-day town of Kearsarge . Founded in the 1863 , Bend City was originally a mining camp . Bend City was the site of the first county bridge spanning the Owens River . The 1872 Lone Pine earthquake changed the course of the river away from the townsite , which had already declined . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 209 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mazourka Canyon Rd . 36°49′09″N 118°07′50″W / 36.819167°N 118.130556°W / 36.819167 ; -118.130556 ( Bend City )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '444', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bennett-Arcane Long Camp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°09′48″N 116°51′48″W / 36.163404°N 116.863351°W / 36.163404 ; -116.863351 ( Bennett-Arcane Long Camp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '811', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Creek Battleground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Bishop_Creek', 'summary': "Battle of Bishop Creek was one of the early engagements of the Owens Valley Indian War fought on April 6 , 1862 along Bishop Creek , in what is now Inyo County , California . In 1861 , cattle were being driven over the Sierra Nevada Mountains to feed the mining boom town of Aurora . Some cattlemen had begun ranching nearby in the Owens Valley . The consequences of the disastrous winter caused by the Great Flood of 1862 and the encroachment of the cattle on the food supply of the Owens Valley Paiute led to the threat of starvation for them . They were forced to take cattle to feed themselves . This led to a conflict with these ranchers in several incidents . Despite a meeting and an attempt at peace between the two sides , that peace broke down in further incidents and broke into open warfare , that became known as the Owens Valley Indian War . Threatened settlers concentrated their herds 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Owens Lake at the meadows on Oak Creek . They then sent messages for help to Aurora , then the county seat of nearby Mono County , and to Visalia , county seat of their own Tulare County , over the Sierra 's mountains , for help . William Mayfield led a band of Tulare County militiamen to the aid of the settlers there . John J. Kellogg , a former Army captain led 18 men from Aurora to aid the settlers . Following the arrival of these militia forces , they were combined with the local settlers under Colonel William Mayfield , as senior officer ."}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 168 and Bishop Creek Rd . 37°20′29″N 118°28′52″W / 37.341517°N 118.4812°W / 37.341517 ; -118.4812 ( Bishop Creek Battleground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '441', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burned Wagons Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnt_Wagons,_California', 'summary': "Burnt Wagons is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located in Death Valley 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Death Valley Junction . The name recalls the emigrants of 1849 who abandoned and burnt their wagons at the site . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 441 . The monument 's plaque reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°36′24″N 117°08′46″W / 36.606753°N 117.146181°W / 36.606753 ; -117.146181 ( Burned Wagons Point )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '349', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Independence_(California)', 'summary': 'Fort Independence , originally named Camp Independence , was a fort located in the Owens Valley , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north of present-day Independence , Inyo County , eastern California . The U.S. Army post was active from 1862 to 1877 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miller Ln . & Salvabell Ln . 36°49′59″N 118°13′21″W / 36.833183°N 118.222567°W / 36.833183 ; -118.222567 ( Camp Independence )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': '537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottonwood Charcoal Kilns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owens_Lake', 'summary': 'Owens Lake is a mostly dry lake in the Owens Valley on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County , California . It is about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of Lone Pine , California . Unlike most dry lakes in the Basin and Range Province that have been dry for thousands of years , Owens held significant water until 1913 , when much of the Owens River was diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct , causing Owens Lake to desiccate by 1926 . Today , some of the flow of the river has been restored , and the lake now contains some water . Nevertheless , as of 2013 , it is the largest single source of dust pollution in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°24′55″N 118°00′43″W / 36.4152°N 118.012033°W / 36.4152 ; -118.012033 ( Cottonwood Charcoal Kilns )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartago,_California', 'summary': 'Cartago ( formerly Carthage , Daniersburg , and Lakeville ) is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California , United States . Cartago is located on the west side of Owens Lake 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north-northwest of Olancha , at an elevation of 3629 feet ( 1106 m ) . The population was 92 at the 2010 census , down from 109 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '442', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley 49ers Gateway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California Route 190 , near Badwater Rd . 36°26′55″N 116°51′10″W / 36.448583°N 116.8527°W / 36.448583 ; -116.8527 ( Death Valley 49ers Gateway )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Furnace Creek is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California . The population was 24 at the 2010 census , down from 31 at the 2000 census . The elevation of the village is 190 feet ( 58 m ) below sea level . Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth at 134 °F ( 56.7 °C ) on July 10 , 1913 , as well as the highest recorded natural ground surface temperature on Earth at 201 °F ( 93.9 °C ) on July 15 , 1972 . The visitor center , museum , and headquarters of the Death Valley National Park are located at Furnace Creek .'}]}, {'value': '848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eichbaum Toll Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°36′20″N 117°08′51″W / 36.605501°N 117.147497°W / 36.605501 ; -117.147497 ( Eichbaum Toll Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '796', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Farley 's Olancha Mill Site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olancha,_California', 'summary': 'Olancha ( formerly , Olanche ) is a census designated place in Inyo County of the U.S. state of California . Olancha is located on U.S. Route 395 in California , 37 miles ( 60 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3658 feet ( 1115 m ) . As of the 2010 census , the population was 192 , up from 134 at the 2000 census . Located in the Owens Valley next to the now mostly dry Owens Lake , the arid settlement is home to a major bottled water plant for Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Spring Water .'}]}, {'value': "State Hwy 395 36°16′30″N 118°00′10″W / 36.274944°N 118.002900°W / 36.274944 ; -118.002900 ( Farley 's Olancha Mill Site )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olancha,_California', 'summary': 'Olancha ( formerly , Olanche ) is a census designated place in Inyo County of the U.S. state of California . Olancha is located on U.S. Route 395 in California , 37 miles ( 60 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3658 feet ( 1115 m ) . As of the 2010 census , the population was 192 , up from 134 at the 2000 census . Located in the Owens Valley next to the now mostly dry Owens Lake , the arid settlement is home to a major bottled water plant for Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Spring Water .'}]}, {'value': '752', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furnace of Owens Lake Silver-Lead Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Hwy 136 36°31′49″N 117°54′49″W / 36.53014°N 117.913556°W / 36.53014 ; -117.913556 ( Furnace of Owens Lake Silver-Lead Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keeler,_California', 'summary': 'Keeler , formerly known as Hawley is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California , United States . Keeler is located on the east shore of Owens Lake 11.5 miles ( 19 km ) south-southeast of New York Butte , at an elevation of 3602 feet ( 1098 m ) . The population was 66 people at the 2010 census , unchanged from the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '507', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grave of 1872 Earthquake Victims', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1872_Lone_Pine_earthquake', 'summary': 'The 1872 Owens Valley earthquake - also known as the Lone Pine earthquake - struck on March 26 at 02:30 local time in the Owens Valley ( California , along the east side of the Sierra Nevada ) , with the epicenter near the town of Lone Pine . Its magnitude has been estimated at Mw 7.4 to 7.9 , with a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X ( Extreme ) . It was one of the largest earthquakes to hit California in recorded history and was similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Twenty-seven people were killed and fifty-six were injured .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°37′06″N 118°04′07″W / 36.61835°N 118.068517°W / 36.61835 ; -118.068517 ( Grave of 1872 Earthquake Victims )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lone Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California', 'summary': 'Lone Pine is a census designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California , United States . Lone Pine is located 16 miles ( 26 km ) south-southeast of Independence , at an elevation of 3,727 feet ( 1,136 m ) . The population was 2,035 at the 2010 census , up from 1,655 at the 2000 census . The town is located in the Owens Valley , near the Alabama Hills and Mount Whitney , between the eastern peaks of the Sierra Nevada to the west and the Inyo Mountains to the east . From possible choices of urban , rural , and frontier , the Census Bureau identifies this area as frontier . The local hospital , Southern Inyo Hospital , offers standby emergency services . The town is named after a solitary pine tree that once existed at the mouth of Lone Pine Canyon . On March 26 , 1872 , the very large Lone Pine earthquake destroyed most of the town and killed 27 of its 250 to 300 residents .'}]}, {'value': '953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laws Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laws,_California', 'summary': 'Laws ( formerly , Station and Bishop Depot ) is an unincorporated community in Inyo County , California . Laws is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) northeast of Bishop on U.S. Route 6 , towards the Nevada state line . Laws has been noted for its unusual place name .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Canyon Rd . 37°24′04″N 118°20′46″W / 37.401°N 118.346°W / 37.401 ; -118.346 ( Laws Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manzanar Relocation Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manzanar', 'summary': "Manzanar is best known as the site of one of ten American concentration camps , where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II from December 1942 to 1945 . Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California 's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north , it is approximately 230 miles ( 370 km ) north of Los Angeles . Manzanar ( which means apple orchard in Spanish ) was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the former camp sites , and is now the Manzanar National Historic Site , which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States . Long before the first of the Japanese American detainees arrived in March 1942 , Manzanar was home to Native Americans , who lived mostly in villages near several creeks in the area . Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910 , but it had been abandoned by 1929 , after the City of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area . As different as these groups were , their histories displayed a common thread of forced relocation . Since the last of those incarcerated left in 1945 , former detainees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site , along with the stories of those who were incarcerated there , is recorded for current and future generations . The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era , as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site . The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar , the ranch days , the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute , and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 395 36°43′34″N 118°08′41″W / 36.7262°N 118.144783°W / 36.7262 ; -118.144783 ( Manzanar Relocation Center )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '229', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mary Austin 's Home", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Hunter_Austin', 'summary': 'Mary Hunter Austin ( September 9 , 1868 - August 13 , 1934 ) was an American writer . One of the early nature writers of the American Southwest , her classic The Land of Little Rain ( 1903 ) describes the fauna , flora and people - as well as evoking the mysticism and spirituality - of the region between the High Sierra and the Mojave Desert of southern California .'}]}, {'value': "253 Market St. 36°48′06″N 118°12′07″W / 36.8017°N 118.2019°W / 36.8017 ; -118.2019 ( Mary Austin 's Home )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield Canyon Battlefield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield Canyon 37°26′49″N 118°38′14″W / 37.446876°N 118.637344°W / 37.446876 ; -118.637344 ( Mayfield Canyon Battlefield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayfield_Canyon', 'summary': 'Mayfield Canyon , a canyon northwest of the town of Bishop in Inyo County , California . It was the site of the Battle of Mayfield Canyon in the Owens Valley Indian War . During the battle Colonel William Mayfield , leader of the Owens Valley settler militia was killed . His name was given to the canyon .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '773', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Harmony Borax Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_Borax_Works', 'summary': 'The Harmony Borax Works is located in Death Valley at Furnace Creek Springs , then called Greenland . It is now located within Death Valley National Park in Inyo County , California . It is on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°28′48″N 116°52′24″W / 36.48°N 116.873472°W / 36.48 ; -116.873472 ( Old Harmony Borax Works )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Furnace Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Furnace Creek is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Inyo County , California . The population was 24 at the 2010 census , down from 31 at the 2000 census . The elevation of the village is 190 feet ( 58 m ) below sea level . Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth at 134 °F ( 56.7 °C ) on July 10 , 1913 , as well as the highest recorded natural ground surface temperature on Earth at 201 °F ( 93.9 °C ) on July 15 , 1972 . The visitor center , museum , and headquarters of the Death Valley National Park are located at Furnace Creek .'}]}, {'value': '726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Death Valley National Park 36°39′33″N 117°04′44″W / 36.659167°N 117.078889°W / 36.659167 ; -117.078889 ( Old Stovepipe Wells )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park', 'summary': 'Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border , east of the Sierra Nevada . The park boundaries include Death Valley , the northern section of Panamint Valley , the southern section of Eureka Valley , and most of Saline Valley . The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts , protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States , and the hottest , driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor from much wetter times . UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984 . A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans , trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California , gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stovepipe Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California', 'summary': 'Stovepipe Wells is a small way-station in the northern part of Death Valley , in unincorporated community Inyo County , California .'}]}, {'value': '230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owensville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owensville,_California', 'summary': 'Owensville ( also , Glen Mary ) is a former settlement in Inyo County , California . It was located west of the future site of the modern-day town of Laws . Owensville was started as a mining camp in 1863 . By 1871 it had been abandoned . A post office operated at Owensville from 1866 to 1870 , when it was transferred to Bishop ( then called Bishop Creek ) . From 1868 to 1869 , the town was called Glen Mary . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 230 as the First Permanent White Habitation in Owens Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 6 & Silver Canyon Rd . 37°23′59″N 118°21′09″W / 37.399600°N 118.352600°W / 37.399600 ; -118.352600 ( Owensville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Putnam 's Stone Cabin", 'urls': []}, {'value': "139 Edwards St. 36°48′11″N 118°12′00″W / 36.802933°N 118.200033°W / 36.802933 ; -118.200033 ( Putnam 's Stone Cabin )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_California', 'summary': 'Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County , California . Independence is located 41 miles ( 66 km ) south-southeast of Bishop , at an elevation of 3930 feet ( 1198 m ) . It is the county seat of Inyo County , California . The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census , up from 574 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francis Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francis_Ranch', 'summary': "San Francis Ranch was the ranch of Owens Valley pioneer Samuel A. Bishop and his wife , located on a creek later named for him ( Bishop Creek ) southwest of modern Bishop , California also named after him . Bishop founded the ranch here in August 1861 , after he and his wife drove 500 cattle and 50 horses from Fort Tejon to this spot in the Owens Valley , intending to sell cattle to the miners in the boomtown of Aurora and other mining camps in the area . On January 31 , 1862 , Bishop 's ranch was also the site were a meeting was held between the settlers in Owens Valley and leaders of the bands of Owens Valley Indians to prevent war over the trouble between them that had resulted from the killing of an Indian and a settler . A peace agreement was made between them there . However the peace broke down over the next months when a holdout leader of the Southern Mono Paiutes , Joaquin Jim continued hostilities and the conflict escalated into the Owens Valley Indian War . The site of the former San Francis Ranch is in West Bishop in Inyo County and is marked by California Historical Landmark No . 208 . The marker is on West Line Street ( California Route 168 ) west of Mumy Lane , on the right when traveling west ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Hill Rd . & State Hwy 168 37°21′41″N 118°27′12″W / 37.361317°N 118.4532°W / 37.361317 ; -118.4532 ( San Francis Ranch )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Inyo County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Inyo_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Inyo County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'}	null	null	Which city is a way station that is part of a county elevated 3930 feet ?	Bend City
05eafdf61ce89932	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density', 'title': 'List of United States cities by population density', 'header': ['Rank ( number of 10,000+ places )', 'State , federal district or territory', '10,000+ places', 'Densest incorporated place', 'Density ( people per sq . mile )', 'Rank ( most dense place )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guttenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guttenberg,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Guttenberg ( /ˈɡʌtənbɜːrɡ/ ) is a town in the northern part of Hudson County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the town 's population was 11,176 . Only four blocks wide , Guttenberg is the ninth-smallest municipality in the state and the most densely populated incorporated municipality in the United States , as well as one of the most densely populated municipalities worldwide , with 57,116 people per square mile ( 22,052/km² ) of land area . The population increased by 369 ( +3.4% ) from the 10,807 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,539 ( +30.7% ) from the 8,268 counted in the 1990 Census . As of the 2010 Census , about one-fifth of the town 's population resides in the Galaxy Towers , a trio of residential skyscrapers overlooking the Hudson River . The current population growth and density in Guttenberg represents a significant change since 1983 , when it was described by The New York Times , as an old community of two-story row houses , small stores and light industry ."}]}, {'value': '56,012.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maywood,_California', 'summary': 'Maywood is a small Gateway city in Los Angeles County . At 1.18 square miles ( 3.1 km2 ) , Maywood is the third-smallest incorporated city in Los Angeles County . It is bordered by the cities of Bell on the south , Vernon on the north and west , Huntington Park on the southwest , and Commerce on the east . It is the most densely-populated city in California , and has the highest proportion of Latinos , immigrants , and undocumented immigrants in the county . As of July 1 , 2010 , Maywood became the first municipality in California to outsource all of its city services , dismantling its police department , laying off all city employees except for the city manager , city attorney and elected officials , and contracting with outside agencies for the provision of all municipal services . The population was 27,395 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '23,887.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaser,_New_York', 'summary': "Kaser is a village in the town of Ramapo , Rockland County , New York , United States . The village is completely surrounded by the hamlet of Monsey . As of the United States 2010 Census , the village population was 4,724 . Kaser is a village with a population consisting almost entirely of Hasidic Jews of the Viznitz denomination . The etymology of the name is derived from the Eastern European pronunciation of Hebrew , as the word כֶּתֶר is pronounced Kay-ser , hence Kaser , ( כֶּתֶר=crown in English ) . A total of 4% of Kaser 's population claims Romanian ancestry , making Kaser the most Romanian census place in the United States . The village is the most densely populated municipality in New York State according to the 2010 census , being the only incorporated place in the state with a higher population density than New York City ; and the 5th most in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '27,788.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millbourne,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Millbourne /ˈmɪlbərn/ is a borough in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,159 at the 2010 census . Millbourne borders Philadelphia along Cobbs Creek . The borough is not part of neighboring Upper Darby , although Millbourne students attend Upper Darby School District schools . Magisterial courts with presiding jurisdiction for Millbourne are also located in Upper Darby . Millbourne , at over 16,000 people per square mile , is the most densely populated incorporated place in Pennsylvania , and 22nd in the entire United States .'}]}, {'value': '16,557.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bay Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bay_Village,_Florida', 'summary': 'North Bay Village is a city located in Miami-Dade County , Florida . As of the 2000 census , the city had a total population of 6,733 . As of 2010 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 7,137 . North Bay Village is located at 25°50′44″N 80°09′13″W / 25.845574°N 80.153543°W / 25.845574 ; -80.153543 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.837 square miles ( 2.17 km2 ) . 0.3322 square miles ( 0.860 km2 ) of it is land and 0.5048 square miles ( 1.307 km2 ) of it is water . The total area is 60.31% water .'}]}, {'value': '20,267.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Somerville ( /ˈsʌmərvɪl/ SUM-ər-vil ) is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston , and north of Cambridge , in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . As of 2010 [ update ] , the United States Census listed the city with a total population of 75,754 people , making it the most densely populated municipality in New England . As of 2010 , it was the 16th most densely populated incorporated municipality in the country . Somerville was established as a town in 1842 , when it was separated from Charlestown . In 2006 , the city was named the best-run city in Massachusetts by the Boston Globe . In 1972 , in 2009 , and again in 2015 , the city received the All-America City Award . It is home to Tufts University , which has its campus along the Somerville and Medford border .'}]}, {'value': '18,868.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stone Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stone_Park,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Stone Park is a village in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The population was 4,946 at the 2010 census . Incorporated in 1939 , the town was named for insurance magnate Clement Stone , who bought most of the land when it was still corn fields .'}]}, {'value': '15,378.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poplar Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Hills,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Poplar Hills is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County , Kentucky , United States . A part of the Louisville Metro government , it is Kentucky 's only city with a majority African-American population . The population was 362 at the 2010 census . It currently has the highest population density for any city in Kentucky , and is the only Kentucky city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list . It currently ranks 19th on the list , and has the second-lowest population for any city on that list . It is tied with Mobile City , Texas , as the smallest city by total area on the list ."}]}, {'value': '17,036.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Falls,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': 'Central Falls is a city in Providence County , Rhode Island , United States . The population was 19,376 at the 2010 census . With an area of only 1.29 square miles ( 3.3 km2 ) , it is the smallest and most densely populated city in the smallest state , and the 27th most densely populated incorporated place in the United States . It is also one of only four incorporated places in New England that have a higher population density than the city of Boston ( ranking fourth , behind the Massachusetts cities of Somerville , Chelsea and Cambridge , all inner suburbs of Boston ) . The city takes its name from a waterfall on the Blackstone River . In May 2010 , Central Falls went into receivership , then filed for bankruptcy August 1 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '15,652.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Rainier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Rainier,_Maryland', 'summary': "Mount Rainier /reɪˈnɪər/ is a city in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , bordering Washington . The population was 8,080 at the 2010 census . Mount Rainier is contained between the Northwest Branch Anacostia River , Cedar Lane Alley , and 34th Street to the north , 37th Street and 37th Place to the northeast , Upshur Street and Queens Chapel Road to the west , the Cargo Train tracks to the east , and Eastern Avenue NE to the south . Mount Rainier got its start as a streetcar suburb , when tracks where laid for the 82 Streetcar Line . According to local tradition , surveyors from the Pacific Northwest named the town , giving the streets names such as Shasta and Cascade . Historic U.S. 1 runs through the center of the town and serves as the main street and central business district ."}]}, {'value': '13,038.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_City,_Texas', 'summary': 'Mobile City is a city in Rockwall County , Texas , United States on the outskirts of Rockwall . The population was 188 at the 2010 census . It currently has the highest population density for any city in Texas , and is the only Texas city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list . It currently ranks 74th on the list , and has the lowest population for any city on that list . It is tied with Poplar Hills , Kentucky as the smallest city by total area on the list . Mobile City consists of a mobile home park , liquor store , and convenience store .'}]}, {'value': '11,911.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '11,367.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon', 'summary': "Oregon ( /ˈɒrɪɡən/ ( listen ) ORR-ih-gən ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States . The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon 's northern boundary with Washington , while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho . The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada . Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before European traders , explorers , and settlers arrived . An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 . Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 . Today , at 98,000 square miles ( 250,000 km2 ) , Oregon is the ninth largest and , with a population of 4 million , 27th most populous U.S. state . The capital , Salem , is the second most populous city in Oregon , with 169,798 residents . Portland , with 647,805 , ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities . The Portland metropolitan area , which also includes the city of Vancouver , Washington , to the north , ranks the 25th largest metro area in the nation , with a population of 2,453,168 . Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S. , marked by volcanoes , abundant bodies of water , dense evergreen and mixed forests , as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands . At 11,249 feet ( 3,429 m ) , Mount Hood , a stratovolcano , is the state 's highest point ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_City,_Oregon', 'summary': 'Johnson City is a city in Clackamas County , Oregon , United States . The population was 566 at the 2010 census . Because of its small area , its population density is over 8,000 per square mile , making it the most densely populated city in Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '11,061.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamtramck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamtramck,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hamtramck ( /hæmˈtræmɪk/ ham-TRAM-ik ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 22,423 . Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park . Hamtramck is by far the most densely-populated municipality in the state of Michigan . Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish-American life and culture , Hamtramck has attracted new immigrants in the 21st century , especially from Yemen and Bangladesh . In 2015 , its city council became the first Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States , with four of the six council members being adherents of the Islamic faith .'}]}, {'value': '10,900.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , on the southern coast of Lake Erie . Established in 1889 , it is one of Cleveland 's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area . The population was 52,131 at the 2010 United States Census , making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County , behind Cleveland and Parma . Lakewood is home to a young and diverse population , including significant numbers of immigrants . Its population density is the highest of any city in Ohio and is roughly comparable to that of Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': '10,208.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velda City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velda_City,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Velda City is a city in St. Louis County , Missouri , United States . The population was 1,420 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9,872.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': '9,084.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huetter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huetter,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Huetter is a city in Kootenai County , Idaho , United States . The population was 100 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9,044.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landfall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landfall,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Landfall is a city in Washington County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 686 at the 2010 census and is the smallest community in Washington County in terms of area . It lies on the eastern shore of Tanner 's Lake on Interstate 94 . Landfall is an incorporation of a manufactured home community , contributing to its reputation as the most affordable community in the Twin Cities . In 2008 and 2010 , the city was named one of the 100 best communities for young people by America 's Promise . Landfall is one of only two incorporated cities in Minnesota that consist primarily of manufactured housing ; the other is the Twin Cities suburb of Hilltop ."}]}, {'value': '8,996.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgeport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Bridgeport is a historic seaport city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is in Fairfield County , at the mouth of the Pequonnock River on Long Island Sound , 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Manhattan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from The Bronx . It is bordered by the towns of Trumbull to the north , Fairfield to the west , and Stratford to the east . As of 2017 , Bridgeport had an estimated population of 146,579 , which made it the largest city in Connecticut and the fifth-most populous in New England . The Greater Bridgeport area is the 48th-largest urban area in the United States . The showman P. T. Barnum was a resident of the city and served as the town 's mayor in the late 19th century . Barnum built four houses in Bridgeport and housed his circus in town during winter . The first Subway restaurant opened in Bridgeport 's North End in 1965 . The Frisbie Pie Company was in Bridgeport , and Bridgeport is credited as the birthplace of the Frisbee . After World War II , industrial restructuring and suburbanization caused the loss of many jobs and affluent residents , leaving Bridgeport struggling with poverty and crime ."}]}, {'value': '8,720.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Distributions -- States and territories', 'section_text': "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2019 ) The following ranks the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories by the number of incorporated places with densities over 10,000 people within them . The `` 10,000+ places '' column only includes incorporated places , it does not include census-designated places ( CDPs ) . If two or more states have the same number of places , as is the case of the 36 states that contain no incorporated places with a density over 10,000 , the states are ranked by the densest incorporated place within the state . The density figures for the densest incorporated place within each state and territory are from the 2010 United States Census , and all the data for this ranking is from the U.S. Census Bureau . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The first rank column ranks each state by the number of 10,000+ places in that state ( New Jersey ranks first , California ranks second , etc . ) The second rank column ranks the most densely populated place in each state or territory ( Guttenberg , NJ ranks first , Kaser , NY ranks second , etc . ) Hawaii officially does not contain any incorporated places , as the city of Honolulu is coextensive with Honolulu County , which makes up the whole island of Oahu . When the U.S. Census Bureau ranks incorporated places by population , it usually includes the Honolulu census-designated place , which is the urban center of Honolulu , in its ranking of incorporated places . [ 13 ] Therefore , for this list of the densest incorporated places by state , the Honolulu CDP is considered the densest incorporated place in Hawaii . The District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories are also included in this list . Puerto Rico also officially does not contain any incorporated places , as the lowest form of local government in Puerto Rico are the municipios , which are equivalent to counties . For this ranking , the municipios are counted as the incorporated places in Puerto Rico , and the San Juan Municipio is the densest .", 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density_7', 'intro': 'The following is a list of incorporated places in the United States with a population density of over 10,000 people per square mile. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place is defined as a place that has a self-governing local government and as such has been incorporated by the state it is in. Each state has different laws defining how a place can be incorporated and so an incorporated place as recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau can designate a variety of places, such as a city, town, village, borough, and township. [a]\n The other type of place defined by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes are census-designated places. Census-designated places are distinct from incorporated places because they do not have a local government and thus depend on higher government bodies, such as a county, for governance. Census-designated places are defined as being in an unincorporated area. Census-designated places that have a population density of over 10,000 people per square mile are listed in a separate table below. The five boroughs of New York City, and the census-designated places of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands that have densities over 10,000, are also listed in separate tables below.'}	null	null	Which place is the incorporated locality in California with the most people per square mile northeast of ?	Huntington Park
05eb21ec1faa0f97	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_relations_in_professional_wrestling', 'title': 'List of family relations in professional wrestling', 'header': ['Last name', 'Parent', 'Child ( ren )', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aguayo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perro Aguayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perro_Aguayo', 'summary': "Pedro Aguayo Damián ( January 18 , 1946 - July 3 , 2019 ) better known as ( El ) Perro Aguayo ( Dog Aguayo ) and El Can de Nochistlan ( Nochistlan Dog ) was a famous Mexican wrestler through the 1970s to the 1990s . His son also wrestled as Perro Aguayo Jr. or El Hijo del Perro Aguayo ( The Son of Perro Aguayo ) . He was one of the biggest box office attractions in lucha libre history and was the last major rival of El Santo . Often prone to blading , Aguayo has been described by American pundits as a cross between Terry Funk and Bruno Sammartino ( for his willingness to brawl and overpower opponents ) . He was the first person ever crowned the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion , though pre-1997 title reigns are not included in WWE 's official history for that title . In 2012 , Aguayo was inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Perro Aguayo Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perro_Aguayo_Jr.', 'summary': "Pedro Aguayo Ramírez ( July 23 , 1979 - March 21 , 2015 ) was a Mexican luchador or professional wrestler and promoter who achieved fame in lucha libre as Perro Aguayo Jr. or El Hijo del Perro Aguayo ( The Son of Perro Aguayo ) . He was the real-life son of lucha libre legend Perro Aguayo and not a storyline Junior . Aguayo was best known as the leader of the Los Perros del Mal stable , which he started in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) in mid-2004 . The stable became a significant draw in Mexican professional wrestling , peaking during Aguayo 's storyline rivalries with Místico and Héctor Garza . In October 2008 , Aguayo left CMLL to start his own independent professional wrestling promotion Perros del Mal Producciones , built around members of his Los Perros del Mal stable . In June 2010 , Aguayo returned to AAA after a seven-year absence to start an invasion storyline involving his stable . While performing in a wrestling match on March 21 , 2015 , Aguayo died almost instantly from cardiac arrest after fracturing three vertebrae . Following his death , Aguayo was inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Almanza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Karonte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astro Boy Argenis Argos Los Psycho Circus Místico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argenis_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Argenis ( born August 13 , 1986 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , who is working in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) . His ring name is the Latin word for Silver . Argenis is the son of retired professional wrestler Dr. Karonte and has wrestled as Dr. Karonte Jr. in the past , as well as Hijo del Dr. Karonte ( Spanish for Son of Dr. Karonte ) . Argenis ' real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . His patronymic surname is known though , as his father Miguel Urive wrestled as Dr. Karonte , he was unmasked and revealed his full name per Lucha libre traditions . He is the brother of professional wrestlers Místico , Astro Boy , Argos , and Mini Murder Clown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Psycho_Circus', 'summary': 'Los Psycho Circus was a Lucha libre , or professional wrestling , trio who worked for the Mexico City based Lucha Libre AAA World Wide ( AAA ) as a Technico ( good guy ) team . The trio consists of three enmascarado , or masked , wrestlers known under the ring names Psycho Clown , Monster Clown and Murder Clown . They are former two-time AAA World Trios Champions and were also the last holders of the Mexican National Atómicos Championship with Chessman . Los Psycho Circus is most known for an exaggerated undefeated streak since their debut in 2007 , they are announced as having won over 600 matches . The streak came to an end in December 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Místico', 'summary': "Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde ( born December 22 , 1982 ) , best known under the ring names Místico and Carístico , is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler . Urive worked under the ring name Místico from 2004 to 2011 , from 2011 to 2014 he worked for WWE under the name Sin Cara , ( Spanish for Without Face or Faceless ) followed by a year under the name Myzteziz , before settling on the ring name Carístico in 2015 . [ a ] Both the Místico and Sin Cara ring characters have been taken over by other wrestlers . Urive works for the lucha libre promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as well as on the Mexican independent circuit . From 2006 to 2011 Urive was the top técnico ( those that portray the good guys ) and was the biggest box office draw in Mexico for a number of years . During his rise to fame in CMLL , he worked under the name Místico ( Spanish for Mystic ) , a religious ring character who was the storyline protégé of the wrestling priest Fray Tormenta . Between 2011 and 2014 , he worked for the global wrestling promotion WWE under the ring name Sin Cara . After leaving WWE , Urive adopted the name Myzteziz while working for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) and then returned to CMLL in 2015 under the name Carístico . On two occasions in 2008 , Místico held five championships simultaneously and has won most major CMLL championships over the years as well as CMLL 's Torneo Gran Alternativa and Leyenda de Plata tournaments on three occasions each . Urive is the son of Miguel Urive , who wrestled under the ring name Dr. Karonte , the brother of wrestlers Astro Boy , Argos , Argenis and Dr. Karonte Jr , the cousin of wrestlers Magnus and Ulises Jr. as well as the nephew of CMLL booker Tony Salazar ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Amezcua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Amezcua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Dantés Septiembre Negro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Dantés', 'summary': 'José Luis Amezcua Díaz ( April 13 , 1943 - July 30 , 2008 ) was a Mexican professional wrestler who wrestled during the 1960s and 1970s under the ring name Alfonso Dantés ( the name was taken from the main character of the Count of Monte Cristo novel , Edmond Dantès ) . He would later receive the nickname El Tanque ( which means The Tank ) for his short but thick build . Dantés was the son of Al Amezcua , who wrestled in Mexico as Golden Terror . He and his brother Vick would follow their father into the sport . Vick would go on to wrestle as Septiembre Negro .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Amezcua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Dantés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Dantés', 'summary': 'José Luis Amezcua Díaz ( April 13 , 1943 - July 30 , 2008 ) was a Mexican professional wrestler who wrestled during the 1960s and 1970s under the ring name Alfonso Dantés ( the name was taken from the main character of the Count of Monte Cristo novel , Edmond Dantès ) . He would later receive the nickname El Tanque ( which means The Tank ) for his short but thick build . Dantés was the son of Al Amezcua , who wrestled in Mexico as Golden Terror . He and his brother Vick would follow their father into the sport . Vick would go on to wrestle as Septiembre Negro .'}]}, {'value': 'Apolo Dantés Cesar Dantés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apolo_Dantés', 'summary': "José Luis Amezcua Muñoz ( born September 28 , 1968 ) is a Mexican luchador , or professional wrestler , trainer and promoter , best known by his ring name Apolo Dantés . He is the son of Alfonso Dantés , a successful and respected luchador during the 1960s and 1970s . He was a longtime mainstay of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) throughout the 1990s and now owns and operates Dantés Wrestling Factory in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico . During his in-ring career he 's won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship , CMLL World Middleweight Championship , and the NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship . He also won the 1994 Copa de Oro tournament with El Dandy , the Copa de Arena Mexico with Black Warrior and Shocker and the Second Generation Tag Team Tournament with Emilio Charles Jr. Dantés was a part of the Los Capos ( The Bosses ) stable alongside Cien Caras , Máscara Año 2000 , and Universo 2000 . He also worked for the World Wrestling Federation in 1998 and 1999 on their hispanic focused show Super Astros . His in-ring career ended in the mid-2000s , followed by him transitioning into a behind the scenes role of training and booking matches at Arena Coliseo ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Anderson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doug Anderson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheerleader Melissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheerleader_Melissa', 'summary': "Melissa Anderson ( born August 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional wrestler , better known by her ring name Cheerleader Melissa . She is best known for her work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , where she worked as Alissa Flash and Raisha Saeed . She is currently performing on the independent circuit for promotions such as Pro Wrestling Revolution and Shimmer Women Athletes , where she is a former two-time Shimmer Champion . In 2013 , Anderson was ranked # 1 in Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's annual Top 50 Females list ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_family', 'summary': "The Anderson family is a group of professional wrestlers , a fictional extended family largely consisting of brothers , nephews , and cousins . It started in the Minnesota area in the late 1960s with a tag team called The Minnesota Wrecking Crew , consisting of brothers Lars Anderson and Gene Anderson ( the only actual 'Anderson ' of the original group ) . Later versions of the Crew included brothers Ole Anderson and Arn Anderson , ( Arn at other times was a cousin or a nephew ) in various combinations with the original two . In total , the four original Andersons won over 11 different tag team championships across the country . Several modern tag teams have taken names similar to the Minnesota Wrecking Crew as an homage to the group . In the 1980s , Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair , a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family , and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen . The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America , creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order , Triple Threat , and Evolution . Flair 's sons David and Reid ( the latter now deceased ) , as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair , can be counted as part of the family by extension . Other wrestlers claiming the Anderson heritage popped up on the independent circuit in the 1990s . These include C.W . Anderson , and Karl Anderson ( who distanced himself from the storyline relationship not long after adopting the name ) . Gene Anderson had a son , Brad , who began wrestling in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gene Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Anderson', 'summary': 'Eugene Avon Anderson ( October 4 , 1939 - October 31 , 1991 ) was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager . He is best known as one-half of the tag team The Minnesota Wrecking Crew with Lars Anderson and Ole Anderson . He was a marquee performer for the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) from the late 1960s , appearing with promotions including the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , Georgia Championship Wrestling ( GCW ) and Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling ( ACW ) . The Minnesota Wrecking Crew were named Tag Team of the Year by Pro Wrestling Illustrated in 1975 and 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brad Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Anderson_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Bradley Anderson ( born December 24 , 1969 ) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler and is the son of wrestler Gene Anderson .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogowski', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ole Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Anderson', 'summary': 'Alan Robert Rogowski ( born September 22 , 1942 ) , better known by his ring name of Ole Anderson , is an American retired professional wrestler , referee and promoter . Part of the Anderson family , a fictional family , Anderson was a founding member of the influential stable The Four Horsemen .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryant Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Anderson', 'summary': 'Bryant Alan Rogowski ( born November 6 , 1970 ) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Bryant Anderson . He is the son of wrestler Ole Anderson . Anderson wrestled for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 1993 , as well as wrestling for various independent promotions in the Southeastern United States during the mid-1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Annis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.J . Annis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B.J._Annis', 'summary': 'Bradley Joseph Annis ( born 1947 ) is a retired bodybuilder , powerlifter , fitness guru , professional wrestler , gym owner and firefighter . Annis is best known for his work for Stampede Wrestling and his ownership and handling of the Calgary gym at which many of the wrestlers trained . Annis is married to Georgia Hart , the daughter of wrestler Stu and wrestling promoter Helen Hart .'}]}, {'value': 'Teddy Hart Matthew Annis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Hart', 'summary': 'Edward Ellsworth Annis ( born February 2 , 1980 ) is a Canadian professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Teddy Hart . He currently wrestles on the independent circuit . He most recently wrestled on a National scale for Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) as the leader of The Hart Foundation , where he was the longest reigning MLW World Middleweight Champion and also held the MLW World Tag Team Championship . He has also wrestled for AAA , the short-lived Wrestling Society X , Jersey All Pro Wrestling , and Dragon Gate USA . He operates a wrestling school in Edmonton . He is the son of Georgia Hart of the Hart family and wrestler B.J . Annis . Hart achieved an early degree of fame when he became the youngest wrestler to be signed to the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) . His subsequent release and controversial actions while wrestling on the independent circuit have earned him a measure of infamy . Outside of the ring Annis has been a mentor to several young wrestlers and has been a trainer at wrestling schools . Among his trainees are Jack Evans , Pete Wilson and his younger cousin Matt Hart . Annis is also a cat lover and breeder of Persian cats which he has used sometimes in storylines and brought with him to matches .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Annis', 'summary': "The Hart wrestling family , sometimes known as the Hart dynasty , is a mainly Canadian family with a significant history within professional wrestling . The patriarch of the family was wrestling legend Stu Hart ( 1915-2003 ) . An amateur and professional wrestling performer , promoter and trainer , Stu owned and operated his own wrestling promotion , Stampede Wrestling . He also trained some of the most well known stars in wrestling history including Superstar Billy Graham , Fritz Von Erich , Edge , Chris Jericho , Chris Benoit , Christian and his sons Bret Hart and Owen Hart . All of Stu 's eight sons were wrestlers and two of them , Bret and Owen , achieved considerable fame and success in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , with many of the WWF 's biggest storylines in the mid-1990s being built around Bret and Owen and their brothers-in-law . As of 2014 , the only Hart actively wrestling in WWE is Stu 's granddaughter Natalie Natalya Neidhart , but Bret makes occasional guest appearances while WWE employs Dungeon graduates Rick Victor , Tyson Kidd ( also Neidhart 's husband ) , and former world champions Christian , and Mark Henry in various roles ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': "Anoa ' i", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anoaʻi_family', 'summary': "The Anoai family , originating from American Samoa , is a family of professional wrestlers . Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions . Famous members of the family include Rosey , Rikishi , Jamal/Ekmo/Umaga , Yokozuna , Roman Reigns , The Usos , Nia Jax , Tamina Snuka and brothers Afa and Sika Anoaʻi , the Wild Samoans . Peter Maivia and his grandson The Rock are considered honorary members . Reverend Amituana ' i Anoa ' i and Peter Maivia were blood brothers , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia Lia Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Ata , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Afa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afa_Anoaʻi', 'summary': 'Arthur Anoaʻi Sr. ( born November 21 , 1942 ) is a Samoan-American retired professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager . Since retiring , he has operated the World Xtreme Wrestling promotion and trained wrestlers at the Wild Samoan Training Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Samula Anoaʻi Lloyd Anoaʻi Afa Anoaʻi Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samula_Anoaʻi', 'summary': "Samula Anoa ' i ( born May 29 , 1963 ) is an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Samu . He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation , World Championship Wrestling , and New Japan Pro-Wrestling in the 1980s and 1990s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Anoaʻi', 'summary': "Lloyd Anoaʻi ( born May 7 , 1970 ) is an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager . He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) under the ring names Tahitian Savage , Fred Williams , and Lloyd Lanui and for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) under the ring name L.A . Smooth .Making his acting career in the movie The Wrestler and on the trailer commercial for Brisk Tea for his cousin Dwayne Johnson 's movie Hobbs & Shaw and other movies . He is one of the three sons of professional wrestling patriarch Afa Anoaʻi and a member of the Anoaʻi family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Afa_Anoaʻi_Jr.', 'summary': 'Afa Anoaʻi Jr. ( born October 6 , 1984 ) is an American professional wrestler . He is best known for his appearances with the professional wrestling promotion WWE in the mid-2000s under the ring name Manu .'}]}, {'value': 'American Samoa , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Samoa', 'summary': 'American Samoa ( /səˈmoʊə/ ( listen ) ; locally /ˈsɑːmoʊə/ ; Samoan : Amerika Sāmoa , [ aˈmɛɾika ˈsaːmʊa ] ; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika ) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean , southeast of ( the independent nation of ) Samoa . Its location is centered on 14.2710° S , 170.1322° W. It is east of the International Date Line , while Samoa is west of the Line . American Samoa consists of five main islands and two coral atolls . The largest and most populous island is Tutuila , with the Manuʻa Islands , Rose Atoll , and Swains Island also included in the territory . All islands except for Swains Island are part of the Samoan Islands , located west of the Cook Islands , north of Tonga , and some 300 miles ( 500 km ) south of Tokelau . To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group . As of April 2019 the population of American Samoa is approximately 55,689 people . Most American Samoans are bilingual and can speak English and Samoan fluently . [ citation needed ] The total land area is 199 square kilometers ( 76.8 sq mi ) , slightly more than Washington , D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator , along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island . Tuna products are the main exports , and the main trading partner is the United States . American Samoa has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Governor John Martin Poyer quarantined the territory , and because of his actions , American Samoa was one of the few places in the world where no flu-related deaths occurred .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Anoa ' i", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anoaʻi_family', 'summary': "The Anoai family , originating from American Samoa , is a family of professional wrestlers . Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions . Famous members of the family include Rosey , Rikishi , Jamal/Ekmo/Umaga , Yokozuna , Roman Reigns , The Usos , Nia Jax , Tamina Snuka and brothers Afa and Sika Anoaʻi , the Wild Samoans . Peter Maivia and his grandson The Rock are considered honorary members . Reverend Amituana ' i Anoa ' i and Peter Maivia were blood brothers , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia Lia Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Ata , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sika_Anoaʻi', 'summary': "Leati Sika Anoa ' i Amituana ' i ( born April 5 , 1945 ) , better known as Sika Anoa ' i or simply Sika , is an American Samoan retired professional wrestler . He is best known as one-half of the tag team The Wild Samoans with his brother Afa . Championships held by Anoa ' i over the course of his career include the WWF World Tag Team Championship . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2012 . He is a member of the Anoa ' i family and the father of professional wrestlers Rosey and Roman Reigns ."}]}, {'value': "Matt Anoa ' i Joe Anoaʻi ( Roman Reigns )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosey_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Matthew Tapunu ' u Anoaʻi ( April 7 , 1970 - April 17 , 2017 ) was a Samoan-American professional wrestler , best known for his time on the independent circuit under numerous ring names , and his time in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he competed as Rosey . Anoai was a member of the Anoaʻi family , a renowned American Samoan wrestling family . Anoai , along with his late cousins Eddie Fatu and Matt Fatu , was trained at the Wild Samoan Training Facility headed by his uncle , Afa Anoaʻi . Following his training , he competed in Afa 's World Xtreme Wrestling ( WXW ) promotion . He began competing in tag team competition with Samu as the Samoan Gangsta Party . The team had a brief stint in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) . Throughout the mid-1990s , Anoaʻi competed in various independent promotions and international promotions including World Wrestling Council and Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling , winning various tag team championships . In 2001 , Anoaʻi signed with the WWE and was assigned to Heartland Wrestling Association ( HWA ) in Cincinnati , Ohio . While situated at HWA , he was placed in tag team competition , alongside Fatu , and the duo won the HWA Tag Team Championship . After signing with WWE in 2002 , Anoaʻi and Fatu were called up to the Raw roster . Known as 3-Minute Warning , they were utilized as enforcers for then-General Manager Eric Bischoff . Following the release of Fatu in 2003 , Anoaʻi was discovered by The Hurricane and from there on they competed together as a team , known as Rosey and The Hurricane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Reigns', 'summary': "Leati Joseph Joe Anoaʻi ( born May 25 , 1985 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , and former professional gridiron football player . He is part of the Anoaʻi family and is currently signed to WWE as a member of the SmackDown brand under the ring name Roman Reigns . After playing college football for Georgia Tech , Anoaʻi started his professional football career with brief off-season stints with the Minnesota Vikings and Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League ( NFL ) in 2007 . He then played a full season for the Canadian Football League 's ( CFL ) Edmonton Eskimos in 2008 before his release and retirement from football . He then pursued a career in professional wrestling and was signed by WWE in 2010 , reporting to their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) . As Roman Reigns , he made his main roster debut in November 2012 alongside Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins as The Shield . The trio teamed together until June 2014 , after which Reigns entered singles competition . Reigns is a four-time world champion in WWE , having held the WWE Championship three times and the Universal Championship once . He is also a one-time United States Champion , a one-time Intercontinental Champion , a one-time WWE Tag Team Champion ( with Rollins ) , the 2015 Royal Rumble winner , and the 2014 Superstar of the Year . He tied the WWE record for most eliminations in a Survivor Series match with four in the 2013 event and also previously held the record for most eliminations in a Royal Rumble match with 12 in the 2014 event . Upon winning the Intercontinental Championship , he became the twenty-eighth Triple Crown Champion and the seventeenth Grand Slam Champion . Additionally , Reigns was ranked number one in Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's annual PWI 500 list of the top 500 singles wrestlers in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'American Samoa , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Samoa', 'summary': 'American Samoa ( /səˈmoʊə/ ( listen ) ; locally /ˈsɑːmoʊə/ ; Samoan : Amerika Sāmoa , [ aˈmɛɾika ˈsaːmʊa ] ; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika ) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean , southeast of ( the independent nation of ) Samoa . Its location is centered on 14.2710° S , 170.1322° W. It is east of the International Date Line , while Samoa is west of the Line . American Samoa consists of five main islands and two coral atolls . The largest and most populous island is Tutuila , with the Manuʻa Islands , Rose Atoll , and Swains Island also included in the territory . All islands except for Swains Island are part of the Samoan Islands , located west of the Cook Islands , north of Tonga , and some 300 miles ( 500 km ) south of Tokelau . To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group . As of April 2019 the population of American Samoa is approximately 55,689 people . Most American Samoans are bilingual and can speak English and Samoan fluently . [ citation needed ] The total land area is 199 square kilometers ( 76.8 sq mi ) , slightly more than Washington , D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator , along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island . Tuna products are the main exports , and the main trading partner is the United States . American Samoa has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Governor John Martin Poyer quarantined the territory , and because of his actions , American Samoa was one of the few places in the world where no flu-related deaths occurred .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Armstrong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bullet Bob', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Joseph Melton James ( born October 3 , 1939 ) is an American retired professional wrestler and Hall of Famer , better known by his ring name , Bullet Bob Armstrong . In the course of his career , which spanned five decades , Armstrong held numerous championships throughout the Southeastern United States . His four sons , Joseph , Robert Bradley , Steve and Brian , all became wrestlers .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Brad Scott Steve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Road_Dogg', 'summary': "Brian Girard James ( born March 20 , 1969 ) is a retired American professional wrestler and producer , currently signed to WWE . James is best known for his initial tenure with World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) as The Roadie from 1994 to 1995 and as Road Dogg Jesse James from 1996 to 2001 . He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) as B.G . James from 2002 to 2009 , and has also made appearances for several other promotions such as Smoky Mountain Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling , the United States Wrestling Association , the Catch Wrestling Association , and World Wrestling All-Stars ( WWA ) . James has held numerous championships in a career spanning more than three decades . In the WWF/E , he achieved mainstream notoriety as half of The New Age Outlaws ( who became part of D-Generation X ) : he and partner Billy Gunn won the WWF World Tag Team Championship five times , and later held the WWE Tag Team Championship once . Additionally , James found success in singles competition , becoming a one-time Intercontinental Champion and a one-time Hardcore Champion . Following his 2001 departure from the WWF , James became the inaugural WWA World Heavyweight Champion before once again finding success as a tag team wrestler in TNA , where he was a two-time National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) World Tag Team Champion with Konnan and Ron Killings under the Freebird Rule as the 3Live Kru . James also twice competed for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship on pay-per-view . WWE commentator John Layfield charted James 's transition from a cornerstone of the Attitude Era ; one of its greatest stars and one of its architects , to one of the prime creative forces behind WWE . James is a second generation wrestler ; his father Bob wrestled , as did his brothers Scott , Brad , and Steve . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2019 ) as part of D-Generation X ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brad_Armstrong_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Robert Bradley Brad James ( June 15 , 1962 - November 1 , 2012 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Brad Armstrong . He is best known for his appearances with the promotion World Championship Wrestling in the 1990s . He was the son of wrestler Bullet Bob Armstrong and brother to professional wrestlers Steve , Scott and Brian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Armstrong_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Joseph Scott James Jr. ( born May 4 , 1959 ) is an American wrestling producer , referee and retired professional wrestler better known as Scott Armstrong . He is currently under contract to WWE . He is the oldest son of Bob Armstrong and has three brothers who became wrestlers , Brad , Steve and Brian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Steven James ( born March 16 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Steve Armstrong is a professional wrestler and is the son of Bullet Bob Armstrong . He has three brothers who also entered the wrestling business : Scott , Brad ( who died in 2012 ) and Brian .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Baños', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lizmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lizmark', 'summary': 'Juan Baños ( December 18 , 1950 - December 16 , 2015 ) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler better known by the ring name Lizmark . The name was taken from the German battleship Bismarck . He was a multiple-time champion , having held singles and tag team championships in both Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre / Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( EMLL/CMLL ) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) . In 2001 , Lizmark was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame . His nickname was El Geniecillo Azul , which is Spanish for The Little Blue Genius . He has two sons who are also professional wrestlers , Lizmark , Jr. and El Hijo de Lizmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Lizmark Jr. El Hijo de Lizmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lizmark_Jr.', 'summary': 'Juan Carlos Baños ( born October 16 , 1972 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler or Luchador known as Lizmark Jr. or El Hijo de Lizmark ( The Son of Lizmark ) . Baños previously worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and AAA . Lizmark Jr. works as a Rudo and has been a part of the Los Perros del Mal stable .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Bassarab', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Bassarab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Bassarab', 'summary': "Benjamin Bassarab ( born March 3 , 1960 ) is a Canadian former bodybuilder and professional wrestler , best known for his appearances for Stu Hart 's Stampede Wrestling promotion throughout the 1980s . Bassarab is a two time Stampede International Tag Team champion . Wrestling historian Dave Meltzer described Bassarab as a semi-spectacular in-ring performer ."}]}, {'value': 'Lindsay B. Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindsay_Hart', 'summary': "The Hart wrestling family , sometimes known as the Hart dynasty , is a mainly Canadian family with a significant history within professional wrestling . The patriarch of the family was wrestling legend Stu Hart ( 1915-2003 ) . An amateur and professional wrestling performer , promoter and trainer , Stu owned and operated his own wrestling promotion , Stampede Wrestling . He also trained some of the most well known stars in wrestling history including Superstar Billy Graham , Fritz Von Erich , Edge , Chris Jericho , Chris Benoit , Christian and his sons Bret Hart and Owen Hart . All of Stu 's eight sons were wrestlers and two of them , Bret and Owen , achieved considerable fame and success in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , with many of the WWF 's biggest storylines in the mid-1990s being built around Bret and Owen and their brothers-in-law . As of 2014 , the only Hart actively wrestling in WWE is Stu 's granddaughter Natalie Natalya Neidhart , but Bret makes occasional guest appearances while WWE employs Dungeon graduates Rick Victor , Tyson Kidd ( also Neidhart 's husband ) , and former world champions Christian , and Mark Henry in various roles ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Barr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy_Barr', 'summary': 'Ferrin Charles Barr ( January 21 , 1938 - June 2 , 2007 ) was an American professional wrestler , referee , promoter and trainer who spent his career mostly in the Western United States and Canada . Under the name as Sandy Barr , he was best known for his presence in the Portland , Oregon wrestling scene .'}]}, {'value': 'Art Jesse Shawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Barr', 'summary': "Arthur Leon Barr ( October 8 , 1966 - November 23 , 1994 ) was an American professional wrestler . While he wrestled briefly for World Championship Wrestling , he found his greatest success in Mexico 's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Barr', 'summary': 'Ferrin Barr Jr. ( born January 28 , 1960 ) is an American former professional wrestler , better known as Jesse Barr . He is best known for his performances in the 1980s under his own name in the Florida territory and as Jimmy Jack Funk in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He is the son of wrestling promoter Sandy Barr and the older brother of wrestler Art Barr .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Benoit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Benoit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Benoit', 'summary': 'Christopher Michael Benoit ( /bənˈwɑː/ ; May 21 , 1967 - June 24 , 2007 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler . During his 22-year career , Benoit worked for numerous promotions including the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , and New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Industry journalist Dave Meltzer considered him one of the top 10 , maybe even the top 5 , all-time greats . Benoit held 22 championships between WWF/WWE , WCW , NJPW , and ECW . He was a two-time world champion , having been a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion , and a one-time World Heavyweight Champion in WWE ; he was booked to win a third world championship at a WWE event on the night of his death . Benoit was the twelfth WWE Triple Crown Champion and seventh WCW Triple Crown Champion , and the second of four men in history to achieve both the WWE and WCW Triple Crown Championships . He was also the 2004 Royal Rumble winner , joining Shawn Michaels as the only two men to win a Royal Rumble as the number one entrant . Benoit headlined multiple pay-per-views for WWE , including a victory in the World Heavyweight Championship main event match of WrestleMania XX in 2004 . Benoit murdered his wife on June 22 , 2007 , his son on June 23 , 2007 , and hanged himself on June 24 , 2007 . Research suggests depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) , a condition of brain damage , from numerous concussions are likely contributing factors leading to the crimes .'}]}, {'value': 'David Benoit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Beyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Beyer', 'summary': "Richard John Beyer ( July 11 , 1930 - March 7 , 2019 ) was an American professional wrestler who is best known by his ring names , The Destroyer or Doctor X. Beyer worked extensively in Japan and in 2017 he was awarded one of the country 's highest honors , the Order of the Rising Sun ."}]}, {'value': 'Kurt Beyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Beyer', 'summary': 'Kurt Beyer ( born September 23 , 1960 ) is a semi-retired American professional wrestler who competed in Japanese and international promotions during the 1990s , most notably teaming with his father The Destroyer ( Dick Beyer ) during his last tour with All Japan Pro Wrestling in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Blanchard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Blanchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Blanchard', 'summary': 'Joseph Edgar Blanchard ( December 7 , 1928 - March 22 , 2012 ) was an American football player , professional wrestler and promoter . His son is former Four Horseman wrestler Tully Blanchard .'}]}, {'value': 'Tully Blanchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tully_Blanchard', 'summary': 'Tully Arthur Blanchard ( born January 22 , 1954 ) is an American retired professional wrestler and current on-screen manager signed to All Elite Wrestling . He is best known for his appearances with Jim Crockett Promotions and the World Wrestling Federation in the mid to late 1980s as a member of The Four Horsemen and The Brain Busters . Championships held by Blanchard over his career include the NWA World Television Championship , NWA World Tag Team Championship , WWF World Tag Team Championship , and NWA United States Heavyweight Championship . He was inducted into the NWA Hall of Fame in 2009 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bockwinkel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Bockwinkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Bockwinkel', 'summary': 'Warren Bockwinkel ( often misspelled Bockwinkle , May 21 , 1911 - March 25 , 1986 ) , was a professional wrestler .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Bockwinkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Bockwinkel', 'summary': 'Nicholas Warren Francis Bockwinkel ( December 6 , 1934 - November 14 , 2015 ) was an American professional wrestler . He was best known for his appearances with the Minneapolis , Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) from 1970 to 1987 , where he held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship on four occasions and the AWA World Tag Team Championship on three . Bockwinkel was recognised for his exceptional technical wrestling ability and mastery of in-ring psychology . He was also known for his even-toned , articulate promos , which distinguished him from many of his contemporaries . He was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Borne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Borne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Osborne', 'summary': 'Anthony Wayne Osborne ( July 13 , 1926 - August 27 , 2010 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Tough Tony Borne .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Borne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Osborne', 'summary': 'Matthew Wade Osborne ( July 27 , 1957 - June 28 , 2013 ) , known professionally as Matt Borne , was an American professional wrestler . Osborne was a second generation wrestler , the son of Tony Borne , and is best known as being the first wrestler to portray the character of Doink the Clown .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobo Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobo_Brazil', 'summary': 'Houston Harris ( July 10 , 1924 - January 20 , 1998 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Bobo Brazil . Credited with breaking down barriers of racial segregation in professional wrestling , Harris is considered one of the first successful African-American professional wrestlers .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobo Brazil Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Parents–children -- Biological', 'section_text': 'Vince McMahon ( left ) , as ECW World Heavyweight Champion , with his son Shane ( right ) . Vince and Shane McMahon have both wrestled with and against each other . Vince himself is the son of wrestling promoter Vince McMahon , Sr. , who was the son of promoter Jess McMahon The son of El Santo , El Hijo del Santo ( silver ) wrestling Blue Demon Jr. ( blue ) , the adopted son of Blue Demon', 'uid': 'List_of_family_relations_in_professional_wrestling_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of family relations in professional wrestling. Since the beginning of the artforms secretive history family members have been involved in all aspects of the industry, often to keep it closed off to outsiders. Although most connections are among wrestlers, there have been contributions from family members in many other fileds, such as managing, promoting, training and refereeing.'}	null	null	The grandson of the wrestler Golden Terror was born when ?	September 28 , 1968
05eba88095d2839d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)', 'title': 'List of American Civil War generals (Union)', 'header': ['Name', 'Substantive Rank', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Taylor , George William', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Taylor_(general)', 'summary': "George William Taylor ( November 22 , 1808 - August 31 , 1862 ) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He commanded a brigade in the Army of the Potomac before being mortally wounded at the Battle of Manassas Station in Northern Virginia . The poem The General 's Death by Joseph O'Connor was based on George W. Taylor 's death ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 9 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DOW , Bull Run Bridge ( w. August 27 , 1862 , d. September 1 , 1862 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manassas_Station_Operations_(Stonewall_Jackson)', 'summary': "The Manassas Station Operations included the operations known as Bristoe Station , Kettle Run , Bull Run Bridge , or Union Mills . It took place August 25-27 , 1862 , in Prince William County , Virginia , as part of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War . On the evening of August 26 , after passing around Union Maj. Gen. John Pope 's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap , Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson 's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction . This surprise movement forced Pope 's Army of Virginia into an abrupt retreat from his defensive line along the Rappahannock River . On August 27 , Jackson routed a Union brigade near Union Mills ( Bull Run Bridge ) , inflicting several hundred casualties and mortally wounding Union Brig . Gen. George W. Taylor . Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell 's Confederate division fought a brisk rearguard action against Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Union division at Kettle Run , resulting in about 600 casualties . Ewell held back Union forces until dark . That night , Jackson marched his divisions north to the Bull Run battlefield , where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade ."}]}, {'value': 'Taylor , Joseph Pannell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Pannell_Taylor', 'summary': 'Joseph Pannell Taylor ( May 4 , 1796 - June 29 , 1864 ) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War . He was the younger brother of Zachary Taylor , the 12th President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( February 9 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissary General of the Army ( 1861-1864 ) Died June 29 , 1864 Brother of President Zachary Taylor Uncle of generals Richard Taylor , CSA and David Rumph Jones , CSA Father of John McLean Taylor Father-in-law of Albert Gallatin Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zachary_Taylor', 'summary': 'Zachary Taylor ( November 24 , 1784 - July 9 , 1850 ) was the 12th president of the United States , serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850 . Taylor previously was a career officer in the United States Army , rose to the rank of major general and became a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War . As a result , he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs . His top priority as president was preserving the Union , but he died sixteen months into his term , before making any progress on the status of slavery , which had been inflaming tensions in Congress . Taylor was born into a prominent family of plantation owners who moved westward from Virginia to Louisville , Kentucky in his youth . He was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army in 1808 and made a name for himself as a captain in the War of 1812 . He climbed the ranks establishing military forts along the Mississippi River and entered the Black Hawk War as a colonel in 1832 . His success in the Second Seminole War attracted national attention and earned him the nickname Old Rough and Ready . In 1845 , during the annexation of Texas , President James K. Polk dispatched Taylor to the Rio Grande in anticipation of a battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas-Mexico border . The Mexican-American War broke out in April 1846 , and Taylor defeated Mexican troops commanded by General Mariano Arista at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and drove his troops out of Texas . Taylor then led his troops into Mexico , where they defeated Mexican troops commanded by Pedro de Ampudia at the Battle of Monterrey . Defying orders , Taylor led his troops further south and , despite being severely outnumbered , dealt a crushing blow to Mexican forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(general)', 'summary': 'Richard Dick Taylor ( January 27 , 1826 - April 12 , 1879 ) was an American planter , politician , military historian , and Confederate general . Following the outbreak of the American Civil War , Taylor joined the Confederate States Army , serving first as a brigade commander in Virginia , and later as an army commander in the Trans-Mississippi Theater . Taylor commanded the District of West Louisiana and was responsible for successfully opposing United States troops invading upper northwest Louisiana during the Red River Campaign of 1864 . He was the only son of Zachary Taylor , the 12th president of the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones', 'summary': 'David Rumph Jones ( April 5 , 1825 - January 15 , 1863 ) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albert_G._Lawrence', 'summary': 'Albert Gallatin Lawrence ( April 14 , 1836 - January 1 , 1887 ) was an American diplomat and soldier .'}]}, {'value': 'Taylor , Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Taylor', 'summary': 'Nelson Taylor ( June 8 , 1821 - January 16 , 1894 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York , a brigadier-general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and a captain in the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 7 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resigned January 19 , 1863 U.S . Congressman from New York ( 1865-1867 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Terrill , William R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_R._Terrill', 'summary': 'William Rufus Terrill ( April 21 , 1834 - October 8 , 1862 ) was a United States Army soldier and general who was killed in action at the Battle of Perryville during the American Civil War . His Confederate brother James was also killed during the same war , making the Terrills one of the few sets of American brothers killed in action while commanding brigades .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA ( May 14 , 1861 ) Brigadier general , USV ( September 9 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1853 KIA , Battle of Perryville ( October 8 , 1862 ) Brother of Confederate general James Barbour Terrill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville', 'summary': "The Battle of Perryville ( also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills ) was fought on October 8 , 1862 , in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville , Kentucky , as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive ( Kentucky Campaign ) during the American Civil War . Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi [ b ] initially won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell 's Union Army of the Ohio . The battle is considered a strategic Union victory , sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky , since Bragg withdrew to Tennessee soon thereafter . The Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war . On October 7 , Buell 's army , in pursuit of Bragg , converged on the small crossroads town of Perryville in three columns . Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general , on Peters Hill , when the Confederate infantry arrived . Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water . The next day , at dawn , fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike , halting just before the Confederate line . After noon , a Confederate division struck the Union left flank - the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook - and forced it to fall back . When more Confederate divisions joined the fray , the Union line made a stubborn stand , counterattacked , but finally fell back with some units routed . Buell , several miles behind the action , was unaware that a major battle was taking place and did not send any reserves to the front until late in the afternoon . The Union troops on the left flank , reinforced by two brigades , stabilized their line , and the Confederate attack sputtered to a halt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Barbour_Terrill', 'summary': 'James B. Terrill , often identified as James Barbour Terrill ( February 20 , 1838 - May 30 , 1864 ) was a lawyer and an officer in the Confederate States Army . He was practicing law in Warm Springs , Virginia when the American Civil War began . He joined the Confederate Army and was elected major of the 13th Virginia Infantry Regiment in May 1861 . He became colonel of the regiment after the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 15 , 1863 . On May 30 , 1864 , he was killed in action at the Battle of Totopotomoy Creek or Battle of Bethesda Church , which immediately preceded the Battle of Cold Harbor during the Overland Campaign . Terrill had already been nominated to the grade of brigadier general . The Confederate Senate posthumously confirmed the appointment on May 31 , 1864 , to rank from June 1 , 1864 .'}]}, {'value': 'Terry , Alfred Howe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Terry', 'summary': 'Alfred Howe Terry ( November 10 , 1827 - December 16 , 1890 ) was a Union general in the American Civil War and the military commander of the Dakota Territory from 1866 to 1869 and again from 1872 to 1886 . In 1865 , Terry led Union troops to victory at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( January 15 , 1865 ) Major general , USV ( January 16 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Received the Thanks of Congress ( January 24 , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Thanks of Congress is a series of formal resolutions passed by the United States Congress originally to extend the government 's formal thanks for significant victories or impressive actions by American military commanders and their troops . Although it began during the American Revolutionary War , the practice peaked during the American Civil War . Similarly , the Confederate Congress also passed resolutions honoring extraordinary performance to individuals or military units ."}]}, {'value': 'Terry , Henry Dwight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_D._Terry', 'summary': 'Henry Dwight Terry ( March 16 , 1812 - June 22 , 1869 ) was a United States Army Brigadier general who fought in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( July 17 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resigned February 7 , 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thayer , John Milton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Milton_Thayer', 'summary': 'John Milton Thayer ( January 24 , 1820 - March 19 , 1906 ) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska . Thayer served as Governor of Wyoming Territory and Governor of Nebraska . Thayer was born in Bellingham , Norfolk County , Massachusetts . He attended and taught in rural schools . He graduated from Brown University in 1841 , and established a practice in Worcester , Massachusetts . Thayer was the editor of the Worcester Magazine and the Historical Journal . Thayer served as a lieutenant in the local militia company before deciding to move with his family to the West . He was married to Mary Torrey Allen on December 27 , 1842 , and they had six children .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( March 13 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Original appointment as brigadier general , USV ( October 4 , 1862 ) expired March 4 , 1863 Territorial Governor of Wyoming ( 1875-1878 ) Governor of Nebraska ( 1887-1891 ) ; remained in office until February 8 , 1892 , claiming successor was not a U.S. citizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Wyoming', 'summary': 'This is a list of the governors of Wyoming , beginning with territorial governors . Wyoming Territory was organized in 1868 , and the state was admitted to the union on July 10 , 1890 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska', 'summary': 'The Governor of Nebraska holds the supreme executive power of the U.S. state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Nebraska Constitution . The current office holder is Pete Ricketts , a Republican , who was sworn in on January 8 , 2015 . The current Lieutenant Governor is Mike Foley , who also assumed office on January 8 , 2015 . Governors of Nebraska must be at least 30 years old and have been citizens and residents of the state for five years before being elected . Before 1966 , the governor was elected to a two-year term . The state constitution was amended in a 1962 referendum so that beginning with the 1966 election , the governor would be elected to a four-year term ; in 1966 , this was further amended to place a term limit of two consecutive terms . The lieutenant governor is subject to the same limitations and runs on a combined ticket with the governor . Governors are limited to two consecutive terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms one may serve . If the governor becomes incapacitated or is out of the state , the Lieutenant Governor acts as Governor ; if there is a vacancy or permanent incapacitation , the Lieutenant Governor becomes Governor . However , if both offices become vacant , the next person in the line of succession is the Speaker of the Nebraska Legislature .'}]}, {'value': 'Thayer , Sylvanus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer', 'summary': 'Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General Sylvanus Thayer ( June 9 , 1785 - September 7 , 1872 ) also known as the Father of West Point was an early superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point and an early advocate of engineering education in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retired June 1 , 1863 Superintendent , USMA ( 1817-1833 ) Longest-serving West Point superintendent Oldest officer brevetted brigadier general', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superintendent_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy', 'summary': "The Superintendent of the United States Military Academy is its commanding officer . This position is roughly equivalent to the chancellor or president of an American civilian university . The officer appointed is , by tradition , a graduate of the United States Military Academy , commonly known as West Point . However , this is not an official requirement for the position . The Superintendency had often been a stepping stone to higher prominence in the Army . Four Superintendents became Chief of Staff of the Army : Hugh Lenox Scott , Douglas MacArthur , Maxwell Davenport Taylor , and William Westmoreland . The list of Superintendents includes five Medal of Honor recipients : Oliver Otis Howard , Douglas MacArthur , Albert Leopold Mills , John McAllister Schofield , John Moulder Wilson . Many Superintendents later became Commanding Generals , such as Joseph Gardner Swift . The post is now a terminal assignment in the Army ; as a condition for detail to the position , officers are required by law to acknowledge that they will retire at the end of their appointment . This formulation was meant to secure the independence of Superintendents from unlawful command influence ; however , in practice the resulting lame duck status restricts their power and influence in the Army . There has been discussion about reverting to the previous system or recalling a retired officer to fill the post . The billet carries the rank of lieutenant general , and is not counted against the Army 's statutory limit on the number of active-duty officers above the rank of major general ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas , Charles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acting Quartermaster General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quartermaster_General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Quartermaster General of the United States Army is a general officer who is responsible for the Quartermaster Corps , the Quartermaster branch of the U.S. Army . The Quartermaster General does not command Quartermaster units , but is primarily focused on training , doctrine and professional development of Quartermaster soldiers . The Quartermaster General also serves as the Commanding General , U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School , Fort Lee , Virginia and the traditional Quartermaster Corps . The office of the Quartermaster General was established by resolution of the Continental Congress on 16 June 1775 , but the position was not filled until 14 August 1775 . Perhaps the most famous Quartermaster General was Nathanael Greene , who was the third Quartermaster General , serving from March 1778 to August 1780 . The first Quartermaster General to serve in the U.S. Army was Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas , George Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas', 'summary': 'George Henry Thomas ( July 31 , 1816 - March 28 , 1870 ) was a United States Army officer and a Union general during the American Civil War , one of the principal commanders in the Western Theater . Thomas served in the Mexican-American War and later chose to remain with the U.S. Army for the Civil War as a Southern Unionist , despite his heritage as a Virginian ( whose home state would join the Confederate States of America ) . He won one of the first Union victories in the war , at Mill Springs in Kentucky , and served in important subordinate commands at Perryville and Stones River . His stout defense at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 saved the Union Army from being completely routed , earning him his most famous nickname , the Rock of Chickamauga . He followed soon after with a dramatic breakthrough on Missionary Ridge in the Battle of Chattanooga . In the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of 1864 , he achieved one of the most decisive victories of the war , destroying the army of Confederate General John Bell Hood , his former student at West Point , at the Battle of Nashville . Thomas had a successful record in the Civil War , but he failed to achieve the historical acclaim of some of his contemporaries , such as Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman . He developed a reputation as a slow , deliberate general who shunned self-promotion and who turned down advancements in position when he did not think they were justified . After the war , he did not write memoirs to advance his legacy . He also had an uncomfortable personal relationship with Grant , which served him poorly as Grant advanced in rank and eventually to the presidency .'}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( January 16 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1840 Received the Thanks of Congress ( March 3 , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Thanks of Congress is a series of formal resolutions passed by the United States Congress originally to extend the government 's formal thanks for significant victories or impressive actions by American military commanders and their troops . Although it began during the American Revolutionary War , the practice peaked during the American Civil War . Similarly , the Confederate Congress also passed resolutions honoring extraordinary performance to individuals or military units ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas , Henry Goddard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Goddard_Thomas', 'summary': 'Henry Goddard Thomas ( April 5 , 1837 - January 23 , 1897 ) was a Union Army general during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA Brigadier general , USV ( November 30 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas , Lorenzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas', 'summary': "Lorenzo Thomas ( October 26 , 1804 - March 2 , 1875 ) was a career United States Army officer who was Adjutant General of the Army at the beginning of the American Civil War . After the war , he was appointed temporary Secretary of War by U.S. President Andrew Johnson , precipitating Johnson 's impeachment ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( August 3 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1823 Adjutant General of the Army ( 1861-1869 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adjutant_General', 'summary': 'An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas , Stephen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Stephen Thomas ( December 6 , 1809 - December 18 , 1903 ) , manufacturer , politician , jurist , and Union Army officer . He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for gallantry .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( February 1 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MOH , Battle of Cedar Creek ( October 19 , 1864 ) Mustered out as colonel , USV ( January 21 , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek', 'summary': "The Battle of Cedar Creek , or Battle of Belle Grove , fought October 19 , 1864 , was the culminating battle of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War . Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early launched a surprise attack against the encamped army of Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan , across Cedar Creek , northeast of Strasburg , Virginia . During the morning fighting , seven Union infantry divisions were forced to fall back and lost numerous prisoners and cannons . Early failed to continue his attack north of Middletown , and Sheridan , dramatically riding to the battlefield from Winchester , was able to rally his troops to hold a new defensive line . A Union counterattack that afternoon routed Early 's army . At the conclusion of this battle , the final Confederate invasion of the North was effectively ended . The Confederacy was never again able to threaten Washington , D.C. through the Shenandoah Valley , nor protect one of its key economic bases in Virginia . The stunning Union victory aided the reelection of Abraham Lincoln and won Sheridan lasting fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Thruston , Charles Mynn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Mynn_Thruston', 'summary': "Charles Mynn Thruston ( February 22 , 1798 - February 18 , 1873 ) was a soldier , farmer , politician , and a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He served as the mayor of Cumberland , Maryland , from 1861 to 1862 . Thruston was born in Lexington , Kentucky , the son of Kentucky U.S . Senator Buckner Thruston . At age 16 , he graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1814 and served during the War of 1812 as an engineer on Governors Island , New York City . After the war , Thruston was promoted to the rank of captain in the artillery branch . He later fought in the Seminole Wars of the 1830s . In 1836 , Thruston resigned from the Army and became a farmer in Maryland . When the Civil War broke out , he was serving as Mayor of Cumberland , Maryland , which was a critical railroad hub . On September 7 , 1861 , Thruston was appointed Brigadier General of U.S . Volunteers , giving him military authority to protect the B & O Railroad from Confederate raiders such as McNeill 's Rangers . Being 63 years old at the time , he was one of the oldest generals to serve during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 7 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1814 Resigned April 17 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tibbits , William B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( October 18 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tillson , Davis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA ( class of 1853 ) ; left due to amputation of leg , 1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd , John Blair Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Blair_Smith_Todd', 'summary': 'John Blair Smith Todd ( April 4 , 1814 - January 5 , 1872 ) was a Delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 19 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1837 Appointment as brigadier general , USV expired June 17 , 1862 Congressional Delegate to Congress for the Dakota Territory ( 1861-1863 , 1864-1865 ) Cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakota_Territory', 'summary': 'The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2 , 1861 , until November 2 , 1889 , when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln', 'summary': "Mary Todd Lincoln ( née Mary Ann Todd ; December 13 , 1818 - July 16 , 1882 ) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln , and as such the First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865 . She dropped the name Ann after her younger sister , Ann Todd ( Clark ) , was born , and did not use the name Todd after marrying . Mary was a member of a large , wealthy Kentucky family , and was well educated . After finishing school during her teens , she moved to Springfield , Illinois , where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards . Before she married Abraham Lincoln , Mary was courted by his long-time political opponent Stephen A. Douglas . She and Lincoln had four sons together , three of whom died in childhood . Their home of about 17 years still stands at Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield , Illinois . She staunchly supported her husband throughout his presidency , and was active in keeping national morale high during the Civil War . She acted as the White House social coordinator , throwing lavish balls and redecorating the White House at great expense ; her spending was the source of much consternation . She was seated next to Abraham when he was assassinated in the President 's Box at Ford 's Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington . His death weighed heavily on her , as did the death of her sons . Mary suffered from numerous physical and mental health issues during her life ."}]}, {'value': 'Torbert , Alfred Thomas Archimedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Archimedes_Torbert', 'summary': 'Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert ( July 1 , 1833 - August 29 , 1880 ) was a career United States Army officer , a Union Army General commanding both infantry and cavalry forces in the American Civil War , and a U.S. diplomat .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain , USA ( September 25 , 1861 ) Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1855 Also nominated and confirmed as first lieutenant , CSA ( March 18 , 1861 ) ; refused appointment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Totten , Joseph Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Totten', 'summary': 'Joseph Gilbert Totten ( August 23 , 1788 - April 22 , 1864 ) fought in the War of 1812 , served as Chief of Engineers and was regent of the Smithsonian Institution and cofounder of the National Academy of Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( March 3 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1805 ( tenth graduate of West Point ) Chief of Engineers ( 1838-1864 ) Died of pneumonia ( April 22 , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers', 'summary': "The Chief of Engineers is a principal United States Army staff officer at The Pentagon . The Chief advises the Army on engineering matters , and serves as the Army 's topographer and proponent for real estate and other related engineering programs . The Chief of Engineers is the senior service engineer for the Department of Defense , responsible for integrating all aspects of combat , general and geospatial engineering across the Joint Force . The Chief of Engineers also commands the United States Army Corps of Engineers . As commander of the US Army Corps of Engineers , the Chief of Engineers leads a major Army command that is the world 's largest public engineering , design and construction management agency . This office defines policy and guidance , and it plans direction for the organizations within the Corps . The Chief of Engineers currently holds the rank of lieutenant general but in the past has been ranked as low as major . Civilian oversight of the Chief of Engineers is provided by the Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Civil Works ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tower , Zealous Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zealous_Bates_Tower', 'summary': 'Zealous Bates Tower ( January 12 , 1819 - March 20 , 1900 ) was an American soldier and civil engineer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was most noted for constructing the solid defenses of Federal-occupied Nashville , Tennessee , which proved to withstand repeated attacks by the Confederates .'}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel , USA ( November , 1865 ) Brigadier general , USV ( November 23 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1841 Superintendent , USMA ( July , 1864-September , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superintendent_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy', 'summary': "The Superintendent of the United States Military Academy is its commanding officer . This position is roughly equivalent to the chancellor or president of an American civilian university . The officer appointed is , by tradition , a graduate of the United States Military Academy , commonly known as West Point . However , this is not an official requirement for the position . The Superintendency had often been a stepping stone to higher prominence in the Army . Four Superintendents became Chief of Staff of the Army : Hugh Lenox Scott , Douglas MacArthur , Maxwell Davenport Taylor , and William Westmoreland . The list of Superintendents includes five Medal of Honor recipients : Oliver Otis Howard , Douglas MacArthur , Albert Leopold Mills , John McAllister Schofield , John Moulder Wilson . Many Superintendents later became Commanding Generals , such as Joseph Gardner Swift . The post is now a terminal assignment in the Army ; as a condition for detail to the position , officers are required by law to acknowledge that they will retire at the end of their appointment . This formulation was meant to secure the independence of Superintendents from unlawful command influence ; however , in practice the resulting lame duck status restricts their power and influence in the Army . There has been discussion about reverting to the previous system or recalling a retired officer to fill the post . The billet carries the rank of lieutenant general , and is not counted against the Army 's statutory limit on the number of active-duty officers above the rank of major general ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Union generals -- T', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Civil_War_Generals_(Union)_19', 'intro': 'The following lists show the names, substantive ranks, and brevet ranks (if applicable) of all general officers who served in the United States Army during the Civil War, in addition to a small selection of lower-ranked officers who received brevets as general officers; while some 1,600 officers received or were nominated for brevets as general officers in the course of the war (or immediately following it for service during the war), only a small selection is listed here; only those who were killed in action, served as department heads within the army, had revoked or incomplete appointments or became U.S. President are listed here. In addition to their names and ranks, there is a small set of notes after every entry listing Medal of Honor or Thanks of Congress citations, West Point graduation dates, important political or Army offices held, retirements or deaths during the war (whether in action or other means), notable relations, rejections or expiration of appointments, or unique facts pertaining to this article (i.e. youngest general, last surviving general, etc. ); for all other information on their lives and accomplishments, please refer to their individual entries. If available, ranks are followed by the to rank from dates (i.e. the date on which the commission is effective) rather than the date of appointment or confirmation, which were generally months if not years later; this is particularly true in the case of brevets, most of which were granted after the war between 1866 and 1869. Note on abbreviations:'}	null	null	Who was killed in action at the Battle considered a strategic Union victory that is sometimes known as the Battle for Kentucky Which occurred during the American Civil War ?	Terrill , William R
05ebf9bb9350c842	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_New_Zealand', 'title': 'List of stadiums in New Zealand', 'header': ['#', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City', 'Home team/s'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eden Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Park', 'summary': "Eden Park is New Zealand 's largest sports stadium . Located in central Auckland , New Zealand 's largest city , it is three kilometres southwest of the CBD , on the boundary between the suburbs of Mount Eden and Kingsland . Although used primarily for rugby union in winter and cricket in summer , it has hosted rugby league and football matches . In 2011 it hosted pool games , two quarter-finals , both semi-finals and the final of 2011 Rugby World Cup . In doing so it became the first stadium in the world to host two Rugby World Cup Finals , having held the inaugural final in 1987 . It was a venue for the 2015 Cricket World Cup , which was jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand . Eden Park is considered one of rugby union 's most difficult assignments for visiting sides : New Zealand 's national rugby union team , the All Blacks , have been unbeaten at this venue for over 40 consecutive test matches stretching back to 1994 . Eden Park is the site of the 2021 Te Matatini . It will also be the site for 2021 Women 's Cricket World Cup and the final of the 2021 Women 's Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Rugby Football Union , Blues , New Zealand Cricket Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blues_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Blues ( known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 2000 ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland , New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition . Like New Zealand 's four other Super Rugby teams , the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996 . One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history , the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons , 1996 and 1997 , and again in 2003 . Additionally , the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sky_Stadium', 'summary': "Wellington Regional Stadium ( known commercially as Sky Stadium through naming rights , and colloquially as The Cake Tin ) is a major sporting venue in Wellington , New Zealand . The stadium 's bowl site size is 48,000 m2 . The stadium was built in 1999 by Fletcher Construction and is situated close to major transport facilities ( such as Wellington railway station ) one kilometre north of the CBD . It was built on reclaimed railway land , which was surplus to requirements . The stadium also serves as a large-capacity venue for concerts ."}]}, {'value': '34,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurricanes , Wellington Rugby Football Union , Wellington Phoenix FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC', 'summary': "Wellington Phoenix Football Club is a professional football club based in Wellington , New Zealand . It competes in the Australian A-League , under licence from Football Federation Australia . Phoenix entered the competition in the 2007-08 season after its formation in March 2007 , by New Zealand Football to replace New Zealand Knights as a New Zealand-based club in the Australian A-League competition . The club is one of the few clubs in the world to compete in a league of a different confederation ( AFC ) from that of the country where it is based ( OFC ) . Ernie Merrick was the head coach following the resignation of founding coach Ricki Herbert late in the 2012-13 season , until his own resignation on 5 December 2016 . The current club captain is Steven Taylor , who took over in 2019 . Andrew Durante was club captain from the 2008-09 season until leaving the club in 2019 , succeeding from the inaugural captain , Ross Aloisi . The club 's highest achievement is reaching the A-League Preliminary Final in 2010 . The club plays matches at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , a 34,500-seat multi-purpose venue in Wellington . Their home kit consists of black and yellow stripes ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FMG Stadium Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FMG_Stadium_Waikato', 'summary': 'FMG Stadium Waikato is a major sporting and cultural events venue in Hamilton , New Zealand , with a total capacity of 25,800 . Four areas contribute to this capacity : The Brian Perry Stand holding 12,000 , the WEL Networks Stand holding 8,000 , the Goal Line Terrace holding 800 and the Greenzone can hold up to 5,000 people . The capacity can be extended , however , by temporarily adding 5,000 seats to the Goal Line Terrace area . The stadium , owned by the Hamilton City Council , regularly hosts two rugby union teams :'}]}, {'value': '25,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'Waikato Rugby Union , Chiefs , formerly Waikato FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Waikato Rugby Union ( WRU ) is the official governing body of rugby union in the Waikato area in the North Island of New Zealand . Headquartered in Hamilton , WRU was founded in 1921 . Its senior representative team , nicknamed the Mooloos , competes in the Mitre 10 Cup ( formerly known as the ITM Cup and Air New Zealand Cup ) , and won the inaugural Air New Zealand Cup in 2006 . The squad plays its home fixtures at the Waikato Stadium in Hamilton . The union 's colours are red , yellow and black ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiefs_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Chiefs ( formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The team competes in the Super Rugby competition , previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14 , and are one of the competition 's five New Zealand teams . Playing in black , red and yellow coloured jerseys , their primary home ground is Waikato Stadium . Until 2004 , the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals . In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth , and in the end achieved fourth place ( defeated 37-20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies ) . They subsequently reached the 2009 final , but found themselves on the short end of a record 61-17 defeat by the Bulls . The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season . The Chiefs defeated the Sharks 37-6 , winning their first title . In 2013 , the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins , when they defeated the Brumbies 27-22 at Waikato Stadium ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Waikato_FC', 'summary': 'WaiBOP United ( known as Waikato FC until 2013 ) was a football club based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The club was founded in 2004 and played in the ASB Premiership . WaiBOP United play their home fixtures at John Kerkhof Park , Cambridge . The club is the regional representative for Waikato-Bay of Plenty Football , and also plays home fixtures in Rotorua and Mount Maunganui , both in the Bay of Plenty region . Between 2008 and 2010 , Waikato FC was based at Centennial Park in Ngaruawahia , having before that played at Waikato Stadium . From the 2014-15 season , the club changed its colours and kit to predominantly red and blue to better represent both Waikato and Bay of Plenty .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forsyth Barr Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forsyth_Barr_Stadium_at_University_Plaza', 'summary': "The Forsyth Barr Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand . At various stages of development it was also known as Dunedin Stadium or Awatea Street Stadium , or its non-commercial official name during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup , Otago Stadium . It is also known colloquially as 'the glasshouse ' due to its resemblance to a horticultural hothouse . The stadium was opened by New Zealand Prime Minister John Key on 5 August 2011 , replacing Carisbrook as the home stadium of the Highlanders team in Super Rugby and the Otago Rugby Football Union team in the domestic ITM Cup . The stadium hosted four matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and has hosted major music tours , starting in November 2011 with Elton John ."}]}, {'value': '30,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin', 'summary': "Dunedin ( /dʌˈniːdɪn/ ( listen ) duh-NEE-din ; Māori : Ōtepoti ) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand ( after Christchurch ) , and the principal city of the Otago region . Its name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The urban area of Dunedin lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago , surrounding the head of Otago Harbour , and the harbour and hills around Dunedin are the remnants of an extinct volcano . The city suburbs extend out into the surrounding valleys and hills , onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula , and along the shores of the Otago Harbour and the Pacific Ocean . Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland with the formation of the Auckland Council in November 2010 . Archaeological evidence points to lengthy occupation of the area by Māori prior to the arrival of Europeans . The province and region of Otago takes its name from the Ngai Tahu village of Otakou at the mouth of the harbour , which became a whaling station in the 1830s . In 1848 a Scottish settlement was established by the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland . Between 1855 and 1900 many thousands of Scots emigrated to the incorporated city . Dunedin became wealthy during the Central Otago Gold Rush , beginning in the 1860s . In the mid-1860s , and between 1878 and 1881 , it was New Zealand 's largest urban area . The city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246 ."}]}, {'value': 'Highlanders , Otago United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlanders_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Highlanders ( formerly the Otago Highlanders and currently known as the Pulse Energy Highlanders for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Dunedin that compete in Super Rugby . The team was formed in 1996 to represent the lower South Island in the newly formed Super 12 competition , and includes the Otago , North Otago and Southland unions . The Highlanders take their name from the Scottish immigrants that helped found the Otago , North Otago , and Southland regions in the 1840s and 1850s . Their main ground through the 2011 Super Rugby season was Carisbrook in Dunedin , with home games occasionally being played in Invercargill and Queenstown . The Highlanders moved into Carisbrook 's replacement , Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza , for the 2012 season ; the stadium opened in time for the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but after the Super Rugby season . They finished the inaugural season eighth , and the following season finished last after winning only three of eleven matches . However , in the 1998 , 1999 and 2000 seasons they qualified for semi-finals ; hosting the 1999 competition final against fellow South Island team the Crusaders . They lost the match 24-19 , and the following year were again knocked out by the Crusaders - this time in their semi-final . In the following fifteen seasons they would only finish in the top four once more , in 2002 . But in 2015 , they were crowned Super Rugby champions after beating the Hurricanes at Westpac Stadium . Current Highlander , Ben Smith has played a record 129 games for the Highlanders , [ needs update ] and thirteen other players have played over 50 games for the team . The Highlanders ' highest career points scorer is Lima Sopoaga with 866 points , and highest career try scorer is Jeff Wilson with 35 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Otago_United', 'summary': 'Southern United , previously known as Otago United , is a football club based in Dunedin , New Zealand . Founded in 2004 , they play their home games at the Caledonian Ground and Forsyth Barr Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yarrow Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yarrow_Stadium', 'summary': "Yarrow Stadium is situated in the central suburb of Westown in New Plymouth , Taranaki , New Zealand , with main vehicle access off Maratahu Street . Named the third best rugby stadium on earth by New Zealand Rugby World magazine in May 2009 , Yarrow Stadium ( known as Stadium Taranaki for the Rugby World Cup 2011 ) conforms with the International Rugby Board 's clean stadium policy . The primary tenant of this 25,000-capacity stadium is the Taranaki representative team in the country 's principal rugby union competition , the Mitre10 Cup . From 2013 , the stadium will play host to the Chiefs team as part of a new alliance , after Taranaki cut their ties with the Wellington-based Hurricanes . The venue was first developed as a rugby ground in 1931 , with the first stadium completed in 1947 . A major redevelopment saw two new grandstands added and considerable modernisation in 2002 , and further enhancements to the venue were completed in 2010 , raising the capacity to more than 25,500 for the 2011 Rugby World Cup and other fixtures . The stadium is a personal legacy of the late Noel Yarrow , a pioneering Taranaki baker and businessman , and active philanthropist . Noel was a passionate rugby supporter , and the major grandstand overlooking the field 's western sideline is a tribute to his support . Currently the western and eastern grandstand are an earthquake risk , not complying with current regulations . The east stand was condemned in November 2017 with the west stand being ruled out of action in June 2018 . Rugby was played at the venue in 2018 but spectators had to watch matches from the ends . Temporary infrastructure was bought into cater for the changes as changing facilities and corporate areas were off limits ."}]}, {'value': '25,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki Rugby Football Union , Team Taranaki , some Hurricanes and Chiefs matches , NO LONGER IN USE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Team_Taranaki', 'summary': 'Team Taranaki was an amateur association football composite club based in the Taranaki region of New Zealand which drew its players from the 13 local football clubs . After winning promotion in 2016 Team Taranaki contested the Central Premier League in 2017 then withdrew from the competition in 2018 The core of the team was made up from local club based players and was supplemented with some overseas amateur players . The concept was contractually supported by all of the senior mens clubs operating in the Taranaki Province and the selected players were drawn from these 13 member clubs . Originally adopted and introduced in 2003 , the concept was aimed to provide elite football opportunities to all players who wanted to achieve and play the best possible standard without having to leave Taranaki . Another Taranaki composite team , Taranaki United was formed in 1975 as an amalgamation of most of the Taranaki clubs as the Taranaki Football Co. for a combined Central League entry . In 1982 New Plymouth Old Boys bought the Taranaki Football Co. as a limited company . Central City left the arrangement in 1983 , and the amalgamation was discontinued in 1984 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiefs_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Chiefs ( formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The team competes in the Super Rugby competition , previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14 , and are one of the competition 's five New Zealand teams . Playing in black , red and yellow coloured jerseys , their primary home ground is Waikato Stadium . Until 2004 , the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals . In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth , and in the end achieved fourth place ( defeated 37-20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies ) . They subsequently reached the 2009 final , but found themselves on the short end of a record 61-17 defeat by the Bulls . The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season . The Chiefs defeated the Sharks 37-6 , winning their first title . In 2013 , the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins , when they defeated the Brumbies 27-22 at Waikato Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt Smart Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt_Smart_Stadium', 'summary': 'Mount Smart Stadium ( formerly known as Ericsson Stadium ) is located in Auckland , New Zealand . It is the home ground of National Rugby League team , the New Zealand Warriors . Built within the quarried remnants of the Rarotonga / Mount Smart volcanic cone , it is located 10 kilometres south of the city centre , in the suburb of Penrose .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors', 'summary': "The New Zealand Warriors are a professional rugby league football club based in Auckland , New Zealand that competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) premiership and is the League 's only team from outside Australia . They were formed in 1995 as the Auckland Warriors , and are officially known as the Vodafone Warriors for sponsorship reasons . The Warriors are coached by Stephen Kearney and captained by Roger Tuivasa-Sheck . They are based at Mt Smart Stadium in the Auckland suburb of Penrose . For the 1995 season the newly-formed Auckland Warriors became the first club from outside Australia to be admitted to the Australian Rugby League 's premiership when it expanded from 16 to 20 teams . As a result of the Super League war in the mid-1990s , Auckland left the ARL to compete in the Super League competition of 1997 , before joining the re-unified NRL the following year . They re-branded themselves the New Zealand Warriors in 2001 . The club has yet to win a premiership as of 2019 , but has won one minor premiership ( in 2002 ) , reached two grand finals ( 2002 and 2011 ) , reached the play-offs eight times , have never won the wooden spoon , and provided the majority of the New Zealand national team 's players ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toll Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toll_Stadium', 'summary': 'Okara Park , currently known commercially as Semenoff Stadium ( previously known as Toll Stadium due to a sponsorship agreement ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Whangarei , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of Northland Rugby Union . The stadium is able to hold 18,500 people and was built in 1965 . The park has recently had a $ 16m redevelopment with the new grandstand known as the Northland Events Centre being built . The new development has turned Okara Park into a multi-purpose Northland sports hub . Despite Okara Park only having a capacity for 30,000 people at a stretch , there was a match of Rugby Union in 1979 where around 40,000 people crammed into the stadium thanks to its large embankment . The occasion for this record crowd was the defence by the local side , North Auckland , of the prized Ranfurly Shield against Auckland . The stadium has held national games , including the New Zealand Māori rugby league team beating the Great Britain Lions 40-28 in 1996 and the New Zealand Māori rugby union team beating the Tongan national side 66-7 at Okara Park in 1998 . It has also hosted matches between Northland and touring international sides such as the British and Irish Lions , and Tonga , Samoa and Fiji in the last two decades . In 2010 , Okara Park hosted a match of the New Zealand Maori Rugby centenary series , with New Zealand Māori playing the New Zealand Barbarians in what was effectively an All Blacks trial match . The stadium was used as a venue for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . The stadium hosted two group stage matches , Tonga vs. Canada and Tonga vs. Japan .'}]}, {'value': '18,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whangarei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Northland Rugby Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northland_Rugby_Union', 'summary': 'The Northland Rugby Union is the governing body of rugby union in the Northland region of New Zealand , including the northernmost part of the Auckland local government region . It was named the North Auckland Rugby Union from its founding in 1920 until 1994 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotorua International Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua_International_Stadium', 'summary': 'Rotorua International Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located on Devon Street West in the Westbrook suburb of Rotorua , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches , being one of three home stadiums for the Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( the others being Baypark Stadium and Tauranga Domain in Tauranga ) . In addition , a softball field is sited at the northern end . The stadium has a capacity of 26,000 people . The stadium was originally built in 1911 , and renovated several times since . The stadium features a covered stand seating up to 4,000 with a concrete seating area on the western side of the field . In rugby union the stadium has been used for the 1987 Rugby World Cup 3rd/4th playoff , Test matches and British and Irish Lions tours matches . To many it is considered the rightful home of Bay of Plenty rugby , despite the recent majority of home matches being scheduled in Tauranga . Rotorua International Stadium has hosted three rugby league Test matches . The first , held on 16 July 1989 saw the Wally Lewis led Australians defeat New Zealand 8-0 in front of 26,000 fans . The second Test was held seven years later when New Zealand defeated Papua New Guinea 62-8 in front of only 4,800 fans on 5 October 1996 . The last rugby league international held at the venue as of 2014 was when the Kiwis defeated the PNG Kumuls 76-12 in front of 6,000 fans .'}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotorua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua', 'summary': "Rotorua [ ˌɾɔtɔˈɾʉa ] ( Māori : Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe The second great lake of Kahumatamomoe ) is a city on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua from which the city takes its name , located in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is the seat of the Rotorua District , a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns . The majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region , but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region . Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) south of Tauranga , 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Taupo , 105 km ( 65 mi ) east of Hamilton , and 230 km ( 140 mi ) southeast of the nation 's most populous city , Auckland . Rotorua has an estimated permanent population of 59,500 , making it the country 's 10th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty 's second largest urban area behind Tauranga . The Rotorua District has a total estimated population of 74,000 , of which 3,600 live in the Waikato section . Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists ; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district . It is known for its geothermal activity , and features geysers - notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa - and hot mud pools . This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera , in which the town lies . Rotorua is home to the Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology . The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua ."}]}, {'value': 'some Bay of Plenty Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( also referred to as Bay of Plenty or BOPRU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand . Its colours are dark blue and yellow in a hooped design . The BOPRU govern the running of the Bay of Plenty representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) once . Their most recent victory was the 1976 competition , they were the first side to win the competition . Bay of Plenty also acts as a primary feeder to the Chiefs , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is coached by Clayton McMillan the union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Bayfair Baywide competition and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QBE Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/QBE_Stadium', 'summary': "North Harbour Stadium , known for sponsorship reasons as QBE Stadium between January 2014 and January 2019 , is a stadium situated in Albany , in North Shore City , New Zealand . It was opened in 1997 , after nearly a decade of discussion , planning and construction . Rugby union , soccer and rugby league are the only sports played on the main ground , as it is rectangular in shape . The neighbouring oval plays host to the region 's senior cricket and AFL NZ football matches . The stadium also hosts large open-air concerts ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Albany is one of the northernmost suburbs of the contiguous Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand . It is located to the north of the Waitematā Harbour , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) northwest of the Auckland city centre . The suburb is in the Albany ward , one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland Council . One of the city 's newest suburbs , it was until relatively recently a town in its own right , and still has a feeling of not being truly a part of the city , which lies predominantly to the southeast of it . Much of the land to the north of Albany is still semi-rural . The Māori name for the area was Okahukura ( literally , 'place of rainbows ' or 'place of butterflies ' ) . The town was originally known as Lucas Creek . By 1890 it was a fruit-growing area and in that year it was renamed 'Albany ' after the fruit-growing district called 'Albany ' in Australia , pronounced with a short ' a ' as in Albert . The name Albany derives from Alba ( Gaelic for Scotland ) and its Latinisation ."}]}, {'value': 'North Harbour Rugby Union , some Blues matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Harbour_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The North Harbour Rugby Union ( NHRU ) , commonly known as North Harbour or simply Harbour , is the governing body of rugby union that encompasses a wide geographical area north of Auckland that includes North Shore City , Rodney District , the Hibiscus Coast and part of Waitakere City . There are 12 rugby clubs from Mahurangi RFC , based in Warkworth , Rodney District , in the north through to Massey the southernmost area of the union . The NHRU provincial rugby team that was formed in 1985 by clubs that left the Auckland Rugby Union . It competes in the Mitre 10 Cup , the successor to New Zealand 's former domestic competition , the National Provincial Championship ( NPC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blues_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Blues ( known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 2000 ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland , New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition . Like New Zealand 's four other Super Rugby teams , the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996 . One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history , the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons , 1996 and 1997 , and again in 2003 . Additionally , the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby Park Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Park_Stadium', 'summary': "Rugby Park is a sports venue in Invercargill and the home ground for the Mitre10 Cup and Southland . Rugby Park is located on the corner of Elles Road and Tweed Street . The ground has a regular season capacity of 18,000 . It has a safe temporary seating maximum capacity of 20,000 ( although it can accommodate up to 30,000 with pitch seating , large grass banks and concreted standing terraces ) . An agreement with the Invercargill City Council saw surplus land on the ground used to build the city 's new Swimming Complex . The pitch was moved geographically towards the main stand , squared off to Rugby field dimensions ( originally a quasi-cricket ground ) , with all weather seating installed . The Pitch itself was also weather proofed with a new high volume drainage system installed . The ground was constructed specifically for rugby , and was opened in April 1908 . The main stand was fully rebuilt in 2002 with better player facilities and corporate boxes . Floodlighting towers to full HDMI TV standards were also installed . Temporary seating was added in 2010 for the 2010 ITM Cup this allowed a crowd of just on 20,000 to attend the first major defence of the Ranfurly Shield against Otago on 7 August , this seating remained in place until the Rugby World Cup games in 2011 . Rugby Park is now owned by the Invercargill City Council and managed by Invercargill Venue & Events Management Ltd , the city council 's venue management company ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invercargill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invercargill', 'summary': 'Invercargill ( /ˌɪnvərˈkɑːrɡɪl/ , Māori : Waihōpai ) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand , and one of the southernmost cities in the world . It is the commercial centre of the Southland region . The city lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff , which is the southernmost town in the South Island . It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves , including Fiordland National Park covering the south-west corner of the South Island and the Catlins coastal region . Many streets in the city , especially in the centre and main shopping district , are named after rivers in Great Britain , mainly Scotland . These include the main streets Dee and Tay , as well as those named after the Tweed , Forth , Tyne , Esk , Don , Ness , Yarrow , Spey and Eye rivers . The 2013 census showed the population was 51,696 , up 2.7% on the 2006 census number .'}]}, {'value': 'Southland Rugby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Rugby', 'summary': "Rugby Southland is the provincial rugby union who govern the Southland Region of New Zealand . Their headquarters are at Rugby Park Stadium in Invercargill , which is also the home ground of the union 's professional team , the Southland Stags who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup Championship Division and challenge for the Ranfurly Shield . Despite their proud history , no Southland team has ever won the top division of the New Zealand National Provincial Championship since organised competition began in 1976 . However , they have won the NPC second division title five times and held the Ranfurly Shield seven times , most recently in 2011 where they defended the shield twice before losing it to Taranaki . Southland also plays for the Donald Stuart Memorial Shield against rivals Otago in what is the longest tenured provincial rivalry in New Zealand first-class rugby , with 229 matches ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owen Delany Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Delany_Park', 'summary': 'Owen Delany Park is a multi-purpose sports stadium in Taupo , New Zealand . The main sports played there are Rugby and cricket , though several other sports are accommodated on a permanent basis and numerous other events on an one-off basis .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}]}, {'value': 'some King Country Rugby Union , some Northern Districts Knights matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Country_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The King Country Rugby Football Union is a constituent union in the New Zealand Rugby Union . It is located in the central North Island of New Zealand in an area known as the King Country . It was formed in 1922 when the South Auckland Rugby Union was split into three ( the other two Unions formed were Waikato and Thames Valley ) . The King Country team play from Owen Delany Park , Taupo , Rugby Park , Te Kuiti and Taumarunui Domain , Taumarunui . King Country are like many other heartland unions have struggled since the start of professional era . In 1996 , King Country were in the first division of the NPC and in just 6 years were in the third division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Districts_Knights', 'summary': 'The Northern Districts cricket team are one of six New Zealand first-class cricket teams that make up New Zealand Cricket . They are based in the northern half of the North Island of New Zealand ( excluding Auckland ) . They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition , the Ford Trophy domestic one-day competition and the Super Smash T20 competition as the Knights . Northern Districts , the last of the six current teams to attain first-class status , joined the Plunket Shield competition in 1956-57 . The six district associations that make up Northern Districts are the Northland Cricket Association , Counties Manukau Cricket Association , Waikato Valley Cricket , Hamilton Cricket Association , Bay of Plenty Cricket and Poverty Bay Cricket Association .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CET Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Manawatu', 'summary': 'Central Energy Trust Arena is the current name of the 180,000 square metre publicly owned recreational complex just west of the Palmerston North city centre in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . It has three linked indoor stadiums , with movable tiered seating . Outdoor facilities include football fields and a speedway track with grandstand . Central Energy Trust Arena has a deserved reputation as being both the busiest and most versatile events and activities complex in New Zealand . Handling around 8000 individual event/venue bookings annually , it has an unparalleled 36 different sporting codes being conducted here regularly along with trade shows , exhibitions , weddings , dinners , conferences , conventions , meetings , seminars , festivals , concerts and leisure events . Central Energy Trust Arena is the primary sporting and events complex in the lower North Island . It is prominent throughout New Zealand as the foremost multi use leisure and events facility . Right in the heart of Palmerston North city , just seven minutes walking distance from the CBD , Central Energy Trust Arena is a favourite choice for events with a significant visitor component . The park like environment boasts 33 individual indoor and outdoor venues within the 18 hectare site . The facility has had a number of international fixtures as of late ; these include : Netball between New Zealand and England , Super Rugby games and two Rugby World Cup games in 2011 . FMG insurance chose not to renew the sponsorship deal for main Stadium name in June 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerston North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmerston_North', 'summary': "Palmerston North ( /ˈpɑːmərstən/ ; Māori : Te Papa-i-Oea ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Located in the eastern Manawatu Plains , the city is near the north bank of the Manawatu River , 35 km ( 22 mi ) from the river 's mouth , and 12 km ( 7 mi ) from the end of the Manawatu Gorge , about 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of the capital , Wellington . Palmerston North is the country 's seventh-largest city and eighth-largest urban area , with an urban population of 86,600 ( June 2018 ) . The official limits of the city take in rural areas to the south , north-east , north-west and west of the main urban area , extending to the Tararua Ranges ; including the town of Ashhurst at the mouth of the Manawatu Gorge , the villages of Bunnythorpe and Longburn in the north and west respectively . The city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres ( 98,000 acres ) . The city 's location was once little more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of Māori , who called it Papa-i-Oea , believed to mean How beautiful it is . In the mid-19th century , it was settled by Europeans - originally by Scandinavians and , later , British colonists . On foundation , the British settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston , in honour of Viscount Palmerston , a former British Prime Minister . The suffix North was added in 1871 to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island . Today , the name is often informally shortened to Palmy . Early Palmerston North relied on public works and sawmilling . The west coast railway was built in 1886 , linking the town to Wellington , and Palmerston North benefited from a booming pastoral farming industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Manawatu Turbos , some Hurricanes matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manawatu_Turbos', 'summary': "The Manawatu Rugby Football Union ( MRU ) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . Founded in 1886 , Manawatu is one of New Zealand 's oldest rugby unions . In 1892 , the MRU , amongst other unions , was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) . In 1997-98 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke 's Bay , as the Central Vikings , and wore orange and blue . The union is based in the city of Palmerston North though its catchment area includes players and clubs from nearby towns in the province , including Ashhurst , Feilding , Rongotea , Linton , Bulls , Pahiatua , Woodville and Dannevirke . It has over 5,000 players , making it the tenth largest union in New Zealand in terms of player numbers . In 2011 , the union celebrated its 125th jubilee . Manawatu have traditionally played in a distinctive green and white tramline jersey , which is thought to have been established in 1909 . In 1996 , a jersey including red was worn , and colours worn have varied since the union was formed . The union 's home ground is Central Energy Trust Arena . It was host to two matches during the 2011 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASB Baypark Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baypark_Stadium', 'summary': 'Trustpower Baypark Stadium ( formerly known as ASB Baypark Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Mount Maunganui , New Zealand . It is currently used for dirt track Speedway and jetsprints events during summer , and various other events throughout the year . A $ 42 million multi-purpose facility , the Trustpower Arena , is situated next to the stadium . The arena also has a cafe and provides catering services through the onsite caterer Bay Catering .'}]}, {'value': '19,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Maunganui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Maunganui', 'summary': "Mount Maunganui ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈmaʉŋaˌnʉi ] , locally /ˈmɒŋəˌnuːi/ ) is a major residential , commercial and industrial suburb of Tauranga , located on a peninsula to the north-east of Tauranga 's city centre . It was an independent town from Tauranga until the completion of the Tauranga Harbour Bridge in 1988 , which connects Mount Maunganui to Tauranga 's central business district ."}]}, {'value': 'some Bay of Plenty Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( also referred to as Bay of Plenty or BOPRU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand . Its colours are dark blue and yellow in a hooped design . The BOPRU govern the running of the Bay of Plenty representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) once . Their most recent victory was the 1976 competition , they were the first side to win the competition . Bay of Plenty also acts as a primary feeder to the Chiefs , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is coached by Clayton McMillan the union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Bayfair Baywide competition and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McLean Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLean_Park', 'summary': "McLean Park is a sports ground in Napier , New Zealand . The two main sports played at the ground are cricket and rugby union . It is one of the largest cricket grounds in New Zealand . McLean Park is a sports ground of international standards which includes the main outdoor stadium and the indoor Rodney Green Centennial Events Centre . The home teams for this ground are the Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union and Central Districts Cricket Association . The two ends of the stadium are named the Centennial Stand End and Embankment End . Its close proximity to the International Date Line makes it the world 's easternmost Test match ground ."}]}, {'value': '23,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}]}, {'value': "Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union , Central Districts Stags", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_Rugby_Union", 'summary': "The Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union ( HBRU ) is the governing body of rugby union in the Hawke 's Bay region of New Zealand . The union is based in Napier . The Hawke 's Bay representative team are nicknamed The Magpies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Districts_Stags', 'summary': "The Central Stags , formerly known as Central Districts , are a first-class cricket team based in central New Zealand . They are the men 's representative side of the Central Districts Cricket Association . They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition , the Ford Trophy domestic one-day competition and the Burger King Super Smash Twenty20 competition . They are one of six teams that make up New Zealand Cricket . They were the fifth of the current teams to compete in the Plunket Shield , which they entered for the first time in the 1950/51 season . Central Districts comprises eight District associations : Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua-Kapiti , Manawatu , Taranaki , Wairarapa and Wanganui in the North Island , and Marlborough and Nelson in the South Island . Previously , many players from these regions competed for Wellington . More than a century before the eventual founding of the Central Districts Cricket Association , the first fully recorded cricket match in New Zealand was played in what is now one of its districts , in Nelson , a men 's match in March 1844 . Between October 2016 and February 2019 , the team set a new Central Districts record for the number of consecutive first-class matches without a defeat , with 21 . The previous Central Stags record in the Plunket Shield was 12 , while the New Zealand record for most consecutive domestic first-class matches without a loss is 24 , set by Wellington ( now known as the Wellington Firebirds ) between 1984/85 and 1986/87 . Retired top order batsman Peter Ingram holds the record for the highest individual first-class score for the Central Stags with an innings of 247 in 2008/09 , and also scored their second highest individual score with 245 not out in 2009/10 . The Central Stags are the home side of one of New Zealand Cricket 's greatest batsmen , Ross Taylor , who made his first-class debut for the team as an 18-year-old on 9 January 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trafalgar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trafalgar_Park,_Nelson', 'summary': "Trafalgar Park is a sports ground located beside the CBD of Nelson , in New Zealand 's South Island . The stadium has a capacity of 18,000 , following upgrades completed for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . It takes its name from its location on Trafalgar Street . The park is one of the two home grounds for ITM Cup rugby team , the Tasman Makos . The other being Lansdowne Park , Blenheim . As a cricket ground , Trafalgar Park was used by Central Districts as one of its home grounds between 1953 and 1997 . Nelson used it as its main home ground between 1888 and 1999 . Since then Saxton Oval has been used as the main Nelson cricket ground . The park is also the venue for matches in other sporting codes , and hosted the final of the 1978 Chatham Cup , a premier knock-out New Zealand football competition . A cycle track with a length of approximately 540 metres runs around the perimeter of the field and is used primarily for competition track cycling . Due to the closing of other sports facilities as a result of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake , Trafalgar Park hosted three Crusaders Super Rugby home games in March 2011 . Trafalgar Park hosted three games in the 2011 Rugby World Cup in September 2011 , with matches between Italy , Russia , USA and Australia being played ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Nelson ( Māori : Whakatū ) is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay . Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand - it was established in 1841 and was proclaimed a city by royal charter in 1858 . Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by Tasman District Council and to the north-east , east and south-east by Marlborough District Council . The city does not include Richmond , the area 's second-largest settlement . Nelson City has a population of around 50,000 , making it New Zealand 's 12th most populous city . When combined with the town of Richmond , which has roughly 15,000 residents , the whole conurbation is ranked as New Zealand 's 9th largest urban area by population . Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene ; each year , the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike , such as the Nelson Arts Festival . The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum , World of Wearable Art now showcases winning designs alongside a collection of classic cars ."}]}, {'value': 'some Tasman Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Tasman Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Tasman Bay , a bay at the north end of the South Island in New Zealand . Headquartered in Nelson , TRU is New Zealand 's newest provincial union , founded in 2006 with the amalgamation of the existing Marlborough and Nelson Bays sub unions . The union 's premier team is the Tasman Mako which compete in New Zealand 's provincial rugby competition , the Mitre 10 Cup ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMI Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_League_Park', 'summary': 'Orangetheory Stadium is a football stadium in Christchurch , New Zealand . Formerly called AMI Stadium , and before that , the Addington Showgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christchurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch', 'summary': "Christchurch ( /ˈkraɪstʃɜːrtʃ/ ; Māori : Ōtautahi ) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region . The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Island 's east coast , just north of Banks Peninsula . The urban area is home to 377,200 residents , and the territorial authority has 385,500 people , which makes it the second-most populous city in New Zealand after Auckland and before Wellington . The Avon River flows through the centre of the city , with an urban park located along its banks . Archaeological evidence has indicated that people first settled in the Christchurch area in about 1250 . Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856 , making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand . The Canterbury Association , which settled the Canterbury Plains , named the city after Christ Church , Oxford . The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square ; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area , except for the Pacific to the east and the Port Hills to the south . Agriculture is the historic mainstay of Christchurch 's economy . The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city 's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries . Christchurch is one of five 'gateway cities ' for Antarctic exploration , hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations . The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012 , with the most destructive of them occurring at 12.51 p.m. on Tuesday , 22 February 2011 , in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city collapsed or suffered severe damage ."}]}, {'value': 'Crusaders , Canterbury Rugby Football Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby)', 'summary': 'The Crusaders ( formerly the Canterbury Crusaders and officially the BNZ Crusaders due to sponsorship by the Bank of New Zealand ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Christchurch , who compete in the Super Rugby competition . They have won 10 titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , 2018 and 2019 ) . Formed in 1996 to represent the upper South Island of New Zealand in the Super 12 , the Crusaders represent the Buller , Canterbury , Mid-Canterbury , South Canterbury , Tasman and West Coast provincial Rugby Unions . Their main home ground is Orangetheory Stadium , formerly known as AMI Stadium , [ n 1 ] before that Jade Stadium , and before that , Lancaster Park . They are the current Super Rugby champions . The Crusaders struggled in the first season of the Super 12 , 1996 , finishing last . Their performance improved in 1997 and the team finished sixth ( out of twelve teams ) . The team went on to win all three titles from 1998 to 2000 despite each final being played away from home . They again won the competition in 2002 after going through the season unbeaten . In the following two seasons , they again reached the final , although they were beaten on both occasions . 2005 was the last season of the Super 12 before its expansion . After finishing top of the table in that season , the Crusaders went on to host the final in which they defeated the Waratahs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand . Its colours are red and black in a hooped design . The CRFU govern the running of the Canterbury representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 14 times including a six-peat from 2008 to 2013 - with five in the National Provincial Championship , two in the Air New Zealand Cup , five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup . Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup . Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including senior club rugby and school rugby . Canterbury has a proud history producing All Blacks , the most of any New Zealand region , with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury 's 200th All Black ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': " wikimedia list article The following is a list of stadiums in New Zealand , ordered by capacity . Currently all stadiums with a capacity of at least 14,000 are included . It is actually difficult to account for accuracy here as many grounds use temporary stands , there is much use of standing only embankments and not often are grounds full to enable gauging accuracy . We can only rely on what is stated publicly . Also some grounds add extra capacity on rare occasions for major matches i.e . Waikato can add 5,000 over a closed off bordering road . Yarrow has had to close its stands due to earthquake risks . QBE is to get a refurbished reduction . Owen Delany is in a rural area and gets rare serious games . Trafalgar was expanded once to 20,000 for a one of test match . And Christchurch is about to be replaced with an identical ground to Dunedin - which is New Zealand 's only covered outdoor stadium .", 'uid': 'List_of_stadiums_in_New_Zealand_0', 'intro': "The following is a list of stadiums in New Zealand, ordered by capacity. Currently all stadiums with a capacity of at least 14,000 are included. It is actually difficult to account for accuracy here as many grounds use temporary stands, there is much use of standing only embankments and not often are grounds full to enable gauging accuracy. We can only rely on what is stated publicly. Also some grounds add extra capacity on rare occasions for major matches i.e. Waikato can add 5,000 over a closed off bordering road. Yarrow has had to close its stands due to earthquake risks. QBE is to get a refurbished reduction. Owen Delany is in a rural area and gets rare serious games. Trafalgar was expanded once to 20,000 for a one of test match. And Christchurch is about to be replaced with an identical ground to Dunedin - which is New Zealand's only covered outdoor stadium."}	null	null	Which company created the venue in Wellington that can contain 34,500 spectators ?	Fletcher Construction
05ee6685fe41bc1f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Princeton_University_people_(United_States_Congress,_Supreme_Court,_Continental_Congress_and_Constitutional_Convention)', 'title': 'List of Princeton University people (United States Congress, Supreme Court, Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention)', 'header': ['Name', 'Affiliation', 'State', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gunning Bedford ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunning_Bedford,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Gunning Bedford Jr. ( 1747 - March 30 , 1812 ) was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation ( Continental Congress ) , Attorney General of Delaware , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 which drafted the United States Constitution , a signer of the United States Constitution and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1771', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Brearley ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Brearley', 'summary': 'David Brearley ( often misspelled as Brearly ) ( June 11 , 1745 - August 16 , 1790 ) was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey , a delegate from New Jersey to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 , which drafted the United States Constitution , a signer of the United States Constitution and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Att', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Richardson Davie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie', 'summary': 'William Richardson Davie ( June 20 , 1756 - November 29 , 1820 ) was a military officer and the 10th Governor of North Carolina from 1798 to 1799 , as well as one of the most important men involved in the founding of the University of North Carolina . He was a member of the Federalist Party and served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention as a representative of the state of North Carolina . He is a Founding Father of the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1776', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'Gov , 1798-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Dayton ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton', 'summary': "Jonathan Dayton ( October 16 , 1760 - October 9 , 1824 ) was an American politician from the U.S. state of New Jersey . He was the youngest person to sign the United States Constitution and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives , serving as its third Speaker , and later in the U.S. Senate . Dayton was arrested in 1807 for treason in connection with Aaron Burr 's conspiracy . He was never tried , but his national political career never recovered ."}]}, {'value': 'B 1776', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'USRep , 1791-99 ; Speaker , 1795-99 . USSen , 1799-1805', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution . The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates . The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent member of the House of Representatives , although every speaker thus far has been . The speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate . The current House speaker , Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California , was elected to the office on January 3 , 2019 . Pelosi previously served as speaker from January 4 , 2007 , to January 3 , 2011 . She has the distinction of being the first woman to serve as speaker , and is also the first former speaker to be returned to office since Sam Rayburn in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oliver Ellsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth', 'summary': "Oliver Ellsworth ( April 29 , 1745 - November 26 , 1807 ) was an American lawyer , judge , politician , and diplomat . He was a framer of the United States Constitution , a United States Senator from Connecticut , and the third Chief Justice of the United States . Additionally , Ellsworth received 11 electoral votes in the 1796 presidential election . Born in Windsor , Connecticut , Ellsworth attended the College of New Jersey where he helped found the American Whig-Cliosophic Society . In 1777 , he became the state attorney for Hartford County , Connecticut and was selected as a delegate to the Continental Congress , serving during the American Revolutionary War . He served as a state judge during the 1780s and was selected as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention , which produced the United States Constitution . While at the convention , Ellsworth played a role in fashioning the Connecticut Compromise between the more populous states and the less populous states . He also served on the Committee of Detail , which prepared the first draft of the Constitution , but he left the convention before signing the document . His influence helped ensure that Connecticut ratified the Constitution , and he was elected as one of Connecticut 's inaugural pair of Senators , serving from 1789 to 1796 . He was the chief author of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which shaped the federal judiciary of the United States and established the Supreme Court 's power to overturn state supreme court decisions that were contrary to the United States Constitution . Ellsworth served as a key Senate ally to Alexander Hamilton and aligned with the Federalist Party . He led the Senate passage of Hamiltonian proposals such as the Funding Act of 1790 and the Bank Bill of 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'B 1766', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'USSen , 1789-96 . Chief Justice of the United States , 1796-1800 . Minister to France , 1799-1800', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary . Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate , and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate , appoint a chief justice , who serves until they resign , retire , are impeached and convicted , or die . The chief justice has significant influence in the selection of cases for review , presides when oral arguments are held , and leads the discussion of cases among the justices . Additionally , when the Court renders an opinion , the chief justice , if in the majority , chooses who writes the Court 's opinion . When deciding a case , however , the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any associate justice . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 of the Constitution designates the chief justice to preside during presidential impeachment trials in the Senate ; this has occurred three times . Also , while nowhere mandated , the presidential oath of office is by tradition typically administered by the chief justice . Additionally , the chief justice serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . The chief justice presides over the Judicial Conference and , in that capacity , appoints the director and deputy director of the Administrative Office . The chief justice is also an ex officio member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and , by custom , is elected chancellor of the board . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 people have served as chief justice , beginning with John Jay ( 1789-1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France', 'summary': "The United States Ambassador to France is the official representative of the President of the United States to the President of France . The United States has maintained diplomatic relations with France since the American Revolution . Relations were upgraded to the higher rank of Ambassador in 1893 . The diplomatic relationship has continued through France 's five republics , two empires , and three monarchies . Since 2006 the ambassador to France has also served as the ambassador to Monaco ."}]}, {'value': 'William Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Houston', 'summary': 'William Churchill Houston ( c. 1746 - August 12 , 1788 ) was an American teacher , lawyer and statesman . He was a delegate to both the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention for New Jersey . Houston was elected in 1785 to the American Philosophical Society .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1768 , F 1769-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison', 'summary': "James Madison Jr. ( March 16 , 1751 [ b ] - June 28 , 1836 ) was an American statesman , lawyer , diplomat , philosopher and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817 . He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the United States Bill of Rights . He co-wrote The Federalist Papers , co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party , and served as the fifth United States secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 . Born into a prominent Virginia planter family , Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War . He became dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation and helped organize the Constitutional Convention , which produced a new constitution to supplant the Articles of Confederation . Madison 's Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention 's deliberations , and he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention . Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution , and he joined with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers , a series of pro-ratification essays that was one of the most influential works of political science in American history . After the ratification of the Constitution , Madison emerged as an important leader in the United States House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to President George Washington . He was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights , which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution . During the early 1790s , Madison came to oppose the economic program and accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party , which was , alongside Hamilton 's Federalist Party , one of the nation 's first major political parties . After Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election , Madison served as secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 ."}]}, {'value': "B 1771 , Princeton 's first GS", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of State , 1801-09 . President of the United States , 1809-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State', 'summary': "The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state 's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy , and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government 's minister of foreign affairs . The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The secretary of state , along with the secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently US $ 210,700 ) . The current secretary of state is Mike Pompeo , who has served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Donald Trump since early 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Martin', 'summary': 'Alexander Martin ( 1740 - November 2 , 1807 ) was the fourth and seventh Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1782 to 1784 and from 1789 to 1792 .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1756', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'Acting Gov , 1781-82 . Gov , 1782-84 , 1789-92 . USSen , 1793-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luther Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luther_Martin', 'summary': "Luther Martin ( February 20 , 1748 , New Brunswick , New Jersey - July 8 , 1826 , New York , New York ) was a politician and one of the United States ' Founding Fathers , who left the Constitutional Convention early because he felt the Constitution violated states ' rights . He was a leading Anti-Federalist , along with Patrick Henry and George Mason , whose actions helped passage of the Bill of Rights ."}]}, {'value': 'B 1766', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Paterson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)', 'summary': 'William Paterson ( December 24 , 1745 - September 9 , 1806 ) was a New Jersey statesman and a signer of the United States Constitution . He was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the second governor of New Jersey . Born in County Antrim , Ireland , Paterson moved to the United States at a young age . After graduating from the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) and studying law under Richard Stockton , he was admitted to the bar in 1768 . He helped write the 1776 Constitution of New Jersey and served as the New Jersey Attorney General from 1776 to 1783 . He represented New Jersey at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention , where he proposed the New Jersey Plan , which would have provided for equal representation among the states in Congress . After the ratification of the Constitution , Paterson served in the United States Senate from 1789 to 1790 , helping to draft the Judiciary Act of 1789 . He resigned from the Senate to take office as Governor of New Jersey . In 1793 , he accepted appointment by President George Washington to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court . He served on the court until his death in 1806 .'}]}, {'value': 'B 1763', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'USSen , 1789-90 . Gov , 1791-93 . Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , 1793-1806', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is the title of all members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the chief justice of the United States . The number of associate justices is eight , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 . Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution grants plenary power to the president to nominate , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the Senate , appoint justices to the Supreme Court . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices , and all other federal judges , which ends only when a justice dies , retires , resigns , or is removed from office by impeachment . Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it ; the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any other justice . However , the chief justice - when in the majority - decides who writes the court 's opinion . Otherwise , the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision . Furthermore , the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices . The chief justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ( $ 267,000 per year as of 2018 , as opposed to $ 255,300 per year for each associate justice ) . Associate justices have seniority by order of appointment , although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior . If two justices are appointed on the same day , the older is designated the senior justice of the two . Currently , the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Constitutional Convention', 'section_text': "The impotence of the national government under the Articles of Confederation prompted the Constitutional Convention , which met in Philadelphia between 25 May and 17 September 1787 . This assembly wrote the Constitution of the United States , which came into effect in 1789 after nine states had ratified it . [ 348 ] Princetonians represented six of the 12 states that sent delegations to the convention . ( Rhode Island declined to send a delegation . ) Ten of the 56 delegates were Princetonians , including four of the five delegates from New Jersey . This compares with five delegates each from the College of William & Mary and Yale College , three each from Harvard College and Columbia College , two from the University of Pennsylvania , and one each from the University of Oxford and the University of Glasgow . [ 349 ] James Madison was the first delegate to arrive at the convention and was so influential there that he came to be known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' . He also argued for the Constitution 's ratification in The Federalist Papers , written together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . As a Representative in the 1st United States Congress , he introduced the Bill of Rights , which became the first ten Amendments to the Constitution . [ 348 ] [ 350 ] William Paterson and Oliver Ellsworth were also influential at the convention . In response to Madison 's Virginia Plan , under which states would be represented in Congress in proportion to their population and taxes paid , Paterson authored the New Jersey Plan , which called for equal representation for each state . Together with his Connecticut colleague Roger Sherman , Ellsworth crafted the Connecticut Compromise , also called the Great Compromise , which blended the two plans . This plan , which specified a bicameral legislature with one house apportioned by population and the other in which the states would be represented equally , became the basis for the House of Representatives and Senate in the final Constitution . [ 348 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_Princeton_University_people_(United_States_Congress,_Supreme_Court,_Continental_Congress_and_Constitutional_Convention)_4', 'intro': 'This list of people associated with Princeton University includes graduates who have served in the national government of the United States.'}	null	null	What is the name name of a delegate from North Carolina and was the fourth and seventh Governor from 1782 to 1784 and from 1789 to 1792 ?	Alexander Martin
05eeba3956644c4b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games', 'title': 'Commonwealth Games', 'header': ['Sport', 'Type', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Para Lawn bowls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Bowls is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since the inaugural edition of the event 's precursor , the 1930 British Empire Games . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games ; however , it was not included in the programme of the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Kingston , Jamaica due to no sufficient bowling greens being available . Along with swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , cycling , powerlifting and triathlon , bowls is one of the EAD ( Elite Athletes with a Disability ) sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 2002 , 2014-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netball ( Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netball_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Netball is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Weightlifting is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 1950 . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games . A total of 17 events were contested at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , 8 for men 7 for women and two powerlifting events . The first women 's events were introduced in 2002 . Between 1990 and 2002 a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total , offering as many as 46 gold medals in 2002 . Since 2006 medals have only been awarded based on the combined total of both of these phases , as is the case at the Olympics . Since 2002 powerlifting events have been contested at the Commonwealth games and the sports results have counted under weightlifting ever since ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Rugby sevens has been played at every Commonwealth Games since its first appearance at the 1998 edition held in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Rugby sevens was an optional sport that was included for 2002 and 2006 ; it was then made a 'Core ' sport by the Commonwealth Games Federation , necessitating its appearance at all future games from the 2010 Games onward . New Zealand dominated the men 's tournament at its inception until 2014 when they lost for the first time at the Games , playing South Africa in the gold medal match . Until the 2014 Games , rugby sevens was a male-only sport at the Commonwealth Games , but a female tournament was added to the programme for the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting sports have been contested at the Commonwealth Games at every games since 1966 with the exception of the 1970 Commonwealth Games . Events were open until they were segregated by gender in 1994 for pistol and most rifle events and in 2002 for trap and skeet events ; the full bore rifle competitions remained open .'}]}, {'value': 'Optional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966 , 1974-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Squash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squash_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Squash is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 1998 . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Swimming is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since the inaugural edition of the event 's precursor , the 1930 British Empire Games . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games . Synchronised swimming and Diving events are optional . Water polo is a recognised ( i.e . not yet optional ) sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Para Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Swimming is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since the inaugural edition of the event 's precursor , the 1930 British Empire Games . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games . Synchronised swimming and Diving events are optional . Water polo is a recognised ( i.e . not yet optional ) sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Table tennis competition has been in the Commonwealth Games as an optional sport since 2002 , with singles and doubles events for both men and women . Wheelchair play has been also an optional event for elite athletes with a disability ( EAD ) since the inclusion of Para-Sports in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Para Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Table tennis competition has been in the Commonwealth Games as an optional sport since 2002 , with singles and doubles events for both men and women . Wheelchair play has been also an optional event for elite athletes with a disability ( EAD ) since the inclusion of Para-Sports in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Optional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Triathlon is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It was first granted Commonwealth Games sport status in 2002 . It is a core sport which has to be included in each competition 's sporting programme . A para triathlon was first included as an optional sport in the Gold Coast 2018 games . Currently there are five triathlon events in the Commonwealth Games ( Men 's , Women 's , Men 's Para , Women 's Para , and the Mixed Team Relay event ) . At the 1990 Commonwealth Games at Auckland , the Triathlon was a demonstration event ; won by Erin Baker ( women ) and Rick Wells ( men ) , both from New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-2006 , 2014-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volleyball ( beach )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_volleyball', 'summary': "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net . As in indoor volleyball , the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent 's side of the court , and to prevent the same effort by the opponent . Each team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net , and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after making a block touch ( the block touch counting as one touch , leaving only two more touches before the ball must be hit over ) . The ball is put in play with a serve - a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents . The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court , goes out , or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball . The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally . The four players serve in the same sequence throughout the match , changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team . Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii , while the modern two-player game originated in Santa Monica , California . It has been an Olympic sport since the 1996 Summer Olympics . The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ( FIVB ) is the international governing body for the sport , and organizes the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Optional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "Weightlifting is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition . It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 1950 . It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games . A total of 17 events were contested at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , 8 for men 7 for women and two powerlifting events . The first women 's events were introduced in 2002 . Between 1990 and 2002 a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total , offering as many as 46 gold medals in 2002 . Since 2006 medals have only been awarded based on the combined total of both of these phases , as is the case at the Olympics . Since 2002 powerlifting events have been contested at the Commonwealth games and the sports results have counted under weightlifting ever since ."}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wheelchair Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Basketball was first included in the Commonwealth Games in the 2006 games in Melbourne . Basketball will be a part of the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast , again in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Optional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Never', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling ( Freestyle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games is an optional sport for men only that was one of six to be featured on the Programme in Hamilton 1930 . Participation has risen from 3 countries to 17 sending athletes to Manchester 2002 . Wrestling did not feature in Melbourne 2006 but makes a return to the Programme in Delhi 2010 and is included in Glasgow 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930-1986 , 1994 , 2002 , 2010-present', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Commonwealth_Games_2', 'intro': "The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games as the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world's first multi-sport event which inducts equal number of womens and mens medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant. Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which were held in London, United Kingdom in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the games movement has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were cancelled because of the Second World War."}	null	null	How many years after its introduction into the games was the sport that involves two teams with two players introduced into the Summer Olympics ?	81
05eebf855ebf1a20	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)', 'title': 'List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)', 'header': ['Call letters', 'Channel', 'Network ( s )', 'City and state', 'Meaning or notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'KRBC-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRBC-TV', 'summary': 'KRBC-TV , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 29 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Abilene , Texas , United States . The station is owned by Mission Broadcasting ; Nexstar Media Group , which owns CBS affiliate KTAB-TV ( channel 32 ) , operates KRBC under joint sales and shared services agreements ( JSA/SSA ) . The two stations share studios on South 14th Street in western Abilene , and transmitter facilities on Texas State Highway 36 in neighboring Callahan County .'}]}, {'value': '29 PSIP/cable 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Abilene , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abilene,_Texas', 'summary': 'Abilene ( /ˈæbɪliːn/ AB-i-leen ) is a city in Taylor and Jones counties in Texas , United States . The population was 117,063 at the 2010 census , making it the 27th-most populous city in the state of Texas . It is the principal city of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 170,219 . It is the county seat of Taylor County . Dyess Air Force Base is located on the west side of the city . Abilene is located off Interstate 20 , between exits 279 on its western edge and 292 on the east . Abilene is 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Fort Worth . The city is looped by I-20 to the north , US 83/84 on the west , and Loop 322 to the east . A railroad divides the city down the center into north and south . The historic downtown area is on the north side of the railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'R eporter B roadcasting C ompany ( was once co-owned with KRBC radio )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRBK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRBK', 'summary': 'KRBK , virtual channel 49 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Springfield , Missouri , United States that is licensed to Osage Beach . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Springfield-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KOZL-TV ( channel 27 ) ; Nexstar also operates Springfield-licensed CBS affiliate KOLR ( channel 10 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Mission Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on East Division Street in Springfield and transmitter facilities on Switchgrass Road , north of Fordland .'}]}, {'value': '22 PSIP 49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Osage Beach , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osage_Beach,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Osage Beach is a city in Camden and Miller counties in the U.S. state of Missouri . Most of the city is in Camden County , while a small eastern sliver is in Miller County . The population was 4,351 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Branded by its cable channel number , 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRCA', 'summary': "KRCA , virtual channel 62 ( VHF digital channel 7 ) , is an Estrella TV owned-and-operated television station serving Los Angeles , California , United States that is licensed to Riverside . It is the flagship television property of Burbank-based Estrella Media . The station 's studios are located on North Victory Drive ( near Interstate 5 ) in Burbank , and its transmitter is located atop Mount Wilson ."}]}, {'value': '35 PSIP 62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estrella TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estrella_TV', 'summary': "Estrella TV ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtɾeʎa teˈβe ] ( listen ) ; stylized on-air as estrellaTV ) is an American Spanish-language broadcast television network that is owned by the Estrella Media subsidiary of HPS Investment Partners , LLC . The network primarily features programs , the vast majority of which are produced by the network itself , aimed at Hispanic and Latino American audiences - featuring a mix of variety and sketch comedy series , music programming , reality television series , scripted anthology drama series , news programming , sports , and imported Mexican-produced feature films . Estrella TV 's programming , production and advertising operations are headquartered in the Los Angeles suburb of Burbank , California . The network 's operations are overseen by Estrella Media CEO Peter Markham , who has been in the post since the departure of co-founder Lenard Liberman amid a corporate reorganization in October 2019 . The network is available in many media markets via low-power and some full-power over-the-air broadcast television stations ( many of which carry Estrella TV on their digital subchannels ) , and on select cable television providers through either a local broadcast affiliate or the network 's default national feed ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside,_California', 'summary': 'Riverside is a city in , and the county seat of , Riverside County , California , United States , located in the Inland Empire metropolitan area . It is named for its location beside the Santa Ana River . It is the most populous city in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County , and is located about 55 miles ( 89 km ) east of downtown Los Angeles . It is also part of the Greater Los Angeles area . Riverside is the 59th most populous city in the United States and 12th most populous city in California . As of the 2010 Census , Riverside had a population of 303,871 . Riverside was founded in the early 1870s . It is the birthplace of the California citrus industry and home of the Mission Inn , the largest Mission Revival Style building in the United States . It is also home to the Riverside National Cemetery . The University of California , Riverside , is located in the northeastern part of the city . The university also hosts the Riverside Sports Complex . Other attractions in Riverside include the Fox Performing Arts Center , Riverside Metropolitan Museum , which houses exhibits and artifacts of local history , the California Museum of Photography , the California Citrus State Historic Park , and the Parent Washington Navel Orange Tree , the last of the two original navel orange trees in California .'}]}, {'value': 'R iverside , Ca lifornia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRCB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRCB_(TV)', 'summary': "KRCB , virtual channel 22 ( UHF digital channel 23 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Cotati , California , United States and serving the northern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area . Owned by Northern California Public Media , it is a sister station to National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KRCB-FM ( 91.1 ) . The two stations share studios on Carlson Avenue in Rohnert Park ; the TV station 's transmitter is located on Sonoma Mountain near Glen Ellen , California ."}]}, {'value': '23 PSIP 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Cotati , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cotati,_California', 'summary': "Cotati /koʊˈtɑːtiː/ is an incorporated city in Sonoma County , California , U.S. , located about 45 mi ( 70 km ) north of San Francisco in the 101 corridor between Rohnert Park and Petaluma . Cotati 's population as of the 2010 Census was 7,265 , making it the smallest incorporated community in Sonoma County . Like all of Sonoma County , Cotati is included in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the Redwood Empire . Located in the Sonoma Coast AVA , Cotati can also be considered part of the Wine Country . E & J Gallo Winery operates a 400-acre ( 160 ha ) vineyard called Two Rock Vineyard in the hills west of town . Cotati 's hexagonal downtown plaza , one of only two hexagonal town layouts in the United States , is California Historical Landmark number 879 . The other U.S. city with a hexagonal layout is Detroit , Michigan ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRCG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRCG', 'summary': "KRCG , virtual channel 13 ( VHF digital channel 12 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Jefferson City , Missouri , United States and serving the Columbia-Jefferson City television market . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . KRCG 's studios and transmitter are located on US 54 in the nearby town of New Bloomfield ."}]}, {'value': '12 PSIP/cable 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Jefferson City , officially the City of Jefferson and informally Jeff City or Jefferson , is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state . It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in the state . Most of the city is in Cole County , with a small northern section extending into Callaway County . Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States . Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri . It is 30 miles south of Columbia , Missouri [ citation needed ] , and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland , one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest . The city is dominated by the domed Capitol , which rises from a bluff overlooking the Missouri River to the north ; Lewis and Clark passed the bluff on their historic expedition upriver before Europeans established any settlement there . Many of Jefferson City 's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries . Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University , a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops with support from the 65th Regiment of U.S . Colored Troops ."}]}, {'value': 'R obert C . G oshorn ( father of founder )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRCR-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRCR-TV', 'summary': "KRCR-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Redding , California , United States and also serving Chico . Owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , it is sister to five low-power stations : Chico-licensed Antenna TV affiliate KXVU-LP ( analog channel 17 ) ; MyNetworkTV affiliates Redding-licensed KRVU-LD ( channel 21 ) and Chico-licensed KZVU-LD ( channel 22 ) ; Chico-licensed Univision affiliate KUCO-LD ( channel 27 ) ; and Chico-licensed UniMás affiliate KKTF-LD ( channel 30 ) . Sinclair also operates Paradise-licensed Fox affiliate KCVU ( channel 20 ) under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) with owner Cunningham Broadcasting . However , Sinclair effectively owns KCVU as the majority of Cunningham 's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith . The stations share studios on Auditorium Drive in Redding and maintain a news bureau and sales office at the former Sainte Television Group facilities on Main Street in downtown Chico . KRCR 's transmitter is located atop Shasta Bally , west of Redding . KAEF-TV ( channel 23 ) in Arcata operates as a semi-satellite of KRCR , serving the Eureka market . As such , it clears all network programming as provided through KRCR but airs a separate offering of syndicated programming ; there are also separate local newscasts , commercial inserts and legal station identifications . Although KAEF maintains its own studios ( shared with LMA partner KBVU ) on Sixth Street in downtown Eureka , master control and some internal operations are based at KRCR 's facilities ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 ABC 7.2 MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include MASH , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Redding , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redding,_California', 'summary': "Redding is a city in and the county seat of Shasta County , California , United States , in the northern part of the state . It lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles ( 261 kilometers ) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of California 's northern border , shared with the state of Oregon . Interstate 5 bisects the entire city , from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake , which is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The 2010 population was 90,322 . Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region , and it is the sixth-largest city in the Sacramento Valley , behind Chico , Sacramento , Elk Grove , Roseville , and Vacaville ."}]}, {'value': 'R edding- C hico- R ed Bluff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRCW-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRCW-TV', 'summary': "KRCW-TV , virtual channel 32 ( UHF digital channel 33 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station serving Portland , Oregon , United States that is licensed to the state capital of Salem . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Portland-licensed CBS affiliate KOIN ( channel 6 ) . The two stations share studios in the basement of the KOIN Center skyscraper on Southwest Columbia Street in downtown Portland and transmitter facilities in the Sylvan-Highlands neighborhood of the city . Previously , KRCW-TV maintained separate studios on Southwest Arctic Drive in Beaverton , while KOIN 's facilities only housed KRCW-TV 's master control and some internal operations . There is no separate website for KRCW-TV ; instead , it is integrated with that of sister station KOIN . KRCW-LP ( virtual channel 32 , VHF digital channel 5 ) in Portland operates as a low-powered fill-in translator of KRCW-TV ."}]}, {'value': '33 PSIP 32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32.1 The CW 33.3 This TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/This_TV', 'summary': "This TV ( also known as This TV Network and alternately stylized as thisTV ) is an American free-to-air television network that is owned by ThisTV , LLC , a division of the MGM Domestic Television Distribution subsidiary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The network maintains a large programming emphasis on films ( those primarily sourced from the library of partial owner Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ) , but also airs other limited general entertainment content in the form of classic television series and children 's programming . The network - which broadcasts 24 hours a day in 480i standard definition - is available in many media markets via broadcast television stations , primarily on their digital subchannels , and on select cable providers through carriage of a local affiliate ( primarily on digital tiers ) . This TV 's programming and business operations are headquartered at 303 East Wacker Drive in Chicago ; MGM handles advertising sales for the network through its offices in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Salem / Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem,_Oregon', 'summary': "Salem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon , and the county seat of Marion County . It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River , which runs north through the city . The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties , and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County . Salem was founded in 1842 , became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851 , and was incorporated in 1857 . Salem had a population of 169,798 in 2017 , making it the second-largest city in the state after Portland . Salem is a little under an hour 's driving distance away from Portland . Salem is the principal city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan area that covers Marion and Polk counties and had a combined population of 390,738 at the 2010 census . A 2013 estimate placed the metropolitan population at 400,408 , the state 's second largest . This area is , in turn , part of the Portland-Vancouver-Salem Combined Statistical Area . The city is home to Willamette University , Corban University , and Chemeketa Community College . The State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city , and Salem Health is the largest private employer . Transportation includes public transit from Cherriots ( legally known as Salem Area Mass Transit District ) , Amtrak service , and non-commercial air travel at McNary Field ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRDK-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRDK-TV', 'summary': "KRDK-TV , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 24 ) , is a television station serving Fargo and Grand Forks , North Dakota , United States that is licensed to Valley City . Owned by Major Market Broadcasting , it is affiliated with multiple networks on various digital subchannels . KRDK-TV 's offices are located on Winter Show Road in Valley City , and its transmitter is located near Galesburg , North Dakota . The station launched in December 1954 as KXJB-TV , the CBS affiliate for the market . KXJB consolidated with NBC affiliate KVLY-TV in 2003 under a local marketing agreement . In 2014 , the station 's non-license assets were acquired by KVLY 's new owner Gray Television ; due to increasing FCC scrutiny surrounding local marketing agreements and similar arrangements , Gray decided against having the station acquired by an affiliated third party to maintain the LMA . Its CBS programming was moved to KVLY 's second digital subchannel in December 2014 ( and KXJB-LD in 2016 ) , and KXJB 's license was sold to the minority-owned Major Market Broadcasting , who re-christened the station KRDK-TV . The station returned to the air during January 2015 carrying several digital television networks . As of October 2016 , KRDK 's main Cozi TV channel is carried on channel 4 on most cable television systems in the market . There is a high definition feed offered on Midco digital channel 4 and Sparklight digital channel 1004 . The station is also available on DirecTV channel 44 and Dish Network channel 5 . KRDK 's 2,060-foot ( 630 m ) high mast was the second tallest man-made structure on Earth when it was built in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': '38 PSIP/cable 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valley City , North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valley_City,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Valley City is a city in Barnes County , North Dakota , United States . It is the county seat of Barnes County . The population was 6,585 during the 2010 census , making it the thirteenth largest city in North Dakota . Valley City was founded in 1874 . The city is known for its many bridges over the Sheyenne River including the Hi-Line Railroad Bridge . These bridges have earned it the distinction of being called the City of Bridges . The city is also the home of Valley City State University and the home for the North Dakota High School Activities Association ( NDHSAA ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRDO-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRDO-TV', 'summary': "KRDO-TV , virtual channel 13 ( UHF digital channel 24 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Colorado Springs , Colorado , United States and also serving Pueblo . Owned by Pikes Peak Television , a subsidiary of the News-Press & Gazette Company ( NPG ) , it is sister to low-powered Telemundo affiliate KTLO-LP , channel 46 ( which is simulcast on KRDO-TV 's second digital subchannel ) and radio stations KRDO-AM ( 1240 kHz ) and KRDO-FM ( 105.5 MHz ) . The four stations share studios on South 8th Street in Colorado Springs ; KRDO-TV 's transmitter is located on Cheyenne Mountain . On cable , KRDO-TV is carried on Comcast Xfinity channel 12 in Colorado Springs ( channel 13 is instead occupied by KTLO-LP ) ."}]}, {'value': '24 PSIP 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado', 'summary': "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County , Colorado , United States . It is in east central Colorado , on Fountain Creek , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Denver . At 6,035 feet ( 1,839 m ) the city stands over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) above sea level , though some areas are significantly higher and lower . Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak , which rises 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains . The United States Air Force Academy opened just north of Colorado Springs in 1958 . The city is home to 24 national sports governing bodies , including the United States Olympic Committee , the United States Olympic Training Center , and USA Hockey . The city had an estimated population of 472,688 in 2018 , and a metro population of approximately 738,939 , making it Colorado 's second most populous city , behind Denver , and the 39th most populous city in the United States . The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016 . The city is in the Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming , generally following Interstate 25 . The city covers 194.9 square miles ( 505 km2 ) , making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado . In 2017 and 2018 , Colorado Springs received several accolades . In 2018 U.S. News named it the most desirable place to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREG-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREG-TV', 'summary': "KREG-TV , virtual channel 3 ( UHF digital channel 23 ) , is a MeTV owned-and-operated television station licensed to Glenwood Springs , Colorado , United States . The station is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . KREG 's transmitter is located atop Sunlight Peak ."}]}, {'value': '23 PSIP/cable 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenwood Springs , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Glenwood Springs is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat of Garfield County , Colorado , United States . Glenwood Springs is located at the confluence of the Roaring Fork River and the Colorado River , threading together the Roaring Fork Valley and a series of smaller towns up and down the Colorado River . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,614 . Glenwood Springs is best known as a historic destination for vacationers with diverse natural amenities , most particularly hot springs . It is also home to two of the campuses and the administrative offices of the Colorado Mountain College system .'}]}, {'value': 'Satellite of KREX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREM_(TV)', 'summary': "KREM , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 20 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Spokane , Washington , United States and also serving Coeur d'Alene , Idaho . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. , as part of a duopoly with CW affiliate KSKN ( channel 22 ) . The two stations share studios on South Regal Street in Spokane ; KREM 's transmitter is on Krell Hill southeast of Spokane . On cable and satellite , the station can be seen in high definition on Comcast Xfinity channel 102 in the Spokane area , Charter Spectrum channel 1209 in the Coeur d'Alene area and the Palouse , and channel 2 ( in both standard and high definition ) on Dish Network and DirecTV . The station is also carried on cable systems in Calgary and Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , both of which are double the size of KREM 's American coverage area . One result of this is that stations in Calgary and Edmonton air American shows on Pacific Time , even though Calgary and Edmonton are both on Mountain Time . It is one of five local Spokane area television stations seen in Canada on the Shaw Direct satellite service . It can also been seen on local cable systems in eastern British Columbia . While KREM is the primary CBS affiliate for the Spokane market , Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned KLEW-TV ( channel 3 ) , based in Lewiston , Idaho , also is a CBS affiliate . However , it focuses on the southern portion of the market . Both KREM and KLEW are available on Dish Network and DirecTV throughout the Spokane market ."}]}, {'value': '20 PSIP/cable 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Spokane , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spokane,_Washington', 'summary': "Spokane ( /ˌspoʊˈkæn/ ( listen ) spoh-KAN ) is a city in Spokane County in the state of Washington in the northwestern United States . It is located in eastern Washington along the Spokane River adjacent to the Selkirk Mountains and west of the Rocky Mountain foothills - 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of the Canada-US border , 18 miles ( 30 km ) west of the Washington-Idaho border , and 279 miles ( 449 km ) east of Seattle along Interstate 90 . Known as the birthplace of Father 's Day , Spokane 's official nickname is the Lilac City . A pink , double flower cultivar of the common lilac , known as Syringa vulgaris 'Spokane ' , is named for the city . It is the seat of Spokane County and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane metropolitan area , the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area , and the Inland Northwest . The city , along with the whole Inland Northwest , is served by Spokane International Airport , 5 miles ( 8 km ) west of downtown Spokane . According to the 2010 Census , Spokane had a population of 208,916 , making it the second-largest city in Washington , and the 100th-largest city in the United States . In 2018 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 219,190 and the population of the Spokane Metropolitan Area at 573,493 . The first people to live in the area , the Spokane tribe ( their name meaning children of the sun in Salishan ) , lived off plentiful game . David Thompson explored the area with the westward expansion and establishment of the North West Company 's Spokane House in 1810 . This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington . Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREN-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREN-TV', 'summary': "KREN-TV , virtual channel 27 ( UHF digital channel 26 ) , is a Univision-affiliated television station licensed to Reno , Nevada , United States . Owned by Entravision Communications , it is a sister station to low-power , Class A UniMás affiliate KRNS-CD ( channel 46 ) . The two stations share studios on Wells Avenue in Reno ; KREN-TV 's transmitter is located on Slide Mountain between SR 431 and I-580/US 395/US 395 ALT in unincorporated Washoe County ."}]}, {'value': '26 PSIP 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.1 Univision 46.2 KRNS-CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Univision', 'summary': "Univision ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uniβiˈsjon ] ( listen ) ) is an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network that is owned by Univision Communications . It is the country 's largest provider of Spanish-language content , followed by American competitor Telemundo . The network 's programming is aimed at the Latino public and includes telenovelas and other drama series , sports , sitcoms , reality and variety series , news programming , and imported Spanish-language feature films . Univision is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , and has its major studios , production facilities , and business operations based in Doral , Florida ( near Miami ) . Univision is available on pay television providers throughout most of the United States , with local stations in over 60 markets with large Latin American communities . Most of these stations air full local newscasts and other local programming in addition to network shows ; in major markets such as Los Angeles , Miami , and New York City , the local newscasts carried by the network 's owned-and-operated stations are equally competitive with their English language counterparts ratings-wise . Chief operating officer Randy Falco ( who was appointed to the position on January 18 , 2011 , and officially took over as CEO on June 29 of that year ) has been in charge of the company since the departure of Univision Communications president and CEO Joe Uva in April 2010 . In March 2018 , it was announced Falco would be retiring and stepping down as CEO ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KRNS-CD', 'summary': "KRNS-CD , virtual channel 46 ( UHF digital channel 18 ) , is a low-powered , Class A UniMás-affiliated television station licensed to Reno , Nevada , United States . Owned by Entravision Communications , it is a sister station to Univision affiliate KREN-TV ( channel 27 ) . The two stations share studios on Wells Avenue in Reno ; KRNS-CD 's transmitter is located on Slide Mountain between SR 431 and I-580/US 395/US 395 ALT in unincorporated Washoe County ."}]}, {'value': 'Reno , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reno,_Nevada', 'summary': "Reno ( /ˈriːnoʊ/ REE-noh ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Lake Tahoe , known as The Biggest Little City in the World . Known for its casino & tourism industry , Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in a high desert river valley at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and its downtown area ( along with Sparks ) occupies a valley informally known as the Truckee Meadows , which due to large-scale investments from Seattle & Bay Area companies such as Amazon , Tesla , Panasonic , Microsoft , Apple and Google has become a new major technology hub in the United States . The city is named after Union Major General Jesse L. Reno , who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain on Fox 's Gap . Reno is part of the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area , 2nd most populous in Nevada after Las Vegas-Henderson , both of which are part of the Las Vegas Valley . Greater Reno , which consists of Washoe , Storey , and Lyon counties plus Carson City ( the capital of Nevada ) , is the second largest metropolitan area in Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'REN o', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREX-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREX-TV', 'summary': "KREX-TV , virtual channel 5 ( VHF digital channel 2 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Grand Junction , Colorado , United States and serving Colorado 's Western Slope region . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to low-powered , Class A MyNetworkTV affiliate KGJT-CD , channel 27 ( which KREX-TV simulcasts on its third digital subchannel ) ; Nexstar also operates Fox affiliate KFQX ( channel 4 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Mission Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Hillcrest Avenue in Grand Junction , where KREX-TV 's transmitter is also located . KREX-TV can also be seen on KGJT-CD 's second digital subchannel ( UHF channel 27.4 or virtual channel 27.2 via PSIP ) , which allows homes with issues receiving KREX-TV 's VHF signal or only a UHF antenna to receive KREX in some form ."}]}, {'value': '2 PSIP 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.1 CBS 27.2 KGJT-CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KGJT-CD', 'summary': "KGJT-CD , virtual and UHF digital channel 27 , is a low-powered , Class A MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to Grand Junction , Colorado , United States , and serving Colorado 's Western Slope region . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to CBS affiliate KREX-TV ( channel 5 ) ; Nexstar also operates Fox affiliate KFQX ( channel 4 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Mission Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Hillcrest Avenue in downtown Grand Junction ; KGJT 's transmitter is located at Land 's End , east of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Junction , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado', 'summary': "Grand Junction is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Mesa County , Colorado , United States . The city has a council-manager form of government , and is the most populous municipality in all of western Colorado . Grand Junction is 247 miles ( 398 km ) west-southwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 58,566 . Grand Junction is the 15th most populous city in the state of Colorado and the most populous city on the Colorado Western Slope . It is a major commercial and transportation hub within the large area between the Green River and the Continental Divide . It is the principal city of the Grand Junction Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 146,723 in 2010 census . The city is along the Colorado River , at its confluence with the Gunnison River , which comes in from the south . Grand refers to the historical Grand River ; it was renamed the Upper Colorado River in 1921 . Junction refers to the confluence of the Colorado and Gunnison rivers . Grand Junction has been nicknamed River City . It is near the midpoint of a 30-mile ( 48 km ) arcing valley , known as the Grand Valley ; since the late 19th century it has been a major fruit-growing region ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREY-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREY-TV', 'summary': "KREX-TV , virtual channel 5 ( VHF digital channel 2 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Grand Junction , Colorado , United States and serving Colorado 's Western Slope region . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to low-powered , Class A MyNetworkTV affiliate KGJT-CD , channel 27 ( which KREX-TV simulcasts on its third digital subchannel ) ; Nexstar also operates Fox affiliate KFQX ( channel 4 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Mission Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Hillcrest Avenue in Grand Junction , where KREX-TV 's transmitter is also located . KREX-TV can also be seen on KGJT-CD 's second digital subchannel ( UHF channel 27.4 or virtual channel 27.2 via PSIP ) , which allows homes with issues receiving KREX-TV 's VHF signal or only a UHF antenna to receive KREX in some form ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP/cable 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Montrose , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montrose,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Montrose is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Montrose County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 19,132 at the 2010 United States Census . The main road that leads in and out of Montrose is U.S. Highway 50 . The town is located in cardinal-western Colorado , in the upper Uncompahgre Valley and is an economic , labor , and transportation waypoint for the surrounding recreation industry . Demographically , the town is majority white , with a large Hispanic population . It is also the home of a few major engineering projects , namely the Gunnison Tunnel .'}]}, {'value': 'Satellite of KREX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KREZ-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KREZ-TV', 'summary': "KRQE , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is a dual CBS/Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States and also serving the state capital of Santa Fe . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to Santa Fe-licensed CW affiliate KWBQ ( channel 19 ) and Albuquerque-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KASY-TV ( channel 50 ) ( both owned by Tamer Media with certain services provided by Nexstar through a shared services agreement [ SSA ] ) . KRQE 's studios are located on Broadcast Plaza in Albuquerque ( across the street from NBC affiliate KOB , channel 4 ) , and its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest , east of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '15 PSIP 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Durango , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durango,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Durango is the county seat and the most populous municipality of La Plata County , Colorado , United States . It is home to Fort Lewis College . The United States Census Bureau reported a population of 16,887 in the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Semisatellite of KREX until 2/28/1995 , Rebroadcasts KRQE Albuquerque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRGV-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRGV-TV', 'summary': "KRGV-TV , virtual channel 5 ( VHF digital channel 13 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Weslaco , Texas , United States and serving the Rio Grande Valley metropolitan area . The station is owned by the Manship family of Baton Rouge , Louisiana through Mobile Video Tapes , Inc. , which often does business as KRGV-TV Corporation . KRGV 's studios are located on East Expressway ( I-2/US 83 ) in Weslaco , and its transmitter is located in Santa Maria , Texas . On cable and satellite , the station is available on Charter Spectrum , DirecTV and Dish Network channel 5 ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.1 ABC 5.3 MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include MASH , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Weslaco , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weslaco,_Texas', 'summary': 'Weslaco /ˈwɛsləˌkoʊ/ is a city in Hidalgo County , Texas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 35,670 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 41,171 . It is located at the southern tip of Texas in the Rio Grande Valley near the Mexican border , across the Rio Grande from the city of Nuevo Progreso , Rio Bravo , Tamaulipas . Weslaco derives its name from the W.E . Stewart Land Company . It was the hometown of Harlon Block , one of the Marines photographed raising the flag at Iwo Jima , and of film and television actor David Spielberg . Streets north of the railroad tracks have Spanish names , and streets south of the railroad tracks bear names in English , as a consequence of a 1921 municipal ordinance which declared that land north of the tracks be reserved for Hispanic residences and businesses , and land south of the tracks be reserved for Anglo residences and businesses . During World War II , sandbag production reached a peak in Weslaco , and the town declared itself the sandbagging capital of the world . Weslaco is part of the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission and Reynosa-McAllen metropolitan areas .'}]}, {'value': 'R io G rande V alley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRII', 'summary': "KBJR-TV , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 19 ) , is a dual NBC/CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Superior , Wisconsin , United States , serving northwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota , including Duluth . The station is owned by Quincy Media , as part of a duopoly with CW+ affiliate KDLH ( channel 3 ) . The two stations share studios on South Lake Avenue in Canal Park , downtown Duluth ; KBJR-TV 's transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park . KRII ( virtual and VHF digital channel 11 ) in Chisholm , Minnesota , formerly branded as Range 11 , operates as a semi-satellite and has an advertising sales office on East Howard Street in Hibbing . KRII serves the northern portion of the market , including the Iron Range area , Grand Rapids and International Falls . This station simulcasts KBJR except during commercials and station identifications . KRII 's transmitter is located in Linden Grove Township ; master control and most internal operations are based at KBJR 's facilities in Duluth . It also acts as a full-power translator station of all of the various channels and subchannels of KBJR . KBJR operates the area 's CBS affiliate on a second digital subchannel , known on-air as CBS 3 in reference to the Twin Ports ' longtime CBS affiliate , KDLH , and because it is carried on Charter Spectrum cable channel 3 . KDLH was formerly operated by KBJR under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) , wound down following the purchase of KBJR and KDLH by Quincy and SagamoreHill Broadcasting respectively . KBJR also operates a primary Heroes & Icons/secondary MyNetworkTV-affiliated third subchannel , branded as My 9 ( also in reference to its cable position ) which airs programming from Heroes & Icons outside of the MyNetworkTV lineup ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.1 NBC 11.2 KDLH-DT2 11.3 KDLH 11.9 KBJR-DT2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KDLH-DT2', 'summary': "KDLH , virtual channel 3 ( UHF digital channel 33 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station licensed to Duluth , Minnesota , United States , serving northeastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin . The station is owned by Quincy Media , as part of a duopoly with Superior , Wisconsin-licensed dual NBC/CBS affiliate KBJR-TV , channel 6 ( and its Chisholm , Minnesota-licensed semi-satellite KRII , channel 11 ) . The two stations share studios on South Lake Avenue in Canal Park , downtown Duluth ; KDLH 's transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park . Throughout most of the station 's history , KDLH had long been the Twin Ports ' CBS affiliate . In its latter years , it was operated by Quincy through a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with then-owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting , making it sister to KBJR and KRII . Following the end of KDLH 's SSA on August 1 , 2016 ( resulting from the station 's sale from Malara Broadcast Group , concurrent with the sale of KBJR by Granite Broadcasting ) , CBS programming was moved to KBJR-DT2 and KDLH switched exclusively to The CW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KDLH', 'summary': "KDLH , virtual channel 3 ( UHF digital channel 33 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station licensed to Duluth , Minnesota , United States , serving northeastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin . The station is owned by Quincy Media , as part of a duopoly with Superior , Wisconsin-licensed dual NBC/CBS affiliate KBJR-TV , channel 6 ( and its Chisholm , Minnesota-licensed semi-satellite KRII , channel 11 ) . The two stations share studios on South Lake Avenue in Canal Park , downtown Duluth ; KDLH 's transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park . Throughout most of the station 's history , KDLH had long been the Twin Ports ' CBS affiliate . In its latter years , it was operated by Quincy through a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with then-owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting , making it sister to KBJR and KRII . Following the end of KDLH 's SSA on August 1 , 2016 ( resulting from the station 's sale from Malara Broadcast Group , concurrent with the sale of KBJR by Granite Broadcasting ) , CBS programming was moved to KBJR-DT2 and KDLH switched exclusively to The CW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KBJR-DT2', 'summary': "KBJR-TV , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 19 ) , is a dual NBC/CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Superior , Wisconsin , United States , serving northwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota , including Duluth . The station is owned by Quincy Media , as part of a duopoly with CW+ affiliate KDLH ( channel 3 ) . The two stations share studios on South Lake Avenue in Canal Park , downtown Duluth ; KBJR-TV 's transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park . KRII ( virtual and VHF digital channel 11 ) in Chisholm , Minnesota , formerly branded as Range 11 , operates as a semi-satellite and has an advertising sales office on East Howard Street in Hibbing . KRII serves the northern portion of the market , including the Iron Range area , Grand Rapids and International Falls . This station simulcasts KBJR except during commercials and station identifications . KRII 's transmitter is located in Linden Grove Township ; master control and most internal operations are based at KBJR 's facilities in Duluth . It also acts as a full-power translator station of all of the various channels and subchannels of KBJR . KBJR operates the area 's CBS affiliate on a second digital subchannel , known on-air as CBS 3 in reference to the Twin Ports ' longtime CBS affiliate , KDLH , and because it is carried on Charter Spectrum cable channel 3 . KDLH was formerly operated by KBJR under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) , wound down following the purchase of KBJR and KDLH by Quincy and SagamoreHill Broadcasting respectively . KBJR also operates a primary Heroes & Icons/secondary MyNetworkTV-affiliated third subchannel , branded as My 9 ( also in reference to its cable position ) which airs programming from Heroes & Icons outside of the MyNetworkTV lineup ."}]}, {'value': 'Chisholm , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chisholm,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Chisholm is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 4,976 at the 2010 census . U.S. Highway 169 and State Highway 73 ( MN 73 ) are two of the main routes in Chisholm . A mining town on the Mesabi Range , Chisholm was founded by Archibald Mark Chisholm .'}]}, {'value': 'Semi-satellite of KBJR Duluth , Minnesota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRIN', 'summary': "Iowa PBS , formerly Iowa Public Television ( IPTV ) , is a network of Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is owned by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board , an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state . Iowa PBS ' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston , Iowa , a suburb of Des Moines ."}]}, {'value': '35 PSIP 32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Waterloo , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Waterloo is a city in and the county seat of Black Hawk County , Iowa , United States . and the city is part of the Waterloo - Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRIS-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRIS-TV', 'summary': "KRIS-TV , virtual channel 6 ( VHF digital channel 13 ) , is a NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Corpus Christi , Texas , United States . Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company , it is sister to low-power independent station K22JA-D and low-power Telemundo affiliate K47DF-D ; Scripps also operates CBS affiliate KZTV ( channel 10 ) through a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting . The four stations share studios on Artesian Street in Downtown Corpus Christi ; KRIS-TV 's transmitter is located in Robstown . On cable , KRIS can be seen on Charter Spectrum and Grande Communications channel 7 ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.1 NBC 13.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Corpus Christi , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas', 'summary': "Corpus Christi ( /ˌkɔːrpəs ˈkrɪsti/ ; Latin : Body of Christ ) , colloquially Corpus , is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas . The county seat of Nueces County , it also extends into Aransas , Kleberg , and San Patricio Counties . It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio . Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay . Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties . The city 's population was estimated to be 326,554 in 2018 , making it the eighth-most populous city in Texas . The Corpus Christi metropolitan area had an estimated population of 442,600 . It is also the hub of the six-county Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical area , with a 2013 estimated population of 516,793 . The Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth-largest in the United States . The region is served by the Corpus Christi International Airport . The city 's name means body of Christ in Latin . The name was given to the settlement and surrounding bay by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519 , as he discovered the lush semitropical bay on the Catholic feast day of Corpus Christi ."}]}, {'value': 'Digital subchannel 13.2 branded by its cable channel number , 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KRIV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRIV_(TV)', 'summary': "KRIV , virtual and UHF digital channel 26 , is a Fox owned-and-operated television station licensed to Houston , Texas , United States . The station is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of Fox Corporation , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station KTXH ( channel 20 ) . The two stations share studios on Southwest Freeway in Houston ( between the Uptown and Greenway Plaza districts ) ; KRIV 's transmitter is located near Missouri City , Texas , in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County ."}]}, {'value': '26 PSIP 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'KR', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)_17', 'intro': 'This is a list of full-power television stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letter K. Low-power TV stations, those with designations such as KAGN-LP or K11XQ, have not been included in this list. See also the list of TV stations beginning with W and the list of TV stations beginning with X.'}	null	null	Which rivers intersect at the city of KREX-TV ?	Colorado and Gunnison
05ef039a02862dcb	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '2013 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'Manager', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmar Valencia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Quinteros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Quinteros', 'summary': 'Henry Edson Quinteros Sánchez ( born 19 October 1977 in Lima ) is a retired football midfielder from Peru . He is also the older brother of Ronald Quinteros .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cienciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cienciano', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana .'}]}, {'value': 'Mario Viera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago Acasiete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Acasiete', 'summary': 'Wilmer Santiago Acasiete Ariadela ( born 22 November 1977 ) is a Peruvian retired professional footballer who played as a central defender . He also holds a Spanish passport due to the many years he spent in the country , mainly with Almería , with whom he appeared in four La Liga seasons . Acasiete represented Peru in three Copa América tournaments .'}]}, {'value': 'Walon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walon_Sport', 'summary': 'Walon Sport , or simply Walon , is a multinational textile business founded in 1989 in Peru . It is one of the principal sportswear manufacturers in Peru , and it provides the kits for various association football clubs in the Liga 1 ( Peruvian first division ) . The company further expanded its production when it acquired deals with clubs in the Colombian Categoría Primera A. Walon Sport has also been the sponsor of the Peru national football team from 1998 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inti Gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes', 'summary': 'Ayacucho Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in Ayacucho , Peru . Some of its former names are Aurora Miraflores , Olímpico San Luis , Olímpico Somos Peru , Olímpico Aurora Miraflores , Loreto and Inti Gas . As Olímpico Somos Peru , the club won a Second Division title in 2006 , and as Inti Gas , the club finished as runner-up in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'César Tabares', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Montalva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inti Gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Gálvez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Gálvez_FBC', 'summary': 'José Gálvez FBC is a Peruvian football club based in Chimbote , Ancash . The club was founded in 1951 under the name Manuel Rivera after the famous Chimbote born footballer Manuel Rivera . The club was forced to change its name because the FPF did not allow clubs to be named after living people . Then on 11 November 1963 the club decided the new name would be José Gálvez FBC . More recently the club played in the Peruvian Second Division and finished as champions in 2011 . Thus they were promoted back to the Torneo Descentralizado in the 2012 season only to be relegated on the 2013 and become the Peruvian team with the most relegations from the Peruvian First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Javier Arce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Ramos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Ramos', 'summary': 'Joan Paul Ramos ( 22 May 1990 - 17 February 2019 ) was an Argentine professional footballer who played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Real', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SIDERPERU /Megaplaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SIDERPERU', 'summary': 'SIDERPERU is a Peruvian steel and iron company and controlled by Gerdau , a Brazilian siderurgy company . The company was founded in 1956 in Chimbote city . The steel complex is set in a 600 hectares large site and has a production capacity of more than 500 tons of steel products . It includes a blast furnace , the only one in Peru , and several electric arc furnaces that produce steel sponges . Since its foundation the company is the largest in its sector in Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'José Mari Bakero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Mari_Bakero', 'summary': 'José María Bakero Escudero ( born 11 February 1963 ) is a Spanish retired footballer , and is a manager . Having played mainly for Real Sociedad and Barcelona , he began his career as a forward ( not being a prolific goalscorer ) but was converted into an attacking midfielder , who possessed passing and scoring ability ( with both his right foot and his head , the second despite his short stature ) and great leadership skills . During a 17-year professional career , Bakero amassed La Liga totals of 483 games and 139 goals , winning a total of 17 titles . In the 2000s , he embarked on a coaching career . A Spanish international during seven years , he represented the nation in two World Cups and one European Championship ; in 1999 , he began working as a manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Leandro Fleitas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leandro_Fleitas', 'summary': 'Leandro Fleitas ( born 29 December 1983 in Moreno ) is an Argentine football defender currently playing for Club Atlético Douglas Haig . Fleitas started his playing career with Argentinos in 2003 , he joined Olimpo de Bahía Blanca for a successful spell for the 2006-2007 season , helping the club to win both the Apertura and Clausura tournaments to gain automatic promotion to the Argentine Primera . Told that he was not going to be considered by new coach Claudio Vivas for the Clausura 2009 Tournament , Fleitas decided to move on loan to Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Walon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walon_Sport', 'summary': 'Walon Sport , or simply Walon , is a multinational textile business founded in 1989 in Peru . It is one of the principal sportswear manufacturers in Peru , and it provides the kits for various association football clubs in the Liga 1 ( Peruvian first division ) . The company further expanded its production when it acquired deals with clubs in the Colombian Categoría Primera A. Walon Sport has also been the sponsor of the Peru national football team from 1998 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Café Altomayo/Azúcar Pomalca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León de Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León_de_Huánuco', 'summary': 'Club Social Deportivo León de Huánuco is a professional Peruvian football club based in the city of Huánuco . It is the biggest football club of Huánuco city . The club was founded in 1946 and play in the Primera División Peruana ( Peruvian First Division ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Édgard Ospina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johan Fano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Fano', 'summary': 'Johan Javier Fano Espinoza ( born 9 August 1978 in Huánuco , Perú ) is a Former Peruvian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hongyan Trucks/Lishide Vehicles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcelo Straccia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Meza Cuadra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Meza_Cuadra', 'summary': 'Antonio Meza-Cuadra Bisso ( born 12 September 1982 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a striker for Carlos A. Mannucci in the Peruvian Segunda División .'}]}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_Sports', 'summary': 'Marathon Sports is an Ecuadorian sporting goods manufacturing company founded by Rodrigo Ribadeneira in May 1981 , when the brand opened its first store . The company , headquartered in Quito , manufacture and distributes athletic sportswear to sports teams and athletes , mainly association football uniforms . In addition to its own products , Marathon imports , distributes and markets some of the most important global brands of clothing and accessories , such as Adidas , Nike , Puma , Diadora , Wilson and Joma . There are currently 88 stores in Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacífico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacífico_FC', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Pacífico FC is a Peruvian football club . Based in the San Martín de Porres District , in the department of Lima , it plays in Peru 's Second Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Carlos Bazalar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Bazalar', 'summary': 'Juan Carlos Bazalar Cruzado ( born February 23 , 1968 ) is a retired Peruvian footballer and current manager , who played as a defensive midfielder . He is currently in charge of Deportivo Garcilaso . He is also the father of footballer Alonso Bazalar .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Vegas_Fernández', 'summary': 'Johnny Martín Vegas Fernández ( born 9 February 1976 in Huancayo ) is former professional Peruvian footballer . He is currently the 5th highest goalscoring goalkeeper of all time with 45 goals in all competitions - 30 from penalties and 9 from outfield goals .'}]}, {'value': "Loma 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Garcilaso', 'summary': 'Cusco FC ( known as Real Garcilaso until 2019 ) is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Cusco .'}]}, {'value': 'Freddy García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddy_García_(football_manager)', 'summary': 'Freddy Manuel Petroleo García Loayza ( born 22 November 1959 ) is a Peruvian football manager who most recently was the manager of Alfonso Ugarte in the Copa Perú .'}]}, {'value': 'Diego Carranza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_Sports', 'summary': 'Marathon Sports is an Ecuadorian sporting goods manufacturing company founded by Rodrigo Ribadeneira in May 1981 , when the brand opened its first store . The company , headquartered in Quito , manufacture and distributes athletic sportswear to sports teams and athletes , mainly association football uniforms . In addition to its own products , Marathon imports , distributes and markets some of the most important global brands of clothing and accessories , such as Adidas , Nike , Puma , Diadora , Wilson and Joma . There are currently 88 stores in Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'I-RUN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Club Sport Huancayo is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Huancayo , Junín . The club was founded on February 7 , 2007 under the name Huancaína Sport Club . After winning the 2008 Copa Perú , they were promoted to the top tier of Peruvian football for the 2009 Torneo Descentralizado season .'}]}, {'value': 'Moisés Barack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moises_Barack', 'summary': 'Moisés Barack ( born December 26 , 1943 ) is a Peruvian [ citation needed ] former footballer and international football manager . Barack , born in Ica , Peru , [ citation needed ] was the head manager of the Peru national football team from 1984 to 1985 , and is currently the head manager of Deportivo Garcilaso in Cuzco , Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergio Ibarra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Ibarra', 'summary': 'Sergio Ramón El Checho Ibarra ( born January 11 , 1973 in Río Cuarto , Córdoba Province ) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a striker . He currently the coach for Cienciano in the Peruvian Segunda División .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchete', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caja Municipal de Huancayo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Mosquera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Mosquera', 'summary': 'Roberto Orlando Mosquera Vera ( born 21 June 1956 ) is a Peruvian football manager and former forward who played for Peru in the 1978 FIFA World Cup . He is currently the manager of Deportivo Binacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Lobaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Lobaton', 'summary': 'Carlos Augusto Lobatón Espejo ( born February 6 , 1980 in Lima , Peru ) is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays as a center midfielder for Torneo Descentralizado club Sporting Cristal and the Peru national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerveza Cristal / Volkswagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backus_and_Johnston', 'summary': 'Backus and Johnston ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbakus ˈi ˈjonson ] , Backus y Johnston ) is the largest brewery in Peru , part of Bavaria Brewery , which itself is part of the international SABMiller group . Its main brewery is located in the Ate District of Lima . Backus , as owner of almost all brands of beer available in Peru , enjoys a de facto monopoly over Peruvian beer consumption , although recently a lot of micro-breweries have sprung up and Anheuser-Busch InBev from Brazil is trying to challenge the monopoly with their Brahma brand . Besides beer , Backus also produces soft drinks and bottled water .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Volkswagen', 'summary': "Volkswagen ( German : [ ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡn̩ ] ( listen ) ; English : /ˈvoʊksvɑːɡən , ˈvɒlkswɑːɡən , -wæɡən , ˈfɒlksvɑːɡən/ ) , shortened to VW ( German : [ faʊ̯ ˈveː ] ( listen ) ) , is a German automaker founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front , a Nazi labour union , and headquartered in Wolfsburg . It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group , the largest automaker by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017 . The group 's biggest market is in China , which delivers 40% of its sales and profits . Volkswagen translates to people 's car in German . The company 's current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen , referencing the name 's meaning ."}]}, {'value': 'Unión Comercio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Comercio', 'summary': 'Unión Comercio is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Nueva Cajamarca , San Martín , Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Fernando Nogara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Flores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Flores_(footballer_born_1976)', 'summary': 'Juan Ángel Flores Ascencio ( born 25 February 1976 in Lima ) is a Peruvian footballer who played as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Holland /Olva Courier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Holland_Agriculture', 'summary': "New Holland is a global brand of agricultural machinery produced by CNH Industrial . New Holland agricultural products include tractors , combine harvesters , balers , forage harvesters , self-propelled sprayers , haying tools , seeding equipment , hobby tractors , utility vehicles and implements , and grape harvesters . The original New Holland Machine Company was founded in 1895 in New Holland , Pennsylvania ; it was acquired by Sperry Corporation in 1947 , then by Ford Motor Company in 1986 , and then by FiatAgri in 1991 , becoming a full-line producer . In 1999 , New Holland became a brand of CNH Global ( NYSE : CNH ) , which was majority-owned by Fiat Industrial . On 29 September 2013 , CNH Global N.V. and Fiat Industrial S.p.A. were merged into CNH Industrial N.V. , a company incorporated in the Netherlands . Fiat Industrial shareholders received one CNH Industrial common share for every Fiat Industrial share held and CNH Global shareholders received 3.828 CNH Industrial common shares for every CNH Global common share held . CNH Industrial N.V. was subsequently listed on both the NYSE and the Milan stock exchange ( Mercato Telematico Azionario ) . New Holland equipment is manufactured all around the world ; the current administrative headquarters are in Turin , Italy , with New Holland , Pennsylvania serving as the brand 's headquarters for North America and home of the largest hay tools production facility in the world . With 18 plants spread globally , as well as six joint ventures in the Americas , Asia , and Middle East , the corporation is present in 170 countries worldwide . In recent years , the firm has received several awards for its products , designs , and innovative features . Recently , New Holland presented the NH2 , a hydrogen-powered tractor farmers can refill generating energy from renewable sources . New Holland also owns trademarks for specific innovation on its products such as ABS Super Steer system , Opti Fan System , Intellifill system , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad César Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_César_Vallejo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo is a Peruvian football club located in Trujillo . The club was founded on January 6 , 1996 and was promoted in 2003 , through the Copa Perú , to the Peruvian First Division and relegated in 2005 . In 2007 , they were Segunda División champions and were promoted to the first division again .'}]}, {'value': 'Víctor Rivera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Rivera_(football_manager)', 'summary': 'Victor Hugo Rivera Coronado , popularly known as El Chino , ( born 10 November 1968 in Lima , Peru ) is a Peruvian football manager , currently managing Universidad César Vallejo of the Peruvian First Division . Rivera previously managed Universidad San Martín de Porres , where he won back-to-back national titles in 2007 and 2008 , and Sporting Cristal .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Galván', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Galván', 'summary': 'Carlos Alberto Galván ( born 28 October 1973 in Pontevedra , Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine retired footballer who played as a defender and football coach . He is currently in charge of Sport Loreto .'}]}, {'value': 'Walon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walon_Sport', 'summary': 'Walon Sport , or simply Walon , is a multinational textile business founded in 1989 in Peru . It is one of the principal sportswear manufacturers in Peru , and it provides the kits for various association football clubs in the Liga 1 ( Peruvian first division ) . The company further expanded its production when it acquired deals with clubs in the Colombian Categoría Primera A. Walon Sport has also been the sponsor of the Peru national football team from 1998 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad César Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cesar_Vallejo_University', 'summary': 'The Cesar Vallejo University ( Spanish : Universidad César Vallejo , UCV ) is a private Peruvian university located in Victor Larco district in Trujillo city , on the coast of La Libertad Region . The university was named after the Peruvian poet Cesar Vallejo . it was founded on November 12 , 1991 by Cesar Acuña Peralta . Its headquarters are located in Victor Larco district in Trujillo city and has subsidiaries in Chiclayo , Piura , Chimbote , Tarapoto and Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad San Martín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres , commonly known as USMP , is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Lima . The club was founded in 2004 as a joint stock company , the first in Peru . In just their first season , the club began playing in the Peruvian top-flight , the Torneo Descentralizado , after they bought the promotional place of the 2003 Segunda División winners , Sport Coopsol . The team obtained their first Descentralizado title in 2007 , the second in 2008 and their third in 2010 . The name comes from the Universidad de San Martín de Porres , a university in Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Aníbal Ruiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aníbal_Ruiz', 'summary': 'Aníbal Ruiz Leites ( 30 December 1942 - 10 March 2017 ) was an association football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Leao Butrón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leao_Butrón', 'summary': "Leao Butrón Gotuzzo ( born 6 March 1977 in Miraflores ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper in the Torneo Descentralizado for Alianza Lima and the Peru national football team . Butrón 's former clubs include Sporting Cristal , Alianza Atlético , FBC Melgar and Universidad San Martín de Porres . Butrón has made 39 appearances for the Peru national team ."}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Herbalife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbalife', 'summary': "In February 1980 , Mark Hughes began selling the original Herbalife weight management product from the trunk of his car . Hughes often stated that the genesis of his product and program stemmed from the weight loss concerns of his mother Joanne , whose premature death he attributed to an eating disorder and an unhealthy approach to weight loss . According to one Herbalife website , the company 's goal was to change the nutritional habits of the world . His first product was a protein shake designed to help people manage their weight . He structured his company using a direct-selling , multi-level marketing model . [ citation needed ] In 1982 , Herbalife received complaints from the Food and Drug Administration for claims made about certain products and the inclusion of mandrake , poke root , and 'food grade ' linseed oil in another . As a result of the complaints , the company modified its product claims and reformulated the product . The Department of Justice of Canada filed criminal charges against the company in November 1984 for misleading medical claims in advertisements . By 1985 , the company was considered the fastest-growing private company in America by Inc. after its sales increased from $ 386 thousand to $ 423 million over the previous five years . That same year , the California Attorney General sued the company for making inflated claims about the efficacy of its products . The company suffered as a result of the lawsuit and was forced to lay off nearly 800 employees by May 1985 . The company settled the suit for $ 850,000 without admitting wrongdoing , but discontinued the sale of two products ."}]}, {'value': 'UTC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Técnica_de_Cajamarca', 'summary': 'Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca ( usually referred to as UTC ) is the biggest Peruvian football club in the city of Cajamarca , Peru . It was founded in 1964 and play in the Torneo Descentralizado which is the top flight of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Castillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Castillo_(football_manager)', 'summary': 'Rafael Castillo Lazón ( born 26 September 1960 ) is a Peruvian footballer who manages Carlos A. Mannucci in the Segunda División Peruana .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricardo Ronceros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Ronceros', 'summary': 'Ricardo Antonio Ronceros Ramos ( born 20 July 1977 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a centre back for Sport Huancayo .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Alas Peruanas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Alas_Peruanas', 'summary': "Universidad Alas Peruanas ( UAP or Peruvian Wings University ) Was a university located in Lima , Peru.founded on April 26 , 1996 , by Joaquin Ramirez thorough an Cooperativa Alas Peruanas , composed of members of the Peruvian Armed Forces . In January 2014 , the school launched UAPSat-1 , a satellite that monitors the environment outside the earth 's atmosphere aboard the Cygnus CRS Orb-1 mission ."}]}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Ángel Comizzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ángel_Comizzo', 'summary': "Ángel David Comizzo Leiva ( born 27 April 1962 ) is a retired Argentine football goalkeeper and current manager . Comizzo was born in Reconquista , and began his career at Talleres in the Primera Division Argentina . In 1988 , he joined River Plate where he was loaned to UANL Tigres of Mexico in 1990-1991 . In 1993 , he moved to América de Cali in Colombia , but after a very poor performance , he returned to Argentina later that year to play for Club Atlético Banfield . In 1996 , he joined Club León in Mexico , and in 1999 he moved to fellow Mexican team Morelia where he became champion with that club . In 2001 Comizzo returned to River Plate , and in 2003 he joined Atlético Rafaela where he retired from football in 2004 . In September 2009 , Angel Comizzo was brought in by Carlos Reinoso to be his assistant manager for Querétaro FC , Comizzo was a huge part of Reinoso 's Leon in 1997 when they lost the final against Cruz Azul in Extra Time with a golden goal ."}]}, {'value': 'John Galliquio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Galliquio', 'summary': 'John Christian Galliquio Castro ( born 1 December 1979 ) is a retired Peruvian footballer . He was a centre-back . He was called to play for the Peru national football team for the Copa America 2007 , where he played 4 games with a regular performance . Galliquio has made 41 appearances for the Peru national football team scoring one goal .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hyundai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company', 'summary': "The Hyundai Motor Company , commonly known as Hyundai Motors ( Korean : 현대자동차 ; Hanja : 現代自動車 ; RR : Hyeondae Jadongcha listen ; Korean : 현대 ; Hanja : 現代 ; RR : Hyeondae , IPA : [ hjə́ːndɛ ] , modernity ; KRX : 005380 ) , is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul . Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967 and , along with its 32.8% owned subsidiary , Kia Motors , and its 100% owned luxury subsidiary Genesis Motor , altogether comprise the Hyundai Motor Group . It is the third largest vehicle manufacturer in the world . Hyundai operates the world 's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan , South Korea which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units . The company employs about 75,000 people worldwide . Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 5,000 dealerships and showrooms ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Torneo_Descentralizado_1', 'intro': 'The 2013 Torneo Descentralizado de Fútbol Profesional (known as the 2013 Copa Movistar for sponsorship reasons) is the 97th season of the highest division of Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams are competing in the tournament, with Sporting Cristal as the defending champion. The Torneo Descentralizado began in February and is ended in December 2013.'}	null	null	What district does Johnny Vegas ' team play in ?	Porres District
05f2e01e71ac2395	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites_in_Sanilac_County', 'title': 'List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Sanilac County', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'City', 'Listing date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brown City Banner Commemorative Designation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown City Mini Mall , Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_City,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Brown City is a city in Lapeer and Sanilac counties in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census . The city is located almost exclusively in Sanilac County , with only a small portion of the city extending into Lapeer County .'}]}, {'value': 'August 31 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown City Community Schools', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4290 Second Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_City,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Brown City is a city in Lapeer and Sanilac counties in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census . The city is located almost exclusively in Sanilac County , with only a small portion of the city extending into Lapeer County .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buel Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peck Road ( M-90 ) , 5 miles W of Croswell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croswell,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Croswell is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,447 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'August 24 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Catholic Rectory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7229 Denissen Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of the Good Shepherd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5646 Main Street , NW corner of Hubbard Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croswell Chapel of Trinity Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124 North Howard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croswell,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Croswell is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,447 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas U. Dawson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6560 Ellsworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlette,_Michigan', 'summary': "Marlette is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,875 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by Marlette Township , but is administratively autonomous . Marlette is known as The Heart of the Thumb due to its location in Michigan 's thumb ."}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John L. Fead House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_L._Fead_House', 'summary': 'The John L. Fead House is a private house located at 5349 Washington Street in Lexington , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '5349 Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad Depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3325 Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlette,_Michigan', 'summary': "Marlette is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,875 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by Marlette Township , but is administratively autonomous . Marlette is known as The Heart of the Thumb due to its location in Michigan 's thumb ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Lake Storm of 1913 Informational Designation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lake_Storm_of_1913', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 , historically referred to as the Big Blow , [ A ] the Freshwater Fury , or the White Hurricane , was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Ontario , Canada from November 7 through November 10 , 1913 . The storm was most powerful on November 9 , battering and overturning ships on four of the five Great Lakes , particularly Lake Huron . Deceptive lulls in the storm and the slow pace of weather reports contributed to the storm 's destructiveness . The deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to hit the lakes in recorded history , the Great Lakes Storm killed more than 250 people , destroyed 19 ships , and stranded 19 others . The financial loss in vessels alone was nearly US $ 5 million ( or about $ 129,343,000 in today 's dollars ) . This included about $ 1 million at current value in lost cargo totalling about 68,300 tons , such as coal , iron ore , and grain . The storm , an extratropical cyclone , originated as the convergence of two major storm fronts , fueled by the lakes ' relatively warm waters - a seasonal process called a November gale . It produced 90 mph ( 140 km/h ) wind gusts , waves over 35 feet ( 11 m ) high , and whiteout snowsqualls . Analysis of the storm and its impact on humans , engineering structures , and the landscape led to better forecasting and faster responses to storm warnings , stronger construction ( especially of marine vessels ) , and improved preparedness ."}]}, {'value': 'Roadside Park on M-25 , 1.5 miles south of Port Sanilac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Sanilac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Sanilac,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Port Sanilac is a village in Sanilac Township , Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 623 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huckins-Norman Farmhouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7127 Lake Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'June 6 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington Bank of B. R. Noble', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7245 Huron Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington Town Hall and Masonic Temple', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5475-5477 Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph M. Loop House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_M._Loop_House', 'summary': 'The Loop-Harrison Mansion , also known as the Joseph M. Loop House was built as a private house located at 228 South Ridge Street in Port Sanilac , Michigan . It now serves as part of the Sanilac County Historical Museum . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '228 South Ridge Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Sanilac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Sanilac,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Port Sanilac is a village in Sanilac Township , Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 623 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'December 10 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlette Township Library', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3116 Gurdon T. Wolfe Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlette,_Michigan', 'summary': "Marlette is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,875 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by Marlette Township , but is administratively autonomous . Marlette is known as The Heart of the Thumb due to its location in Michigan 's thumb ."}]}, {'value': 'August 3 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles H. Moore Library †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moore_Public_Library_(Lexington,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Moore Public Library is a library building located at 7239 Huron Avenue Lexington , Michigan . The building was formerly a professional office , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '7239 Huron Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas and Margaret Spencer Matthews Farm †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_and_Margaret_Spencer_Matthews_Farm', 'summary': 'The Thomas and Margaret Spencer Matthews Farm is a farm located at 5916 East Gardner Line Road near Amadore , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '5916 Gardner Line Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croswell,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Croswell is a city in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,447 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles H. Moore-Albert E. Sleeper House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_H._Moore-Albert_E._Sleeper_House', 'summary': "The Charles H. Moore-Albert E. Sleeper House was built as a private house located , at 7277 Simons Street in Lexington , Michigan , and was the residence and slater summer home of Michigan governor Albert E. Sleeper . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . The house is now a bed and breakfast , known as A Captain 's Quarters Inn ."}]}, {'value': '7277 Simons Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Carroll House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4164 Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_City,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Brown City is a city in Lapeer and Sanilac counties in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census . The city is located almost exclusively in Sanilac County , with only a small portion of the city extending into Lapeer County .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Reuben Nims House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Reuben_Nims_House', 'summary': 'The William Reuben Nims House is a private house located at 7156 Huron Avenue in Lexington , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '7156 Huron Avenue ( M-90 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lexington is a village in Sanilac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,178 at the 2010 census . The village is located within Lexington Township .'}]}, {'value': 'December 3 , 1980', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites_in_Sanilac_County,_Michigan_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of Michigan State Historic Sites in Sanilac County, Michigan. Sites marked with a dagger (†) are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Sanilac County, Michigan.'}	null	null	What is another name for the place located in Port Sanilac ?	The Loop-Harrison Mansion
05f3ccf3e05f2714	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'William Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Bedford_(basketball)', 'summary': "William Bedford ( born December 14 , 1963 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who was selected by the Phoenix Suns in the 1st round ( 6th overall ) of the 1986 NBA draft after playing at Memphis State University ( now known as the University of Memphis ) . Bedford , a 7 ' 0 center , played for the Suns , Detroit Pistons and the San Antonio Spurs in six NBA seasons averaging 4.1 points and 2.4 rebounds per game in his career . Originally projected as a star player , Bedford 's NBA career was a disappointment as he succumbed to drug use , never reaching his full potential . Bedford has had drug problems ever since he left the NBA . He was arrested for drug possession twice between 1996 and 1997 . In 2001 , Bedford was accused of transporting 25 pounds of marijuana in Michigan . After the Michigan arrest , he was arrested two more times for marijuana , and in 2003 was given a 10-year prison sentence . Bedford was released from prison in November 2011 . As of 2012 , he was coaching basketball in Memphis ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Nu ( University of Memphis )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Phoenix Suns , Detroit Pistons , San Antonio Spurs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Suns', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not based in California . The Suns play their home games at the Talking Stick Resort Arena . The franchise began play in 1968 as an expansion team , and their early years were shrouded in mediocrity , but their fortunes changed in the 1970s , where , after partnering long-term guard Dick Van Arsdale and center Alvan Adams with Paul Westphal , the Suns reached the 1976 NBA Finals , in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . However , after failing to capture a championship , the Suns would rebuild around Walter Davis for a majority of the 1980s , until the acquisition of Kevin Johnson in 1988 . Under Johnson , and after trading for perennial NBA All-Star Charles Barkley , and combined with the output of Tom Chambers and Dan Majerle , the Suns reached the playoffs for a franchise-record thirteen consecutive appearances and remained a regular title contender throughout the 1990s , and reached the 1993 NBA Finals . However , the team would again fail to win a championship , and entered into another period of mediocrity until the early part of the 2000s . In 2004 , the Suns reacquired Steve Nash , and immediately returned into playoff contention . With Nash , Shawn Marion , and Amar ' e Stoudemire , and under head coach Mike D'Antoni , the Suns became renowned worldwide for their quick , dynamic offense , which led them to tie a franchise record in wins in the 2004-05 season . Two more top two Conference placements followed , but the Suns again failed to attain an NBA championship , and were forced into another rebuild . The Suns own the NBA 's seventh-best all-time winning percentage , and have the second highest winning percentage of any teams to have never won an NBA championship . 10 Hall of Famers have played for Phoenix , while two Suns , Barkley and Nash , have won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Pistons', 'summary': "The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division and plays its home games at Little Caesars Arena , located in Midtown . The team was founded in Fort Wayne , Indiana as the Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons in 1941 , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) where it won two NBL championships : in 1944 and 1945 . The Pistons later joined the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) in 1948 . The NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA in 1949 , and the Pistons became part of the merged league . In 1957 , the franchise moved to Detroit . The Pistons have won three NBA championships : in 1989 , 1990 and 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Chucky Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chucky_Brown', 'summary': "Clarence Chucky Brown Jr. ( born February 29 , 1968 ) is an American former professional basketball player . A 6 ' 7 forward from North Carolina State , Brown was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round of the 1989 NBA draft . Brown shares ( with Joe Smith , Tony Massenburg and Jim Jackson ) the NBA record for the most teams played for during his NBA career - twelve : the Cavaliers , Los Angeles Lakers , New Jersey Nets , Dallas Mavericks , Houston Rockets ( where he became champion in 1994-95 ) , Phoenix Suns , Milwaukee Bucks , Atlanta Hawks , Charlotte Hornets , San Antonio Spurs , Golden State Warriors , and Sacramento Kings . He retired with 4,125 career points . In addition to the NBA teams , Brown had stints in the Continental Basketball Association and Italy 's Panna Firenze . He played three games for Panna Firenze in 1992 . The CBA saw Brown play for the Grand Rapids Hoops in 1993 and Yakima Sun Kings in 1994 and 1995 . He became the second player to earn both an NBA ring and CBA ring in the same season . Brown served as head coach of the World Basketball Association 's Raleigh Knights during the summer of 2004 , then served two seasons as an assistant coach for the Roanoke Dazzle of the NBA Development League . In 2006 , Brown was named an assistant coach for the NBDL 's Los Angeles D-Fenders , and was then promoted to head coach for one season . He is currently a scout for the New Orleans Pelicans . Brown lives in Cary , North Carolina with his wife and three daughters ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Zeta ( North Carolina State University )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ; holds the NBA record for the most teams played for ( 12 ) during his 13-year ( 1989-2002 ) professional career', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Chism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Chism', 'summary': 'Devon Dwayne Wayne Chism ( born June 16 , 1987 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Magnolia Hotshots of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . He played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Chi ( University of Tennessee )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 SEC Freshman of the Year Award , 2010 First Team All-SEC , 2015 PBA Best Import of the Conference award . Played professionally in Bahrain , France , Hungary , Israel , Mexico , Philippines , Turkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Edgerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Edgerson', 'summary': "Eugene Edgerson ( born February 10 , 1978 in New Orleans , Louisiana ) is an American basketball player who used to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . As is tradition with the Globetrotters , Edgerson has a nickname : Wildkat , presumably in honor of his alma mater , the University of Arizona . Edgerson spent 1996-2001 as a member of the Arizona Wildcats men 's basketball team . He played on a pair of Final Four teams ( 1997 , 2001 ) with the Wildcats and was a member of the UA 1997 National Championship squad . He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity . [ citation needed ] He appeared as a Globetrotter on the ESPN2 program Cold Pizza on March 1 , 2007 . [ citation needed ] During his career at Arizona , Edgerson took a one-year hiatus from competitive basketball to fulfill student-teaching duties at a Tucson kindergarten . He was a detention officer and joined the police ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Alpha Epsilon ( University of Arizona )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harlem Globetrotters , played on 1997 National Champion Arizona Wildcats team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters', 'summary': "The Harlem Globetrotters are an American exhibition basketball team . They combine athleticism , theater , and comedy in their style of play . Over the years , they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 124 countries and territories . The team 's signature song is Brother Bones ' whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown . Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie . The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year . The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment . The executive offices for the team are located in the Atlanta suburb of Peachtree Corners ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1997_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 13 , 1997 , and ended with the championship game on March 31 in Indianapolis , Indiana at the RCA Dome . A total of 63 games were played . The Final Four consisted of Kentucky , who entered the tournament as the defending national champions , Minnesota , making their first Final Four appearance , Arizona , making their third Final Four appearance and first since 1994 , and North Carolina , making their thirteenth Final Four appearance and first since 1995 . In the national championship game , Arizona defeated Kentucky in overtime 84-79 to win their first national championship . For the second time in the last three seasons , the defending national champions reached the final game and lost . Miles Simon of Arizona was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . Several years later , Minnesota was stripped of its Final Four appearance following the discovery of NCAA academic rule violations . In addition , the Gophers were stripped of their Big Ten title they had also won . Arizona also became the only school since the introduction of the 64-team bracket in 1985 , to defeat three number 1 seeds in the tournament , having upset overall number one seed Kansas in addition to their two Final Four victories . The tournament also saw the third victory by a # 15 seed over a # 2 seed , as Coppin State defeated South Carolina in their first round matchup . In addition , a # 14 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for only the second time , as Southeast Region # 14 seed Chattanooga defeated both Georgia and Illinois ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference of NCAA Division I and are currently coached by Sean Miller . Arizona has a long and rich basketball history . The program came to national prominence under the tutelage of former head coach Lute Olson ( 1983-2007 ) , who established the program as among America 's elite in college basketball . One writer referred to UA as Point Guard U because the school has produced successful guards like Steve Kerr , Damon Stoudamire , Khalid Reeves , Mike Bibby , Jason Terry , Gilbert Arenas , Jason Gardner , Jerryd Bayless , and T. J. McConnell , among others . From 1985 to 2009 , the Arizona basketball team reached the NCAA Division I Tournament for 25 consecutive years , two years shy of North Carolina 's record with 27 . Despite having their 1999 and 2008 appearances later vacated by the NCAA , the media still cites Arizona 's streak , and simply notes the changes . The Wildcats have reached the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament on four occasions ( 1988 , 1994 , 1997 , and 2001 ) . They have also made two appearances in the National Championship ( won over Kentucky Wildcats in 1997 , lost to Duke Blue Devils in 2001 ) . In Pac-10 play , former head coach Lute Olson currently holds the record for most wins as a Pac-10 coach with 327 . In addition , the team has won sixteen Pac-10/12 regular season championship titles and seven Pac-10/12 tournament championship titles . Arizona also holds the distinction of recording five out of the seven 17-1 Pac-10 seasons ( one-loss seasons ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Glass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Glass', 'summary': "Gerald Damon Glass ( born November 12 , 1967 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . Graduating from Amanda Elzy High School in Greenwood at the age of sixteen , Glass flew under the radar as a player and ended up at Delta State University . Legendary Alcorn State University coach Davey Whitney called Glass the best player in Mississippi . Glass played for two years at Delta State University and then transferred to the University of Mississippi where he placed fourth in the nation in scoring as a junior . He finished his career , after just two seasons , as the school 's sixth leading all-time scorer . Glass was affectionately referred to as World Class Glass at Ole Miss . He gained national attention with his legendary matchups against LSU 's Chris Jackson . He was selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves with the 20th overall pick in the 1990 NBA Draft . As a rookie , Glass set a Timberwolves franchise record for a reserve with 32 points off the bench versus the Los Angeles Lakers . Glass also played for the Detroit Pistons , New Jersey Nets and Charlotte Hornets in four NBA seasons from 1990-1996 . His best season as a pro was in 1991-92 for the Timberwolves , when he appeared in 75 games averaging 11.5 points per game . In 2004 , Gerald Glass was honored by Chick-fil-A as part of their SEC Basketball Legends , along with LSU coach Dale Brown , University of Alabama star Derrick McKey , University of Tennessee sharpshooter Dale Ellis , University of Kentucky legend Dan Issel , and Auburn 's Charles Barkley ."}]}, {'value': 'Eta Beta ( Universityof Mississippi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Minnesota Timberwolves , Detroit Pistons , New Jersey Nets , Charlotte Hornets )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves', 'summary': "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The Nets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Barclays Center . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other is the New York Knicks . The team was established in 1967 as a charter franchise of the NBA 's rival league , the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . They played in New Jersey as the New Jersey Americans during their first season , before moving to Long Island in 1968 and changing their name to the New York Nets . During this time , the Nets won two ABA championships ( in 1974 and 1976 ) . In 1976 , the ABA merged with the NBA , and the Nets were absorbed into the NBA along with three other ABA teams ( the San Antonio Spurs , Indiana Pacers , and Denver Nuggets , all of whom remain in the league today ) . In 1977 , the team returned to New Jersey and played as the New Jersey Nets from 1977 to 2012 . During this time , the Nets won two consecutive Eastern Conference championships ( in the 2001-02 and 2002-03 seasons ) , but failed to win a league title . In the summer of 2012 , the team moved to Barclays Center , and took its current geographic name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets_(1988–2002)', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Hornets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team is largely owned by retired NBA player Michael Jordan , who acquired a controlling interest in the team in 2010 . The Hornets play their home games at the Spectrum Center in Uptown Charlotte . The original Hornets franchise was established in 1988 as an expansion team , owned by George Shinn . In 2002 , Shinn 's franchise relocated to New Orleans and became the New Orleans Hornets . In 2004 , the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats , which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time . In 2013 , the New Orleans franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans , ultimately returning the Hornets name , records , and official history ( spanning from 1988 to 2002 ) to Charlotte . The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Graham', 'summary': 'Gregory Lawrence Graham ( born November 26 , 1970 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who played five seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Iota ( Indiana University )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Philadelphia 76ers , Seattle SuperSonics , Cleveland Cavaliers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia 76ers ( also commonly known as the Sixers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia . The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division and play at Wells Fargo Center . Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals , they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA , and one of only eight ( out of 23 ) to survive the league 's first decade . The 76ers have had a prominent history , with many of the greatest players in NBA history having played for the organization , including Wilt Chamberlain , Hal Greer , Billy Cunningham , Julius Erving , Andrew Toney , Moses Malone , Charles Barkley , and Allen Iverson . They have won three NBA championships , with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955 . The second title came in 1967 , a team which was led by Chamberlain . The third title came in 1983 , won by a team led by Erving and Malone . The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then : in 2001 , where they were led by Iverson and lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in five games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics', 'summary': "The Seattle SuperSonics , commonly known as the Sonics , were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle , Washington . The SuperSonics played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Pacific and Northwest divisions from 1967 until 2008 . After the 2007-08 season ended , the team relocated to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder . Sam Schulman owned the team from its 1967 inception until 1983 . It was then owned by Barry Ackerley ( 1983-2001 ) , and then Basketball Club of Seattle , headed by Starbucks chairman emeritus , former president and CEO Howard Schultz ( 2001-2006 ) . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle sold the SuperSonics and its Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) sister franchise Seattle Storm to the Professional Basketball Club LLC , headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . The sale was approved by the NBA Board of Governors on October 24 , 2006 , and finalized on October 31 , 2006 , at which point the new ownership group took control . After failing to find public funding to construct a new arena in the Seattle area , the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City before the 2008-09 season , following a $ 45 million settlement with the city of Seattle to pay off the team 's existing lease at KeyArena at Seattle Center in advance of its 2010 expiration . Home games were played at KeyArena , originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum , for 33 of the franchise 's 41 seasons in Seattle . In 1978 , the team moved to the Kingdome , which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985 , moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington , for the 1994-95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena . The SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers', 'summary': "The Cleveland Cavaliers , often referred to as the Cavs , are an American professional basketball team based in Cleveland . The Cavaliers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team began play as an expansion team in 1970 , along with the Portland Trail Blazers and Buffalo Braves . Home games were first held at Cleveland Arena from 1970 to 1974 , followed by the Richfield Coliseum from 1974 to 1994 . Since 1994 , the Cavs have played home games at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in downtown Cleveland , which is shared with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League . Dan Gilbert has owned the team since March 2005 . The Cavaliers opened their inaugural season losing their first 15 games and struggled in their early years , placing no better than sixth in the Eastern Conference during their first five seasons . The team won their first Central Division title in 1976 , which also marked the first winning season and playoff appearance in franchise history , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals . The franchise was purchased by Ted Stepien in 1980 . Stepien 's tenure as owner was marked by six coaching changes , questionable trades and draft decisions , and poor attendance , leading to $ 15 million in financial losses . The Cavs went 66-180 in that time and endured a 24-game losing streak spanning the 1981-82 and 1982-83 seasons . George and Gordon Gund purchased the franchise in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Mitchell ( basketball , born 1992 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Mitchell_(basketball,_born_1992)', 'summary': 'Tony LaShae Mitchell Jr. ( born April 7 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the NLEX Road Warriors of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . He competed in college for North Texas . Mitchell is 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , weighs 235 pounds and plays the forward position . Mitchell was selected in the 2013 NBA draft in the second round ( 37th overall ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Beta ( North Texas State University )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Detroit Pistons )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Pistons', 'summary': "The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division and plays its home games at Little Caesars Arena , located in Midtown . The team was founded in Fort Wayne , Indiana as the Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons in 1941 , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) where it won two NBL championships : in 1944 and 1945 . The Pistons later joined the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) in 1948 . The NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA in 1949 , and the Pistons became part of the merged league . In 1957 , the franchise moved to Detroit . The Pistons have won three NBA championships : in 1989 , 1990 and 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bernard Perry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha ( Howard University )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player with the Washington Bullets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Bullets', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': 'Olden Polynice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olden_Polynice', 'summary': 'Olden Polynice ( born November 21 , 1964 ) is a Haitian former professional basketball player . He played center for the Seattle SuperSonics , Los Angeles Clippers , Detroit Pistons , Sacramento Kings , and Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Eta ( University of Virginia )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Seattle SuperSonics , Los Angeles Clippers , Detroit Pistons , Sacramento Kings , Utah Jazz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers ( branded as the LA Clippers ) are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Clippers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Pacific Division in the league 's Western Conference . The Clippers play their home games at the Staples Center , an arena they share with fellow NBA team the Los Angeles Lakers , as well as the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The franchise was founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves , and were one of three expansion teams to join the NBA that year , along with the Cleveland Cavaliers and Portland Trail Blazers . The Braves saw some success and reached the playoffs three times , led by league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Bob McAdoo . Conflicts with the Canisius Golden Griffins over the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and the sale of the franchise led to their relocating from Buffalo , New York , to San Diego , California . In 1978 , upon relocating , the franchise was rebranded to be known as the San Diego Clippers , in reference to the sailing ships that can be seen in the San Diego Bay . The franchise saw limited success on the court in its six years in San Diego despite the acquisition of star center Bill Walton , who missed nearly three full seasons due to injury upon his arrival . In 1981 , the franchise was acquired by Los Angeles-based real estate mogul Donald Sterling . In 1984 , the franchise was controversially relocated to Los Angeles by Sterling without the approval of the NBA . Despite fines and a lawsuit brought on against franchise ownership by the NBA seeking to return the franchise to San Diego , the team was ultimately permitted to remain in Los Angeles , where they failed to see significant regular season or playoff success . They were frequently seen as an example of a perennial loser in American professional sports , drawing unfavorable comparisons to their historically successful city-rivals , the Lakers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_Kings', 'summary': "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utah_Jazz', 'summary': "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ."}]}, {'value': 'Willis Reed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willis_Reed', 'summary': 'Willis Reed Jr. ( born June 25 , 1942 ) is an American retired basketball player , coach and general manager . He spent his entire professional playing career ( 1964-1974 ) with the New York Knicks . In 1982 , Reed was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . In 1996 , he was voted one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . After retiring as a player , Reed served as assistant and head coach with several teams for nearly a decade , then was promoted to general manager and vice president of basketball operations ( 1989 to 1996 ) for the New Jersey Nets . As senior vice president of basketball operations , he led them to the NBA Finals in 2002 and 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi ( Grambing State University )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player with the New York Knicks ; Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1982 ; two-time NBA Champion ; two-time NBA Finals MVP ; seven-time NBA All-Star ; 1970 NBA MVP ; 1970 NBA All-Star Game MVP ; 1965 NBA Rookie of the Year ; New York Knicks # 19 retired', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame , located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield , Massachusetts . It serves as basketball 's most complete library , in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball . Dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith , it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959 . As of the induction of the Class of 2018 , the Hall has formally inducted 389 individuals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The NBA Finals is the annual championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Eastern and Western conference champions play a best-of-seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A . Brown Trophy in 1983 . The series was initially known as the BAA Finals prior to the 1949-50 season when the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) to form the NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1985 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . Since 2018 , it has been officially known as the NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV for sponsorship reasons . The NBA Finals was initially structured in a 2-2-1-1-1 format . In 1985 , to ease the amount of cross-country travel , it was changed to a 2-3-2 format , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home-court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . In 2014 , the 2-2-1-1-1 format was restored . The first two games are played the higher-seeded team 's home , the following two at the home of the lower-seeded team , and the remaining three are played at each team 's home arena alternately . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals , with the Toronto Raptors winning in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Russell_NBA_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': "The Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award ( formerly known as the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1969 NBA Finals . The award is decided by a panel of eleven media members , who cast votes after the conclusion of the Finals . The person with the highest number of votes wins the award . The award was originally a black trophy with a gold basketball-shaped sphere at the top , similar to the Larry O'Brien Trophy , until a new trophy was introduced in 2005 to commemorate Bill Russell . Since its inception , the award has been given to 31 players . Michael Jordan is a record six-time award winner . Magic Johnson , Shaquille O'Neal , Tim Duncan and LeBron James won the award three times in their careers . Jordan and O'Neal are the only players to win the award in three consecutive seasons ( Jordan accomplished the feat on two separate occasions ) . Johnson is the only rookie ever to win the award , as well as the youngest at 20 years old . Andre Iguodala is the only winner to have not started every game in the series . Jerry West , the first ever awardee , is the only person to win the award while being on the losing team in the NBA Finals . Willis Reed , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Larry Bird , Hakeem Olajuwon , Kobe Bryant , Kawhi Leonard and Kevin Durant won the award twice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association All-Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and showcases 24 of the league 's star players . It is the featured event of NBA All-Star Weekend , a three-day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All-Star Game was first played at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 . The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while head coaches choose the reserves , seven players from their respective conferences , so each side has a 12-man roster . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player can not participate because of injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . Starting in 2018 , the leading vote-getters for each conference are designated as team captains and can choose from the pool of All-Star reserves to form their teams regardless of conference . LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first players to choose teams through the new format , selecting players for the 2018 NBA All-Star Game in a non-televised draft on January 25 . Likely due to fan interest in the draft process , captains for the 2019 All-Star Game , James and Giannis Antetokounmpo , drafted their teams live on TNT . The teams also play for a charity of their choice to help the games remain competitive . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All-Star Game , with a prohibition against consecutive appearances . Known as the Riley Rule , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': 'The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955-56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) [ a ] of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the 1979-80 season , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the 1980-81 season , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada . Each member of the voting panel casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first-place vote is worth 10 points ; each second-place vote is worth seven ; each third-place vote is worth five , fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . As of June 2019 [ update ] , the current holder of the award is Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks . Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times . He is also the only player to win the award despite his team not making the playoffs back in the 1975-76 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game_MVP', 'summary': "The NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the player ( s ) voted best of the annual All-Star Game . The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year 's game . The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games . Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively . The winner is voted upon by a panel of media members , who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game . The player ( s ) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award . On February 15 , 2020 , Commissioner Adam Silver renamed the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player in memory of four-time winner Kobe Bryant , who died in a helicopter crash a few weeks earlier . As of 2020 [ update ] , the most recent recipient is Los Angeles Clippers forward Kawhi Leonard . Bryant and Bob Pettit are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times . Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , Shaquille O'Neal , and LeBron James have each won the award three times , while Bob Cousy , Julius Erving , Isiah Thomas , Magic Johnson , Karl Malone , Allen Iverson , Russell Westbrook , and Kevin Durant have all won the award twice . James ' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years , 1 month . Kyrie Irving , winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP , is the second-youngest at 21 years , 10 months ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association 's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the top rookie ( s ) of the regular season . Initiated following the 1952-53 NBA season , it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy , named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach . The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters , each casting first- , second- , and third-place votes ( worth five points , three points , and one point , respectively ) . The player ( s ) with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first-place votes , wins the award . The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Luka Dončić . Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall . Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award in their careers ; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season . Nineteen of the forty-two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Three seasons had joint winners - Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970-71 season , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994-95 season , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999-2000 season . Five players won the award unanimously ( by capturing all of the first-place votes ) - Ralph Sampson , David Robinson , Blake Griffin , Damian Lillard , and Karl-Anthony Towns . Patrick Ewing of Jamaica , Pau Gasol of Spain , Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia , Andrew Wiggins of Canada , and Luka Dončić of Slovenia are the only winners not born in the United States . Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth - Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers , and both of Irving 's parents are Americans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Knicks', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , more commonly referred to as the Knicks , are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , an arena they share with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City ; the other team is the Brooklyn Nets . Alongside the Boston Celtics , the Knicks are one of two original NBA teams still located in its original city . The team , established by Ned Irish in 1946 , was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , which became the NBA after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) in 1949 . The Knicks were successful during their early years and were constant playoff contenders under the franchise 's first head coach Joe Lapchick . Beginning in 1950 , the Knicks made three consecutive appearances in the NBA Finals , all of which were losing efforts . Lapchick resigned in 1956 and the team subsequently began to falter . It was not until the late 1960s when Red Holzman became the head coach that the Knicks began to regain their former dominance . Holzman successfully guided the Knicks to two NBA championships , in 1970 and 1973 . The Knicks of the 1980s had mixed success that included six playoff appearances ; however , they failed to participate in the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Obie Trotter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obie_Trotter', 'summary': 'Obadiah Nelson Obie Trotter ( born February 9 , 1984 ) is an American-Hungarian professional basketball player for Rosa Radom of the Polish Basketball League ( PLK ) . He is 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) , and plays the point guard position . He received Hungarian citizenship in June 20 , 2011 , and played for Hungary in the unsuccessful Eurobasket 2011 qualification campaign , averaging 11 points and four rebounds per match . A native of Robertsdale in Baldwin County , Alabama , Trotter had received interest from more established , higher tier mid-major NCAA Division I basketball programs in high school , but he ended up playing at Alabama A & M because his mother wanted him coached by a godly man . She felt that head coach L. Vann Pettaway fit the bill , and so Trotter became an Alabama A & M Bulldog .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( Alabama A & M Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'professional player in Europe , Southwestern Athletic Conference Player of the Year , SWAC Tournament MVP , named by Rivals.com as the SWAC player of the Decade for 2000-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darnell Valentine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darnell_Valentine', 'summary': 'Darnell Terrell Valentine ( born February 3 , 1959 ) is an American former professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Omicron ( Univ . of Kansas )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA player ( Portland Trail Blazers , Los Angeles Clippers , Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 1980 US Olympian ( Basketball )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_brothers_12', 'intro': 'The list of Phi Beta Sigma notable Brothers (commonly referred to as Sigmas) includes initiated and honorary members of Phi Beta Sigma (ΦΒΣ). Members traditionally are initiated into a chapter, although some members are granted honorary membership status. A chapter name ending in Sigma denotes a graduate chapter. No chapter of Phi Beta Sigma is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end; deceased brothers are referred to as having joined The Omega Chapter. The fraternity has been led by 33 international presidents. Its membership includes four African presidents; two governors; three congressmen; the first black Rhodes Scholar; numerous NFL football, NBA basketball, and MLB baseball players; an ultimate fighter; five Hall of Fame athletes; ten college and university presidents; and sixteen Olympians. Various buildings and schools have been named after Sigma men such as George Washington Carver, James Weldon Johnson, and Robert Russa Moton. Listed below are notable Phi Beta Sigma men such as the founders, international presidents, and members who are involved in the fields of arts and entertainment, business, civil rights, education, health, law, politics, science, and sports.'}	null	null	In what year was the person who went to Grambing State University inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame ?	1982
05f6ab8aa59b5478	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_crocodiles_and_alligators', 'title': 'List of fictional crocodiles and alligators', 'header': ['Name', 'Animation', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Guns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Guns', 'summary': "Miami Guns ( Japanese : マイアミ☆ガンズ , Hepburn : Maiami Ganzu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takeaki Momose . The story takes place in Miami City , which is similar to Miami , Florida , except for several locale changes . It 's mainly about the life of two female Miami City police officers having to stop crimes before they get worse . The setting thus has some similarities to that of the popular TV show Miami Vice ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Can_You_Teach_My_Alligator_Manners?', 'summary': "Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? is an American/Canadian/British interactive children 's television show that previously aired on Playhouse Disney . The series premiered on June 21 , 2008 , then aired on Disney Junior in the USA , Canada and Great Britain and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aldo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sitting Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitting_Ducks_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Sitting Ducks is an American children 's animated television series based on the 1970s Sitting Ducks lithograph and the 1998 children 's book of the same name , created by the poster artist Michael Bedard . Sitting Ducks first appeared in 2001 in Europe , later debuting in United States on Cartoon Network , in Australia on ABC , in Canada on YTV , in the United Kingdom on CITV , Disney XD and in the Japanese version of Cartoon Network . The show lasted for two seasons each comprising thirteen episodes , with the last episode shown on December 5 , 2004 . Reruns of the show were aired on Qubo in 2007 , and was later aired as part of its block Qubo Night Owl , until June 30 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'An alligator who befriended main character Bill the Duck and is trying to blend into DuckTown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfy Gator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakky Doodle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakky_Doodle', 'summary': "Yakky Doodle is a cartoon duck created by Hanna-Barbera Productions . Yakky 's name is a parody of Yankee Doodle ."}]}, {'value': 'A blue alligator who tries to capture Yakky because his gourmet guidebook recommends roast duck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alligator Master', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Destruction : Sekai Bokumetsu no Rokunin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Destruction:_Sekai_Bokumetsu_no_Rokunin', 'summary': 'Sands of Destruction ( ワールド・デストラクション～導かれし意思～ , Wārudo Desutorakushon ~Michibikareshi Ishi~ , World Destruction : Guided Wills ) is a role-playing video game developed by imageepoch and published by Sega for the Nintendo DS . It was released in Japan in 2008 , and in North America in 2010 . The story revolves around a young man , Kyrie , who possesses the power to destroy the world , though he does not know why . The female lead is Morte , a member of a group that is trying to destroy the world .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axl and Bull Gator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taz-Mania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taz-Mania', 'summary': "Taz-Mania is an American cartoon sitcom produced by Warner Bros . Animation from 1991 to 1995 , broadcast in the United States on Fox . The show follows the adventures of the Looney Tunes character Taz ( The Tasmanian Devil ) in the fictional land of Tazmania ( based on Tasmania ) . Similar to other Warner Brothers cartoons of its time , such as Animaniacs and Tiny Toon Adventures , Taz-Mania frequently broke the fourth wall , and often made jokes showing that Taz could actually speak perfectly normally when he wanted to . The intro indicates that , in this rendering of Tasmania , the sky 's always yellow , rain or shine . The title song is performed by Jess Harnell and Jim Cummings ."}]}, {'value': 'These alligators are always trying to catch Taz and sell him to a zoo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Ali Gator', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Disney's_Fantasia_characters", 'summary': "The following are fictional characters from Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia , its 1999 sequel Fantasia 2000 and the video game Fantasia : Music Evolved . Characters in this list are sorted by the film and segment in which they appear ."}]}, {'value': 'Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)', 'summary': "Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released by Walt Disney Productions . With story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer , and production supervision by Ben Sharpsteen , it is the third Disney animated feature film . The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski , seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra . Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film 's Master of Ceremonies , providing a live-action introduction to each animated segment . Disney settled on the film 's concept as work neared completion on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , an elaborate Silly Symphonies short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse , who had declined in popularity . As production costs grew higher than what it could earn , Disney decided to include the short in a feature-length film with other segments set to classical pieces . The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound , a pioneering sound reproduction system that made Fantasia the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound . Fantasia was first released as a theatrical roadshow held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13 , 1940 . While acclaimed by critics , it was unable to make a profit due to World War II cutting off distribution to the European market , the film 's high production costs , and the expense of leasing theatres and installing the Fantasound equipment for the roadshow presentations . The film was subsequently reissued multiple times with its original footage and audio being deleted , modified , or restored in each version . Fantasia is the 23rd highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. when adjusted for inflation . The Fantasia franchise has grown to include video games , Disneyland attractions , and a live concert ."}]}, {'value': 'The prince of the Alligators , who falls in love with Hyachinth Hippo', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Disney's_Fantasia_characters", 'summary': "The following are fictional characters from Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia , its 1999 sequel Fantasia 2000 and the video game Fantasia : Music Evolved . Characters in this list are sorted by the film and segment in which they appear ."}]}, {'value': 'Bog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Outback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Outback_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Koala Kid ( also known as Outback or The Outback ) is a 2012 South Korean-American computer-animated action comedy film directed by Kyung Ho Lee . It was released in South Korea on January 12 , 2012 . The movie takes place in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Antagonistic crocodile who wants to control the Australian billabong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brutus & Nero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rescuers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rescuers', 'summary': "The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . The Rescuers entered development in 1962 , but was shelved due to Walt Disney 's dislike of the project 's political overtones . During the 1970s , the film was revived as a project for the younger animators , but it was taken over by the senior animation staff following the release of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) . The Rescuers was released on June 22 , 1977 , to positive critical reception and became a box office success . The film was also successful throughout the world , including France and West Germany . Due to the film 's success , a sequel titled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel ."}]}, {'value': "The two crocodiles under Madame Medusa 's command", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madame_Medusa', 'summary': "The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . The Rescuers entered development in 1962 , but was shelved due to Walt Disney 's dislike of the project 's political overtones . During the 1970s , the film was revived as a project for the younger animators , but it was taken over by the senior animation staff following the release of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) . The Rescuers was released on June 22 , 1977 , to positive critical reception and became a box office success . The film was also successful throughout the world , including France and West Germany . Due to the film 's success , a sequel titled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel ."}]}, {'value': 'Carmine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wild', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catchum Crocodile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Get Along Gang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Get_Along_Gang', 'summary': "The Get Along Gang are characters created in 1983 by American Greetings ' toy design and licensing division , Those Characters from Cleveland ( now American Greetings Properties ) , for a series of greeting cards . The Get Along Gang are a group of 12 ( later 14 ) pre-adolescent anthropomorphic animal characters in the fictional town of Green Meadow , who form a club that meets in an abandoned caboose and who have various adventures whose upbeat stories intended to show the importance of teamwork and friendship . The success of the greeting card line led to a Saturday morning television series , which aired on CBS for 13 episodes in the 1984-1985 season , with reruns showing from January until June 1986 ."}]}, {'value': "The show 's main antagonist", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Crocodile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Crocodile', 'summary': "Christopher Crocodile is a British children 's cartoon TV series . It was produced by Direct Entertainment Ltd , and aired from 18 September 1992 to 11 December 1992 in the United Kingdom on CBBC and on the Cartoon Network in the United States from 28 March 1993 to 20 June 1993 . It was produced by Mike Joyce , with the idea created by Graham Purcell . The music score was composed by Kick Production using E-mu Proteus 1 Pop/Rock and E-mu Proteus 2 Orchestral audio samplers . The protagonist of the series is Christopher Crocodile , who , according to the plot , left his native Mudagascar ( a clear parallel of Madagascar ) to devote his energy and inventive mind to helping the people of Muddytown , where most of the programmes are set . Muddy Town receives a lot of rain , which makes it a very muddy place ; this makes Mayor Muggins and the townsfolk unhappy but it makes the crocodile very happy because he like to wallow in the muddy pools around town . Christopher proves to be an asset to Muddy Town , because he invents new gadgets , almost all of which are highly improbable in real life ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-Animated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Re-Animated', 'summary': "Re-Animated is a live-action/animated television film that aired on Cartoon Network on December 8 , 2006 . It was the first original production on the genre for the network . The movie was released on DVD September 11 , 2007 and serves as pilot for the follow-up series Out of Jimmy 's Head , which premiered on September 14 , 2007 . The films animation was produced by Renegade Animation , which previously produced Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi for Cartoon Network ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocodile Gentleman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Witch Craft Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Witch_Craft_Works', 'summary': 'Witchcraft Works ( ウィッチクラフトワークス , Witchikurafuto Wākusu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ryū Mizunagi . The manga has been serialized in Kodanshas good ! Afternoon magazine since March 2010 and the chapters collected into 14 tankōbon volumes . An anime television series adaptation animated by J.C.Staff aired in Japan from January to March 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocubot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick and Morty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_and_Morty', 'summary': "Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late-night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family . The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . The series has been acclaimed by critics for its originality , creativity and humor . The series has been picked up for an additional seventy episodes over an unspecified number of seasons , beginning with season 4 . The fourth season premiered on November 10 , 2019 and will consist of ten episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Half robot , half crocodile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Secret Life of Pets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Pets', 'summary': "The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 3D American computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It is directed by Chris Renaud , co-directed by Yarrow Cheney , written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio and is the first film of the franchise of the same name . The voice cast stars Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , Kevin Hart , Steve Coogan , Ellie Kemper , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell , Dana Carvey , Hannibal Buress , Jenny Slate , and Albert Brooks . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $ 875 million worldwide , becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2016 , and was the year 's most profitable release . A sequel , The Secret Life of Pets 2 , was released on June 7 , 2019 with Patton Oswalt taking the role of Max from Louis C.K ."}]}, {'value': 'A crocodile who is one of the Flushed Pets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_IV:_Journey_Through_the_Mists', 'summary': 'The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated adventure musical film produced by Universal Animation Studios ( formerly known as Universal Cartoon Studios ) and directed by Roy Allen Smith . This is the fourth installment and third Land Before Time sequel directed by Smith , as well as the last to feature any of the original voice cast . The film was nominated for two Annie Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'A nearsighted Deinosuchus along with Ichy who tried to eat Littlefoot and the gang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floyd and Jolene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kissyfur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissyfur', 'summary': "Kissyfur is an American animated children 's television series which aired on NBC in the 1980s . It was produced by Jean Chalopin and Andy Heyward and created by Phil Mendez for DIC Animation City . The series was based on a half-hour NBC special called Kissyfur : Bear Roots and was followed by three more specials until its Saturday morning debut . The show ran for two seasons . It also aired on the BBC ( as part of its But First This lineup becoming the only cartoon made for the BBC during that block ) , TCC and Nickelodeon in the UK , ATV World in Hong Kong , SABC1 and SABC2 in South Africa , TVP in Poland , TV3 in New Zealand , Sirasa TV in Sri Lanka , SBT in Brazil , MediaCorp Channel 5 in Singapore , JBC , SSTV and Television Jamaica in Jamaica , RTB in Brunei , Namibian Broadcasting Corporation in Namibia , GMA Network in the Philippines , Armed Forces Network in Germany , Canal+ in France , Israeli Educational Television in Israel , NCRV in the Netherlands and Seven Network in Australia . The show follows the adventures of Gus and Kissyfur , a father and son bear duo who had joined the circus . One day on a circus trip , the train they are riding in derails and the bears escape to a new life in the swamps of Paddlecab County . There , they protect the local swamp 's inhabitants from the local bumbling alligators Floyd and Jolene . Kissyfur and his father use the skills they have acquired from the human world to create a boat tour business transporting other animals and their products down the river ."}]}, {'value': 'The antagonist alligators', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T.U.F.F . Puppy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T.U.F.F._Puppy', 'summary': "T.U.F.F . Puppy is an American action animated comedy television series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon . It premiered on October 2 , 2010 at 11:00 a.m. , on Nickelodeon along with Planet Sheen , which premiered an hour earlier . T.U.F.F . Puppy is Butch Hartman 's third animated series for Nickelodeon , after The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom . The series was cancelled after its 3rd season and aired its final episode on April 4 , 2015 . In early 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on May 13 , 2012 . The first two seasons consist of 26 episodes each , and the third season consisted of eight episodes , for a total of 60 episodes ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabby Gator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabby_Gator', 'summary': 'Gabby Gator is an animated cartoon character , an anthropomorphic alligator who appeared in several cartoons produced by Walter Lantz and distributed by Universal Pictures . Gabby lives in the Okiedokie Swamp , which is a play on Lake Okeechobee and is near Cape Canaveral . Unfortunately for him , this place does not have many food options , and Gabby is forced to attract the food ( usually Woody Woodpecker ) to his home and attempt to capture him with anything he might have at hand , including highly advanced technology . Though Gabbie Gator is intelligent and crafty , Woody always escapes , usually leaving Gabby with his home destroyed . The strangest thing about Gabby Gator is that he seems to have a vast supply of carrots , which are useless for a carnivorous reptile .'}]}, {'value': 'Woody Woodpecker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker', 'summary': "Woody Woodpecker is a cartoon anthropomorphic woodpecker appeared in theatrical short films produced by the Walter Lantz Studio and distributed by Universal Studios . Woody was created in 1940 by Lantz and storyboard artist Ben Bugs Hardaway , who had previously laid the groundwork for two other screwball characters , Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck , at the Warner Bros. cartoon studio in the late 1930s . Woody 's character and design evolved over the years , from an insane bird with an unusually garish design to a more refined looking and acting character in the vein of the later Chuck Jones version of Bugs Bunny . Woody was originally voiced by prolific voice actor Mel Blanc , who was succeeded by Danny Webb , Kent Rogers , Ben Hardaway and finally Grace Stafford ( wife of Walter Lantz ) . Lantz produced theatrical cartoons longer than most of his contemporaries , and Woody Woodpecker remained a staple of Universal 's release schedule until 1972 , when Lantz finally closed down his studio . The character has been revived since then for special productions and occasions as well as for The New Woody Woodpecker Show , a late 1990s/early 2000s Fox Network Saturday-morning cartoon television series that featured prolific voice actor Billy West as Woody . Woody Woodpecker cartoons were first broadcast on television in 1957 under the title The Woody Woodpecker Show , which featured Lantz cartoons bookended by new footage of Woody and live-action footage of Lantz . Woody has a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 7000 Hollywood Boulevard . He also made a cameo appearance alongside many other famous cartoon characters in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Like Mickey Mouse of The Walt Disney Company and Bugs Bunny of Warner Bros. , Woody Woodpecker is the official mascot of Universal Studios . Woody and his friends are also icons at the Universal Studios Theme Parks worldwide , as well as the PortAventura Park in the PortAventura World , Salou , Spain ( they were originally brought to the park by Universal Studios , and remain there today despite Universal no longer having a financial stake in the park ) ."}]}, {'value': 'An antagonizing alligator to the wacky woodpecker', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Animation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_crocodiles_and_alligators_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional crocodiles and alligators from literature, folklore and myth, mascots and emblems of teams and organizations, comics, films, animations and video games. This list is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals. It is restricted to notable crocodilian characters from notable works of fiction. Characters that appear in multiple media may have separate listings for each appearance, while in instances where a character has appeared in several separate works in a single medium, only the earliest will be recorded here.'}	null	null	What is the name of a character from animation created by Hanna-Barbera Productions ?	Alfy Gator
05f71818c22b27e9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions', 'title': 'Ranked lists of Chilean regions', 'header': ['Region', 'Main economic activity', '% of regional GDP'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arica and Parinacota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arica_and_Parinacota_Region', 'summary': "The Arica y Parinacota Region ( Spanish : Región de Arica y Parinacota pronounced [ aˈɾika i paɾinaˈkota ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the east and Chile 's Tarapacá Region to the south . It is also the country 's newest region , created under Law No . 20,175 . It became operational on October 8 , 2007 . Chile 's former Tarapacá region was a former Peruvian province , which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific , and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Personal services', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarapacá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarapacá_Region', 'summary': "The Tarapacá Region ( Spanish : Región de Tarapacá , pronounced [ taɾapaˈka ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north , Bolivia 's Oruro Department on the east , the Antofagasta Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west . The port city of Iquique ( 2002 pop . 216,419 ) is the region 's capital . Much of the region was once the Tarapacá Province of Peru , which was annexed by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific . The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeter mining , before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible . A number of abandoned mining towns can still be found in the region . The present day Tarapacá Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapacá Region under Law No . 20,175 , which was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in Arica ."}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antofagasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antofagasta_Region', 'summary': "The Antofagasta Region ( Spanish : Región de Antofagasta , pronounced [ antofaˈɣasta ] ) is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces , Antofagasta , El Loa and Tocopilla . It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá and by Atacama to the south and is the second-largest region of Chile . To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina . The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta , another important city being Calama . The main economic activity is copper mining in the giant porphyry copper systems located inland . Climate is extremely arid albeit somewhat milder near the coast . Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation except close to the Loa River or at oasises such as San Pedro de Atacama . Much of the inland is covered by salt flats , tephra and lava flows . The coast exhibits prominent cliffs . The region was sparsely populated by indigenous Changos and Atacameños until massive Chilean immigration in conjunction with a saltpeter boom in the later 19th century . The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atacama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atacama_Region', 'summary': "The Atacama Region ( Spanish : Región de Atacama , pronounced [ ataˈkama ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces : Chañaral , Copiapó and Huasco . It is bordered to the north by Antofagasta , to the south by Coquimbo , to east with Provinces of Catamarca , La Rioja and San Juan of Argentina , and to the west by the Pacific Ocean . The regional capital Copiapó is located at 806 km ( 501 mi ) north of the country 's capital of Santiago . The region occupies the southern portion of the Atacama Desert , the rest of the desert is mainly distributed among the other regions of Norte Grande ."}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coquimbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coquimbo_Region', 'summary': "The Coquimbo Region ( Spanish : Región de Coquimbo , pronounced [ koˈkimbo ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is approximately 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) north of the capital , Santiago . The capital and largest city is La Serena , other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle ."}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valparaíso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparaíso_Region', 'summary': "The Valparaíso Region ( Spanish : Región de Valparaíso , pronounced [ balpaɾaˈiso ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . [ FN 1 ] With the country 's second highest population of 1,790,219 million in 2017 , and fourth smallest area of 16,396.1 km2 ( 6,331 sq mi ) , the region is Chile 's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast . Its capital is the port city of Valparaíso , other important cities include Viña del Mar , Quillota , Quilpué , and San Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Manufacturing industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': 'Business and financial services', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Higgins", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Higgins_Region", 'summary': "The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region ( Spanish : Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins pronounced [ liβeɾtaˈðoɾ xeneˈɾal βeɾˈnaɾðo oˈçiɣins ] ) , often shortened to O'Higgins Region , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is subdivided into three provinces . It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme , one of Chile 's founding fathers . The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean , to the east by the Republic of Argentina , to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions , and to the south by the Maule Region . It extends approximately between the parallels of 33° 51 ' and 35° 01 ' south latitude , and between the meridian of 70° 02 ' west longitude and the Pacific Ocean . The capital and largest city of the region is Rancagua . The second major town is San Fernando ."}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Manufacturing industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biobío', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biobío_Region', 'summary': "The Biobío Region ( Spanish : Región del Biobío [ ˌbi.oˈβi.o ] ) , is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . With a population of 1.5 million people , it is divided into three provinces : Arauco , Biobío and Concepción . In the Bio Bio , Concepción is the capital and largest city . Other important cities include Coronel , Hualpén , Los Ángeles , and Talcahuano ."}]}, {'value': 'Manufacturing industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}]}, {'value': 'Personal services', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Ríos_Region', 'summary': "The Los Ríos Region ( Spanish : XIV Región de Los Ríos , pronounced [ loz ˈri.os ] , lit . Region of the Rivers ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , the country 's first-order administrative divisions . Its capital is Valdivia . It began to operate as a region on October 2 , 2007 , having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile . It consists of two provinces : Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province , which was formerly part of Valdivia Province ."}]}, {'value': 'Manufacturing industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Lagos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region', 'summary': "Los Lagos Region ( Spanish : Región de Los Lagos pronounced [ loz ˈlaɣos ] , lit . Region of the Lakes ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , which are first order administrative divisions , and comprises four provinces : Chiloé , Llanquihue , Osorno and Palena . The region contains the country 's second largest island , Chiloé , and the second largest lake , Llanquihue . Historically , the Huilliche have called this territory between Bueno River and Reloncaví Sound Futahuillimapu , meaning great land of the south . Its capital is Puerto Montt ; other important cities include Osorno , Castro , Ancud , and Puerto Varas . The mainland portion of Los Lagos Region south of Reloncaví Sound ( Palena Province ) is considered part of Patagonia . Los Lagos Region economy is dominated by the service sector but based in fishing , salmon aquaculture , forestry and cattle farming . Tourism is economically important in Andes where ski resorts , hot springs and recreational fishing are popular offers . The region hosts Monte Verde , one of the oldest archaeological sites of the Americas . The largest indigenous group of the region are the Huilliche who lived in the area before the arrival of the Spanish . The Spanish crown settled Chiloé Archipelago in 1567 while the rest of the region begun to be slowly colonized by non-indigenous people only in the late 18th century . In the 1850s Germans arrived to colonize the shores of Llanquihue Lake under a Chilean state-sponsored program ."}]}, {'value': 'Manufacturing industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aisén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aisén_Region', 'summary': "The Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region ( Spanish : Región de Aysén , pronounced [ ai̯ˈsen ] , or XI Región de Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo ) , often shortened to Aysén Region or Aisén , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Although the third largest in area , the region is Chile 's most sparsely populated region with a population of 102,317 as of 2017 . The capital of the region is Coihaique , the region 's former namesake . The landscape is marked by several glaciations that formed many lakes , channels and fjords . The region contains icefields including the Northern Patagonian Ice Field and the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , the world 's third largest after those in Antarctica and Greenland . Laguna San Rafael National Park , reachable only by boat or plane , is one of the region 's most popular tourist destinations . Until the construction of Route 7 ( the Carretera Austral , or Southern Highway ) in the 1980s , the only overland routes from north to south through the region were extremely primitive tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Public administration', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magallanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magallanes_Region', 'summary': "The Magallanes Region ( locally [ maɣaˈʝanes ] ) , officially the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region ( Spanish : Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena ) , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is the southernmost , largest , and second least populated region of Chile . It comprises four provinces : Última Esperanza , Magallanes , Tierra del Fuego , and Antártica Chilena . Magallanes 's geographical features include Torres del Paine , Cape Horn , Tierra del Fuego island , and the Strait of Magellan . It also includes the Antarctic territory claimed by Chile . Despite its large area , much of the land in the region is rugged or closed off for sheep farming , and is unsuitable for settlement . 80% of the population lives in the capital Punta Arenas , a major market city and one of the main hubs for Antarctic exploration . The main economic activities are sheep farming , oil extraction , and tourism . It is also the region with the lowest poverty level in Chile ( 5.8% ) ; households in Magallanes have the highest income of any region in Chile . Since 2017 , the region has had its own time zone . It uses the summer time for the whole year ( UTC−3 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Public administration', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'Business and financial services', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.41', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Economy -- By main economic activity', 'section_text': 'Chilean regions by their principal economic activity in 2014 .', 'uid': 'Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions_9', 'intro': "This article includes several ranked indicators for Chile's regions."}	null	null	What are the three provinces of the region in Chile where manufacturing is 23.83 % of the GDP ?	Arauco , Biobío and Concepción
05f789f2ed22b1b1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_J.League_Division_1', 'title': '2013 J.League Division 1', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shusaku Nishikawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shusaku_Nishikawa', 'summary': 'Shusaku Nishikawa ( 西川周作 , Nishikawa Shūsaku , born 18 June 1986 ) is a Japanese football player currently playing for Urawa Red Diamonds .'}]}, {'value': 'Sanfrecce Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanfrecce_Hiroshima', 'summary': 'Sanfrecce Hiroshima ( Japanese : サンフレッチェ広島 , romanized : Sanfuretche Hiroshima ) is a professional football club based in Asaminami-ku , Hiroshima , Japan . The club play in the J1 League , which is the top tier of football in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daisuke Nasu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisuke_Nasu', 'summary': 'Daisuke Nasu ( 那須大亮 , Nasu Daisuke , born 10 October 1981 ) is a Japanese retired football player who last played for Vissel Kobe .'}]}, {'value': 'Urawa Red Diamonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds', 'summary': "Urawa Red Diamonds ( 浦和レッドダイヤモンズ , Urawa Reddo Daiyamonzu ) , colloquially Urawa Reds ( 浦和レッズ ) , are a professional association football club playing in Japan 's football league , J1 League . The name Red Diamonds alludes to the club 's pre-professional era parent company Mitsubishi . The corporation 's logo consists of three red diamonds , one of which remains within the current club badge . Its hometown is the city of Saitama in Saitama Prefecture , but its name comes from the former city of Urawa , which is now a part of Saitama City ."}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masato Morishige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masato_Morishige', 'summary': 'Masato Morishige ( 森重真人 , Morishige Masato , born 21 May 1987 ) is a Japanese football player who plays for Japanese club FC Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Tokyo', 'summary': 'FC Tokyo ( FC東京 , Efushī Tōkyō ) is a Japanese association football club playing in J1 League . Its hometown is Tokyo prefecture . The team is one of only four in the J.League to be simply called Football Club without an extended name .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuji Nakazawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuji_Nakazawa', 'summary': 'Yuji Nakazawa ( 中澤佑二 , Nakazawa Yūji , born 25 February 1978 ) is a former Japanese football player . He played as a centre back for J1 League side Tokyo Verdy and Yokohama F. Marinos . He was the formerly the captain of the Japan national team . His nickname is Bomber because of his distinctive hairstyle . Nakazawa is one of only seven Japanese players to reach 100 caps for his country .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama F. Marinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos', 'summary': "Yokohama F. Marinos ( 横浜F・マリノス , Yokohama Efu Marinosu ) is a Japanese association football team that participates in the J1 League . Having won the J-League title four times and finishing second twice , they are one of the most successful J-League clubs . The team is based in Yokohama and was founded as the company team of Nissan Motors . The club was formed by the merger of Yokohama Marinos and Yokohama Flügels in 1999 . The current name is intended to reflect both Marinos and Flügels . The team name Marinos means sailors in Spanish . Yokohama F. Marinos is the longest serving team in the top flight of Japanese football , having played at the top level since 1982 , also making them , along with Kashima Antlers , one of only two teams to have competed in Japan 's top flight of football every year since its inception ."}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotaru Yamaguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotaru_Yamaguchi', 'summary': 'Hotaru Yamaguchi ( 山口蛍 , Yamaguchi Hotaru , born 6 October 1990 ) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vissel Kobe . He is also a member of the Japanese national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerezo Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka', 'summary': 'Cerezo Osaka ( セレッソ大阪 , Seresso Ōsaka ) is a Japanese football team , currently playing in the J1 League , the top tier of football in Japan . The team name Cerezo ( Spanish for cherry tree ) is also the flower of Osaka City . The official home town for the team are Osaka City and Sakai City .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toshihiro Aoyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toshihiro_Aoyama', 'summary': 'Toshihiro Aoyama ( 青山敏弘 , Aoyama Toshihiro , born 22 February 1986 ) is a Japanese football player who plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima .'}]}, {'value': 'Sanfrecce Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanfrecce_Hiroshima', 'summary': 'Sanfrecce Hiroshima ( Japanese : サンフレッチェ広島 , romanized : Sanfuretche Hiroshima ) is a professional football club based in Asaminami-ku , Hiroshima , Japan . The club play in the J1 League , which is the top tier of football in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shunsuke Nakamura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shunsuke_Nakamura', 'summary': "Shunsuke Nakamura ( 中村俊輔 , Nakamura Shunsuke , born 24 June 1978 ) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Yokohama FC in J1 League . He is the first and only person to have been named J.League Most Valuable Player more than once , receiving the award in 2000 and 2013 . He is well known for his vision , touch , bending shots and free kick-taking abilities ; Steve Perryman once remarked that Nakamura could open a tin of beans with his left foot . Nakamura began his professional career with J1 League club Yokohama Marinos in 1997 , [ note 1 ] eventually making 338 league appearances during two spells at the club totaling just over twelve seasons . In between his spells at Marinos , Nakamura played in Europe with Espanyol , Celtic , and Reggina . During his time at Celtic , he became one of the best Asian players to have ever played in Europe ; he was nominated for the 2007 Ballon d'Or , was named Scottish Player of the Year and SFWA Footballer of the Year in 2007 , and became the first Japanese player to score in the UEFA Champions League . [ note 2 ] His team accomplishments at Celtic include winning the Scottish Premier League in 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 , the Scottish League Cup in 2006 and 2009 , and the Scottish Cup in 2007 . Nakamura has 98 caps and 24 goals for the Japanese national football team , including appearances in the FIFA World Cup finals in 2006 and 2010 and winning the AFC Asian Cup in 2000 and 2004 ; he was named Most Valuable Player of the 2004 competition . He also appeared in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship as a member of the Japanese Under-20 team and the 2000 Summer Olympics as a member of the Japanese Under-23 team . Asteroid 29986 Shunsuke is also named in his honour ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama F. Marinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos', 'summary': "Yokohama F. Marinos ( 横浜F・マリノス , Yokohama Efu Marinosu ) is a Japanese association football team that participates in the J1 League . Having won the J-League title four times and finishing second twice , they are one of the most successful J-League clubs . The team is based in Yokohama and was founded as the company team of Nissan Motors . The club was formed by the merger of Yokohama Marinos and Yokohama Flügels in 1999 . The current name is intended to reflect both Marinos and Flügels . The team name Marinos means sailors in Spanish . Yokohama F. Marinos is the longest serving team in the top flight of Japanese football , having played at the top level since 1982 , also making them , along with Kashima Antlers , one of only two teams to have competed in Japan 's top flight of football every year since its inception ."}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoichiro Kakitani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoichiro_Kakitani', 'summary': 'Yoichiro Kakitani ( 柿谷曜一朗 , Kakitani Yōichirō ) ( born 3 January 1990 in Osaka ) is a Japanese footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Cerezo Osaka .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerezo Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka', 'summary': 'Cerezo Osaka ( セレッソ大阪 , Seresso Ōsaka ) is a Japanese football team , currently playing in the J1 League , the top tier of football in Japan . The team name Cerezo ( Spanish for cherry tree ) is also the flower of Osaka City . The official home town for the team are Osaka City and Sakai City .'}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuya Osako', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuya_Osako', 'summary': 'Yuya Osako ( 大迫勇也 , Ōsako Yūya , born 18 May 1990 ) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays for Werder Bremen and the Japan national team as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Kashima Antlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kashima_Antlers', 'summary': "Kashima Antlers ( 鹿島アントラーズ , Kashima Antorāzu ) are a Japanese professional association football club playing in the J1 League with financial backing from Mercari . Antlers is derived from the city name , Kashima , which literally means deer island . Since the J.League 's creation and introduction of professional Japanese football in 1993 , Kashima have proved by far Japan 's most successful club team , having won the J.League title a record eight times , the J.League Cup a record six times and the Emperor 's Cup five times for an unprecedented total of nineteen major domestic titles . Kashima also won their first AFC Champions League title in 2018 . Kashima have finished in the top five of the league for over seventy percent of all seasons played to date , recorded an average end of season league placing of third and captured a major domestic title in over sixty percent of all seasons played to date . Kashima are also one of only two teams to have competed in Japan 's top flight of professional football every year since its inception ( the other being Yokohama F. Marinos ) ."}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshito Ōkubo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshito_Ōkubo', 'summary': 'Yoshito Okubo ( 大久保嘉人 , Ōkubo Yoshito , born 9 June 1982 ) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays for Tokyo Verdy . He played for the Japan national team scoring 6 goals in 60 appearances'}]}, {'value': 'Kawasaki Frontale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale', 'summary': 'Kawasaki Frontale ( 川崎フロンターレ , Kawasaki Furontāre ) is a J1 League association football club . The team is located in Kawasaki , Kanagawa Prefecture , south of Tokyo . Their home stadium is Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium , in Nakahara Ward , in the central area of Kawasaki .'}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kengo Kawamata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kengo_Kawamata', 'summary': 'Kengo Kawamata ( 川又堅碁 , Kawamata Kengo , born 14 October 1989 ) is a Japanese footballer who plays for Júbilo Iwata .'}]}, {'value': 'Albirex Niigata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albirex_Niigata', 'summary': 'Albirex Niigata ( アルビレックス新潟 , Arubirekkusu Nīgata ) is a professional football club based in Niigata , Japan . Formed in 1955 as Niigata Eleven SC , it was renamed Albireo Niigata FC in 1995 , and Albirex Niigata in 1997 . Since 2018 , the first team have competed in the J2 League , the second tier of Japanese football .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Awards -- Best XI', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_J._League_Division_1_1', 'intro': 'The 2013 J.League Division 1 season was the 48th season of Japanese top-flight football and 21st since the establishment of the J.League. The season began on 2 March and finished on 7 December. Sanfrecce Hiroshima are the defending champions.'}	null	null	For the team with a player born in 3 January 1990 , what does the team 's name also stands for ?	flower
05f83ff812c40f1a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Chad_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Chad at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bibiro Ali Taher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibiro_Ali_Taher', 'summary': 'Bibiro Ali Taher ( born 24 April 1988 ) is a Chadian long-distance runner . She moved from Chad to France aged five , and took up athletics aged seven in Calvados , France . She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 5000 metres but did not finish her race . She was the flag bearer for Chad at the Parade of Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games , from 12-21 August 2016 , at the Olympic Stadium . The sport of athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics was made into three distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carine Ngarlemdana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carine_Ngarlemdana', 'summary': "Carine Ngarlemdana ( born 13 November 1994 ) is a Chadian judoka . She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women 's -70 kg event . She was the flag bearer for Chad at the opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hinikissa Ndikert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brahim Abdoulaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brahim_Abdoulaye', 'summary': "Brahim Abdoulaye ( born August 27 , 1970 ) is a track and field sprint athlete who competed internationally for Chad Hassane represented Chad at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . He competed in the 200 metres where he finished seventh in his heat so did n't qualify for the next round ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gana Abba Kimet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gana_Abba_Kimet', 'summary': "Gana Abba Kimet ( born May 12 , 1946 ) is a track and field sprint athlete who competed internationally for Chad Kimet represented Chad at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . He competed in the 100 metres and finished 5th in his heat so did n't progress to the next round ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaltouma Nadjina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaltouma_Nadjina', 'summary': 'Kaltouma Nadjina ( born November 16 , 1976 ) is a Chadian sprinter . Her specialities are the 200 and 400 metres , and she holds Chadian records in those events , the 100 m , and the 800m . She won the 200 m events at the 2001 Jeux de la Francophonie held in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada and the 200 and 400 m in the 2002 African Championships held in Tunis .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Ngadjadoum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Ngadjadoum', 'summary': 'Paul Ngadjadoum ( born 20 October 1957 ) is a Chadian former high jumper who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul a total number of 42 events in athletics were contested : 24 by men and 18 by women . There were a total number of 1617 participating athletes from 149 countries .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ousman Miangoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ousman_Miangoto', 'summary': "Ousman Miangoto ( born October 15 , 1954 ) is a middle distance athlete who competed internationally for Chad Miangoto represented Chad at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . He competed in the 800 metres where he finished eighth in his heat so did n't qualify for the next round ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Senoussi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Senoussi', 'summary': 'Ahmed Senoussi ( born January 22 , 1946 ) is a former Chadian high jumper . He finished twelfth in the high jump final at the 1968 Olympic Games . He also competed at the 1972 Olympic Games without reaching the final .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Chad at theOlympicsIOC codeCHANOCComité Olympique et Sportif TchadienMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1964196819721976–19801984198819921996200020042008201220162020 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Chad at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Chad_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Chad at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}	null	null	Which nation had the second highest number of medals in the Olympics in which Bibiro Ali Taher bore the flag for Chad ?	Great Britain
05f8a793b3b361c0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet', 'title': 'British Pacific Fleet', 'header': ['Sqdn no', 'Aircraft type', 'Ship', 'Dates', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '801', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/801_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '801 Naval Air Squadron ( NAS ) was a Fleet Air Arm squadron of the Royal Navy formed in 1933 which fought in World War II , the Korean War and the Falklands War .'}]}, {'value': 'Seafire L.III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire', 'summary': "The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane , a navalised version of the Spitfire 's stablemate , the Hawker Hurricane . The name Seafire had been derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire . The idea of adopting a navalised carrier-capable version of the Supermarine Spitfire had been mooted by the Admiralty as early as May 1938 . Despite a pressing need to replace various types of obsolete aircraft that were still in operation with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) , some opposed the notion , such as Winston Churchill , although these disputes were often a result of an overriding priority being placed on maximising production of land-based Spitfires instead . During 1941 and early 1942 , the concept was again pushed for by the Admiralty , culminating in an initial batch of Seafire Mk Ib fighters being provided in late 1941 , which were mainly used for pilots to gain experience operating the type at sea . While there were concerns over the low strength of its undercarriage , which had not been strengthened like many naval aircraft would have been , its performance was found to be acceptable . From 1942 onwards , further Seafire models were quickly ordered , including the first operationally-viable Seafire F Mk III variant . This led to the type rapidly spreading throughout the FAA . In November 1942 , the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch , the Allied landings in North Africa . In July 1943 , the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy . During 1944 , the type was again used in quantity to provide aerial support to Allied ground forces during the Normandy landings and Operation Dragoon in Southern France ."}]}, {'value': 'Implacable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1945 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of 8th Carrier Air Group . The squadron joined the British Pacific Fleet in May 1945 as part of the 8th Carrier Air Group escorting strikes on Truk and targets around Japan till after VJ day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '812', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/812_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "812 Naval Air Squadron was a Naval Air Squadron of the British Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm , which was active between 1933 and 1956 , and saw service in World War II and the Korean War ."}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda', 'summary': "The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation . It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) to be fabricated entirely from metal . The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes . Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type , the Rolls-Royce Exe , being cancelled ; it was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine . On 7 December 1940 the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight ; early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered . However , the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine , while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine . The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA ; in addition to Fairey 's own production line , Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft , Boulton Paul , and Westland Aircraft . The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict , being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans , Italians , and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war . One of the Barracuda 's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944 . In addition to the FAA , the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy , the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force . Following its withdrawal from service during the 1950s , no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers , although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction ."}]}, {'value': 'Vengeance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1945 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'At sea on VJ Day en route to Taiwan , as part of Task Group ( TG ) 111.2 , 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron , diverted to Hong Kong arriving 29 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': '814', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/814_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '814 Naval Air Squadron or 814 NAS , nicknamed the Flying Tigers , is a squadron of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . It is currently equipped with the AgustaWestland Merlin HM2 anti-submarine warfare helicopter and is based at Royal Naval Air Station ( RNAS ) Culdrose in Cornwall . The squadron was formed in December 1938 and has been disbanded and reformed several times .'}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda', 'summary': "The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation . It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) to be fabricated entirely from metal . The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes . Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type , the Rolls-Royce Exe , being cancelled ; it was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine . On 7 December 1940 the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight ; early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered . However , the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine , while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine . The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA ; in addition to Fairey 's own production line , Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft , Boulton Paul , and Westland Aircraft . The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict , being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans , Italians , and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war . One of the Barracuda 's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944 . In addition to the FAA , the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy , the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force . Following its withdrawal from service during the 1950s , no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers , although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction ."}]}, {'value': 'Venerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 1945 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th Carrier Air Group , saw no action', 'urls': []}, {'value': '820', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/820_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '820 Naval Air Squadron is a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier based squadron formed at RAF Gosport on 3 April 1933 with the transferral of the Fairey III aircraft from 450 Flight and half of 445 Flight of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Air Force . It has operated , with a number of brief gaps , up to the present day and continues in service , flying the AgustaWestland Merlin HM.2 from RNAS Culdrose .'}]}, {'value': 'Avenger I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked November 1944 with 849 squadron , and took part', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'With No 2 Strike Wing for attacks on oil refineries at Palembang , Sumatra and Sakashima Gunto islands ; from June 1945 with 7th Carrier Air Group for strikes around Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palembang', 'summary': "Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ palɛmˈbaŋ ] ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres ( 142.56 square miles ) of land on both banks of Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra , with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014 . Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra , after Medan , the ninth most populous city in Indonesia , and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia . The Palembang metropolitan area comprises part of regencies surrounding the city such as Banyuasin , Ogan Ilir , and Ogan Komering Ilir , with a total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015 . Palembang is the one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia . It was once the capital city of Srivijaya , a powerful Buddhist kingdom that ruled many parts of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes , especially in the Strait of Malacca . The earliest evidence of the city 's existence dates from the 7th century ; a Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months . The first inscription in which Srivijaya was mentioned , Kedukan Bukit Inscription which was found in the city also dates from the 7th century . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolishment of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906 . Palembang is mostly known by many Indonesians for Ampera Bridge , the city main landmark and pempek , one of Indonesian famous snack hailed from the city . Palembang is the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Iceberg', 'summary': 'The Battle of Okinawa ( Japanese : 沖縄戦 , Hepburn : Okinawa-sen ) ( Okinawan : 沖縄戦 , romanized : Uchinaa ikusa ) , codenamed Operation Iceberg , was a major battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Marine and Army forces against the Imperial Japanese Army . The initial invasion of Okinawa on April 1 , 1945 , was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II . The 82-day battle lasted from April 1 until June 22 , 1945 . After a long campaign of island hopping , the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall , the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands , 340 mi ( 550 km ) away . The United States created the Tenth Army , a cross-branch force consisting of the 7th , 27th , 77th , and 96th infantry divisions of the US Army with the 1st , 2nd , and 6th divisions of the Marine Corps , to fight on the island . The Tenth was unique in that it had its own tactical air force ( joint Army-Marine command ) , and was also supported by combined naval and amphibious forces . The battle has been referred to as the typhoon of steel in English , and tetsu no ame ( rain of steel ) or tetsu no bōfū ( violent wind of steel ) in Japanese . The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting , the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks , and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island . The battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific , with approximately 160,000 casualties on both sides : at least 75,000 Allied and 84,166-117,000 Japanese , including drafted Okinawans wearing Japanese uniforms . 149,425 Okinawans were killed , committed suicide or went missing , a significant proportion of the estimated pre-war 300,000 local population . In the naval operations surrounding the battle , both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft , including the Japanese battleship Yamato . After the battle , Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage , troop staging areas , and airfields in proximity to Japan in preparation for a planned invasion .'}]}, {'value': '827', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/827_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "827 Naval Air Squadron was an aircraft squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm during the Second World War . It operated Fairey Barracudas starting in May 1943 , becoming the first squadron to receive Barracudas in any substantial number . Postwar it initially operated the Blackburn Firebrand strike fighter . from 1954-1958 827sqn operated westland wyverns"}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda', 'summary': "The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation . It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) to be fabricated entirely from metal . The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes . Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type , the Rolls-Royce Exe , being cancelled ; it was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine . On 7 December 1940 the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight ; early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered . However , the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine , while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine . The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA ; in addition to Fairey 's own production line , Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft , Boulton Paul , and Westland Aircraft . The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict , being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans , Italians , and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war . One of the Barracuda 's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944 . In addition to the FAA , the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy , the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force . Following its withdrawal from service during the 1950s , no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers , although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction ."}]}, {'value': 'Colossus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked for BPF January 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated in the Indian Ocean from June 1945 until VJ-Day ( BPF service unclear )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '828', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/828_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '828 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier based squadron formed in September 1940 as a torpedo spotter reconnaissance squadron . It operated in a number of the theatres of the Second World War , carrying out a number of attacks on enemy targets including the Tirpitz in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda I , II & III Avenger II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda', 'summary': "The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation . It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) to be fabricated entirely from metal . The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes . Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type , the Rolls-Royce Exe , being cancelled ; it was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine . On 7 December 1940 the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight ; early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered . However , the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine , while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine . The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA ; in addition to Fairey 's own production line , Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft , Boulton Paul , and Westland Aircraft . The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict , being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans , Italians , and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war . One of the Barracuda 's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944 . In addition to the FAA , the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy , the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force . Following its withdrawal from service during the 1950s , no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers , although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Implacable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From June 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of 8th Carrier Air Group , involved in attacks on Truk and Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon', 'summary': "Chuuk Lagoon ( also previously known as Truk Lagoon ) is a sheltered body of water in the central Pacific . About 1,800 kilometres ( 1,100 miles ) north-east of New Guinea , it is located mid-ocean at 7 degrees North latitude , and is part of Chuuk State within the Federated States of Micronesia . The atoll consists of a protective reef , 225 kilometres ( 140 mi ) around , enclosing a natural harbour 79 by 50 kilometres ( 49 by 31 miles ) , with an area of 2,130 square kilometres ( 820 square miles ) . It has a land area of 93.07 square kilometres ( 35.93 square miles ) , with a population of 36,158 people and a maximal height of 443 m. Weno city on Moen Island functions as the atoll 's capital and also as the state capital and is the largest city in the FSM with its 13,700 people ."}]}, {'value': '837', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/837_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "837 Naval Air Squadron ( 837 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda', 'summary': "The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation . It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) to be fabricated entirely from metal . The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes . Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type , the Rolls-Royce Exe , being cancelled ; it was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine . On 7 December 1940 the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight ; early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered . However , the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine , while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine . The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA ; in addition to Fairey 's own production line , Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft , Boulton Paul , and Westland Aircraft . The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict , being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea , and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans , Italians , and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war . One of the Barracuda 's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944 . In addition to the FAA , the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy , the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force . Following its withdrawal from service during the 1950s , no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers , although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction ."}]}, {'value': 'Glory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked April 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of 16th Carrier Air Group but saw no action before VJ-Day ; covered Japanese surrender at Rabaul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabaul', 'summary': 'Rabaul is a township in East New Britain province , on the island of New Britain , in the country of Papua New Guinea . It lies about 600 kilometres to the east of the island of New Guinea . Rabaul was the provincial capital and most important settlement in the province until it was destroyed in 1994 by falling ash from a volcanic eruption in its harbor . During the eruption ash was sent thousands of metres into the air , and the subsequent rain of ash caused 80% of the buildings in Rabaul to collapse . After the eruption the capital was moved to Kokopo , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away . Rabaul is continually threatened by volcanic activity because it is on the edge of the Rabaul caldera , a flooded caldera of a large pyroclastic shield . Rabaul was planned and built around the harbor area known as Simpsonhafen ( Simpson Harbour ) during the German New Guinea administration which controlled the region between 1884 and formally through 1919 . From 1910 Rabaul was the headquarters of German New Guinea until it was captured by the British Empire during the early days of World War I . It became the capital of the Australian mandated Territory of New Guinea until 1937 , when it was first destroyed by a volcano . During World War II it was captured by Japan in 1942 , and became its main base of military and naval activity in the South Pacific . Settlements and military installations around the edge of the caldera are often collectively called Rabaul , although the old town of Rabaul was reduced to practical insignificance by the volcanic eruption in 1937 . As a tourist destination , Rabaul is popular for its volcanoes , scuba diving and for snorkeling sites , spectacular harbour and other scenery , World War II history , flora and fauna , and the cultural life of the Tolai people .'}]}, {'value': '848', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/848_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '848 Naval Air Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . It operated the Westland Sea King HC.4 helicopter and previously provided advanced flying training to pilots for the other squadrons in the Commando Helicopter Force . The squadron was based at RNAS Yeovilton in Somerset and was decommissioned on 24 March 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Avenger I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Formidable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 1945 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Participated in strikes against Sakishima Gunto Island airfields and shore targets and on Formosa ; in early June 1945 joined the 2nd Carrier Air Group for strikes on Japan in July', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Operation_Iceberg', 'summary': 'The Battle of Okinawa ( Japanese : 沖縄戦 , Hepburn : Okinawa-sen ) ( Okinawan : 沖縄戦 , romanized : Uchinaa ikusa ) , codenamed Operation Iceberg , was a major battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Marine and Army forces against the Imperial Japanese Army . The initial invasion of Okinawa on April 1 , 1945 , was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II . The 82-day battle lasted from April 1 until June 22 , 1945 . After a long campaign of island hopping , the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall , the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands , 340 mi ( 550 km ) away . The United States created the Tenth Army , a cross-branch force consisting of the 7th , 27th , 77th , and 96th infantry divisions of the US Army with the 1st , 2nd , and 6th divisions of the Marine Corps , to fight on the island . The Tenth was unique in that it had its own tactical air force ( joint Army-Marine command ) , and was also supported by combined naval and amphibious forces . The battle has been referred to as the typhoon of steel in English , and tetsu no ame ( rain of steel ) or tetsu no bōfū ( violent wind of steel ) in Japanese . The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting , the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks , and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island . The battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific , with approximately 160,000 casualties on both sides : at least 75,000 Allied and 84,166-117,000 Japanese , including drafted Okinawans wearing Japanese uniforms . 149,425 Okinawans were killed , committed suicide or went missing , a significant proportion of the estimated pre-war 300,000 local population . In the naval operations surrounding the battle , both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft , including the Japanese battleship Yamato . After the battle , Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage , troop staging areas , and airfields in proximity to Japan in preparation for a planned invasion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Formosa', 'summary': "Taiwan , officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , is an island state in East Asia . The main island of Taiwan , known historically in English as Formosa , makes up 99% of the area controlled by the ROC , measuring 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) and lying some 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) across the Taiwan Strait from the southeastern coast of mainland China . The East China Sea lies to its north , the Philippine Sea to its east , the Luzon Strait directly to its south and the South China Sea to its southwest . Smaller islands include a number in the Taiwan Strait including the Penghu archipelago , the Kinmen and Matsu Islands near the Chinese coast , and some of the South China Sea Islands . The main island is a tilted fault block , characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds , consisting mostly of five rugged mountain ranges parallel to the east coast , and the flat to gently rolling plains of the western third , where the majority of Taiwan 's population reside . There are several peaks over 3,500 m , the highest being Yu Shan at 3,952 m ( 12,966 ft ) , making Taiwan the world 's fourth-highest island . The tectonic boundary that formed these ranges is still active , and the island experiences many earthquakes , a few of them highly destructive . There are also many active submarine volcanoes in the Taiwan Straits . The climate ranges from tropical in the south to subtropical in the north , and is governed by the East Asian Monsoon . The main island is struck by an average of four typhoons in each year . The eastern mountains are heavily forested and home to a diverse range of wildlife , while land use in the western and northern lowlands is intensive ."}]}, {'value': '849', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/849_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "849 Naval Air Squadron is a squadron of the Fleet Air Arm , the Air Arm of the British Royal Navy . It was formed during the Second World War as a carrier based torpedo-bomber , unit , flying missions against Japanese targets in the Far East . Its service since the Second World War has been as an airborne early warning squadron , flying fixed winged Skyraiders and Gannets from the Royal Navy 's fixed wing carriers from 1952 until 1978 , and airborne early warning Sea King helicopters from 1982 to 2018 . The Squadron is currently undergoing a transition to operating Crowsnest , which will operate on Merlin Mk2s ."}]}, {'value': 'Avenger I & II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorious', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1944 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of No 2 Naval Strike Wing for raids on Pangkalan Brandon and Palembang oil refineries , Sumatra in January 1945 ; strikes on the Sakashima Gunto islands and Formosa , strikes in July 1945 Japan , near Tokyo , where an 849 aircraft scored the first bomb hit on the carrier Kaiyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaiyo', 'summary': 'Kaiyō ( 海鷹 , meaning Sea Hawk ) was an escort carrier operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II . The ship was originally built as the ocean liner Argentina Maru . She was purchased by the IJN on 9 December 1942 , converted into an escort carrier , and renamed Kaiyō . The ship was primarily used as an aircraft transport , escort carrier and training ship during the war . She was badly damaged by repeated air attacks in July 1945 and was scrapped in 1946-48 .'}]}, {'value': '854', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/854_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '854 Naval Air Squadron was first formed on 1 January 1944 , at Squantum Naval Air Station in the United States . It was disbanded in December 1945 , and reformed December 2006 as a helicopter squadron designed for Airborne Surveillance and Control .'}]}, {'value': 'Avenger I , II & III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Illustrious', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1944 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Participated in strikes on Belawan Deli and Palembang ; then took part in attacks on the Sakishima Gunto Islands ; in July 1945 joined 3rd Carrier Air Group and saw no further action', 'urls': []}, {'value': '857', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/857_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '857 Naval Air Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . It was first formed on 1 April 1944 at Squantum NAS in the United States as a torpedo reconnaissance unit with Grumman Avenger IIs . It reformed in its present state on 13 December 2006 , when 849 Naval Air Squadron B Flight recommissioned as 857 Naval Air Squadron .'}]}, {'value': 'Avenger I & II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger', 'summary': 'The Grumman TBF Avenger ( designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors ) is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world . The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942 , and first saw action during the Battle of Midway . Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut , it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II . Greatly modified after the war , it remained in use until the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Indomitable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1944 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joined in attacks on Belawan Deli , Pangkalan Brandan and Palembang in December 1944 and January 1945 ; later 2 months continuous attacks on Sakishima Gunto islands and Formosa ; no further action before VJ-Day , but subsequently combatted Japanese suicide boats on 31 August and 1 September 1945 near Hong Kong', 'urls': []}, {'value': '880', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/880_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "880 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier based squadron formed in January 1941 . The squadron served throughout the Second World War being embarked in the carriers HMS Furious , Indomitable , Argus and Implacable serving off East Africa , in the Mediterranean , off Norway and in the Far East . 880 Squadron was disbanded two weeks after VJ day at the Mobile Naval Air Base HMS Nabswick at Schofields , Sydney , Australia . The squadron was re-formed as an anti-submarine squadron of the Royal Canadian Navy in May 1951 and was renamed VS-880 following the USN naming convention in 1952 . In March 1975 its role was significantly altered and the squadron was re-designated as 880 Maritime Reconnaissance Squadron under which name it served until CFB Summerside was closed in 1990 . From 1981 onwards 880 Squadron provided support for Fisheries and Oceans Canada , the government department responsible for managing Canada 's ocean resources . 880 's CP-121 Trackers were used to patrol Georges Bank and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to monitor foreign fishing fleets . The squadron has never been officially disbanded and still exists as a zero strength unit ."}]}, {'value': 'Seafire L.III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire', 'summary': "The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane , a navalised version of the Spitfire 's stablemate , the Hawker Hurricane . The name Seafire had been derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire . The idea of adopting a navalised carrier-capable version of the Supermarine Spitfire had been mooted by the Admiralty as early as May 1938 . Despite a pressing need to replace various types of obsolete aircraft that were still in operation with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) , some opposed the notion , such as Winston Churchill , although these disputes were often a result of an overriding priority being placed on maximising production of land-based Spitfires instead . During 1941 and early 1942 , the concept was again pushed for by the Admiralty , culminating in an initial batch of Seafire Mk Ib fighters being provided in late 1941 , which were mainly used for pilots to gain experience operating the type at sea . While there were concerns over the low strength of its undercarriage , which had not been strengthened like many naval aircraft would have been , its performance was found to be acceptable . From 1942 onwards , further Seafire models were quickly ordered , including the first operationally-viable Seafire F Mk III variant . This led to the type rapidly spreading throughout the FAA . In November 1942 , the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch , the Allied landings in North Africa . In July 1943 , the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy . During 1944 , the type was again used in quantity to provide aerial support to Allied ground forces during the Normandy landings and Operation Dragoon in Southern France ."}]}, {'value': 'Implacable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked March 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escorted attacks on Truk island in June 1945 ; at end June merged into the new 8th Carrier Air Group ; joined attacks in Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '885', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/885_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "885 Naval Air Squadron ( 885 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Hellcat I & II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat', 'summary': "The Grumman F6F Hellcat is an American carrier-based fighter aircraft of World War II . Designed to replace the earlier F4F Wildcat and to counter the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero , it was the United States Navy 's dominant fighter in the second half of the Pacific War , outdueling the faster Vought F4U Corsair , which had problems with carrier landings . Powered by a 2,000 hp ( 1,500 kW ) Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp , the same powerplant used for both the Corsair and the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters , the F6F was an entirely new design , but it still resembled the Wildcat in many ways . Some military observers tagged the Hellcat as the Wildcat 's big brother . The F6F made its combat debut in September 1943 , and was best known for its role as a rugged , well-designed carrier fighter , which was able to outperform the A6M Zero and help secure air superiority over the Pacific theater . A total of 12,275 were built in just over two years . Hellcats were credited with destroying a total of 5,223 enemy aircraft while in service with the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . [ Note 2 ] This was more than any other Allied naval aircraft . Postwar , the Hellcat was phased out of front-line service , but remained in service as late as 1954 as a night fighter ."}]}, {'value': 'Ruler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked December 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Provided fighter cover for the Fleet ; aircraft re-equipped June 1945 , but saw no more action before VJ-Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '887', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/887_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "887 Naval Air Squadron ( 887 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm . The squadron formed at Lee-on-Solent in May 1942 as a Fleet Fighter squadron with 6 Fulmar IIs . In April 1943 the squadron , now equipped with 9 Seafire IICs , embarked on HMS Unicorn for Malta convoy duties , and subsequently taking part in the landings at Salerno in September 1943 . In October 1943 the squadron joined the 24th Naval Fighter Wing , and embarked on HMS Indefatigable in July 1944 to provide fighter cover during the Operation Mascot dive-bombing attack on the German battleship Tirpitz in Kaa Fjord , North Norway . In October 1944 the squadron operated from HMS Implacable . The squadron embarked again on HMS Indefatigable in November for the Far East , and took part in the attack on the oil refineries at Palembang , Sumatra in January 1945 . It subsequently was involved in strikes on the Sakashima Gunto islands . June 1945 was spent at Schofields , the squadron re-embarking on HMS Indefatigable in July and was involved in strikes around Tokyo just before VJ-Day , with 887 squadron Seafire NN212 coded 112/S flown by Sub Lt GJ Murphy shooting down 2 Japanese A6M in flames , at Odaki Bay on 15 August 1945 , whilst escorting Avengers to Kisarazu airfield , 30 miles south of Tokyo . The ship and squadrons finally returned to the UK in March 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Seafire F.III & L.III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire', 'summary': "The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane , a navalised version of the Spitfire 's stablemate , the Hawker Hurricane . The name Seafire had been derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire . The idea of adopting a navalised carrier-capable version of the Supermarine Spitfire had been mooted by the Admiralty as early as May 1938 . Despite a pressing need to replace various types of obsolete aircraft that were still in operation with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) , some opposed the notion , such as Winston Churchill , although these disputes were often a result of an overriding priority being placed on maximising production of land-based Spitfires instead . During 1941 and early 1942 , the concept was again pushed for by the Admiralty , culminating in an initial batch of Seafire Mk Ib fighters being provided in late 1941 , which were mainly used for pilots to gain experience operating the type at sea . While there were concerns over the low strength of its undercarriage , which had not been strengthened like many naval aircraft would have been , its performance was found to be acceptable . From 1942 onwards , further Seafire models were quickly ordered , including the first operationally-viable Seafire F Mk III variant . This led to the type rapidly spreading throughout the FAA . In November 1942 , the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch , the Allied landings in North Africa . In July 1943 , the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy . During 1944 , the type was again used in quantity to provide aerial support to Allied ground forces during the Normandy landings and Operation Dragoon in Southern France ."}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked November 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Took part in attack on oil refineries at Palembang , Sumatra in January 1945 ; strikes on the Sakashima Gunto islands ; strikes around Tokyo just before VJ-Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '888', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/888_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "888 Naval Air Squadron ( 888 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Hellcat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat', 'summary': "The Grumman F6F Hellcat is an American carrier-based fighter aircraft of World War II . Designed to replace the earlier F4F Wildcat and to counter the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero , it was the United States Navy 's dominant fighter in the second half of the Pacific War , outdueling the faster Vought F4U Corsair , which had problems with carrier landings . Powered by a 2,000 hp ( 1,500 kW ) Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp , the same powerplant used for both the Corsair and the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters , the F6F was an entirely new design , but it still resembled the Wildcat in many ways . Some military observers tagged the Hellcat as the Wildcat 's big brother . The F6F made its combat debut in September 1943 , and was best known for its role as a rugged , well-designed carrier fighter , which was able to outperform the A6M Zero and help secure air superiority over the Pacific theater . A total of 12,275 were built in just over two years . Hellcats were credited with destroying a total of 5,223 enemy aircraft while in service with the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm . [ Note 2 ] This was more than any other Allied naval aircraft . Postwar , the Hellcat was phased out of front-line service , but remained in service as late as 1954 as a night fighter ."}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Until January 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operations over Sumatra , then remained in Ceylon when BPF departed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '894', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/894_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "894 Naval Air Squadron ( 894 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Seafire L.III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire', 'summary': "The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane , a navalised version of the Spitfire 's stablemate , the Hawker Hurricane . The name Seafire had been derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire . The idea of adopting a navalised carrier-capable version of the Supermarine Spitfire had been mooted by the Admiralty as early as May 1938 . Despite a pressing need to replace various types of obsolete aircraft that were still in operation with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) , some opposed the notion , such as Winston Churchill , although these disputes were often a result of an overriding priority being placed on maximising production of land-based Spitfires instead . During 1941 and early 1942 , the concept was again pushed for by the Admiralty , culminating in an initial batch of Seafire Mk Ib fighters being provided in late 1941 , which were mainly used for pilots to gain experience operating the type at sea . While there were concerns over the low strength of its undercarriage , which had not been strengthened like many naval aircraft would have been , its performance was found to be acceptable . From 1942 onwards , further Seafire models were quickly ordered , including the first operationally-viable Seafire F Mk III variant . This led to the type rapidly spreading throughout the FAA . In November 1942 , the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch , the Allied landings in North Africa . In July 1943 , the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy . During 1944 , the type was again used in quantity to provide aerial support to Allied ground forces during the Normandy landings and Operation Dragoon in Southern France ."}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked November 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Took part in operations against Palembang oil refineries in Sumatra , January 1945 ; in March and April 1945 attacked targets in the Sakishima Gunto islands , and then attacked the Japanese mainland just prior to VJ-Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '899', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/899_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': '899 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Aircraft carrier based squadron . Latterly it was the Sea Harrier training squadron based at RNAS Yeovilton . 899 Naval Air Squadron was reformed in 1979 as the training squadron for the Sea Harrier . It was initially based at RNAS Yeovilton ( HMS Heron ) until it was decommissioned in 2005 prior to the Stand up of 800 Naval Air Squadron GR7 at RAF Cottesmore .'}]}, {'value': 'Seafire L.III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire', 'summary': "The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane , a navalised version of the Spitfire 's stablemate , the Hawker Hurricane . The name Seafire had been derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire . The idea of adopting a navalised carrier-capable version of the Supermarine Spitfire had been mooted by the Admiralty as early as May 1938 . Despite a pressing need to replace various types of obsolete aircraft that were still in operation with the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) , some opposed the notion , such as Winston Churchill , although these disputes were often a result of an overriding priority being placed on maximising production of land-based Spitfires instead . During 1941 and early 1942 , the concept was again pushed for by the Admiralty , culminating in an initial batch of Seafire Mk Ib fighters being provided in late 1941 , which were mainly used for pilots to gain experience operating the type at sea . While there were concerns over the low strength of its undercarriage , which had not been strengthened like many naval aircraft would have been , its performance was found to be acceptable . From 1942 onwards , further Seafire models were quickly ordered , including the first operationally-viable Seafire F Mk III variant . This led to the type rapidly spreading throughout the FAA . In November 1942 , the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch , the Allied landings in North Africa . In July 1943 , the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy . During 1944 , the type was again used in quantity to provide aerial support to Allied ground forces during the Normandy landings and Operation Dragoon in Southern France ."}]}, {'value': 'Seafire pool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked Chaser February 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Chaser_(D32)', 'summary': "USS Breton ( CVE-10 ) ( originally AVG-10 then later ACV-10 ) was a Bogue-class escort carrier that served during World War II as the British Attacker-class escort carrier HMS Chaser ( D32 ) . She was laid down on 28 June 1941 under Maritime Commission contract at Pascagoula , Mississippi by Ingalls Shipbuilding . The ship was commissioned by the United States Navy on 9 April 1943 and simultaneously transferred via the Lend-Lease program to the United Kingdom . That same day , the ship was renamed HMS Chaser and commissioned by the Royal Navy . Chaser was assigned to convoy escort on Arctic routes , assisting in the sinking of U-472 on 4 March 1944 and U-366 and U-973 in the next two days . From March to August 1945 was part of the British Pacific Fleet attached to the 30th Aircraft Carrier Squadron . The carrier was returned to United States ' custody 12 May 1946 and sold into merchant service 20 December 1946 as Aagtekerk . The ship was renamed E Yung in 1967 . The ship had a serious fire in # 2 hold on 3 December 1972 and was scrapped at Kaohsiung , Taiwan soon thereafter ."}]}, {'value': 'Operational Training squadron , was on HMS Arbiter on VJ-Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1770', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1770_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "1770 Naval Air Squadron ( 1770 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm . It formed at RNAS Yeovilton ( HMS Heron ) on 10 September 1943 as a two-seat fighter squadron and embarked on HMS Indefatigable in May 1944 . It took part in several attacks on the German Battleship Tirpitz and other operations in Norwegian waters before sailing for the Far East . In 1945 , as part of the British Pacific Fleet , the squadron took part in attacks on Sumatra , Sakishima Gunto and Formosa . It disembarked to Australia in June 1945 and then disbanded on 30 September 1945 at RAAF Maryborough ( HMS Nabstock ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Firefly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Firefly', 'summary': 'The Fairey Firefly was a Second World War-era carrier-borne fighter aircraft and anti-submarine aircraft principally operated by the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) . It was developed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Fairey Aviation Company . Development of the Firefly can be traced back to pair of specifications issued by the British Air Ministry in 1938 , calling for new naval fighter designs . Designed to the contemporary FAA concept of a two-seat fleet reconnaissance/fighter , the pilot and navigator/weapons officer were positioned at separate stations . In flight , the Firefly was superior in terms of both performance and firepower to its predecessor , the Fairey Fulmar . Due to a protracted development , the type only entered operational service towards the end of the conflict , at which point it was no longer competitive as a fighter . The limitations of a single engine in a relatively heavy airframe reduced its performance , but the Firefly proved to be fairly sturdy , long-ranged , and docile aircraft during carrier operations . The Fairey Firefly served in the Second World War as a fleet fighter . During the post-war era , it was soon superseded in the fighter role by the arrival of more modern jet aircraft , thus the Firefly was adapted to perform in other roles , including strike operations and anti-submarine warfare . In these capacities , it remained a mainstay of the FAA until the mid-1950s . Both British and Australian Fireflies routinely performed ground-attack operations from various aircraft carriers during the Korean War . In foreign service , the type was in operation with the naval air arms of Australia , Canada , India and the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embarked HMS Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1944 the squadron embarked on HMS Indefatigable for the Far East , where it took part in the attack on the oil refineries at Palembang , Sumatra in January 1945 . It subsequently was involved in strikes on the Sakashima Gunto islands , and against Formosa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1771', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1771_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "1771 Naval Air Squadron ( 1771 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm . The squadron was the first British & Commonwealth unit to fly over Japan in World War 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Firefly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Firefly', 'summary': 'The Fairey Firefly was a Second World War-era carrier-borne fighter aircraft and anti-submarine aircraft principally operated by the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) . It was developed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Fairey Aviation Company . Development of the Firefly can be traced back to pair of specifications issued by the British Air Ministry in 1938 , calling for new naval fighter designs . Designed to the contemporary FAA concept of a two-seat fleet reconnaissance/fighter , the pilot and navigator/weapons officer were positioned at separate stations . In flight , the Firefly was superior in terms of both performance and firepower to its predecessor , the Fairey Fulmar . Due to a protracted development , the type only entered operational service towards the end of the conflict , at which point it was no longer competitive as a fighter . The limitations of a single engine in a relatively heavy airframe reduced its performance , but the Firefly proved to be fairly sturdy , long-ranged , and docile aircraft during carrier operations . The Fairey Firefly served in the Second World War as a fleet fighter . During the post-war era , it was soon superseded in the fighter role by the arrival of more modern jet aircraft , thus the Firefly was adapted to perform in other roles , including strike operations and anti-submarine warfare . In these capacities , it remained a mainstay of the FAA until the mid-1950s . Both British and Australian Fireflies routinely performed ground-attack operations from various aircraft carriers during the Korean War . In foreign service , the type was in operation with the naval air arms of Australia , Canada , India and the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Implacable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March to September 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-embarked as part of the 8th Carrier Air Group to take part in the attacks on Truk in June 1945 , and subsequently attacks on the Japanese mainland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1772', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1772_Naval_Air_Squadron', 'summary': "1772 Naval Air Squadron ( 1772 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}]}, {'value': 'Firefly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairey_Firefly', 'summary': 'The Fairey Firefly was a Second World War-era carrier-borne fighter aircraft and anti-submarine aircraft principally operated by the Fleet Air Arm ( FAA ) . It was developed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Fairey Aviation Company . Development of the Firefly can be traced back to pair of specifications issued by the British Air Ministry in 1938 , calling for new naval fighter designs . Designed to the contemporary FAA concept of a two-seat fleet reconnaissance/fighter , the pilot and navigator/weapons officer were positioned at separate stations . In flight , the Firefly was superior in terms of both performance and firepower to its predecessor , the Fairey Fulmar . Due to a protracted development , the type only entered operational service towards the end of the conflict , at which point it was no longer competitive as a fighter . The limitations of a single engine in a relatively heavy airframe reduced its performance , but the Firefly proved to be fairly sturdy , long-ranged , and docile aircraft during carrier operations . The Fairey Firefly served in the Second World War as a fleet fighter . During the post-war era , it was soon superseded in the fighter role by the arrival of more modern jet aircraft , thus the Firefly was adapted to perform in other roles , including strike operations and anti-submarine warfare . In these capacities , it remained a mainstay of the FAA until the mid-1950s . Both British and Australian Fireflies routinely performed ground-attack operations from various aircraft carriers during the Korean War . In foreign service , the type was in operation with the naval air arms of Australia , Canada , India and the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Indefatigable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1945 onwards till V-J Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strikes against the Japanese mainland', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Order of battle -- Fleet Air Arm Squadrons', 'section_text': 'See also : List of Fleet Air Arm groups', 'uid': 'British_Pacific_Fleet_0', 'intro': "The British Pacific Fleet (BPF) was a Royal Navy formation which saw action against Japan during the Second World War. The fleet was composed of British Commonwealth naval vessels. The BPF formally came into being on 22 November 1944 from the remaining ships of the former Eastern Fleet then being re-designated the East Indies Fleet and continuing to be based in Trincomalee. The British Pacific Fleet's main base was at Sydney, Australia, with a forward base at Manus Island. One of the largest fleets ever assembled by the Royal Navy, by VJ Day it had four battleships and six fleet aircraft carriers, fifteen smaller aircraft carriers, eleven cruisers, and numerous smaller warships, submarines, and support vessels."}	null	null	What are the notes of the aircraft type that was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily ?	Operational Training squadron , was on HMS Arbiter on VJ-Day
05fadbbff85fd3fd	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites', 'title': 'List of Michigan State Historic Sites', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'City', 'Listing date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brown Trout Informational Designation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_Trout', 'summary': 'The brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally . It includes purely freshwater populations , referred to as the riverine ecotype , Salmo trutta morpha fario , a lacustrine ecotype , S. trutta morpha lacustris , also called the lake trout , and anadromous forms known as the sea trout , S. trutta morpha trutta . The latter migrates to the oceans for much of its life and returns to fresh water only to spawn . Sea trout in Ireland and Britain have many regional names : sewin in Wales , finnock in Scotland , peal in the West Country , mort in North West England , and white trout in Ireland . The lacustrine morph of brown trout is most usually potamodromous , migrating from lakes into rivers or streams to spawn , although evidence indicates some stocks spawn on wind-swept shorelines of lakes . S. trutta morpha fario forms stream-resident populations , typically in alpine streams , but sometimes in larger rivers . Anadromous and nonanadromous morphs coexisting in the same river appear genetically identical . What determines whether or not they migrate remains unknown .'}]}, {'value': '2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Baldwin on M-37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-37_(Michigan_highway)', 'summary': "M-37 is a north-south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The southern terminus is near the border between Kalamazoo and Calhoun counties at exit 92 of Interstate 94 ( I-94 ) southwest of Battle Creek . The northern terminus is at the Mission Point Light on Old Mission Point in Grand Traverse County . In between , the highway connects Battle Creek , Grand Rapids and Traverse City . Motorists will travel through agricultural land , forests , suburbs and large cities along the way . The section of M-37 on the Old Mission Peninsula was designated what is now a Pure Michigan Scenic Byway in 2008 . Originally named the Muskegon , Grand Traverse and Northport State Road , and later the Newaygo and Northport State Road , today 's modern highway can be traced back to the 19th century and earlier . The southernmost section between Grand Rapids and Battle Creek parallels an early Indian trail . The modern highway was formed by July 1 , 1919 along this segment . By the 1940s , a second section of highway was designated M-37 , creating a gap between it and the original section . This gap was eliminated in the 1950s , completing the M-37 corridor in the state . Additional changes to the routing were made through the Grand Rapids area into the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Baldwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baldwin,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Baldwin is a village in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,208 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County . The village is located on the boundary between Webber Township on the north and Pleasant Plains Township on the south , with the larger portion lying in Pleasant Plains .'}]}, {'value': 'February 15 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild Informational Designation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': 'US-10 and South Broadway Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild Lot Owners Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Drive and Glade Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Island / The Flamingo Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1002 Martin Luther King Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake County Informational Designation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,539 . The county seat is Baldwin .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake County Courthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baldwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baldwin,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Baldwin is a village in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,208 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County . The village is located on the boundary between Webber Township on the north and Pleasant Plains Township on the south , with the larger portion lying in Pleasant Plains .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlborough Historic District †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlborough_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Marlborough Historic District is a cement factory located on James Road in Pleasant Plains Township , Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlborough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shrine of the Pines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Pines', 'summary': "Shrine of the Pines is a property south of Baldwin , Michigan on highway M-37 . It is significant for its collection of early 20th-century American craft furniture . Created by Raymond W. Overholzer over the course of nearly 30 years from the early 1920s until his death in 1952 , the collection was intended as a memorial to the eastern white pine which had been logged to near extinction in northern Michigan . The property , which includes the original log cabin built as a gallery space to house the furniture collection , along with the furniture was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on July 20 , 1982 . Overholzer , a native of Ohio , moved to the community of Marlborough , Michigan with his wife in 1920 during the era of extensive logging . An avid hunter and taxidermist , Overholzer regularly wandered what is now Manistee National Forest hunting game that he would later mount . Deeply concerned that the white pine had been ravaged throughout the area , he began collecting stumps and roots that remained from the logging activity , initially crafting them into mirror frames and bases for his taxidermy . By 1939 Overholzer 's collection of handcrafted items , made majoritively of found white pine pieces , had grown so large that he and three lumberman constructed a cabin as a gallery space . The cabin was given the name Shrine of the Pines , memorializing what had been Michigan 's greatest natural resource . The cabin was opened to the public , and Overholzer continued to work tirelessly , adding to the collection which numbered 201 pieces at the time of his death . The collection includes a dining table and seating for ten , a buffet and a side tables , beds for guests , a game table with five club chairs , rocking chair with an accompanying ottoman , a pair of fireplace chairs , a revolving gun rack , etc . The dining table was made of one 700-pound root , with over 60 inlays in its surface ."}]}, {'value': 'M-37 , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of Baldwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-37_(Michigan_highway)', 'summary': "M-37 is a north-south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The southern terminus is near the border between Kalamazoo and Calhoun counties at exit 92 of Interstate 94 ( I-94 ) southwest of Battle Creek . The northern terminus is at the Mission Point Light on Old Mission Point in Grand Traverse County . In between , the highway connects Battle Creek , Grand Rapids and Traverse City . Motorists will travel through agricultural land , forests , suburbs and large cities along the way . The section of M-37 on the Old Mission Peninsula was designated what is now a Pure Michigan Scenic Byway in 2008 . Originally named the Muskegon , Grand Traverse and Northport State Road , and later the Newaygo and Northport State Road , today 's modern highway can be traced back to the 19th century and earlier . The southernmost section between Grand Rapids and Battle Creek parallels an early Indian trail . The modern highway was formed by July 1 , 1919 along this segment . By the 1940s , a second section of highway was designated M-37 , creating a gap between it and the original section . This gap was eliminated in the 1950s , completing the M-37 corridor in the state . Additional changes to the routing were made through the Grand Rapids area into the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Baldwin vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baldwin,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Baldwin is a village in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,208 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County . The village is located on the boundary between Webber Township on the north and Pleasant Plains Township on the south , with the larger portion lying in Pleasant Plains .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Hale Williams House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15712 Lake Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman & Lela Wilson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6583 Paradise Path', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild,_Michigan', 'summary': "Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township , located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County , a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan . During the first half of the 20th century , it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property , before discrimination was outlawed in 1964 through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The surrounding area is within Manistee National Forest . The community encompasses Lake Idlewild , and the headwaters of the Pere Marquette River extends throughout the region . Called the Black Eden of Michigan , from 1912 through the mid-1960s , Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country . At its peak , it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping , swimming , boating , fishing , hunting , horseback riding , roller skating , and night-time entertainment . When the 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up other resorts in many states to African-Americans , Idlewild 's boomtown period subsided . Though not quite a ghost town as claimed in the book Ghost Towns of Michigan , Chapter 7 , the population was under 1,000 in 2019 , and numerous buildings were vacant . The Idlewild African American Chamber of Commerce , founded in 2000 by John O. Meeks , continues to promote existing local businesses and seeking new ones . It is also striving to attract more visitors to the area , with events and other strategies , in hopes of resuscitating the once lively town ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Lake County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites_11', 'intro': "The following is a List of Michigan State Historic Sites. The register is maintained by the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office, which was established in the late 1960s after the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Sites marked with a dagger (†) are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan. Those with a double dagger (‡) are also designated National Historic Landmarks. As of June 2011, there were more than 2,700 total listings distributed through each of Michigan's 83 counties. In addition, several historical markers have been erected outside of Michigan."}	null	null	What is the 2019 inhabitant count of the city that is home to the Daniel Hale Williams House . ?	Under 1,000
05fcbf73e60e9cd0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_with_military_service_(W)', 'title': 'List of Members of the Canadian House of Commons with military service (W)', 'header': ['Name', 'Elected Party', 'Constituency', 'Elected date', 'Military service'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ian Grant Wahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Grant_Wahn', 'summary': "Ian Grant Wahn ( April 18 , 1916 - October 14 , 1999 ) was a Canadian politician and lawyer . He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Member of the Liberal Party in the riding of St. Paul 's in the 1962 election . He was re-elected in 1963 , 1965 , 1968 and defeated in 1972 . Prior to his federal political career , he was a captain in the Canadian Army ( Supplementary Reserve ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': "St. Paul 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Paul's_(electoral_district)", 'summary': "Toronto - St. Paul 's is a federal electoral district in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935 . Its current MP is Carolyn Bennett . Prior to the 2015 election , the riding was known as St. Paul 's . The small but densely populated riding covers the area to the north and northeast of Downtown Toronto ( often called Midtown Toronto ) . In the past , it had been considered a bellwether riding , having been represented by only three opposition MPs . However , like most Toronto-based ridings , the Liberals have dominated recent elections . Since the Liberals won all but one seat in Ontario in their 1993 landslide , they have won all but one election in St. Paul 's by 10,000 votes or more . As of 2015 , it includes the southern two-thirds of the wealthy Toronto neighbourhood of Forest Hill , plus the neighbourhoods of Deer Park , Davisville Village , Chaplin Estates , South Hill , Humewood-Cedarvale , the southern two-thirds of Fairbank , and the northern half of Summerhill ."}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'John Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Walker_(Canadian_politician)', 'summary': "John Walker ( January 24 , 1832 - August 14 , 1889 ) was a Scottish-born industrialist and political figure in Ontario . He represented London in the House of Commons of Canada in 1874 as a Liberal member . Born in Argyleshire , the son of John Walker and Mary McHardy , Walker was educated at the Stirling Academy and established himself in business in Leith and later Glasgow . He served as a member of the Queen 's Own Yeomanry Cavalry in Glasgow . In 1856 , he married Janet Machattie ; she died in 1863 . Walker came to Kent County , Canada West in 1864 , chosen by investors in Scotland to develop agricultural and oil interests on property formerly owned by George Brown . On his arrival , he was named magistrate . Walker raised a volunteer company during the Fenian raids and later reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the militia . In 1867 , he settled in London , Ontario , where he established a plant for the production of sulfuric acid and an oil refinery . For a time , he served as vice-president for the Canadian Pacific Railway . In 1868 , Walker married Laura , the daughter of Jacob Hespeler . Walker defeated John Carling in the 1874 federal election but , after his election was overturned on appeal , James Harshaw Fraser won the 1875 by-election that followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'London was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968 . It was located in the province of Ontario . It consisted initially of the City of London , Ontario . In 1914 , it was redefined to exclude parts of the former township of London , which was now a part of the city . In 1924 , it was redefined as consisting of that part of the city of London lying west of and south of a line following ( from the north ) Adelaide Street and Oxford Street , the east side of Wolsley Barracks area , Middleton Avenue , Glasgow Street , Lorne Avenue , Burbrook Place , Dundas Street , Swinyard Street , Pine Street , Elm Street , Trafalgar Street , Adelaide Street , the south branch of the River Thames , Beverly Street , and Wellington Street south to the south boundary of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Militia ( 1875-1884 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas George Wallace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_George_Wallace', 'summary': 'Thomas George Wallace ( May 7 , 1879 - February 20 , 1921 ) was a Canadian Member of Parliament for the Ontario ridings of York Centre and York West . Wallace was born in Ottawa , Ontario on May 7 , 1879 , and served as a private in the Royal Canadian Regiment during the Second Boer War , serving overseas in South Africa . He later worked as a merchant and miller before being elected to the House of Commons as a member of the Conservative Party for the riding of York Centre in the 1908 federal election . He was re-elected in 1911 . After the riding of York Centre was abolished in 1917 , Wallace was elected under the Unionist Party banner in the riding of York West in the election of that year . Thomas George Wallace died in office on February 20 , 1920 at the age of 41 .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'York Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_Centre', 'summary': 'York Centre ( French : York-Centre ) is a federal electoral district in Ontario , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1917 and since 1953 . As per the 2016 Census , 17.0% of York Centre residents are of Filipino ethnic origin and 16.0% belong to the Filipino visible minority , which are the highest such figures among all City of Toronto ridings . At the same time , the York Centre riding has the highest percentage of residents of Russian ( 9.5% ) and Jewish ( 5.6% ) ethnic origins ( in the 2011 National Household Survey , 13.6% of York Centre residents has filled in a Jewish ethnic origin ) . The riding was previously considered one of the safest Liberal Party seats in Canada ; however , this changed as the Conservative Party has gained ground the last few elections , and its candidate Mark Adler won the seat in 2011 . However , the Liberal Party regained the seat in 2015 with its candidate Michael Levitt .'}]}, {'value': 'October 26 , 1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Militia ( 1899-1900 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Alfred Ward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Alfred_Ward', 'summary': 'Henry Alfred Ward ( August 20 , 1849 - May 11 , 1934 ) was a Canadian politician . Born in Port Hope , Canada West , the only surviving son of the late George C. Ward , Registrar for Durham County , Ontario . He became a lawyer and was elected Mayor of Port Hope in 1885 , 1893 and 1894 . He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Durham East in an 1885 by-election . A Conservative , he was re-elected in 1887 but did not run in 1891 . He ran again and was elected in 1900 and 1904 ( for the riding of Durham ) . The Ward family of Port Hope , Ontario were of English descent . Henry Ward was a grandson of Captain Thomas Ward ( 1770-1861 ) , who as born in London and came to Canada with Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1791 . Captain Ward was one of the first statute lawyers of Upper Canada and one of the first benchers of the Law Society of Upper Canada . Until 1808 , he was Registrar of Northumberland County , Ontario , residing at Brighton . In that year he became Registrar for Durham County , Ontario and removed to Port Hope . In later life he also held the offices of Judge of the County Court and Clerk of the Peace for the Newcastle District .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'Durham East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_East', 'summary': 'Durham East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904 . It was located in the province of Ontario . It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Durham into two ridings : Durham West and Durham East . The East Riding of Durham was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Durham riding .'}]}, {'value': 'August 24 , 1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Militia ( 1903-1909 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Dyer Weaver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Dyer_Weaver', 'summary': "George Dyer Weaver ( 16 September 1908 - 7 May 1986 ) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada . Born in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , he was a metallurgical engineer by career . Weaver was born in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan . He trained for his engineering career at the Royal Military College of Canada , then served in South Africa 's army between 1942 and 1944 . From there , he joined the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals until October 1945 , serving as a lieutenant . He was first elected to Parliament at the Churchill riding in the 1949 general election after an unsuccessful campaign there in 1945 . Weaver was re-elected for successive terms in 1949 and 1953 then defeated in the 1957 election by Robert Simpson of the Progressive Conservative party . Weaver died on 7 May 1986 and is buried in Melfort , Saskatchewan at Mount Pleasant Cemetery"}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Churchill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churchill_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Churchill - Keewatinook Aski ( formerly Churchill ) is a federal electoral district in Manitoba , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935 . It covers the northern four-fifths of Manitoba , a vast wilderness area dotted with small municipalities and First Nations reserves . It was named after the town of Churchill , Manitoba , which resides on Churchill River . It is the fifth-largest riding in all of Canada . The riding has the highest percentage of Aboriginal peoples ( 61.1% ) in Canada . ; the highest percentage of Cree speakers - both those whose mother tongue ( 21.6% ) is Cree as well as those that use it as home language ( 16.6% ) - is also to be found there .'}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South African Army ( 1942-1944 ) , Canadian Army ( 1944-1945 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_African_Army', 'summary': "The South African Army is the army of South Africa , first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 . The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando ( militia ) forces , reinforced by the Afrikaners ' historical distrust of large standing armies . It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II , but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 . The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990 . It also played a key role in controlling sectarian political violence inside South Africa during the late 1980s and early 1990s . The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new South African National Defence Force . It is now becoming increasingly involved in peacekeeping efforts in southern Africa , often as part of wider African Union operations . The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel , augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel . The rank/age structure of the army , which deteriorated desperately during the 1990s , is greatly improving through the Military Skills Development ( MSDS ) voluntary national service system . Through this system , young healthy members are being inducted into the regular and reserve forces every year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Roderick Arthur Ennis Webb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roderick_Arthur_Ennis_Webb', 'summary': 'Roderick Arthur Ennis Webb ( 22 July 1910 - 1 October 1999 ) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was born in Toronto , Ontario and became an electrician and merchant by career . He was first elected at the Hastings - Frontenac riding in a 5 October 1959 by-election then re-elected there in the 1962 , 1963 and 1965 federal elections . After completing his final House of Commons term in 1968 , the 27th Canadian Parliament , Rod Webb did not seek further re-election .'}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Hastings - Frontenac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings—Frontenac', 'summary': 'Hastings - Frontenac was a federal electoral district in Ontario , Canada , that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1968 , and from 1979 to 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Canadian Air Force ( 1940-1945 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ; French : Aviation royale canadienne , ARC ) is the air force of Canada . Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant , responsive and effective airpower . The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2013 , the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 14,500 Regular Force and 2,600 Primary Reserve personnel , supported by 2,500 civilians , and operates 258 manned aircraft and 9 unmanned aerial vehicles . Lieutenant-General Al Meinzinger is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff . The Royal Canadian Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces , enforcing the security of Canada 's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army . The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program . The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force , which was formed in 1920 . The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V to form the Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1968 , the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army , as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces . Air units were split between several different commands : Air Defence Command ( interceptors ) , Air Transport Command ( airlift , search and rescue ) , Mobile Command ( tactical fighters , helicopters ) , Maritime Command ( anti-submarine warfare , maritime patrol ) , as well as Training Command ."}]}, {'value': 'Oscar William Weichel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_William_Weichel', 'summary': "Oscar William Mike Weichel ( 26 January 1894 - 1 March 1968 ) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was born in Elmira , Ontario and became a journalist and postmaster by career . The son of John S. Weichel and Ida Rappel , he was educated in Elmira , Kitchener and at the Toronto Business College . Weichel was a talented sportsman in hockey and baseball and was within reach of a professional career . However , during military service in World War I , one of Weichel 's legs was destroyed thereby ending his future prospects in these sports . He then directed his attention to coaching and administrative work , including 20 years of service on the executive of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association . Weichel worked as a journalist with the Kitchener-Waterloo Record . He was secretary for the Toronto Harbour Commission from 1920 to 1922 and served as postmaster for Elmira from 1922 to 1958 . In 1923 , he married Olive Elizabeth Hughes . By the late 1950s , his interests turned to politics . Weichel won a House of Commons seat at the Waterloo North riding in the 1958 general election and was re-elected there in 1962 and 1963 . After completing his final term , the 26th Canadian Parliament , Weichel left federal politics and did not seek re-election as of the 1965 federal election ."}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterloo North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo_North', 'summary': 'Waterloo North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968 . It was located in the province of Ontario . It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which entitled each of north and south ridings of the County of Waterloo to elect one Member of Parliament . The North Riding of Waterloo was defined in 1859 as consisting of the Townships of North Waterloo , Woolwich and Wellesley , and the Town of Berlin and Village of Waterloo . In 1903 , it was re-defined to consist of the townships of North Waterloo , Wellesley and Woolwich , the towns of Berlin and Waterloo , and the village of Elmira . In 1924 , it was re-defined to consist of the townships of Wellesley and Woolwich , and the northern part of the township of Waterloo . In 1947 , it was re-defined to consist of the city of Kitchener , the town of Waterloo and the townships of Wellesley and Woolwich , and the northern part of the township of Waterloo . The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Kitchener , Waterloo and Wellington - Grey ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Weir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Weir_(politician)', 'summary': "Robert Weir , PC ( December 5 , 1882 - March 7 , 1939 ) was a Canadian politician . Weir was born in Wingham , Ontario , and was a teacher by training . After working in Ontario he moved to Regina , Saskatchewan , where he taught , worked as an actuary , public school inspector , farmer and horse , cattle and hog breeder . He fought in World War I and was wounded at the Third Battle of Ypres . He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1930 federal election becoming the Conservative MP for Melfort , Saskatchewan . He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture under Richard Bennett at a time when farmers were faced with the drought known as the Dust Bowl as well as the general crisis of the Great Depression which caused wheat prices to collapse from $ 1.28 to 60 cents a bushel within three years . Under Weir 's tenure , agricultural researchers attempted to teach farmers how to prevent soil drifting that caused the Dust Bowl and initiated a major grasshopper control campaign in 1933 that reduced crop losses . The National Products Marketing Act , which attempted to establish a national marketing board was declared unconstitutional in 1934 for exceeding the federal government 's jurisdiction . Weir 's Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Act passed in April 1935 . The law provided money to farmers to encourage them to improve their farming practices , conserve water supplies and adopt new land use practices . He also reformed and expanded scientific research by the Department of Agriculture in conjunction with the National Research Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'Melfort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melfort_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Melfort was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan , Canada , that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1953 . It was created in 1924 from Prince Albert riding , and was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into Humboldt - Melfort , Mackenzie , Prince Albert , and Rosthern ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army ( 1915-1919 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Anton Weselak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Weselak', 'summary': "Anton Bernard Weselak ( 11 February 1918 - 17 January 1989 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . Weselak was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was born in Beausejour , Manitoba and became a lawyer after studies at the Manitoba Law School . Weselak began a legal practice in Beausejour after his Call to the Bar in 1948 . He was first elected to Parliament at the Springfield riding in the 1953 general election . After serving only one term , the 22nd Canadian Parliament , he was defeated by Jake Schulz of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in the 1957 election . Weselak made a further attempt to win back the seat in the 1958 election but lost to Val Yacula who unseated Schulz . When Yacula died shortly after that victory , Weselak was again unsuccessful in a December 1958 by-election campaign . During the 1956 Suez Crisis , Weselak was part of Lester B. Pearson 's delegation to the United Nations . Pearson was then External Affairs minister under the Louis St. Laurent government , and his efforts led to the formation of United Nations peacekeeping force which defused a full-scale Middle Eastern war . In the years before his retirement in 1985 , Weselak was a Toronto-based immigration appeal court judge . He died on 17 January 1989 and his funeral was in Trenton , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Springfield was a federal electoral district in Manitoba , Canada , that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1968 . This riding was created in 1914 from parts of Selkirk riding . It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Churchill , Portage , Provencher , Selkirk and Winnipeg North ridings . Springfield was a swing riding , often returning members of the Liberal , Progressive Conservative , and New Democratic parties and their historical equivalents . The riding was most recently held by NDP MP Ed Schreyer , before it was dissolved into surrounding ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'August 10 , 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Canadian Air Force ( 1942-1945 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ; French : Aviation royale canadienne , ARC ) is the air force of Canada . Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant , responsive and effective airpower . The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2013 , the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 14,500 Regular Force and 2,600 Primary Reserve personnel , supported by 2,500 civilians , and operates 258 manned aircraft and 9 unmanned aerial vehicles . Lieutenant-General Al Meinzinger is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff . The Royal Canadian Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces , enforcing the security of Canada 's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army . The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program . The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force , which was formed in 1920 . The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V to form the Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1968 , the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army , as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces . Air units were split between several different commands : Air Defence Command ( interceptors ) , Air Transport Command ( airlift , search and rescue ) , Mobile Command ( tactical fighters , helicopters ) , Maritime Command ( anti-submarine warfare , maritime patrol ) , as well as Training Command ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene Whelan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Whelan', 'summary': "Eugene Francis Gene Whelan , PC , OC , CD , PAg ( /ˈhwiːlən/ ; ( 1924-07-11 ) July 11 , 1924 - ( 2013-02-19 ) February 19 , 2013 ) was a Canadian politician , sitting in the House of Commons from 1962 to 1984 , and in the Senate from 1996 to 1999 . He was also Minister of Agriculture under Pierre Trudeau from 1972 to 1984 , and became one of Canada 's best-known politicians . During his career , he would meet Queen Elizabeth II , help Canada beat U.S. president Richard Nixon to the punch in opening up China , and play a catalyzing role in the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War . In an editorial immediately following his death , the Windsor Star said :"}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Essex South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essex_South_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Essex South was a federal and provincial electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1882 to 1968 . It was located in the province of Ontario . This riding was created in 1882 from parts of Essex riding . It was created when the County of Essex was divided into two ridings : Essex North and Essex South . It initially consisted of the townships of Anderdon , Malden , North Colchester , South Colchester , Gosfield , Mersea , the town of Amherstburg , the villages of Leamington and Kingsville , and Pelée Island in the county of Essex . In 1903 , it was expanded to include the townships of Malden , Tilbury North , Tilbury West , Essex , and the portion of the village of Tilbury lying in the county of Essex . In 1914 , it was expanded to include the village of Wheatley lying in the county of Essex . In 1924 , it was redefined to consist of the townships of Anderdon , Malden , Sandwich South , Colchester ( North and South ) , Gosfield ( North and South ) , Mersea and Pelee Island in the county of Essex , and the part of the village of Wheatley lying in the county of Kent . In 1933 , it was expanded to exclude the township of Sandwich South , and the village of Wheatley . In 1947 , it was redefined to include Pelee Island , Sandwich South , Tilbury West and the town of Essex , and exclude the village of Wheatley and the town of Tilbury . In 1952 , it was redefined to consist of the townships of Anderdon , Malden , Colchester ( North and South ) , Gosfield ( North and South ) , Mersea , Pelee Island , Sandwich South , Tilbury West and the town of Essex but excluding the village of Wheatley . The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Essex and Essex - Kent ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Ross Whicher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Whicher', 'summary': "Ross MacKenzie Whicher ( February 13 , 1918 - April 19 , 2002 ) was a Canadian politician and businessman . Whicher served in World War II with the 4th anti-tank regiment of the Canadian military . Following the war , he returned home and opened the Wiarton Dairy , operating it for several decades . He served as mayor of Wiarton , Ontario from 1953 until 1955 when he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for Bruce . In 1958 , he was a candidate for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party , but received only 39 votes and dropped off after the first ballot at the party 's leadership convention . He was re-elected to the legislature in 1959 and 1963 and served as the Liberals ' finance critic . During this period , the Progressive Conservative government of John Robarts was often to the left of the Liberals , and Whicher often criticised it for overspending . Following his provincial career , Whicher served two terms in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Bruce . He won his seat in the 1968 federal election , and was re-elected in the 1972 election . He retired from politics when the 1974 election was called ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Bruce - Grey - Owen Sound ( formerly known as Bruce , Bruce - Grey and Grey - Bruce - Owen Sound ) is a federal electoral district that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935 . The riding has had a reputation of being a swing riding , but it has become more conservative in the last 10 years . It has produced many close results over the years .'}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army , British Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Army', 'summary': "The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom , a part of British Armed Forces . As of 2019 [ update ] , the British Army comprises just over 79,300 trained regular ( full-time ) personnel and just over 27,200 trained reserve ( part-time ) personnel . The modern British Army traces back to 1707 , with an antecedent in the English Army that was created during the Restoration in 1660 . The term British Army was adopted in 1707 after the Acts of Union between England and Scotland . Members of the British Army swear allegiance to the monarch as their commander-in-chief , but the Bill of Rights of 1689 requires parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a peacetime standing army . Therefore , Parliament approves the army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years . The army is administered by the Ministry of Defence and commanded by the Chief of the General Staff . The British Army has seen action in major wars between the world 's great powers , including the Seven Years ' War , the Napoleonic Wars , the Crimean War and the First and Second World Wars . Britain 's victories in these decisive wars allowed it to influence world events and establish itself as one of the world 's leading military and economic powers . Since the end of the Cold War , the British Army has been deployed to a number of conflict zones , often as part of an expeditionary force , a coalition force or part of a United Nations peacekeeping operation ."}]}, {'value': 'George Stanley White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Stanley_White', 'summary': "George Stanley White , PC ( November 17 , 1897 - January 6 , 1977 ) was a Canadian parliamentarian and Speaker of the Senate of Canada from 1962 to 1963 . White was born in Madoc , Ontario . He received a law degree from Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and returned to Madoc to begin his legal practice after serving in World War I with the 44th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force . White was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1940 . He was elected as a National Government candidate as that was the banner the Conservatives used for that election . The Tories subsequently changed their name to Progressive Conservative and he was re-elected under that banner for the riding of Hastings - Peterborough ( known as Hastings - Frontenac after 1953 ) . As an Opposition MP , White promoted the cause of war veterans and helped write the legislation known as the Veteran 's Charter . The 1957 election resulted in the first Progressive Conservative government in over two decades . In September of that year new Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker made White his first appointment to the Senate so that Sidney Earle Smith , the newly appointed Secretary of State for External Affairs despite not being an MP could attempt to win a seat in the House of Commons through a by-election . White served as the government 's whip in the Senate from 1958 until September 1962 when he was appointed Speaker . He only served in the Chair for a few months until the defeat of the Diefenbaker government in the 1963 federal election . He voluntarily retired from the Senate on November 17 , 1972 when he turned 75 ."}]}, {'value': 'National Government', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'Hastings - Peterborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings—Peterborough', 'summary': 'Hastings - Peterborough was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1953 . It was located in the province of Ontario . This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Hastings East and Peterborough East ridings . It was initially defined as consisting of the part of the county of Peterborough lying east of and including the townships of Anstruther , Burleigh , Dummer and Asphodel ; and the part of the county of Hastings lying north of and including the townships of Rawdon , Huntingdon , Madoc and Elzevir . In 1933 , it was redefined to consist of the part of the county of Peterborough lying east of and including the townships of Anstruther , Burleigh , Dummer and Asphodel ; and that part of the county , together with that part of the county of Hastings lying north of a line described as commencing at the southwest corner of the township of Rawdon and following the south boundary of the said township , the south and east boundaries of the township of Huntingdon and the south boundary of the townships of Madoc and Elzevir to the east boundary of the said county . The electoral district was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed between Hastings - Frontenac and Peterborough ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'March 26 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Verner White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Verner_White', 'summary': 'Gerald Verner White CBE ( July 6 , 1879 - October 24 , 1948 ) was a Canadian politician . Born in Pembroke , Ontario , the son of Peter White and Janet Reid White , White was educated at Pembroke Public and High Schools . He received a Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering degree in 1901 from McGill University . He entered the lumber business , eventually becoming president of the Cunningham Lumber Company and the Pembroke Standard , Limited . He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Renfrew North in a 1906 by-election after the death of his father . A Conservative , he was re-elected in 1908 and 1911 . During World War I , he was a Colonel , Officer Reserve in the Canadian Expeditionary Force . He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours for his efforts during the war . He was appointed to the Senate of Canada for the senatorial division of Pembroke , Ontario on the advice of Robert Borden in 1917 . He served until his death in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'Renfrew North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renfrew_North', 'summary': 'Renfrew North ( also known as Renfrew North - Nipissing East ) was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1979 . It was located in the province of Ontario . It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 . The riding existed until 1972 , when the name was changed to Renfrew North - Nipissing East . The North Riding of Renfrew initially consisted of the Townships of Ross , Bromley , Westmeath , Stafford , Pembroke , Wilberforce , Alice , Petawawa , Buchanan , South Algona , North Algona , Fraser , McKay , Wylie , Rolph , Head , Maria , Clara , Haggerty , Sherwood , Burns , Richards , and any other surveyed Townships lying northwesterly of the said North Riding . In 1892 , North Renfrew was redefined to consist of the town of Pembroke , that part of the village of Eganville north of the River Bonnechère , and the townships of Ross , Bromley , Westmeath , Stafford , Pembroke , Wilberforce , Alice , Petawawa , Buchanan , South Algona , North Algona , Fraser , McKay , Wylie and Rolph . In 1903 , it was redefined to consist of the townships of Algona North , Algona South , Alice , Bromley , Buchanan , Fraser , McKay , Pembroke , Petawawa , Rolph , Ross , Stafford , Westmeath , Wilberforce and Wylie , the town of Pembroke , the village of Cobden , and the part of the village of Eganville lying within the township of Wilberforce . In 1924 , Renfrew North was defined to consist of that part of the county of Renfrew lying north and east and including the townships of Ross , Bromley , Wilberforce , Algona ( North and South ) , and Fraser , and including the part of the territorial district of Nipissing lying east of and including the townships of Cameron , Deacon , Anglin , Dickson , Preston , and Airy . It was redefined several times following that , but generally included most of Renfrew County and the eastern part of Nipissing . The electoral district was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed between Nipissing , Parry Sound - Muskoka and Renfrew - Nipissing - Pembroke ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Oliver White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Oliver_White', 'summary': 'Harry Oliver White ( 6 January 1895 - 4 September 1987 ) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was born in Glanworth , Ontario and became a farmer by career . White served in World War I with the 63rd Field Battery , Canadian Expeditionary Force . He won five consecutive elections at the Middlesex East riding from the 1945 federal election through the 1958 election . After completing his fifth term , the 24th Canadian Parliament , White left federal politics and did not seek another term in office . He died in 1987 and is interred in Westminster , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Middlesex East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesex_East', 'summary': 'On Mr. Willson being unseated on petition , 15 December 1874 :'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Randy White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_White_(politician)', 'summary': "Randy White ( born September 3 , 1948 in Halifax , Nova Scotia ) is a Canadian accountant and former politician . White was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Reform Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Fraser Valley West , British Columbia in the 1993 federal election . In the 1997 election , he was re-elected for the riding of Langley - Abbotsford , and became a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000 when Reform was joined by dissident members of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . White served as the Reform Party 's House Leader from 1997 to 2000 and as the Canadian Alliance House Leader from 2001 to 2002 . He also served as Caucus Chair in 2001 , and as Deputy Caucus Chair in 2002 . He joined the new Conservative Party of Canada upon the merger of the Alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party in early 2004 . In 2004 , Randy White famously was quoted saying to heck with the courts in regard to overturning same-sex marriage . Bruce Cheadle of the Canadian Press said that this comment may have cost the Conservatives the election . White left politics in 2006 and did not run in the 2006 federal election . He has continued activity in the area of drug policy , including founding The Drug Prevention Network of Canada . In 2010 , the British Columbia Conservative Party announced that White had joined the party and would chair its tactical advisory group . White is a former member of the Royal Canadian Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'Reform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Reform Party of Canada ( French : Parti réformiste du Canada ) was a centre-right to right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000 . Reform was founded as a Western Canada-based protest movement and eventually became a populist conservative party , with strong social conservative elements . It was initially motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative ( PC ) federal government of Brian Mulroney . Led by its founder Preston Manning , Reform rapidly gained momentum in western Canada , and successfully supplanted the PCs as the largest party in Western Canada after the 1993 election . In opposition , the party advocated for spending restraint and democratic reform . In the leadup to the 1997 election , the party attempted to make a national breakthrough and replace the ailing PCs . However , a Liberal victory and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of the party . The party was directly succeeded by the Canadian Alliance in 2000 , which merged with the Progressive Conservative Party in 2003 to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Fraser Valley West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraser_Valley_West', 'summary': 'Fraser Valley West was a federal electoral district in British Columbia , Canada , that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997 . This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Burnaby - Coquitlam , Fraser Valley and New Westminster ridings . It was abolished in 1996 when it was merged into Langley - Matsqui riding . It consisted initially of the western part of Matsqui District Municipality and including Crescent Island in the Central Fraser Valley Regional District and part of Surrey District Municipality . In 1987 , it was redefined to consist of :'}]}, {'value': 'October 25 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Forces Air Command', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Air_Command', 'summary': "The Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ; French : Aviation royale canadienne , ARC ) is the air force of Canada . Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant , responsive and effective airpower . The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2013 , the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 14,500 Regular Force and 2,600 Primary Reserve personnel , supported by 2,500 civilians , and operates 258 manned aircraft and 9 unmanned aerial vehicles . Lieutenant-General Al Meinzinger is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff . The Royal Canadian Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces , enforcing the security of Canada 's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army . The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program . The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force , which was formed in 1920 . The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V to form the Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1968 , the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army , as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces . Air units were split between several different commands : Air Defence Command ( interceptors ) , Air Transport Command ( airlift , search and rescue ) , Mobile Command ( tactical fighters , helicopters ) , Maritime Command ( anti-submarine warfare , maritime patrol ) , as well as Training Command ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Primrose Whitman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Primrose_Whitman', 'summary': 'Frederick Primrose Whitman ( 9 March 1896 - 21 December 1974 ) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was born in Lawrencetown , Nova Scotia and became a salesman by career . Whitman was educated in the public and secondary schools of Lawrencetown , then attended the University of Alberta where he received a Bachelor of Science degree . During his military service in World War I , he attained the rank of lieutenant . He was first elected to Parliament at the Mount Royal riding in the 1940 general election then re-elected there in 1945 . For the 1949 election , Whitman sought re-election at the new Notre-Dame-de-Grâce riding and won the seat there , but was defeated in the next election in 1953 by William McLean Hamilton of the Progressive Conservative party .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Canada ( French : Parti libéral du Canada ) is the oldest and longest-serving political party in Canada . The party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada 's history , holding power for almost 70 years in the 20th century - more than any other party in a developed country - and as a result , it is sometimes referred to as Canada 's natural governing party . The party espouses the principles of liberalism , and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the Canadian political spectrum , with the Conservative Party positioned to the centre-right and the New Democratic Party ( who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments ) , occupying the centre-left to left . Like their federal Conservative Party rivals , the party is often described as a big tent , attracting support from a broad spectrum of voters . In the late 1970s , Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau claimed that his Liberal Party adhered to the radical centre . The Liberals ' signature policies and legislative decisions include universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans , peacekeeping , multilateralism , official bilingualism , official multiculturalism , patriating the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Canada 's Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Clarity Act , legalizing same-sex marriage , euthanasia , and cannabis , national carbon pricing , and reproductive choice . In the 2015 federal election , the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau had its best result since the 2000 election , winning 39.5 percent of the popular vote and 184 seats , gaining a majority of seats in the House of Commons . However , in the 2019 federal election , they lost their majority , winning 157 seats , but they still remained the largest party in the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Royal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Royal_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Mount Royal ( French : Mont-Royal ) is a federal electoral district in Quebec , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1925 . Its population in 2006 was 98,888 . The riding is among the strongest Liberal ridings in the country . Réal Caouette , long-time leader of the Social Credit Party in Quebec , once said that a mailbox could win the Liberal nomination in Mount Royal and still win election just because it was red ( the traditional colour of the Liberal Party ) . The Liberals have held the riding continuously since 1940 , and have only been seriously threatened three times since then - in 1958 , 1984 and 2011 . Its best-known MP is former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , who represented the riding from 1965 to 1984 . Its current MP , Anthony Housefather , was elected on 19 October 2015 , garnering 50.3% of the vote , and was profiled as one of 10 rookie MPs to watch in the new parliament . The riding 's English name was eliminated in the 2012 electoral redistribution but was reversed by the Riding Name Change Act , 2014 . The riding has a large Jewish population , the second-largest in Canada at 30.7 percent . It is one of only two ridings in Canada with a Jewish plurality ( the other being Thornhill in the Regional Municipality of York in Ontario ) ."}]}, {'value': 'March 26 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}]}, {'value': 'George H. Whittaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._Whittaker', 'summary': "George Herbert Whittaker ( 22 December 1919 - 26 August 2013 ) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada . He was an orchardist and farmer by career . He represented British Columbia 's Okanagan Boundary electoral district which he won in the 1972 federal election . He was re-elected in the 1974 and 1979 federal elections , thus serving three successive terms from the 29th to 31st Canadian Parliaments . Whittaker left national politics in 1980 and did not campaign in that year 's national elections . He died in Kelowna in 2013 . He was 93 ."}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Okanagan Boundary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okanagan_Boundary', 'summary': 'Okanagan Boundary was a federal electoral district in British Columbia , Canada , that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1979 . This riding was created in 1952 from parts of Kamloops and Yale ridings . It was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed into Fraser Valley East , Kootenay West , Okanagan North and Okanagan - Similkameen ridings .'}]}, {'value': 'October 30 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) is the United Kingdom 's aerial warfare force . It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918 . Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as , at the time , the largest air force in the world . Since its formation , the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history . In particular , it played a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign , the Battle of Britain . The RAF 's mission is to support the objectives of the British Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) , which are to provide the capabilities needed to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories , including against terrorism ; to support the Government 's foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security . The RAF describes its mission statement as . [ to provide ] an agile , adaptable and capable Air Force that , person for person , is second to none , and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission . The mission statement is supported by the RAF 's definition of air power , which guides its strategy . Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events . Today the Royal Air Force maintains an operational fleet of various types of aircraft , described by the RAF as being leading-edge in terms of technology . This largely consists of fixed-wing aircraft , including : fighter and strike aircraft , airborne early warning and control aircraft , ISTAR and SIGINT aircraft , aerial refueling aircraft and strategic and tactical transport aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'William Hannum Wightman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hannum_Wightman', 'summary': 'William Hannum Wightman ( April 23 , 1929 - February 28 , 2017 ) was a Canadian politician . He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1980 who represented the east Toronto riding of Scarborough West .'}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Scarborough West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scarborough_West', 'summary': 'Scarborough Southwest ( French : Scarborough-Sud-Ouest ; formerly Scarborough West ) is a federal electoral district in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 22 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Army , Royal Canadian Air Force ( 1950- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Army', 'summary': "The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2018 [ update ] the Army has 23,000 regular soldiers , about 19,000 reserve soldiers , including 5,000 rangers , for a total of 40,000 soldiers . The Army is supported by 3,000 civilian employees . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve , the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Wayne Eyre . The name Canadian Army came into official use beginning only in 1940 ; from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia . On 1 April 1966 , as a precursor to the unification of Canada 's armed services , all land forces , plus RCAF tactical units , were placed under a new command called Force Mobile Command . The Canadian Army persisted as a legal entity for two more years , before it amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force to form a single service called the Canadian Armed Forces . Force Mobile Command was renamed Mobile Command in 1991-2 , and Land Force Command in 1993 . In August 2011 , Land Force Command reverted to the pre-1968 title of the Canadian Army ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ; French : Aviation royale canadienne , ARC ) is the air force of Canada . Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant , responsive and effective airpower . The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2013 , the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 14,500 Regular Force and 2,600 Primary Reserve personnel , supported by 2,500 civilians , and operates 258 manned aircraft and 9 unmanned aerial vehicles . Lieutenant-General Al Meinzinger is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff . The Royal Canadian Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces , enforcing the security of Canada 's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army . The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program . The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force , which was formed in 1920 . The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V to form the Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1968 , the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army , as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces . Air units were split between several different commands : Air Defence Command ( interceptors ) , Air Transport Command ( airlift , search and rescue ) , Mobile Command ( tactical fighters , helicopters ) , Maritime Command ( anti-submarine warfare , maritime patrol ) , as well as Training Command ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Trefusis_Heneage_Williams', 'summary': "Lt.-Colonel The Hon . Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams ( June 13 , 1837 - July 4 , 1885 ) was a Canadian businessman , farmer and political figure . His statue stands in front of the town hall of Port Hope , Ontario . Born at Penryn Park , Port Hope in Upper Canada in 1837 , a member of the Williams family of Caerhays and Burncoose . He was the eldest son of John Tucker Williams and his wife Sarah , daughter of Judge Thomas Ward ( 1770-1861 ) of Port Hope . He studied at Upper Canada College and the University of Edinburgh before travelling throughout Europe . He studied law but was not called to the bar , instead he 'delighted in calling himself a farmer ' , managing Penryn Park , the estate he 'd inherited from his father . He was president and founder of the Midlands Loan and Savings Company and a director for the Midland Railway of Canada . In politics , he represented Durham East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1874 and in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative member from 1879 to 1885 . Williams was captain in the local militia , later becoming lieutenant-colonel . In 1885 , he led the Midland Battalion which helped put down the Northwest Rebellion . Shortly after the Battle of Batoche , he became ill and died of fever on a steamboat on the North Saskatchewan River in 1885 ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)', 'summary': 'The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation . Initially known as the Liberal-Conservative Party , it dropped Liberal from its name in 1873 , although many of its candidates continued to use this name . As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the Unionist Party , led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920 , and then the National Liberal and Conservative Party until 1922 . It then reverted to Liberal-Conservative Party until 1938 , when it became simply the National Conservative Party . It ran in the 1940 election as National Government even though it was in opposition . The party was almost always referred to as simply the Conservative Party or Tories .'}]}, {'value': 'Durham East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_East', 'summary': 'Durham East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904 . It was located in the province of Ontario . It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 which divided the county of Durham into two ridings : Durham West and Durham East . The East Riding of Durham was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into Durham riding .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Militia ( 1866-1885 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William C. Winegard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_C._Winegard', 'summary': 'William Charles Winegard , PC OC ( September 17 , 1924 - January 31 , 2019 ) was a Canadian educator , engineer , scientist and member of Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Progressive Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada ; PC ) was a federal political party in Canada . In 2003 , the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . One member of the Senate of Canada , Elaine McCoy , sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016 . The conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name . Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party , which has attracted only marginal support .'}]}, {'value': 'Guelph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guelph_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Guelph ( formerly Guelph - Wellington ) is a federal electoral district in Ontario , Canada , that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979 . This riding has had a Liberal MP since 1993 . From 2008 until his decision not to run in 2015 , the riding 's parliamentary seat was held by Liberal MP Frank Valeriote . Valeriote had announced his intention to retire on November 15 , 2014 . The Liberal candidate in the 2015 federal election in the riding was Lloyd Longfield , who previously served as president of the Guelph Chamber of Commerce . Longfield was elected on October 19 , 2015 with nearly 50 per cent of the popular vote , more than 15,000 votes ahead of the Conservative candidate , Gloria Kovach ."}]}, {'value': 'September 4 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Canadian Navy ( 1942-1945 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy', 'summary': 'The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ; French : Marine royale canadienne ) is the naval force of Canada . The RCN is one of three environmental ( land - army , sea - navy , and air - air force ) commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2017 [ update ] , The Royal Canadian Navy operates 12 frigates , 4 attack submarines , 12 coastal defence vessels and 8 patrol/training vessels , as well as several auxiliary vessels . The Royal Canadian Navy consists of 8,500 Regular Force and 5,100 Primary Reserve sailors , supported by 5,300 civilians . [ a 1 ] Vice-Admiral Art McDonald is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and Chief of the Naval Staff . [ a 2 ] Founded in 1910 as the Naval Service of Canada and given royal sanction on 29 August 1911 , the Royal Canadian Navy was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Armed Forces in 1968 , after which it was known as Maritime Command until 2011 . In 2011 , its historical title of Royal Canadian Navy was restored . Over the course of its history , the RCN has served in the First and Second World Wars , the Korean War , the Persian Gulf War , the War in Afghanistan and numerous United Nations peacekeeping missions and NATO operations .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'vte.mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-title , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada th , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-group , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-abovebelow , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-subgroup , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-odd , .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-even { background-color : white } .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada .navbox-list .collapsible .navbox-title { box-shadow : inset 1px 1px 0 # ed2e38 , inset -1px -1px 0 # ed2e38 } .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-a { box-shadow : inset 1px 1px 0 # ed2e38 , inset -1px -1px 0 # ed2e38 } .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-t { box-shadow : inset 0 1px 0 0 # ed2e38 } .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-b { box-shadow : inset 0 -1px 0 0 # ed2e38 } .mw-parser-output .navbox-canada-tb { box-shadow : inset 0 1px 0 0 # ed2e38 , inset 0 -1px 0 0 # ed2e38 } Lists of Members of the Canadian House of Commons in military service A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z', 'uid': 'List_of_Members_of_the_Canadian_House_of_Commons_with_military_service_(W)_0', 'intro': 'N/A'}	null	null	Which electoral district , created in 1966 , was represented by a member who was House leader of the Canadian Alliance in 1991-2 ?	Fraser Valley West
05fdb42bb9ee8f34	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_6', 'title': 'Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'Series'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herr Meets Hare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herr_Meets_Hare', 'summary': 'Herr Meets Hare is a 1945 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Friz Freleng . This short , released not long before the collapse of the Third Reich , was the penultimate wartime themed cartoon from Warner Bros. ( Draftee Daffy was the last ) being released just under four months before Victory in Europe Day .'}]}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian Rhapsody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Rhapsody_(film)', 'summary': 'Russian Rhapsody is a 1944 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Bob Clampett .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Clampett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clampett', 'summary': "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daffy - The Commando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daffy_–_The_Commando', 'summary': 'Daffy - The Commando is a Warner Bros. cartoon in the Looney Tunes series released on November 20 , 1943 , to theaters , and directed by Friz Freleng . It features the character Daffy Duck .'}]}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bosko the Doughboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosko_the_Doughboy', 'summary': 'Bosko the Doughboy is a one-reel 1931 short subject animated cartoon , part of the Bosko series . It was directed by Hugh Harman , and first released on October 17 , 1931 as part of the Looney Tunes series from Harman-Ising Productions and distributed by Warner Bros . The cartoon is usually considered one of the better Hugh Harman Bosko cartoons . The film score was composed by Frank Marsales .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'October 17 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rookie Revue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'October 25 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Draft Horse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Draft_Horse', 'summary': 'The Draft Horse is a Warner Bros. cartoon released in 1942 , directed by Chuck Jones . The title is a pun on draft horse and the draft ( conscription ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Jones', 'summary': "Charles Martin Jones ( September 21 , 1912 - February 22 , 2002 ) was an American animated filmmaker and cartoonist , best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts . He wrote , produced , and/or directed many classic animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , Pepé Le Pew , Porky Pig , Michigan J. Frog , the Three Bears , and a slew of other Warner characters . After his career at Warner Bros. ended in 1962 , Jones started Sib Tower 12 Productions , and began producing cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , including a new series of Tom and Jerry shorts and the television adaptation of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . He later started his own studio , Chuck Jones Enterprises , which created several one-shot specials , and periodically worked on Looney Tunes related works . Jones was nominated for eight Academy Awards , winning three times . He won for the cartoons For Scent-imental Reasons , So Much for So Little , and The Dot and the Line . Robin Williams presented Jones with an Honorary Academy Award in 1996 for his iconic work in the animation industry . Film historian Leonard Maltin has praised Jones ' work at Warner Bros. , MGM and Chuck Jones Enterprises . He also said that the feud that there may have been between Jones and colleague Bob Clampett was mainly because they were so different from each other . In Jerry Beck 's The 50 Greatest Cartoons , ten of the entries were directed by Jones , with four out of the five top cartoons ( including first place ) being Jones shorts ."}]}, {'value': 'May 9 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wacky Blackout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wacky_Blackout', 'summary': 'Wacky Blackout is a 1942 Warner Bros. cartoon in the Looney Tunes series . It was directed by Bob Clampett , animated by Syd Sutherland and an uncredited Rod Scribner , and musical direction by Carl Stalling .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Clampett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clampett', 'summary': "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ."}]}, {'value': 'July 11 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ducktators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ducktators', 'summary': "The cartoon takes place on a farm , beginning with a few ducks , geese and chickens being shown . After a brief few moments , two ducks ( who are expecting a duckling ) go over to their unusually black-colored egg as it starts to hatch . Once the egg has hatched , a duckling with an Adolf Hitler appearance emerges and yells Sieg Heil ! while giving the Nazi salute . After time passes , the Hitler duck grows into adulthood , holding aggressive speeches toward other ducks and geese . One goose , representing Benito Mussolini , agrees with him and gives the Nazi salute . Afterward , a postcard from The Management of the Theatre that says We wish to apologize to the NICE DUCKS and GEESE who may be in the audience is shown . The Hitler duck then gathers up a group of soldiers to join him in his own Axis Powers Army , including a Daffy Duck-like character , who claims to be from South Germany . The Mussolini goose then delivers a speech to the only listener : a little chick who had been forced to stay and applaud . After these happenings , storm troopers are sent marching across the area , while the Dove of Peace ( imitation of Charles Laughton , possibly representing Franklin Roosevelt ) , grieves at what is happening ( Have they forgot ? 'T is love that 's right , and naught is gained by show of might. ) . A group of chickens and the Mussolini goose are then seen at what appears to be a Peace Conference , in which the Hitler duck slaps the Mussolini goose for dim-wittedly taking part in it and puts the newly signed peace treaty through a shredder , whereupon everyone in the Peace Conference area brawl against each other ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman McCabe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_McCabe', 'summary': 'Norman McCabe ( February 10 , 1911 - January 17 , 2006 ) was an English-born American animator who enjoyed a long career that lasted into the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Weakly Reporter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Weakly_Reporter', 'summary': 'The Weakly Reporter is a Warner Bros. cartoon released on March 25 , 1944 . Directed by Chuck Jones , written by Michael Maltese , and with music directed by Carl Stalling , this cartoon is a spoof of sacrifices made by those on the homefront during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Jones', 'summary': "Charles Martin Jones ( September 21 , 1912 - February 22 , 2002 ) was an American animated filmmaker and cartoonist , best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts . He wrote , produced , and/or directed many classic animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , Pepé Le Pew , Porky Pig , Michigan J. Frog , the Three Bears , and a slew of other Warner characters . After his career at Warner Bros. ended in 1962 , Jones started Sib Tower 12 Productions , and began producing cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , including a new series of Tom and Jerry shorts and the television adaptation of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . He later started his own studio , Chuck Jones Enterprises , which created several one-shot specials , and periodically worked on Looney Tunes related works . Jones was nominated for eight Academy Awards , winning three times . He won for the cartoons For Scent-imental Reasons , So Much for So Little , and The Dot and the Line . Robin Williams presented Jones with an Honorary Academy Award in 1996 for his iconic work in the animation industry . Film historian Leonard Maltin has praised Jones ' work at Warner Bros. , MGM and Chuck Jones Enterprises . He also said that the feud that there may have been between Jones and colleague Bob Clampett was mainly because they were so different from each other . In Jerry Beck 's The 50 Greatest Cartoons , ten of the entries were directed by Jones , with four out of the five top cartoons ( including first place ) being Jones shorts ."}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifth-Column Mouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fifth-Column_Mouse', 'summary': 'The Fifth-Column Mouse ( later reissued as Fifth Column Mouse ) is a 1943 Warner Bros. animated cartoon in the Merrie Melodies series . Directed by Friz Freleng , the cartoon features a band of mice who engage in war against a cat . The short was given a Blue Ribbon reissue .'}]}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meet John Doughboy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Clampett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clampett', 'summary': "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ."}]}, {'value': 'July 5 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood Canine Canteen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Canine_Canteen', 'summary': 'Hollywood Canine Canteen is a 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon in the Merrie Melodies series , directed by Robert McKimson . It is notable for featuring various caricatures of Hollywood film celebrities and famous jazz musicians of the day , all zoomorphized as dogs .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert McKimson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_McKimson', 'summary': "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ."}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'By Word of Mouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heir-Conditioned', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heir-Conditioned', 'summary': 'Heir-Conditioned is a Warner Bros. Pictures Looney Tunes theatrical cartoon short released in 1955 and directed by Friz Freleng and written by Warren Foster . Heir-Conditioned is the second of three Looney Tunes shorts underwritten by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ( the first being By Word of Mouse ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'November 26 , 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yankee Dood It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yankee_Dood_It', 'summary': "Yankee Dood It is a Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short released in 1956 and directed by Friz Freleng and written by Warren Foster . The title is a pun on Red Skelton 's famous I Dood It line from the Mean Widdle Kid routine . Yankee Dood It was the last of three cartoons to be underwritten by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation , which also underwrote By Word of Mouse and Heir-Conditioned ; like the other two , they are all available on the second disc of Looney Tunes Golden Collection : Volume 6 . This cartoon is also one of the few cartoons where the character Sylvester has no speaking lines ( except for Ah-ha ! and Sufferin ' Succotash ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'October 13 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Disc 2 : Patriotic Pals', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_6_2', 'intro': "Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6 is a four-disc DVD box set collection of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. Following the pattern of one release each year of the previous volumes, it was released on October 21, 2008. Warner Home Video had announced that this will be the final release in the Golden Collection series. Succeeding the Golden Collection series would be the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection series on Blu-ray, which had its first release in November 2011. On July 3, 2012, a two-disc DVD version of Volume 1 of the Platinum Collection was released. Volume 6 is far less child-friendly than the other five volumes in the series. Like Volumes 3, 4, and 5, it has a warning before each disc about the shorts containing content that some viewers would not consider to be politically correct by today's standards (but will be shown uncut and uncensored for historical reasons), and as such, is intended for the adult collector. However, Volume 6's disclaimer states that it is not suitable for children, as opposed to Volumes 3-5 stating that they may not be suitable for children. This is due to that in addition to containing cartoons that have racial and/or ethnic stereotypes (like in Volumes 3, 4, and 5) and references to sexism in Robert McKimson's Wild Wife, Volume 6 also contains many cartoons that pertain to World War II, most of them containing depictions or references to Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tojo or to Nazis and Imperial Japan in general. While Volumes 4 and 5 each had a couple explicitly WWII themed cartoons (Plane Daffy and Scrap Happy Daffy, respectively), Volume 6 is notable for having an entire disc dedicated to the subject (Disc 2: Patriotic Pals), including several of its bonus cartoons. Volume 6 was originally only released in North America due to the poor sales of Volume 5. However, the discs in this volume were not region-coded, making it easy for collectors outside of North America to import and play this set."}	null	null	When did the director of the 1946 cartoon die ?	September 29 , 1977
0600e1fa1757cf93	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremouw_Formation', 'title': 'Fremouw Formation', 'header': ['Taxon', 'Member', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cynognathus sp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynognathus', 'summary': 'Cynognathus is an extinct genus of large-bodied cynodontian therapsids that lived in the Middle Triassic . It is known from a single species , Cynognathus crateronotus . Cynognathus was a 1.2-metre ( 3 ft 11 in ) long predator closely related to mammals and had a southern hemispheric distribution . Fossils have so far been recovered from South Africa , Argentina , Antarctica , and Namibia .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynodont', 'summary': 'The cynodonts ( dog teeth ) ( clade Cynodontia ) are therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian ( approximately 260 Ma ) . The cynodonts include modern mammals ( including humans ) as well as their extinct ancestors and close relatives , but not all cynodonts were mammals .'}]}, {'value': 'Diademodontidae indet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diademodontidae', 'summary': 'Diademodontidae is an extinct family of Triassic gomphodonts . The best-known genus is Diademodon from South Africa . Titanogomphodon from Namibia may also be a member of Diademodontidae . The Chinese genera Hazhenia and Ordosiodon have also been included in the family , but were more recently identified as baurioid therocephalians . Remains of a diademodontid have been discovered in the Early Triassic Fremouw Formation in Antarctica .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ericiolacerta parva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ericiolacerta', 'summary': "Ericiolacerta is an extinct genus of small therocephalian therapsids from the early Triassic of South Africa and Antarctica . It was around 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) in length , with long limbs and relatively small teeth . It probably ate insects and other small invertebrates . The therocephalians - reptiles with mammal-like heads - were quite abundant in Permian times , but only a few made it into the Triassic . Ericiolacerta was one of those . It is possible that they gave rise to the cynodonts , the only mammal-like reptile group to exist into late Triassic times . It was these that gave rise to the mammals . Little holes in the snout area of the skull suggest that perhaps the snout had highly developed sense organs , like whiskers . There is a palate in the roof of the mouth , separating the breathing passage from the eating area . This suggests an efficient eating mechanism that may indicate a warm-blooded lifestyle . Ericiolacerta , meaning Eric 's little lizard , was named in 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Therocephalia', 'summary': 'Therocephalia is an extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids from the Permian and Triassic . The therocephalians ( beast-heads ) are named after their large skulls , which , along with the structure of their teeth , suggest that they were carnivores . Like other non-mammalian synapsids , therocephalians were once described as mammal-like reptiles . Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts , which gave rise to the mammals . This relationship takes evidence in a variety of skeletal features . The phylogeny of therocephalians has been disputed , as the monophyly of the group and the relationships of its members are unclear . The fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the Karoo of South Africa , but have also been found in Russia , China , and Antarctica . Early therocephalian fossils discovered in Middle Permian deposits of South Africa support a Gondwanan origin for the group , which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world . Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great Permian-Triassic extinction event , a few representatives of the subgroup called Eutherocephalia survived into the Early Triassic . However , the last therocephalians became extinct by the early Middle Triassic , possibly due to climate change and competition with cynodonts and various groups of reptiles .'}]}, {'value': 'Kannemeyeriidae indet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae', 'summary': 'Kannemeyeria was a large dicynodont of the family Kannemeyeriidae , one of the first representatives of the family , and hence one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic . It lived during the later Early and early Middle part of the Triassic period ( from the late Olenekian to the Middle Anisian age ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dicynodont', 'summary': "Dicynodontia is a taxon of anomodont therapsids with beginnings in the mid-Permian , which were dominant in the Late Permian , survived the Permian Extinction that wiped out most other therapsids and continued on throughout the Triassic before dying out at the end of the period . Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with two tusks , hence their name , which means 'two dog tooth ' . They are also the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids , with over 70 genera known , varying from rat- to elephant-sized ."}]}, {'value': 'Kombuisia antarctica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kombuisia', 'summary': 'Kombuisia is a genus of dicynodont from Early to Middle Triassic ( Induan to Anisian ) of South Africa and Antarctica . Two species were described for the genus : Kombuisia frerensis ( type ) and Kombuisia antarctica . Dicynodonts were a diverse clade that inhabited the earth from the Middle Permian to the Late Triassic . Kombuisia is one of few species to survive the mass extinction event in the late Permian . Kombuisia are non-mammalian synapsid herbivores . Specimens of this genus were discovered in the 1960s and 1970s and years later were determined to be two different species of the genus . The two species were found in diverse areas , K. frerensis in South Africa and K. antarctica in Antarctica . This indicated that this genus existed in a wider biographical region in the southern hemisphere of Pangaea and believed by some to indicate the migration to Antarctica to avoid the rise in global temperatures that lead to the mass extinction . Migration to avoid global warming has been highly controversial because many of the fossils that are found in this region are juvenile and of small body size . But so far no Permian vertebrate fossils are known from Antarctica , making it less likely that they were already living there prior to the event . Originally the specimens that were collected in Antarctica were considered to be part of the Kingoria ( now known as Dicynodontoides ) genus . The specimens were originally catalogued in the American Museum of Natural History as Kingoria , however , with no formal reasoning for this categorization , this has since been revised with more up-to-date knowledge of features and speciation .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lystrosaurus curvatus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lystrosaurus', 'summary': "Lystrosaurus ( /ˌlɪstroʊˈsɔːrəs/ ; 'shovel lizard ' ; proper Greek is λίστρον lístron tool for leveling or smoothing , shovel , spade , hoe ) was a herbivorous genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic Period dicynodont therapsids , which lived around 250 million years ago in what is now Antarctica , India , China , Mongolia , European Russia and South Africa . Four to six species are currently recognized , although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher . They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 2.5 meters long . [ better source needed ] Being a dicynodont , Lystrosaurus had only two teeth ( a pair of tusk-like canines ) , and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation . Lystrosaurus was a heavily built , herbivorous animal , approximately the size of a pig . The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait . The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs , and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows . Lystrosaurus survived the Permian-Triassic extinction , 252 million years ago . In the Early Triassic , they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates , accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds . Researchers have forwarded various hypotheses for why Lystrosaurus survived the extinction event and prospered in the early Triassic ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lystrosaurus murrayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lystrosaurus', 'summary': "Lystrosaurus ( /ˌlɪstroʊˈsɔːrəs/ ; 'shovel lizard ' ; proper Greek is λίστρον lístron tool for leveling or smoothing , shovel , spade , hoe ) was a herbivorous genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic Period dicynodont therapsids , which lived around 250 million years ago in what is now Antarctica , India , China , Mongolia , European Russia and South Africa . Four to six species are currently recognized , although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher . They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 2.5 meters long . [ better source needed ] Being a dicynodont , Lystrosaurus had only two teeth ( a pair of tusk-like canines ) , and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation . Lystrosaurus was a heavily built , herbivorous animal , approximately the size of a pig . The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait . The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs , and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows . Lystrosaurus survived the Permian-Triassic extinction , 252 million years ago . In the Early Triassic , they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates , accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds . Researchers have forwarded various hypotheses for why Lystrosaurus survived the extinction event and prospered in the early Triassic ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myosaurus gracilis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myosaurus', 'summary': 'Myosaurus is an extinct genus of dicynodont found primarily in Antarctica and South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A dicynodont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedaeosaurus parvus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedaeosaurus', 'summary': 'Pedaeosaurus is an extinct genus of therocephalian therapsids . Fossils have been found from the Fremouw Formation in the southern Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica . Pedaeosaurus has traditionally been classified as a scaloposaurid and more recently as an ericiolacertid closely related to Ericiolacerta ( also from the Fremouw Formation ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhigosaurus glacialis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhigosaurus', 'summary': 'Rhigosaurus is a genus of therocephalian therapsids .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A therocephalian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thrinaxodon liorhinus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrinaxodon', 'summary': 'Thrinaxodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts , most commonly regarded by its species T. liorhinus which lived in what are now South Africa and Antarctica . Thrinaxodon has been dated between the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and the mid-Triassic . Its survival during the extinction may have been due to its burrowing habits . Similar to other synapsids , Thrinaxodon adopted a semi-sprawling posture , an intermediary form between the sprawling position of pelycosaurs ( not unlike current Crocodylia ) and the more upright posture present in current mammals . Thrinaxodon is prevalent in the fossil record in part because it was one of the few carnivores of its time , and was of a larger size than similar cynodont carnivores . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Fremouw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A cynodont', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Biota -- Tetrapods', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Fremouw_Formation_2', 'intro': "The Fremouw Formation is a Triassic-age rock formation in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica. Fossils of prehistoric reptiles and amphibians have been found in the formation. Fossilized trees have also been found. The formation's beds were deposited along the banks of rivers and on floodplains. During the Triassic, the area would have been a riparian forest at 70-75°S latitude."}	null	null	What are the notes of the taxon that has traditionally been classified as a scaloposaurid ?	A therocephalian
0601467176b1968b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1965', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1965', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast'], 'data': [{'value': "Bus Riley 's Back in Town", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bus_Riley's_Back_in_Town", 'summary': "Bus Riley 's Back in Town is a 1965 American drama film written by William Inge , directed by Harvey Hart , and starring Ann-Margret and Michael Parks . Inge was very unhappy with changes made to his script and had his name removed from the credits , replacing it with the name Walter Gage . It turned out to be the last of Inge 's works brought to the screen during his lifetime . Although Ann-Margret was the film 's best-known cast member , trailers for Bus Riley heavily promoted Parks as Hollywood 's next big star ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvey Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Hart', 'summary': "Harvey Hart ( August 30 , 1928 - November 21 , 1989 ) was a Canadian television and film director and a television producer . Hart studied at the University of Toronto before being hired by the CBC in 1952 . For them he created over 30 television productions , among them several episodes of an anthology series , Festival , like Home of the Brave ( 1961 ) and The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1961 ) , adaptations of a 1946 play and 1960 novel . In 1963 he left the CBC and moved to the United States , where , in the following years , he directed episodes for TV series such as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour and Star Trek , as well as theatrical features , including Bus Riley 's Back in Town ( 1965 ) and The Sweet Ride ( 1968 ) . He moved back to Toronto in 1970 where he directed several feature films , including Fortune and Men 's Eyes ( 1971 ) , The Pyx ( 1973 ) , Shoot ( 1976 ) and Goldenrod ( 1976 ) , for which he won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director . In the mid 1970s Hart directed four episodes of Columbo : By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1974 ) , A Deadly State of Mind ( 1975 ) , Forgotten Lady ( 1975 ) , and Now You See Him ( 1976 ) . He continued splitting his time between film work in Canada and television work in Los Angeles throughout the 1980s . He received a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film for the mini-series East of Eden ( 1981 ) and a Gemini Award for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for the television crime-drama film Passion and Paradise ( 1989 ) . Harvey Hart died of a heart attack in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann-Margret , Michael Parks , Janet Margolin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann-Margret', 'summary': "Ann-Margret Olsson ( born April 28 , 1941 ) , known mononymously as Ann-Margret , is a Swedish-American actress , singer , and dancer . As an actress , Ann-Margret is best known for her roles in Bye Bye Birdie ( 1963 ) , Viva Las Vegas ( 1964 ) , The Cincinnati Kid ( 1965 ) , Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) , The Train Robbers ( 1973 ) , Tommy ( 1975 ) , Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) , Grumpier Old Men ( 1995 ) , and All 's Faire in Love ( 2009 ) . She has won five Golden Globe Awards and been nominated for two Academy Awards , two Grammy Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and six Emmy Awards . In 2010 , she won an Emmy Award for her guest appearance on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Her singing and acting careers span five decades , starting in 1961 ; initially , she was billed as a female version of Elvis Presley . She has a sultry vibrant contralto voice . She had a minor hit in 1961 and a charting album in 1964 , and scored a disco hit in 1979 . In 2001 , she recorded a critically acclaimed gospel album , and an album of Christmas songs in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Parks', 'summary': "Michael Parks ( born Harry Samuel Parks ; April 24 , 1940 - May 9 , 2017 ) was an American singer and actor . He appeared in many films and made frequent television appearances , notably starring in the 1969-70 series Then Came Bronson , but was probably best known for his work in his later years with filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino , David Lynch , Robert Rodriguez and Kevin Smith . As of 2018-2019 , Kevin Smith was producing a documentary on Michael 's life titled Long Lonesome Highway , The Story of Michael Parks . It stars James Parks , Kurt Russell , Haley Joel Osment , Robert Rodriguez , Leonard Maltin , Mickey Rourke , Justin Long , Wyatt Russell , Mark Frost , and more ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Margolin', 'summary': 'Janet Margolin ( July 25 , 1943 - December 17 , 1993 ) was an American theater , television and film actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Darling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darling_(1965_film)', 'summary': 'Darling is a 1965 British drama film written by Frederic Raphael , directed by John Schlesinger , and starring Julie Christie with Dirk Bogarde and Laurence Harvey . Darling was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . Christie won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Diana Scott . The film also won the Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Costume Design .'}]}, {'value': 'John Schlesinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Schlesinger', 'summary': 'John Richard Schlesinger CBE ( /ˈʃlɛsɪndʒər/ ; 16 February 1926 - 25 July 2003 ) was an English film and stage director , and actor . He won an Academy Award for Best Director for Midnight Cowboy , and was nominated for two other films ( Darling and Sunday Bloody Sunday ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Christie , Dirk Bogarde , Laurence Harvey , José Luis de Villalonga , Roland Curram , Basil Henson , Helen Lindsay , Marika Rivera , Alex Scott , Brian Wilde , Pauline Yates and Trevor Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Christie', 'summary': "Julie Frances Christie ( born 14 April 1940 ) is a British actress . An icon of the swinging London era of the 1960s , she has received such accolades as an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , a BAFTA Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . She has appeared in six films that were ranked in the British Film Institute 's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century , and in 1997 , she received the BAFTA Fellowship . Christie 's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar ( 1963 ) . She came to international attention for her performances in Darling ( 1965 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress , and Doctor Zhivago ( also 1965 ) , the eighth highest-grossing film of all time after adjustment for inflation . In the following years , she starred in Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1967 ) , Petulia ( 1968 ) , The Go-Between ( 1971 ) , McCabe & Mrs. Miller ( 1971 ) , for which she received her second Oscar nomination , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Shampoo ( 1975 ) , and Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) . From the early 1980s , her appearances in mainstream films decreased , though she held roles as Thetis in Wolfgang Petersen 's historical epic Troy and as Madam Rosmerta in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( both 2004 ) . She has continued to receive significant critical recognition for her work , including Oscar nominations for the independent films Afterglow ( 1997 ) and Away from Her ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde', 'summary': 'Sir Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde ( 28 March 1921 - 8 May 1999 ) , known professionally as Dirk Bogarde , was an English actor and writer . Initially a matinée idol in films such as Doctor in the House ( 1954 ) for the Rank Organisation , he later acted in art-house films . In a second career , he wrote seven best-selling volumes of memoirs , six novels and a volume of collected journalism , mainly from articles in The Daily Telegraph . Bogarde came to prominence in films including The Blue Lamp in the early 1950s , before starring in the successful Doctor film series ( 1954-1963 ) . He twice won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , for The Servant ( 1963 ) and Darling ( 1965 ) . His other notable film roles included Victim ( 1961 ) , Accident ( 1967 ) , The Damned ( 1969 ) , Death in Venice ( 1971 ) , The Night Porter ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) and Despair ( 1978 ) . He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Harvey', 'summary': 'Laurence Harvey ( born Laruschka Mischa Skikne ; 1 October 1928 - 25 November 1973 ) was a Lithuanian-born actor . In a career that spanned a quarter of a century , Harvey appeared in stage , film and television productions primarily in the United Kingdom and the United States . His performance in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) resulted in an Academy Award nomination . That success was followed by the roles of William Barret Travis in The Alamo and Weston Liggett in BUtterfield 8 , both films released in the autumn of 1960 . He also appeared as the brainwashed Raymond Shaw in The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Luis_de_Villalonga', 'summary': "José Luis de Vilallonga y Cabeza de Vaca , 9th Marquess of Castellbell , GE ( 29 January 1920 - 30 August 2007 ) was a Spanish actor , author and aristocrat who rose to prominence when he co-starred with Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and Julie Christie in Darling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roland_Curram', 'summary': "Roland Curram ( born 1932 ) is an English actor and novelist . Curram was educated at Brighton College and has had a long film , television and theatre career . His appearances include Julie Christie 's travelling companion in her Oscar-winning film Darling and expatriate Freddie in the BBC soap opera Eldorado . In 1979 , he played Brian Pilbeam in the first series of Terry and June . The Pilbeams were Terry and June 's annoying neighbours until the Sprys moved in . He also starred as Harold Perkins in the acclaimed BBC TV series Big Jim and the Figaro Club which was broadcast in July and August 1981 . He was married to the actress Sheila Gish from 1964 until 1985 , by whom he had two daughters , the actors Kay Curram ( born c. 1959-1960 ) and Lou Gish ( 1967-2006 ) . Curram came out as gay in the early 1990s , and has since left acting to carve out a second career as a novelist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basil_Henson', 'summary': "Basil Henson ( 31 July 1918 in London - 19 December 1990 in Sevenoaks , Kent ) was an English actor . Henson had a lengthy career on stage and television . His stage performances included a number of parts in Shakespeare productions , including once opposite Dustin Hoffman . He played in the original West End production of Terence Rattigan 's Separate Tables at the St. James ' Theatre in 1954 . He also appeared a number of times at the National Theatre , including a part in the world premiere of Amadeus by Peter Shaffer . He also appeared in many British films during his career . Among them Dr. Crippen ( 1962 ) , the Edgar Wallace Mysteries , series of second features , Darling ( 1965 ) , The Frozen Dead ( 1966 ) , Arthur ? Arthur ! ( 1969 ) , The Walking Stick ( 1970 ) , Cromwell ( 1970 ) , The Final Programme ( 1973 ) , and Galileo ( 1975 ) . Henson 's television appearances included Emergency Ward 10 , The Power Game , Sexton Blake , The Champions , Follyfoot , War and Peace , Fall of Eagles and Crown Court and as Sir Horatio Manners in When the Boat Comes In . He also appeared as Dr. Abbott in the Fawlty Towers episode The Psychiatrist 1979 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marika_Rivera', 'summary': 'Marika Rivera ( November 13 , 1919 - January 14 , 2010 ) was a French-born film and stage actress and dancer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Scott_(actor)', 'summary': 'Alex Scott ( 18 September 1929 - 25 June 2015 ) was an Australian-British television actor best known for his appearances in British television productions of the 1960s , including The Avengers , Danger Man , The Saint and the final episode ( The Smile Behind the Veil , 1969 ) of Randall and Hopkirk ( Deceased ) . Scott had roles in such films as Darling ( 1965 ) , Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , The Blue Max ( 1966 ) , The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) , Twins of Evil ( 1971 ) and The Asphyx ( 1972 ) , and had been directed by Sir Laurence Olivier ( The Shifting Heart ) , François Truffaut , John Sumner ( Godsend ) and John Schlesinger , among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Wilde', 'summary': 'Brian George Wilde ( 13 June 1927 - 20 March 2008 ) was an English actor , best known for his roles in television comedy , most notably Mr Barrowclough in Porridge and Walter Foggy Dewhurst in Last of the Summer Wine . His lugubrious world-weary face was a staple of British television for forty years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pauline_Yates', 'summary': 'Pauline Lettice Yates ( 16 June 1929 - 21 January 2015 ) was an English actress , best known for playing Elizabeth Perrin in the BBC television sitcom The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin . She also starred in Bachelor Father and Keep It in the Family .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Bowen', 'summary': 'Trevor Bowen ( sometimes T. R. Bowen , born 1941 in Rangoon , Burma ) , is an English actor and screenwriter who has appeared frequently in British television dramas since the mid-1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Haremde Dört Kadın', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haremde_Dört_Kadın', 'summary': 'Haremde Dört Kadın is a 1965 Turkish drama film , directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Tanju Gürsu , Nilüfer Aydan , Cüneyt Arkın , and Pervin Par .'}]}, {'value': 'Halit Refiğ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halit_Refiğ', 'summary': 'Halit Refiğ ( 5 March 1934 - 11 October 2009 ) was a Turkish film director , film producer , screenwriter and writer . He made around sixty films , including feature films , documentaries and TV serials . He is considered to be the pioneer of the National Cinema movement and the initiator of the production of TV serials in Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanju Gürsu , Nilüfer Aydan , Pervin Par , Cüneyt Arkin , Sami Ayanoglu and Ayfer Feray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanju_Gürsu', 'summary': "Tanju Gürsu ( 27 October 1938 - 7 June 2016 ) was a Turkish actor , director and screenwriter , who was a major star of Turkish cinema in the 1960s and 1970s . He appeared in films such as Haremde Dört Kadın ( 1965 ) and Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş ( 1966 ) under director Halit Refiğ . As director he directed films such as Erkek Kazım ( 1975 ) and Kazım ' a Bak Kazım ' a ( 1975 ) . He died of respiratory failure on 7 June 2016 at the age of 77 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cüneyt_Arkin', 'summary': "Fahrettin Cüreklibatır ( born 7 September 1937 ) , better known by his stage name Cüneyt Arkın , is a Turkish film actor , director , and producer . Having starred in somewhere around 300 movies and TV series , he is widely considered as one of the most prominent Turkish actors of all time . His films shown abroad credited him as George Arkin . Arkın 's films have ranged from well-received dramas to mockbusters throughout his career spanning four decades . Early in his career , Arkın became known for starring in historical dramas taking place during the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire and Anatolian Seljuks , such as Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan and Battal Gazi . While gaining success with such action-based films , he also took part in political films in the late 1970s , the most famous of those being The Adam Trilogy directed by Remzi Aydın Jöntürk . Arkın and Jöntürk continued their collaboration on many other films . In the 1980s , Arkın became known abroad for the film Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam ( The Man Who Saves The World , also known as Turkish Star Wars ) , an extremely low-budget science fiction tentatively famous for featuring bootlegged scenes from Star Wars . Today the B movie has a cult following ."}]}, {'value': 'Horse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horse_(1965_film)', 'summary': "Horse is a 1965 underground film directed by Andy Warhol , written by Ronald Tavel , and starring Edie Sedgwick , Gregory Battcock , Tosh Carillo , Ondine , Norman Glick , Daniel Cassidy Jr. , and Larry Latrae ( Latreille ) . Warhol himself makes a cameo appearance in the film . A photo from Horse published in Parker Tyler 's book Underground Film ( Grove Press , 1969 ; reprint DaCapo Press , 1995 ) shows all the male performers dressed only in jockstraps ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Warhol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Warhol', 'summary': "Andy Warhol ( /ˈwɔːrhɒl/ ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 - February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , film director , and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , advertising , and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966-67 ) . Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame . In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement . After gallbladder surgery , Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 . Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fantasy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edie Sedgwick , Gregory Battcock , Tosh Carillo , Ondine , Norman Glick , Daniel Cassidy Jr. , and Larry Latrae ( Latreille )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick', 'summary': "Edith Minturn Sedgwick ( April 20 , 1943 - November 16 , 1971 ) was an American socialite , actress and fashion model . She is best known for being one of Andy Warhol 's superstars . Sedgwick became known as The Girl of the Year in 1965 after starring in several of Warhol 's short films in the 1960s . She was dubbed an It Girl , while Vogue magazine also named her a Youthquaker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ondine_(actor)', 'summary': 'Robert Olivo'}]}, {'value': 'Inside Daisy Clover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inside_Daisy_Clover', 'summary': "Inside Daisy Clover is a 1965 American drama film based on Gavin Lambert 's 1963 novel of the same name , directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Natalie Wood . It follows the eponymous tomboy who becomes a Hollywood actress and singer ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Mulligan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Mulligan', 'summary': "Robert Patrick Mulligan ( August 23 , 1925 - December 20 , 2008 ) was an American film and television director best known as the director of humanistic American dramas , including To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , Summer of '42 ( 1971 ) , The Other ( 1972 ) , Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) and The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) . He was also known in the 1960s for his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula . He was the elder brother of actor Richard Mulligan ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalie Wood , Christopher Plummer , Robert Redford , Ruth Gordon , Roddy McDowall and Katharine Bard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Wood', 'summary': "Natalie Wood ( born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko ; July 20 , 1938 - November 29 , 1981 ) was a Russian-American actress who began her career in film as a child and became a Hollywood star as a young adult . Wood received three Oscar nominations before she was 25 . She began acting in films at age 4 and was given a co-starring role at age 8 in Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) . As a teenager , she earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , followed by a role in John Ford 's The Searchers ( 1956 ) . She starred in the musical films West Side Story ( 1961 ) and Gypsy ( 1962 ) , and she received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in Splendor in the Grass ( 1961 ) and Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) . Her career continued with films such as Sex and the Single Girl ( 1964 ) , Inside Daisy Clover ( 1964 ) , and Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ( 1969 ) . Wood was born in San Francisco to Russian immigrant parents . During the 1970s , she began a hiatus from film and had two children with husband Robert Wagner , whom she married , divorced , and remarried after divorcing her second husband . She appeared in only three films throughout the decade , but did act in several television productions , including a remake of the film From Here to Eternity ( 1979 ) for which she received a Golden Globe Award . Her films represented a coming of age for her and Hollywood films in general . Critics have suggested that Wood 's cinematic career represents a portrait of modern American womanhood in transition , as she was one of the few to include both child roles and roles of middle-aged characters . Wood drowned off Catalina Island on November 29 , 1981 , at age 43 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Plummer', 'summary': 'Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian actor whose career has spanned six decades , beginning with his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) . He is known for portraying Captain Georg von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , and has portrayed numerous major historical figures , including the Emperor Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) , Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception ( 2016 ) , and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) . Plummer has received various accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , a Genie Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a British Academy Film Award ; he is one of the few performers to receive the Triple Crown of Acting , and the only Canadian . He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at the age of 82 for Beginners ( 2010 ) , becoming the oldest actor to win an acting award , and he received a nomination at the age of 88 for All the Money in the World , making him the oldest person to be nominated in an acting category .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Redford', 'summary': "Charles Robert Redford Jr. ( born August 18 , 1936 ) is an American retired actor , director , producer , and businessman . He is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival . Redford began acting on television in the late 1950s , including an appearance on The Twilight Zone in 1962 . He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont ( 1962 ) . His greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of co-star Elizabeth Ashley 's character in Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park ( 1963 ) . Redford made his film debut in War Hunt ( 1962 ) . His role in Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) won him a Golden Globe for the best new star . He starred alongside Paul Newman in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) , which was a huge success and made him a major star . He had a critical and box office hit with Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) , and in 1973 he had the greatest hit of his career , the blockbuster crime caper The Sting , a re-union with Paul Newman , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award ; that same year , he also starred opposite Barbra Streisand in The Way We Were . The popular and acclaimed All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) was a landmark film for Redford . In the 1980s , Redford began his career as a director with Ordinary People ( 1980 ) , which was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade , winning four Oscars including Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Director for Redford . He continued acting and starred in Brubaker ( 1980 ) , as well as playing the male lead in Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , which was an enormous box office success and won seven Oscars including Best Picture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Gordon', 'summary': "Ruth Gordon Jones ( October 30 , 1896 - August 28 , 1985 ) was an American film , stage , and television actress , as well as a screenwriter and playwright . Gordon began her career performing on Broadway at age nineteen . Known for her nasal voice and distinctive personality , she gained international recognition and critical acclaim for film roles that continued into her seventies and eighties . Her later work included performances in Rosemary 's Baby ( 1968 ) , Where 's Poppa ? ( 1970 ) , Harold and Maude ( 1971 ) , Every Which Way but Loose ( 1978 ) and Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 ) . In addition to her acting career , Gordon wrote numerous plays , film scripts , and books , most notably co-writing the screenplay for the 1949 film Adam 's Rib . Gordon won an Oscar , an Emmy , and two Golden Globe Awards for her acting , as well as received three Academy Award nominations for her writing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roddy_McDowall', 'summary': "Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude McDowall ( 17 September 1928 - 3 October 1998 ) was an English-American actor , voice artist , film director and photographer . He is best known for portraying Cornelius and Caesar in the original Planet of the Apes film series , as well as Galen in the spin-off television series . He began his acting career as a child in England , and then in the United States , in How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) , My Friend Flicka ( 1943 ) and Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) . As an adult , McDowall appeared most frequently as a character actor on radio , stage , film , and television . For portraying Augustus in the historical drama Cleopatra ( 1963 ) , he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Other titles include The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) , Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) , Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) , Funny Lady ( 1975 ) , The Black Hole ( 1979 ) , Class of 1984 ( 1982 ) , Fright Night ( 1985 ) , Overboard ( 1987 ) , Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) , Shakma ( 1990 ) , and A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) . He also served in various positions on the Board of Governors for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Selection Committee for the Kennedy Center Honors , further contributing to various charities related to the film industry and film preservation . He was a founding Member of the National Film Preservation Board in 1989 , and represented the Screen Actors Guild on this Board until his death ."}]}, {'value': 'The Knack ... and How to Get It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Knack_...and_How_to_Get_It', 'summary': "The Knack …and How to Get It is a 1965 British comedy film directed by Richard Lester and based on the play by Ann Jellicoe . It won the Palme d'Or at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival and the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also in competition for the Golden Bear at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Lester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Lester', 'summary': 'Richard Lester Liebman ( born January 19 , 1932 ) , commonly referred to as Dick Lester , is a retired American film director based in the United Kingdom . He is known for his work with The Beatles in the 1960s and his work on the Superman film series in the 1980s . Lester is an Honorary Associate of London Film School .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rita Tushingham , Ray Brooks , Michael Crawford and Donal Donnelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rita_Tushingham', 'summary': 'Rita Tushingham ( born 14 March 1942 ) is an English actress . She is known for her starring roles in films including A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) , The Leather Boys ( 1964 ) , The Knack …and How to Get It ( 1965 ) , Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) , and Smashing Time ( 1967 ) . For A Taste of Honey , she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress , and Most Promising Newcomer at both the BAFTA Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Her other film appearances include An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1995 ) , Under the Skin ( 1997 ) , and Being Julia ( 2004 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ray_Brooks_(actor)', 'summary': 'Raymond Michael Brooks ( born 20 April 1939 in Brighton , Sussex ) is an English television and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Crawford', 'summary': "Michael Patrick Smith , CBE ( born 19 January 1942 ) , known by the professional stage name of Michael Crawford , is an English actor , comedian , singer , voice artist . He has received international critical acclaim and won numerous awards during his career , which has included many film and television performances as well as stagework on both London 's West End and on Broadway in New York City . He is best known for playing the character Frank Spencer in a popular 1970s sitcom titled Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em , which first made him a household name , as well as for originating the title role in The Phantom of the Opera . His performance in the latter musical drama earned him both the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Crawford has also published the autobiographical work Parcel Arrived Safely : Tied With String , which covers the changes in his career over the multiple decades . Since 1987 , he has served as the leader of the Sick Children 's Trust as well and acted as a public face for the British social cause organization ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donal_Donnelly', 'summary': 'Donal Donnelly ( 6 July 1931 - 4 January 2010 ) was an Irish theatre and film actor . Perhaps best known for his work in the plays of Brian Friel , he had a long and varied career in film , on television and in the theatre . His travels - he lived in Ireland , the UK and the US at various times - led to him describing himself as . an itinerant Irish actor .'}]}, {'value': 'The Life of Juanita Castro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Life_of_Juanita_Castro', 'summary': 'The Life of Juanita Castro ( 1965 ) is an American underground film directed by Andy Warhol , filmed in March 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Warhol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Warhol', 'summary': "Andy Warhol ( /ˈwɔːrhɒl/ ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 - February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , film director , and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , advertising , and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966-67 ) . Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame . In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement . After gallbladder surgery , Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 . Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marie Menken , Elecktrah ( Lobel ) , Waldo Díaz-Balart , Mercedes Ospina , Aniram Anipso , Marina Ospina , Ultra Violet and Ronald Tavel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie_Menken', 'summary': 'Marie Menken ( born Marie Menkevicius , May 25 , 1909 - December 29 , 1970 ) , was an American experimental filmmaker , painter , and socialite . She was noted for her unique filming style that incorporated collage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waldo_Díaz-Balart', 'summary': 'Waldo Díaz-Balart y Gutiérrez ( born February 10 , 1931 ) is a Cuban painter and sculptor living in Madrid , Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Collin_Dufresne', 'summary': "Isabelle Collin Dufresne ( stage name Ultra Violet ; 6 September 1935 - 14 June 2014 ) was a French-American artist , author , and both a colleague of Andy Warhol and one of the pop artist 's so-called superstars . Earlier in her career , she worked for and studied with surrealist artist Salvador Dalí . Dufresne lived and worked in New York City , and also had a studio in Nice , France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Tavel', 'summary': 'Ronald Tavel ( May 17 , 1936 - March 23 , 2009 ) was an American screenwriter , director , novelist , poet and actor , best known for his work with Andy Warhol and The Factory .'}]}, {'value': 'My Hustler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Hustler', 'summary': "My Hustler is a 1965 American film by Andy Warhol . The film is propelled by the sonorous , magnetic acting of then-30-year old Ed Hood interacting with the dumb blonde Hustler , Paul America . [ citation needed ] Joe Campbell ( Sugar Plum Fairy ) , Genevieve Charbin and Dorothy Dean also compete for the attentions of the Hustler and provide foils for the interaction of the main characters . The erudite and very funny Hood , a perpetual graduate student in English at Harvard and live parody of southern gentility , was recruited by Chuck Wein . Hood 's magnetic performance was driven by his deep , mellifluous voice , trained by elocution lessons as a privileged child in Alabama , and lubricated copiously by alcohol . Among his many peculiarities was his habit of drinking beer from the bottle , not by placing the bottle to his lips , but into his mouth , sucking on it , as seen in the film . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Andy Warhol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Warhol', 'summary': "Andy Warhol ( /ˈwɔːrhɒl/ ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 - February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , film director , and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , advertising , and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966-67 ) . Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame . In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement . After gallbladder surgery , Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 . Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Hood , Paul America , Joe Campbell , Genevieve Charbin and Dorothy Dean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_America', 'summary': "Paul Johnson ( February 25 , 1944 - October 19 , 1982 ) , better known as Paul America , was an American actor who was a member of Andy Warhol 's Superstars . He starred in one Warhol-directed film , My Hustler ( 1965 ) , and also appeared in Edie Sedgwick 's final film Ciao ! Manhattan ( 1972 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Dean', 'summary': "Dorothy Dean ( December 22 , 1932 - February 13 , 1987 ) was an African American socialite , connected to Andy Warhol 's The Factory - for which she appeared in the films Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) , Space ( 1965 ) , My Hustler ( 1965 ) , Afternoon ( 1965 ) , and Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) - and Max 's Kansas City , where she worked as door person . She also appeared in the documentary film Superartist ( 1967 ) about Warhol and his films . Dean , who graduated from Radcliffe and earned an MFA at Harvard , had a master 's degree in art . While living in Cambridge , Massachusetts , she began associating almost entirely with gay white men , presumably in an effort to distance herself from the politics surrounding being both black and female in the fifties and sixties , politics with which she did not identify . She was loved for her strong , verbose personality , perhaps mostly for her playful phrasing and clever nicknames ( Andy Warhol , to Dean , became Drella , a combination of Dracula and Cinderella ; James Baldwin was Martin Luther Queen ) . She rarely worked ; she held brief editorial and proofreading positions at publications such as The New Yorker and Vogue magazines . Born in White Plains , New York in 1932 , she died of cancer in Boulder , Colorado on February 13 , 1987 . Dean is one of the subjects of Hilton Als ' 1996 book The Women ."}]}, {'value': 'Scream of the Butterfly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eber Lobato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exploitation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nélida Lobato , Nick Novarro , Richard Beebe , Robert Miller , John Richards and Leona Gage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nélida_Lobato', 'summary': "Nélida Lobato ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈneliða loˈβato ] ; 19 June 1934 - 9 May 1982 ) , was an Argentine dancer , vedette , model and actress . She began her career when Buddy Day , owner of the theatre Bim-Bam-Bum in Santiago , Chile , gave her the opportunity to star in his theatre . Despite her small stature , she had sex appeal and was noted for her exuberance on the stage . In 1955 , she was a ballet dancer in Alfredo Alaria dance company . She replaced dancer Eber Lobato 's sister ( who was his first dance partner ) , 15 days after starting the relationship , Eber asked for her marriage . [ circular reference ] Eber became a choreographer and began to improve her career . She starred in the show at the legendary Lido de Paris , France in Champs-Elysées , after appearing in Las Vegas , where her show lasted almost five years . In Buenos Aires , she starred in several revistas ( variety shows ) and played 'Roxie Hart ' in the original Buenos Aires version of the musical Chicago . She separated from Eber Lobato in 1962 , after she had suffered a miscarriage . They carried on working together until 1967 , when he remarried . In 1965 , she starred in the 1964 exploitation film Scream of the Butterfly directed by Eber Lobato , co starring Mary Leona Gage , Nick Novarro and Richard Beebe . She later became the partner of Víctor Laplace , an acclaimed Argentine film actor , and accompanied him into exile when he left Buenos Aires , after being threatened by the Triple A ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Beebe', 'summary': 'Richard Paul Beebe ( December 5 , 1929 - August 29 , 1998 ) was an American radio personality who was on the air for five decades in Los Angeles and won two Golden Mic Awards . A journalist at KRLA 1110 , he became a founding member of The Credibility Gap . His experience and wit were key to most versions of the group . He was an original beatnik still working and being creative in the late 1960s when he discovered Harry Shearer , David L. Lander , and Michael McKean , all much younger than he . [ citation needed ] He left the Gap in 1975 . Some of their early work can be heard at The Paley Center for Media in Los Angeles and New York City . Beebe performed the voice of Dewey Phillips on the Pop Chronicles documentary . An Air Force veteran , he died of lung cancer in 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leona_Gage', 'summary': 'Mary Leona Gage ( April 8 , 1939 - October 5 , 2010 ) was an American actress , model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss USA 1957 , the first from Maryland to capture the Miss USA crown . She was stripped of her title when it was revealed that she was 18 , married , and the mother of two children .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinyl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinyl_(1965_film)', 'summary': "Vinyl is a 1965 American black-and-white experimental film directed by Andy Warhol at The Factory . It is an early adaptation of Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange , starring Gerard Malanga , Edie Sedgwick , Ondine , and Tosh Carillo , and featuring such songs as Nowhere to Run by Martha and the Vandellas , Tired of Waiting for You by The Kinks , The Last Time by The Rolling Stones and Shout by The Isley Brothers ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Warhol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Warhol', 'summary': "Andy Warhol ( /ˈwɔːrhɒl/ ; born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 - February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , film director , and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , advertising , and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966-67 ) . Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame . In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement . After gallbladder surgery , Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 . Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Science fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerard Malanga , Edie Sedgwick , Ondine , Tosh Carillo and Larry Latrae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Malanga', 'summary': 'Gerard Joseph Malanga ( born March 20 , 1943 ) is an American poet , photographer , filmmaker , actor , curator and archivist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick', 'summary': "Edith Minturn Sedgwick ( April 20 , 1943 - November 16 , 1971 ) was an American socialite , actress and fashion model . She is best known for being one of Andy Warhol 's superstars . Sedgwick became known as The Girl of the Year in 1965 after starring in several of Warhol 's short films in the 1960s . She was dubbed an It Girl , while Vogue magazine also named her a Youthquaker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ondine_(actor)', 'summary': 'Robert Olivo'}]}, {'value': 'Winter Kept Us Warm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winter_Kept_Us_Warm', 'summary': "Winter Kept Us Warm is a Canadian romantic drama film , released in 1965 . The title comes from the fifth line of T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land . An independent film written , directed , and funded by David Secter , it occupies a unique place in the history of Canadian cinema as the first English-language Canadian film ever screened at the Cannes Film Festival . Its debut was as the opening film of the Commonwealth Film Festival ( Cardiff , September 27 , 1965 ) . It was also given a Special Jury Award at the 7th International Montreal Film Festival . The film starred John Labow as Doug Harris and Henry Tarvainen as Peter Saridan , two students at the University of Toronto who develop a complex quasi-romantic friendship , and Joy Tepperman and Janet Amos as their girlfriends Bev and Sandra . The film 's gay subtext was carefully coded by Secter , who wrote the film based on his own experience falling in love with a male fellow student but feared that a more explicitly gay film would not attract an audience . Even some of the film 's cast have claimed in interviews that they did not know at the time that the film was actually about homosexuality ."}]}, {'value': 'David Secter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Secter', 'summary': "David Secter is a Canadian film director . He is best known for the 1965 film Winter Kept Us Warm , the first English Canadian film ever screened at the Cannes Film Festival . Widely considered a key milestone in the development of Canadian film , Winter Kept Us Warm was a gay-themed independent film written , directed and funded entirely by Secter , who is gay , while he was a student at the University of Toronto . Secter released a second film in Canada , titled The Offering in 1966 , and entered discussions with CBC Television to produce a drama series for the network . However , before that series was launched , he moved to New York City to pursue opportunities in the much larger American film and theatre industry . He initially was slated to direct Cher 's 1969 film Chastity , but dropped out of the project . In New York , he lived with several other experimental filmmakers in a clothing-optional , drug- and sex-friendly commune , and worked as a theatre director . He released the low-budget sex comedy Getting Together ( also titled Feelin ' Up in some releases ) in 1976 , and later moved to Los Angeles . He did not work on another film until Cyberdorm in 1997 . In the early 1990s , Secter 's nephew Joel rented Getting Together from his local video store in Winnipeg , not knowing that his uncle had directed films . After discovering his uncle 's name in the credits , Joel contacted David to discuss his career in film . These discussions culminated in Joel Secter 's debut as a filmmaker with the 2005 documentary The Best of Secter & the Rest of Secter ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Labow , Henry Tarvainen , Joy Tepperman and Janet Amos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joy_Fielding', 'summary': 'Joy Fielding ( née Tepperman ; born March 18 , 1945 ) is a Canadian novelist and actress . She lives in Toronto , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'With Beauty and Sorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/With_Beauty_and_Sorrow', 'summary': 'With Beauty and Sorrow ( 美しさと哀しみと , Utsukushisa to Kanashimi to ) is a 1965 Japanese drama film directed by Masahiro Shinoda and based on the novel Beauty and Sadness ( 1964 ) by the Nobel-winning Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata .'}]}, {'value': 'Masahiro Shinoda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masahiro_Shinoda', 'summary': 'Masahiro Shinoda ( 篠田正浩 , Shinoda Masahiro , born March 9 , 1931 ) is a Japanese film director , originally associated with the Shochiku Studio , who came to prominence as part of the Japanese New Wave in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaoru Yachigusa , Mariko Kaga , So Yamamura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaoru_Yachigusa', 'summary': "Kaoru Yachigusa ( 八千草薫 , Yachigusa Kaoru , January 6 , 1931 - October 24 , 2019 ) was a Japanese actress from Osaka Prefecture . From 1947 to 1957 she was a member of the Takarazuka Revue . Since leaving the Revue , she was active in film , television , and narration . She famously quit part way through the filming of the television series Akai Giwaku outraged at being forced to work at times dictated by idol Momoe Yamaguchi 's schedule . Her husband , director Senkichi Taniguchi , died on October 29 , 2007 in Tokyo , Japan . The couple had been married since 1957 . Yachigusa died on October 24 , 2019 at a Tokyo hospital from pancreatic cancer , aged 88 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mariko_Kaga', 'summary': 'Mariko Kaga ( Japanese : 加賀まりこ , Hepburn : Kaga Mariko , born 11 December 1943 ) is a Japanese actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/So_Yamamura', 'summary': 'So Yamamura ( 山村聰 , Yamamura Sō , 24 February 1910 - 26 May 2000 ) was a Japanese actor and film director . He appeared in more than 110 films between 1947 and 1991 , and directed four films . He was also known by the name Satoshi Yamamura , while his actual birth name is Koga Hirosada . In the US , he is well known for his portrayals of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Combined Fleet , in Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! , and of Mr. Sakamoto , the CEO of Assan Motors in Gung Ho .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1965_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1965. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}	null	null	How many Oscar nods were received John Schlesinger 's 1965 movie ?	five
0602b0d94ad2b82c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year', 'title': 'List of ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2006–07_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2006-07 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October , 2006 and ended with the 2007 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2007 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri . Michigan State won the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Boston College 3-1 in the national championship game . This was the 60th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 112th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Olivier Bouchard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007–08_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2007-08 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 7 , 2007 and ended with the 2008 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 12 , 2008 at Pepsi Center in Denver , Colorado . Boston College won their third NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Notre Dame 4-1 in the national championship game . This was the 61st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 113th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Landis Stankievech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Princeton Tigers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Princeton University . The Tigers are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink in Princeton , New Jersey . In 1999 , future NHL player Jeff Halpern scored 22 goals to tie for the most goals in the ECAC and was co-winner of Princeton 's Roper Trophy for athletic and academic achievement . In 2010-11 , Andrew Calof was ECAC Rookie of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008–09_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2008-09 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 10 , 2008 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 11 , 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. Over the course of the season , five teams achieved the nation 's # 1 ranking , with Boston University finishing the season as the top-ranked team after winning the national championship tournament . This was the 62nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 114th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Cook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2009–10_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2009-10 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 8 , 2009 and concluded with the 2010 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 10 , 2010 at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Denver and Miami entered the season as the nations ' two top ranked teams . This was the 63rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 115th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Colin Greening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Greening', 'summary': 'Colin Peter Greening ( born March 9 , 1986 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger . He played for the Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was originally drafted by the Senators in the seventh round , 204th overall , in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2010–11_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2010-11 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 2 , 2010 and concluded with the 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2011 at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . This was the 64th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 116th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Stéphane Boileau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011–12_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2011-12 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 1 , 2011 and concluded with the 2012 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2012 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa , Florida . This was the 65th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 117th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Keir Ross', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defenceman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2012-13 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 6 , 2012 and concluded with the 2013 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 13 , 2013 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . This was the 66th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 118th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Zarbo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013–14_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2013-14 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2013 and ended with the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2014 . This was the 67th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 119th year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Iles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014–15_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2014-15 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2014 and ended with the 2015 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2015 . This was the 68th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 120th year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Criscuolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Criscuolo', 'summary': 'Kyle Criscuolo ( born May 5 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward . He is currently playing for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Harvard University . The Crimson are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Bright Hockey Center in Boston , Massachusetts . The Crimson hockey team is one of the oldest college ice hockey teams in the United States , having played their first game on January 19 , 1898 , in a 0-6 loss to Brown . The Crimson 's archrival is the Cornell Big Red . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015–16_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2015-16 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2015 and ended with the 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2016 . This was the 69th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 121st year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team . On January 22 , 2016 Boston College coach Jerry York became the first NCAA hockey coach to win 1,000 games and only the second coach in the professional or amateur level to achieve 1,000 wins the only other coach to achieve this feat was Scotty Bowman ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Criscuolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Criscuolo', 'summary': 'Kyle Criscuolo ( born May 5 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward . He is currently playing for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Harvard University . The Crimson are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Bright Hockey Center in Boston , Massachusetts . The Crimson hockey team is one of the oldest college ice hockey teams in the United States , having played their first game on January 19 , 1898 , in a 0-6 loss to Brown . The Crimson 's archrival is the Cornell Big Red . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2016–17_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2016-17 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2016 and ended with the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2017 . This was the 70th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship will be held , and the 122nd year overall in which an NCAA school has iced a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defenceman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Quinnipiac Bobcats men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Quinnipiac University . The Bobcats are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the People 's United Center in Hamden , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2017–18_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2017-18 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2017 and ended with the Frozen Four in April 2018 . This was the 71st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and US college hockey 's 123rd year overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Bo Pieper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Quinnipiac Bobcats men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Quinnipiac University . The Bobcats are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the People 's United Center in Hamden , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2018–19_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2018-19 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2018 and ended with the Frozen Four in April 2019 . This was the 72nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and United States college ice hockey 's 124th year overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Devin Brosseau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': 'The ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year is an annual award given out at the conclusion of the ECAC Hockey regular season to the top scholar-athlete in the conference as voted by the coaches of each ECAC team. Each team nominates a candidate based upon their academic and athletic achievements who then become eligible for the conference award. The Student-Athlete of the Year was first awarded in 2007 and every year thereafter.'}	null	null	What is the name of the home arena of the team of the most recent winner ?	Cheel Arena
06036acfaa650240	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_AFL_draft', 'title': '2012 AFL draft', 'header': ['Trade #', 'Player and/or picks traded', 'Traded from', 'Traded to', 'Traded for'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Draft picks No . 2 and 67 End of first-round ( Brennan ) compensation pick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Western Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants', 'summary': "The Greater Western Sydney Football Club , commonly referred to as GWS Giants or simply GWS , is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Representing the Greater Western Sydney area and Canberra , the club is based at the Tom Wills Oval in Sydney Olympic Park . The team 's primary home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium , also located in the Olympic Park precinct . The club plays four home games a year at Manuka Oval in Canberra as part of a deal with the government of the Australian Capital Territory . The club played its first AFL premiership match in March 2012 . It won only three games in its first two seasons and consecutive wooden spoons . They made the finals for the first time during the 2016 season , and played in its first grand final in 2019 where they were defeated by Richmond by 89 points . The Giants operate three other teams outside of the AFL . The club has fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since 2017 and a reserves team , known as the Western Sydney University Giants ( formerly UWS Giants ) , has participated in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) since 2012 , as part of a partnership between the club and the university . A netball team , known as Giants Netball , competes in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'GWS Mini-draft pick No . 1 End of first-round ( Palmer ) compensation pick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus Monfries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus_Monfries', 'summary': 'Angus Monfries ( born 19 January 1987 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Monfries played as a forward pocket or half forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Lee ( Claremont ) Draft picks No . 24 and 45', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Lee_(footballer,_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Tom Lee ( born 2 January 1991 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was also listed with the Adelaide Football Club , however , he did not play a senior match .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Western Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants', 'summary': "The Greater Western Sydney Football Club , commonly referred to as GWS Giants or simply GWS , is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Representing the Greater Western Sydney area and Canberra , the club is based at the Tom Wills Oval in Sydney Olympic Park . The team 's primary home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium , also located in the Olympic Park precinct . The club plays four home games a year at Manuka Oval in Canberra as part of a deal with the government of the Australian Capital Territory . The club played its first AFL premiership match in March 2012 . It won only three games in its first two seasons and consecutive wooden spoons . They made the finals for the first time during the 2016 season , and played in its first grand final in 2019 where they were defeated by Richmond by 89 points . The Giants operate three other teams outside of the AFL . The club has fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since 2017 and a reserves team , known as the Western Sydney University Giants ( formerly UWS Giants ) , has participated in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) since 2012 , as part of a partnership between the club and the university . A netball team , known as Giants Netball , competes in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Lake Draft pick No . 27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Lake', 'summary': 'Brian Lake ( born Brian Harris ; 27 February 1982 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer Who played for the Western Bulldogs and Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He now plays for his local club Caroline Springs in the Western Region Football League , who won their first premiership in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft picks No . 21 and 43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GWS Mini-draft pick No.2 Dominic Barry ( North Ballarat ) Draft pick No . 20 ( Davis compensation selection )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominic_Barry', 'summary': 'Dominic Barry ( born 7 March 1994 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting , however , he was on-traded to Melbourne , which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period . At the end of the 2013 season , Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland , despite having not played an AFL game . Barry made his AFL debut in round 15 , 2014 against the Western Bulldogs . He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity . In 2016 , Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara . After one season with Glenelg , Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Ballarat_Rebels', 'summary': "The Greater Western Victoria Rebels is an Australian rules football club which plays in the NAB League , the statewide under-18s competition in Victoria , Australia . Initially known as the Ballarat Rebels and wearing green and gold , the team was established in 1993 as one of four regional under-18s clubs , set up as part of a plan by the AFL Commission to have clubs set in all regions of the state of Victoria . The club became affiliated with the new VFL 's North Ballarat Football Club in 1996 , and changed its name to North Ballarat Rebels and its colours to black and white to reflect this . In January 2017 , the club again changed its name to Greater Western Victoria Rebels to reflect their expanded recruitment zone . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Greater Western Victoria has produced many notable AFL players including Adam Goodes , Drew Petrie , Troy Chaplin , Jed Adcock , Tim Notting , Shannon Watt , James Walker and Shane O'Bree ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Western Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants', 'summary': "The Greater Western Sydney Football Club , commonly referred to as GWS Giants or simply GWS , is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Representing the Greater Western Sydney area and Canberra , the club is based at the Tom Wills Oval in Sydney Olympic Park . The team 's primary home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium , also located in the Olympic Park precinct . The club plays four home games a year at Manuka Oval in Canberra as part of a deal with the government of the Australian Capital Territory . The club played its first AFL premiership match in March 2012 . It won only three games in its first two seasons and consecutive wooden spoons . They made the finals for the first time during the 2016 season , and played in its first grand final in 2019 where they were defeated by Richmond by 89 points . The Giants operate three other teams outside of the AFL . The club has fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since 2017 and a reserves team , known as the Western Sydney University Giants ( formerly UWS Giants ) , has participated in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) since 2012 , as part of a partnership between the club and the university . A netball team , known as Giants Netball , competes in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft picks No . 3 and 14 ( Scully compensation selection )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharrod Wellingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharrod_Wellingham', 'summary': "Sharrod Wellingham ( born 7 July 1988 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A pacy wingman from Western Australia , Wellingham became the fifth Indigenous footballer on the Magpies list having been selected with the 10th pick in the 2006 AFL Rookie Draft . Wellingham 's initial season at the club was spent with Collingwood 's VFL affiliate side , Williamstown . Due to VFL limits on the number of AFL-listed players eligible for selection against non AFL-affiliated clubs , Wellingham was demoted to the Williamstown reserves towards the end of 2007 . Despite this Wellingham was promoted to the Collingwood senior list to replace Chris Egan . Despite being named an emergency in round 19 against Richmond , he did not make his Collingwood debut in 2007 and was subsequently demoted back to 'rookie ' status . He survived the cut post-season , and remained on the Collingwood 2008 rookie list . He then switched guernsey numbers , switching from the lowly 41 to Guy Richards ' old number 21 . In January 2008 , Collingwood lost their sponsorship from the Transport Accident Commission after Wellingham was charged with drink-driving . Wellingham was moving a car 100 metres up the road ( so he says , the other AFL players with him had been drinking ) after being out on Saturday 5 January , when he was pulled over by the police . The club fined him $ 5000 . Before the 2008 Anzac Day Clash between Essendon and Collingwood he was promoted to the senior list again and was initially named as an emergency , but made his debut when Anthony Rocca was unable to play due to injury ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Dawes Draft pick No . 61', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Dawes_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Chris Dawes ( born 16 May 1988 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft picks No . 20 ( Davis compensation selection ) and 47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamish McIntosh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamish_McIntosh', 'summary': 'Hamish McIntosh ( born 4 September 1984 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club and Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Caddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Caddy', 'summary': 'Joshua Nicholas Caddy ( born 28 September 1992 ) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He previously played for the Gold Coast Football Club from 2011 to 2013 , and the Geelong Football Club from 2013 to 2016 . Caddy was drafted by Gold Coast with the seventh selection in the 2010 AFL draft after captaining underage football with the Northern Knights in the TAC Cup . He was a premiership player with Richmond in both 2017 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': 'First-round Compensation pick Draft pick No . 57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus Graham Draft pick No . 53 ( relinquished )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus_Graham_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Angus Graham ( born 16 April 1987 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He made his debut in late 2007 with the Richmond Football Club and played two games that season . He did not play in the 2008 season , but he returned to the side in 2009 and enjoyed a solid run of form in the early rounds of the season . His first senior goal came against Sydney in round 6 , 2009 - Graham went on to kick two goals in that match . On 19 October 2012 , Graham signed with Adelaide Football Club for two years but did not play in 2013 or in 2014 . On 6 September 2014 , Adelaide announced that his contract would not be renewed . He is co-founder of the Physiotherapy , Pilates & Group Fitness practice 4Lane located in Dunsborough , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Hombsch Jake Neade ( North Ballarat )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Hombsch', 'summary': "Jack Hombsch is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was one of Greater Western Sydney 's underage recruits , and played in their inaugural side for their debut season in 2012 . Hombsch was traded to the Port Adelaide Football Club alongside Jake Neade during the 2012 season Trade Week . Hombsch made his debut for Port in round 10 of the 2013 AFL season against the Western Bulldogs in Darwin , tallying 22 possessions . In season 2014 , Hombsch consolidated himself into Port 's AFL squad playing predominantly in the backlines as a tall defender in 24 games including finals . Hombsch continued where he left off playing in 22 games in 2015 and finishing third in the John Cahill Medal at season 's end . At the conclusion of the 2018 season , Hombsch was traded to the Gold Coast Suns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jake_Neade', 'summary': 'Jake Neade ( born 29 May 1994 ) is an Australian rules footballer who last played for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Ballarat_Rebels', 'summary': "The Greater Western Victoria Rebels is an Australian rules football club which plays in the NAB League , the statewide under-18s competition in Victoria , Australia . Initially known as the Ballarat Rebels and wearing green and gold , the team was established in 1993 as one of four regional under-18s clubs , set up as part of a plan by the AFL Commission to have clubs set in all regions of the state of Victoria . The club became affiliated with the new VFL 's North Ballarat Football Club in 1996 , and changed its name to North Ballarat Rebels and its colours to black and white to reflect this . In January 2017 , the club again changed its name to Greater Western Victoria Rebels to reflect their expanded recruitment zone . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Greater Western Victoria has produced many notable AFL players including Adam Goodes , Drew Petrie , Troy Chaplin , Jed Adcock , Tim Notting , Shannon Watt , James Walker and Shane O'Bree ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Western Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants', 'summary': "The Greater Western Sydney Football Club , commonly referred to as GWS Giants or simply GWS , is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Representing the Greater Western Sydney area and Canberra , the club is based at the Tom Wills Oval in Sydney Olympic Park . The team 's primary home ground is Sydney Showground Stadium , also located in the Olympic Park precinct . The club plays four home games a year at Manuka Oval in Canberra as part of a deal with the government of the Australian Capital Territory . The club played its first AFL premiership match in March 2012 . It won only three games in its first two seasons and consecutive wooden spoons . They made the finals for the first time during the 2016 season , and played in its first grand final in 2019 where they were defeated by Richmond by 89 points . The Giants operate three other teams outside of the AFL . The club has fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since 2017 and a reserves team , known as the Western Sydney University Giants ( formerly UWS Giants ) , has participated in the North East Australian Football League ( NEAFL ) since 2012 , as part of a partnership between the club and the university . A netball team , known as Giants Netball , competes in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Hickey Draft picks No . 25 and 46', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hickey_(footballer_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Tom Hickey ( born 6 March 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Hickey formerly played for the Gold Coast Suns and St Kilda , and made his debut in round 22 , 2011 , against Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft picks No . 13 , 36 and 55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koby Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koby_Stevens', 'summary': 'Koby Stevens ( born 18 June 1991 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast , Western Bulldogs , and St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was selected as a second round pick ( number 22 overall ) in the 2009 AFL draft .'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Broughton Draft pick No . 58', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Broughton', 'summary': "Greg Broughton ( born 29 September 1986 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . After playing in Subiaco 's 2006 , 2007 and 2008 WAFL premiership winning teams and winning the 2008 Tom Outridge Medal as Subiaco 's best and fairest player , Broughton was drafted to Fremantle in the 2009 Rookie Draft with Fremantle 's final selection , number 74 overall . After displaying good form as a small defender during the 2009 pre-season , he was elevated to Fremantle 's senior list as a nominated rookie , along with Matt de Boer . Broughton made his AFL debut for Fremantle in Round 3 of the 2009 AFL season at Subiaco Oval against Adelaide . In 2009 , Broughton averaged 23 possessions with a high of 37 against Port Adelaide in Round 19 . In December 2006 , before he was drafted by Fremantle , Broughton suffered a fractured eye socket in a nightclub incident allegedly involving Fremantle players Jeff Farmer and Steven Dodd . Farmer retired from AFL football a few months before Broughton was drafted to Fremantle , but Dodd was a teammate of Broughton 's . No charges were laid following the incident . Broughton 's father , who is part Maori , was from Patea in New Zealand and moved to Australia when he was 20 years old . Following the end of the 2012 AFL season , Broughton was traded from Fremantle to Gold Coast . He announced his retirement in September 2015 , effective after the round 23 match against Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns', 'summary': "The Gold Coast Suns Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based on the Gold Coast , Queensland . The club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season , having been founded as the league 's 17th active club by a consortium formerly known as GC17 and being granted a licence to join the AFL on 1 April 2009 . The team is based in the Gold Coast suburb of Carrara and play matches at Carrara Stadium ( known for commercial purposes as Metricon Stadium ) and train at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre . The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland , the other being its main rival , the Brisbane Lions . The Suns also field teams in the AFL Women 's and North East Australian Football Leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Young_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': "Tom Young ( born 26 April 1992 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League . Young originally played for the Wollondilly Junior Football Club , near Bowral in New South Wales . He then played football in Campbelltown and then for the Sydney University Australian National Football Club . In 2009 , he represented NSW/ACT Rams at the AFL Under 18 Championships and also won the Sydney AFL Rising Star award whilst playing for Sydney Uni . In 2007 he was a recipient of a NSW AFL Scholarship from Collingwood , after being previously courted by other AFL clubs . He was named as Collingwood 's best player in the reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 2010 , and was elevated to their senior list with the 104th selection in the 2010 AFL Draft . Young made his AFL debut in Round 22 , 2011 where he played the Brisbane Lions at the MCG . Tom Young was traded to the Western Bulldogs during the 2012 trade period . Collingwood received pick 71 as their NSW scholarship player left after playing 9 games . Young was delisted at the conclusion of the 2014 AFL season ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Rodan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Rodan', 'summary': 'David Rodan ( born 8 October 1983 ) is a Fijian retired professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Tigers , Port Adelaide Power and the Melbourne Demons . Rodan is the first Fijian-born player to reach 100 AFL games . He is currently an AFL goal umpire .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Russell', 'summary': "Jordan Russell ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League . Russell was recruited as the number 9 draft pick in the 2004 AFL Draft from West Adelaide . He made his AFL debut for the Carlton Football Club in Round 15 , 2005 against St Kilda , his only match for the year . He spent most of the season developing in Carlton 's VFL-affiliate , the Northern Bullants . In 2006 , he broke into the senior team , playing ten games , mostly off the bench . Russell expressed his desire to move back to South Australia for the 2007 season , with Port Adelaide seeking to trade for him , but no deal was made between the two clubs , and Russell re-signed with Carlton on 16 October 2006 to a two-year deal . In 2007 , Russell played 18 games , but had not yet stamped himself as a definite future player . Under coach Denis Pagan , he struggled for game time , and usually played completely defensive tagging roles , with reasonable success . Pagan was replaced as coach by Brett Ratten in late 2007 , and he began to play Russell in the midfield and half-forward line . He played 21 of 22 games in 2008 , and earned another two-year contract . In 2009 , Russell played 20 of 23 games , but was dropped briefly at midseason on form . This turned out to be a major turning point in Russell 's career , as his form upon return to the seniors was outstanding ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Stevenson_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Lewis Stevenson ( born 30 July 1989 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Stevenson played for the West Coast Eagles and the Port Adelaide Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell Heath Draft pick No . 82', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell_Heath', 'summary': "Campbell Heath ( born 1 April 1991 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans and Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Heath was drafted to Sydney with the 61st selection in the 2008 AFL Draft . He was the second-youngest player selected . and played across half-back for the Gippsland Power in the TAC Cup . Heath remained in Melbourne for the 2009 season to finish his schooling before moving to Sydney in 2010 . He made his senior AFL debut in Sydney 's round 9 , 2010 loss to Fremantle at the Sydney Cricket Ground in May 2010 . He was traded to Port Adelaide during the 2012 trade period , wanting to have more opportunities at AFL level . He made his debut for Port Adelaide in round 1 , 2013 , against Melbourne . Heath was delisted by Port Adelaide at the end of the 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cale Morton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cale_Morton', 'summary': "Cale Morton ( born 18 January 1990 ) is a former Australian rules football player , recruited at pick 4 in the 2007 AFL Draft by the Melbourne Football Club . Morton was a midfield/forward with a penetrating and accurate kick as well as being a good winner of the ball , both in the air and at ground level . He was ranked first at the 2007 Draft Camp for aerobic capability , recording a 15.2 beep test result . Cale Morton attended Hale School in Western Australia and was a member of both the 1st XVIII football side and 1st XI cricket side , captaining the 1st XVIII in his final year at school . His two brothers also played in the AFL . Mitch played for Richmond Football Club and the Sydney Swans and Jarryd played for the Hawthorn Football Club . Cale also won the Larke Medal in 2007 for being the best player at the 2007 Under 18 's National Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Draft pick No . 88 ( unused )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Player movements -- Trades', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_AFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 AFL draft consisted of five opportunities for player acquisitions during the 2012/13 Australian Football League off-season. These were:'}	null	null	What is the nickname of the club that Angus Monfries was traded from ?	Bombers
06054332f8ec5636	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'France at the 2002 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vidal', 'summary': "Jean-Pierre Vidal ( born February 24 , 1977 in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne , Savoie ) is a French alpine skier . As a young skier , he focused mainly on downhill . After hurting his knee , however , he decided to go for slalom . In 2002 , he had his best year , winning a gold medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics and taking a World Cup win in Kranjska Gora . A song was called after him ( Slalom dans la tête ) and in the French ski resort Les Sybelles , a lift was named after his gold medal as well ( Médaille d'Or in La Toussuire ) . After this fantastic year , it took Vidal until 2006 to return to the highest level of skiing competition . In January 2006 , he won a World Cup race in Kitzbühel . Barely a month later , on February 24 , 2006 , he broke his forearm during a training session in Turin . He then decided to stop his professional career . At this time , the 2006 Winter Olympics were not over yet . He is the brother of alpine skier Vanessa Vidal and the nephew of alpine skiers Jean-Noël Augert and Jean-Pierre Augert ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carole Montillet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carole_Montillet', 'summary': 'Carole Montillet-Carles ( born 7 April 1973 ) is a French World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Anissina Gwendal Peizerat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Anissina', 'summary': 'Marina Vyacheslavovna Anissina ( Russian : Марина Вячеславовна Анисина ; born 30 August 1975 ) is a French-Russian ice dancer . Competing with Gwendal Peizerat for France , she is the 2002 Olympic champion , the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 2000 World champion , and a six-time French national champion . Earlier in her career , Anissina competed with Ilia Averbukh for Russia and the Soviet Union . They won gold at two World Junior Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gwendal_Peizerat', 'summary': 'Gwendal Peizerat ( born 21 April 1972 ) is a French former competitive ice dancer . With Marina Anissina , he is the 2002 Olympic champion , the 1998 Olympic bronze medalist , the 2000 World champion , and a six-time French national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'All figure skating events in 2002 Winter Olympics were held at the Salt Lake Ice Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice dancing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Blanc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Blanc', 'summary': 'Isabelle Blanc ( born 25 July 1975 ) is a French snowboarder and Olympic champion . She won a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Amiez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Amiez', 'summary': 'Sébastien Amiez ( born May 6 , 1972 in Pralognan ) is a French alpine skier . He won the Alpine Skiing World Cup for Slalom in 1996'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laure Pequegnot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laure_Pequegnot', 'summary': 'Laure Pequegnot ( born 30 September 1975 ) is a French former Alpine skier . She was born in Échirolles , Isère . She won a total of 3 Alpine skiing World Cup races , all in the slalom discipline . She became world junior champion in slalom , in 1994 . She won World Cup discipline title , in slalom , in 2002 . She competed at three Winter Olympics , winning a silver medal in the Slalom event at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raphaël Poirée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Poirée', 'summary': 'Raphaël Poirée ( born 9 August 1974 ) is a retired French biathlete who was active from 1995 to 2007 . With his 44 World Cup victories and several World Championship medals he ranks among the most successful biathletes ever .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 12.5 km pursuit", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karine Ruby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karine_Ruby', 'summary': 'Karine Ruby ( 4 January 1978 in Bonneville , Haute-Savoie - 29 May 2009 ) was a French snowboarder and Olympic champion . She won two medals at the Winter Olympics , with a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She also earned six gold medals and four silver medals at the FIS Snowboard World Championships , and 67 wins and 122 podiums at the FIS Snowboard World Cup , which earned her the description by The New York Times as the most decorated female snowboarder in the world . Ruby won the giant slalom event in the snowboarding competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano , Japan , overcoming severe weather conditions to win the first Olympic gold medal awarded in the event to a woman . She finished a combined 1.74 seconds behind Isabelle Blanc in the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding competition at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , an event that the two French snowboarders had dedicated to the memory of teammate Régine Cavagnoud , who had died in a 2001 training accident . Ruby came in third place to win a bronze medal in snowboardcross at the Winter X Games IX held in Aspen , Colorado in January 2005 . She competed in the snowboardcross event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , and retired from the sport after being eliminated in the quarterfinals . Ruby was training to become a mountain guide , a process that can take as long as 15 years , and was killed at age 31 on 29 May 2009 after a climbing accident in the Mont Blanc massif . Having climbed the Tour Ronde , she fell into a 70-foot-wide crevasse ( 21 m ) in the glacier du Geant at around 3,300 m , dragging in two other members of the climbing party she had been leading who had all been roped to each other . One man was killed in the fall , while another sustained serious injuries and was hospitalized after being evacuated by helicopter .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's parallel giant slalom", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doriane Vidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doriane_Vidal', 'summary': 'Doriane Vidal ( born 16 April 1976 ) is a French snowboarder and Olympic medalist . She received a silver medal in halfpipe at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She finished 8th in the halfpipe event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympic Games Snowboarding competition consisted of men 's and women 's Halfpipe and Parallel Giant Slalom events . The snowboarding competition took place at Park City , over a five-day period ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's halfpipe", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Defrasne Gilles Marguet Raphaël Poirée Julien Robert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Defrasne', 'summary': 'Vincent Defrasne ( born 9 March 1977 ) is a former French biathlete . He won a gold medal in the 12.5 km pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and a bronze medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He was also a member of the winning Biathlon World Championship relay team in 2001 , and the 2004 team which won bronze . At the Biathlon World Championship 2007 in Antholz , Defrasne earned a bronze medal , in the 12.5 km pursuit and a silver medal in the Mixed Relay event . In 2009 at the World Championships in Pyeongchang , Defrasne was part of the victorious mixed relay team . Defrasne served as the flagbearer for France at the 2010 Winter Olympics . He retired from the sport after the 2009-10 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Marguet', 'summary': 'Gilles Marguet ( born 3 December 1967 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) is a retired French biathlete . He was born in Pontarlier . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , he won a bronze medal with the French relay team , in 4 × 7.5 km relay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Poirée', 'summary': 'Raphaël Poirée ( born 9 August 1974 ) is a retired French biathlete who was active from 1995 to 2007 . With his 44 World Cup victories and several World Championship medals he ranks among the most successful biathletes ever .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julien_Robert', 'summary': 'Julien Robert ( born 11 December 1974 in Grenoble ) is a retired French biathlete . As a member of the French team , he won bronze at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He also has two medals from World Championships : gold in Pokljuka in 2001 , and bronze in Oberhof in 2004 . He was married to French Olympic Champion Florence Baverel-Robert . Now they are divorced .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 7.5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Gay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gay_(skier)', 'summary': 'Richard Gay ( born 6 March 1971 ) is a French freestyle skier and Olympic medalist . He received a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , in moguls .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's moguls", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'France competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.'}	null	null	Which sport had the most gold medals ?	Alpine Skiing
0605d5a92f49ae4d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures', 'title': 'List of National Hockey League attendance figures', 'header': ['Team', 'Arena', 'Home Games', 'Average Attendance', 'Total Attendance', 'Capacity Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': 'United Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Center', 'summary': "United Center is an indoor arena on the Near West Side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is home to the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , named after its corporate sponsor , United Airlines . United Center 's predecessor , the Chicago Stadium , was demolished after the new arena opened in 1994 . The first event at United Center was WWF Summerslam . Due to a lockout , the Blackhawks did not move in until the 1994-95 NHL season . The east side of the arena features statues of Michael Jordan , Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita , while a statue of various Blackhawks sits to the north on Madison Street , where the Chicago Stadium was located . United Center also hosted the 1996 Democratic National Convention , at which a new style of four-screen speech prompting system for speakers was pioneered in the United States , consisting of two glass teleprompters , accompanied by an inset lectern monitor , and for the first time , a large under-camera confidence monitor ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,769', 'urls': []}, {'value': '892,532', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Centre', 'summary': "The Bell Centre ( French : Centre Bell ) , formerly known as the Molson Centre ( or Le Centre Molson ) , is a multi-purpose arena in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It opened on March 16 , 1996 , after nearly three years under construction . It is best known as the home of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens ice hockey team , and it has the largest arena capacity to regularly host an NHL team . It is currently owned by a partnership group headed by Geoff Molson and his brothers , Andrew and Justin . The same ownership group also owns the Montreal Canadiens and Evenko , an entertainment event promoter . Since it opened in 1996 , it has consistently been listed as one of the world 's busiest arenas , usually receiving the highest attendance of any arena in Canada . In 2012 , it was the fifth-busiest arena in the world based on ticket sales for non-sporting events ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,286', 'urls': []}, {'value': '872,752', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Louis Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Louis_Arena', 'summary': 'Joe Louis Arena is a defunct arena in Downtown Detroit , currently undergoing demolition . Completed in 1979 at a cost of $ 57 million as a replacement for Olympia Stadium , it sits adjacent to TCF Center on the bank of the Detroit River and was accessible by the Joe Louis Arena station on the Detroit People Mover . The venue is named after former heavyweight champion boxer Joe Louis , who grew up in Detroit . It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League and the second oldest NHL venue after Madison Square Garden until the start of the 2017-18 NHL season . Joe Louis Arena is owned by the city of Detroit , and operated by Olympia Entertainment , a subsidiary of team owner Ilitch Holdings . In April 2017 , the Red Wings hosted their final game at Joe Louis Arena ; the venue was succeeded by Little Caesars Arena . The arena closed on July 29 , 2017 . Demolition started on April 4 , 2019 , with the site scheduled to be cleared by early 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,027', 'urls': []}, {'value': '821,107', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Wells Fargo Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)', 'summary': 'The Wells Fargo Center is a multi-purpose arena located in Philadelphia . It serves as the home of the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . The arena lies at the southwest corner of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex , which includes Lincoln Financial Field , Citizens Bank Park , and Xfinity Live ! . The Wells Fargo Center , originally called Spectrum II , was completed in 1996 to replace the Spectrum as the home arena of the 76ers and Flyers , on the former site of John F. Kennedy Stadium at a cost of $ 210 million , largely privately financed ( though the city and state helped to pay for the local infrastructure ) . It is owned by Comcast Spectacor , which also owns the Flyers , and is operated by its arena-management subsidiary , Global Spectrum . Since opening , it has been known by a number of different names through naming rights deals and bank mergers , including CoreStates Center from 1996 to 1998 , First Union Center from 1998 to 2003 , and Wachovia Center from 2003 to 2010 . Since 2010 , naming rights have been held by financial services company Wells Fargo , after their merger with Wachovia . In addition to hosting home games for its main tenants , the arena has been the site of a number of other notable athletic events including Games 1 and 2 from the 1997 and Games 3 , 4 and 6 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , Games 3 , 4 and 5 of the 2001 NBA Finals , and various collegiate events for the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Wells Fargo Center has hosted two political conventions , hosting the 2000 Republican National Convention and 2016 Democratic National Convention . The arena is a regular venue for concerts and WWE events . The arena has a concert seating capacity of 21,000 seated and at least 21,500 standing .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,270', 'urls': []}, {'value': '790,107', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotiabank Saddledome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome', 'summary': "Scotiabank Saddledome is a multi-use indoor arena in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Located in Stampede Park in the southeast end of downtown Calgary , the Saddledome was built in 1983 to replace the Stampede Corral as the home of the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League , and to host ice hockey and figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics . The facility also hosts concerts , conferences and other sporting championships , and events for the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede . It underwent a major renovation in 1994-95 and sold its naming rights , during which its original name of Olympic Saddledome was changed to Canadian Airlines Saddledome . The facility was given the name Pengrowth Saddledome in 2000 , after Pengrowth Management Ltd. signed a ten-year agreement . It adopted its current name in October 2010 as Scotiabank signed on as title sponsor . The Saddledome is owned by the City of Calgary , who leases it to the Saddledome Foundation , a non-profit organization , to oversee its operation . Since 1996 , it has been managed by the Flames . The Saddledome was damaged during the 2013 Alberta floods but was repaired and reopened in time for the 2013-14 NHL season . The arena 's roof is shaped like a saddle , thus earning the name Saddledome ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,097', 'urls': []}, {'value': '782,977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Canada Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Canada_Centre', 'summary': 'Scotiabank Arena , formerly Air Canada Centre , is a multi-purpose arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . In addition , the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena . The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) during their brief existence . The arena is 61,780.5 square metres ( 665,000 sq ft ) in size . It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. ( MLSE ) , the same group that owns the Leafs and the Raptors , as well as their respective development teams . In 2018 , Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada . It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed . Scotiabank Arena is connected to Toronto Union railway station , subway station and bus terminal via the PATH . Scotiabank Arena has , from its initial design to completion , revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then . [ according to whom ? ] These features include luxury suites accessible on the ground floor , splitting the main scoreboard into several sections , rotating all sponsor signage in the bowl at once ( to allow dominant messaging or neutralization for events that disallow commercial advertising ) , and multiple restaurants in and out of the main arena bowl view .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,062', 'urls': []}, {'value': '781,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xcel Energy Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center', 'summary': "The Xcel Energy Center ( also known as The X ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in Saint Paul , Minnesota . It is named for its locally based corporate sponsor Xcel Energy . With an official capacity of 17,954 , the arena has four spectator levels : one suite level and three general seating levels . The building is home to the NHL 's Minnesota Wild . The arena is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by the Wild 's parent company , Minnesota Sports & Entertainment . It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility , Roy Wilkins Auditorium and the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts , in downtown St. Paul . It also served as official home to the 2008 Republican National Convention ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,023', 'urls': []}, {'value': '779,944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club has won one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003-04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Julien BriseBois serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amalie Arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,823', 'urls': []}, {'value': '771,761', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Arena', 'summary': "Rogers Arena is a multi-purpose arena located at 800 Griffiths Way in the downtown area of Vancouver , British Columbia . Opened in 1995 , the arena was known as General Motors Place ( GM Place ) from its opening until July 6 , 2010 , when General Motors Canada ended its naming rights sponsorship and a new agreement for those rights was reached with Rogers Communications . Rogers Arena was built to replace Pacific Coliseum as Vancouver 's primary indoor sports facility and in part due to the National Basketball Association 's 1995 expansion into Canada , when Vancouver and Toronto were given expansion teams . It is home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League and the Vancouver Warriors of the National Lacrosse League . The arena also hosted the ice hockey events at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The name of the arena temporarily became Canada Hockey Place during the Olympics . It was previously home to the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association from 1995 to 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': '767,149', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': 'Consol Energy Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consol_Energy_Center', 'summary': "PPG Paints Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania that serves as home to the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and was the home of the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) from 2011 to 2014 . Construction was completed on August 1 , 2010 , and the arena opened in time for the 2010-11 NHL season . It replaced the Penguins ' former arena , Civic Arena ( formerly known as Mellon Arena ) , which was completed in 1961 . A ceremonial ground-breaking was held on August 14 , 2008 . The arena is the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) gold-certified arena in both the NHL and AFL . Soon after the arena opened in 2010 it was named Best New Major Concert Venue in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards and Best NHL Arena in the Sports Business Journal reader poll . The arena was originally named Consol Energy Center ( CEC ) after Consol Energy purchased the naming rights in December 2008 . The current name comes from Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries , who purchased naming rights in October 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,617', 'urls': []}, {'value': '763,319', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Verizon Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_One_Arena', 'summary': "The Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington , D.C . Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , the arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro . It has been largely considered to be a commercial success and is regarded as one of the driving catalysts of the revitalization of Washington , D.C. 's Chinatown neighborhood . Owned and operated by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the NHL , the Washington Wizards of the NBA , and the Georgetown University men 's basketball team . It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the WNBA from 1998 to 2018 until they moved to the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena in southeast Washington for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,506', 'urls': []}, {'value': '740,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'First Niagara Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Niagara_Center', 'summary': 'KeyBank Center , formerly known as Marine Midland Arena , HSBC Arena and First Niagara Center , is a multipurpose indoor arena located in downtown Buffalo , New York . It is the largest indoor arena in Western New York , seating 19,070 fans in its normal configuration , and was constructed primarily for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , who have called the arena home since 1996 , when it replaced the now-demolished Memorial Auditorium . The arena was renamed as KeyBank Center starting with the 2016-2017 NHL season . It is owned by Erie County and operated by Pegula Sports and Entertainment ( as Hockey Western New York , LLC ) .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,580', 'urls': []}, {'value': '761,809', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottrade Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottrade_Center', 'summary': "Enterprise Center is an 18,096-seat arena located in downtown St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Its primary tenant is the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League , but it is also used for other functions , such as NCAA basketball , NCAA hockey , concerts , professional wrestling and more . In a typical year , the facility hosts about 175 events . Industry trade publication Pollstar has previously ranked Enterprise Center among the top ten arenas worldwide in tickets sold to non-team events , but the facility has since fallen into the upper sixties , as of 2017 . The arena opened in 1994 and was known as Kiel Center until 2000 , Savvis Center from 2000 to 2006 , and Scottrade Center from 2006 to 2018 . On May 21 , 2018 , the St. Louis Blues and representatives of Enterprise Holdings , based in St. Louis , announced that the naming rights had been acquired by Enterprise and that the facility 's name would change to Enterprise Center , effective July 1 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,545', 'urls': []}, {'value': '760,349', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Staples Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staples_Center', 'summary': "Staples Center ( officially stylized as STAPLES Center ) is a multi-purpose arena in Downtown Los Angeles . Adjacent to the L.A. Live development , it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street . The arena opened on October 17 , 1999 . It is owned and operated by the Arturo L.A . Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group . The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) and the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League were also tenants ; the Avengers were folded in 2009 , and the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers ' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo , California for the 2011-12 season . Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year . It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams , as well as one of only two North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league ; MetLife Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's New York Giants and New York Jets , is the other . Staples Center is the venue of the Grammy Awards ceremony and will host the basketball competition during the 2028 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,265', 'urls': []}, {'value': '748,893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Tire Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Tire_Centre', 'summary': "Canadian Tire Centre ( French : Centre Canadian Tire ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , located in the western suburb of Kanata . It opened in January 1996 as The Palladium and was also known as Corel Centre from 1996 to 2006 and Scotiabank Place from 2006 to 2013 . The arena is primarily used for ice hockey , serving as the home arena of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) since its opening in 1996 , and as a temporary home for the Ottawa 67 's of the Ontario Hockey League during renovations at its arena . The arena is also used regularly for music concerts and has hosted events such as the Canadian Interuniversity Sport men 's basketball championship and the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '748,112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '738,246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Garden', 'summary': "TD Garden , often called The Garden , is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is named after its sponsor , TD Bank , a subsidiary of Canada 's Toronto-Dominion Bank . It opened in 1995 as a replacement for the original Boston Garden and has been known as FleetCenter , and TD Banknorth Garden . The arena is located directly above the MBTA 's North Station . TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It is owned by Delaware North , whose CEO , Jeremy Jacobs , also owns the Bruins , and Mike Key . It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament , and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships . The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including the 1999 and 2003 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball regional first and second rounds , the 2009 , 2012 , and 2018 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight , the 1998 Frozen Four , the 2004 Frozen Four , the 2014 United States Figure Skating Championships , the 2006 Women 's Final Four , and the 2015 Frozen Four . It hosted games 3 , 4 , and 6 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , Games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , and games 1 , 2 , and 6 of the 2008 NBA Finals and games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 2010 NBA Finals for the Celtics . Furthermore , it hosted the NA LCS 2017 Summer Split Finals . TD Garden is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup , an international mens tennis tournament ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,565', 'urls': []}, {'value': '720,165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'SAP Center at San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAP_Center_at_San_Jose', 'summary': 'The SAP Center at San Jose ( originally known as San Jose Arena ) is an indoor arena located in San Jose , California . Its primary tenant is the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League , for which the arena has earned the nickname The Shark Tank . It is also home to the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '696,807', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'American Airlines Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Airlines_Center', 'summary': 'American Airlines Center ( AAC ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in the Victory Park neighborhood in downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena serves as the home to the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association , and the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League . The arena is also used for concerts and other live entertainment . It opened in 2001 at a cost of $ 420 million .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '711,359', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks', 'summary': 'The Anaheim Ducks are a professional ice hockey team based in Anaheim , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . Since their inception , the Ducks have played their home games at the Honda Center . The club was founded in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , a name based on the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks . Disney sold the franchise in 2005 to Henry and Susan Samueli , who along with then-general manager Brian Burke , changed the name of the team to the Anaheim Ducks before the 2006-07 season . The Ducks have made the playoffs 14 times , won six Pacific Division titles ( 2006-07 , 2012-13 , 2013-14 , 2014-15 , 2015-16 , 2016-17 ) , two Western Conference championships ( 2002-03 and 2006-07 ) , and one Stanley Cup ( 2006-07 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Honda Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_Center', 'summary': 'The Honda Center ( formerly known as the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim ) is an indoor arena located in Anaheim , California . The arena is home to the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League . Originally named the Anaheim Arena during construction , it was completed in 1993 at a cost of US $ 123 million . Arrowhead Water paid $ 15 million for the naming rights over 10 years in October 1993 . In the short period of time between the enfranchisement of the Mighty Ducks and the naming rights deal with Arrowhead , Disney referred to the Arena as the Pond of Anaheim . In October 2006 , Honda paid $ 60 million for the naming rights over 15 years .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '691,835', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.3%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2014–15 attendance statistics', 'section_text': 'Gila River Arena Honda Center Prudential Center Rogers Arena', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures_4', 'intro': 'The National Hockey League is one of the top attended professional sports in the world, as well as one of the top two attended indoor sports in both average and total attendance. As of the 2018-19 season the NHL averaged 17,377 live spectators per game, and 22,002,081 total for the season.'}	null	null	What is the average attendance at the venue of the team that was founded in 1926 ?	20,027
06066f27650e3e58	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_South_Australia', 'title': 'Wind power in South Australia', 'header': ['Designed capacity ( MW )', 'Wind farm', 'Location', 'Developer', 'Development Status', 'Expected operational date'], 'data': [{'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceres Project', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorke Peninsula', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senvion Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senvion', 'summary': 'Senvion S.A. ( called REpower Systems SE until 2014 ) is a wind turbine manufacturer founded in 2001 in Germany , majority owned by the private equity firm , Centerbridge Partners since April 2015 . It was under the ownership of Suzlon , an India wind turbine manufacturer , from 2007 to 2015 . With equipment pricing under pressure due to auctions , Senvion has filed for insolvency in German courts in early April 2019 . Senvion sold its 9 GW European service fleet to Siemens Gamesa in October 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Approved 2014 . Revised plan approved August 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Augusta Renewable Energy Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Augusta_Renewable_Energy_Park', 'summary': 'The Port Augusta Renewable Energy Park is proposed to be a large wind farm and solar farm south of Port Augusta in South Australia , Australia . The solar farm is planned to be at the northern end of the site , west of the Augusta Highway and immediately south of Sundrop Farms . The wind turbines will be on both sides of the Augusta Highway , extending south as far as the road to Horrocks Pass . Construction is intended to start mid-2020 and take about 18 months to complete . The project has been developed by DP Energy , but prior to construction , Spanish company Iberdrola committed to investing A $ 500 million and will eventually own stage 1 after DP Energy manages its construction . Stage 1 is planned to comprise 210MW of wind generation and 110MW of solar generation . Stage 2 remains owned by DP Energy and is proposed to include more solar photovoltaic generation and a grid connected battery . The developer claims that the combination of wind , solar , battery and synchronous condensers combine to create a renewable energy power station . The wind turbines were originally approved to have a maximum height ( to the tip of the blades ) of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) but in June 2019 , this approval was increased to 185 metres ( 607 ft ) . The revised plan raises the hub height to 107.5 metres ( 353 ft ) , nominal generating capacity of each turbine to 4.5MW , and reduces the number of turbines from 59 to 50 . The wind turbines will be supplied by Vestas and solar components supplied by Downer Group .'}]}, {'value': 'south of Port Augusta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Augusta', 'summary': "Port Augusta is a small city in South Australia . Formerly a seaport , it is now a road traffic and railway junction city mainly located on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf immediately south of the gulf 's head and about 322 kilometres ( 200 mi ) north of the state capital , Adelaide . The suburb of Port Augusta West is located on the west side of the gulf on the Eyre Peninsula . Other major industries included , up until the mid-2010s , electricity generation . At June 2018 , the estimated urban population was 13,799 , > having declined at an average annual rate of -0.53% over the preceding five years ."}]}, {'value': 'DP Energy and Iberdrola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iberdrola', 'summary': 'Iberdrola ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iβeɾˈðɾola ] ) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao , Spain . Iberdrola has a workforce of around 34,000 employees in dozens of countries on four continents serving around 31.67 million customers . Subsidiaries include Scottish Power ( United Kingdom ) , Avangrid ( United States ) and NYSEG ( United States ) , amongst others . The largest shareholder of the company was , in 2013 , Qatar Investment Holding ; other significant shareholders are Norges Bank , Kutxabank and Bankia . Iberdrola is a global energy company , the number-one producer of wind power , and one of the worlds biggest electricity utilities by market capitalisation . The group has businesses in numerous countries and supplies energy to over 100 million people , mainly in Spain , United Kingdom ( Scottish Power ) , USA ( AVANGRID ) , Brazil ( Neoenergia ) , Mexico , Germany , Portugal , Italy or France . With a workforce of 34,000 and assets in excess of €113bn , it achieved a turnover of €35bn and a net profit of €3bn in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pending approval , construction expected to commence in late 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keyneton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keyneton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keyneton,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Keyneton is a locality in South Australia . The town is in the Mid Murray Council local government area , 82 kilometres ( 51 mi ) north-east of the state capital , Adelaide . At the 2011 census , Keyneton and the surrounding area had a population of 534 . The town was named after English pastoralist Joseph Keynes ( related to the Keynes Family ) , who had settled the area in 1842 and whose descendants still live and farm in the area . It is in the Eden Valley wine region . The historic former North Rhine Mine Engine House in Pine Hut Road and the Bridge Over the River Somme on the Sedan-Angaston Road are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register .'}]}, {'value': 'Pacific Hydro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Hydro', 'summary': "Pacific Hydro is a Chinese-owned renewable energy company headquartered in Melbourne , Australia . The company was founded in 1992 and was soon floated on the Australian Stock Exchange , it was later bought by a consortium of industry superannuation funds and delisted . It is now owned by China 's State Power Investment Corporation . The company builds and operates renewable energy projects , initially hydro electricity on irrigation dams , before opening its first wind farm in 2010 . Pacific Hydro develops hydro , wind , solar and geothermal power projects . In addition to Australia , the company operates also in Brazil and Chile . The company is also active in the carbon market in the production and trading of carbon credits from its run-of-river hydro projects registered under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol . On 30 November 2006 , Pacific Hydro acquired wind farms developer SES Soluções de Energias Sustentáveis and renamed it Pacific Hydro Brazil . In 2012 Pacific Hydro Retail started operating in the Victorian market . It services the Commercial and Industrial , Small Business and Residential customer segments . Pacific Hydro retail was re-branded Tango Energy in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2013 approved . 2019 cancelled', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Construction was to start mid-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100-110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stony Gap', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'near Burra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burra,_South_Australia', 'summary': "Burra is a pastoral centre and historic tourist town in the mid-north of South Australia . It lies east of the Clare Valley in the Bald Hills range , part of the northern Mount Lofty Ranges , and on Burra Creek . The town began as a single company mining township that , by 1851 , was a set of townships ( company , private and government-owned ) collectively known as The Burra . The Burra mines supplied 89% of South Australia 's and 5% of the world 's copper for 15 years , and the settlement has been credited ( along with the mines at Kapunda ) with saving the economy of the struggling new colony of South Australia . The Burra Burra Copper Mine was established in 1848 mining the copper deposit discovered in 1845 . Miners and townspeople migrated to Burra primarily from Cornwall , Wales , Scotland and Germany . The mine first closed in 1877 , briefly opened again early in the 20th century and for a last time from 1970 to 1981 . When the mine was exhausted and closed the population shrank dramatically and the townships , for the next 100 years , supported pastoral and agricultural activities . Today the town continues as a centre for its surrounding farming communities and , being one of the best-preserved towns of the Victorian era in Australia , as a historic tourist centre . The Burra Charter , which outlines the best practice standard for cultural heritage management in Australia , is named for a conference held here in 1979 by Australia ICOMOS ( International Council on Monuments and Sites ) where the document was adopted ."}]}, {'value': 'Palisade Investment Partners ( previously EnergyAustralia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EnergyAustralia', 'summary': 'EnergyAustralia ( former name : TRUenergy ) is an electricity generation , electricity and gas retailing private company in Australia that is owned by Hong Kong-based and listed CLP Group . EnergyAustralia also had a portfolio of generating sites using thermal coal , natural gas , hydro-electric , solar energy , and wind power . The company was founded in 1995 and its headquarters are located in Melbourne , Victoria .'}]}, {'value': '2014 approved', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palisade is continuing to investigate options for the development of the Stony Gap proposal , while at the same time considering options to sell the asset to a different developer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144-250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exmoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naracoorte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naracoorte,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Naracoorte is a town in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia , approximately 336 kilometres south-east of Adelaide and 100 kilometres north of Mount Gambier on the Riddoch Highway ( A66 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Acciona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acciona', 'summary': "Acciona , S.A. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ akˈθjona ] ) is a Spanish conglomerate group dedicated to the development and management of infrastructure ( construction , water , industrial and services ) and renewable energy . The company was founded in 1997 through the merger of Entrecanales y Tavora and Cubiertas y MZOV . The company 's headquarters is in Alcobendas , Community of Madrid , Spain . The company 's U.S. operations are headquartered in Chicago , Illinois . The Company employs 30,000 professionals , and it is to be found in 30 countries on five continents . The Company is IBEX 35-listed and an industry benchmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Application lodged 2011 , possibly lapsed by 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woakwine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'near Beachport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beachport', 'summary': 'Beachport is a small coastal town in the Australian state of South Australia about 311 kilometres ( 193 mi ) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) north-west of the municipal seat in Millicent , located at the northern end of Rivoli Bay . Beachport has a large crayfishing fleet , and is known for its 772-metre ( 2,533 ft ) -long jetty , the second-longest in South Australia after the one at Port Germein .'}]}, {'value': 'Infigen Energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infigen_Energy', 'summary': "Infigen Energy ( Infigen ) , operating under this name since 29 April 2009 , is a developer , owner and operator of renewable energy generation assets in Australia . Infigen 's wind farm portfolio has an installed capacity of 557 MW . Most of Infigen 's assets generate electricity from renewable sources and are eligible to sell Large-scale Generation Certificates ( LGCs ) under the mandatory Renewable Energy Target scheme , which operates in Australia under the Renewable Energy ( Electricity ) Act 2000 . Infigen also operates open cycle gas turbine power stations Smithfield Energy Facility in New South Wales and will take on Temporary Generation South in South Australia in 2020 , in addition to a grid-scale battery near the Lake Bonney Wind Farm . Infigen previously owned a wind farm portfolio in the US . In October 2015 Infigen sold its US wind business to an Arclight Capital Partners , LLC for US $ 274.4 million . The US wind farms are subsequently operated by Leeward Renewable Energy , LLC . Infigen reports under the Carbon Disclosure Project . Infigen is a member of the Australian Energy Council and the Clean Energy Council ."}]}, {'value': '2012 approved', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '375', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmer , Tungkillo , Sanderston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Palmer is a town just east of the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia along the Adelaide-Mannum Road , 70 kilometres east-north-east of the state capital , Adelaide and 15 km west-north-west of Mannum ( 34°51′S 139°9′E / 34.850°S 139.150°E / -34.850 ; 139.150 ) . It is located in the Mid Murray Council local government area . At the 2006 census , Palmer had a population of 329 . Palmer has a primary school ( opened 1882 ) , a general store , hotel and a Lutheran Church of which Carl Heinrich Loessel was the first pastor , from 22 May 1869 before the church was built , succeeded by the long-serving Pastor Kuss . At the ABS 2001 census , Palmer had a population of 305 people living in 124 dwellings . By the 2016 census census , the population had dropped to only 202 people in 93 dwellings . There are some nearby rock formations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tungkillo,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Tungkillo ( 34°49′S 139°04′E / 34.817°S 139.067°E / -34.817 ; 139.067 , postcode 5236 , altitude 299m ) is a town in South Australia , located approximately 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) south of Mount Pleasant . It sits on Adelaide-Mannum Road , 60 km ( 37 mi ) north-east of the state capital , Adelaide and 25 km ( 16 mi ) north-west of Mannum . At the 2006 census , Tungkillo had a population of 360 . Tungkillo was originally the name of a mine located south of Palmer , which opened in 1847 . In 1848 , a town was surveyed at the mine , The present-day town was settled by Samuel Patten in 1861 , who called it South Petherton ( after the Somerset town of South Petherton from which his family originated ) . The name of South Petherton was officially altered on 24 January 1906 to Tungkillo , although the two names were used interchangeably as late as 1936 . Tungkillo is a corruption of tainkila , a Peramangk Aboriginal word meaning ghost moth grubs . The historic former Terlinga Station Shearing Shed in Hoads Woolshed Road and a former grain threshing floor in Loxton Road are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register . Tungkillo is in the Mid Murray Council local government area , the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Schubert and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Barker .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanderston,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Sanderston is a settlement in South Australia . It is at the foot of the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges , and was on the Sedan railway line ( which ran south-north ) where it crossed the road from Mount Pleasant ( west ) to the Murray River at Walker Flat ( east ) . The Baptist church building opened in 1905 but is now closed . The town once also had a store and post office .'}]}, {'value': 'Tilt Renewables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tilt_Renewables', 'summary': 'Tilt Renewables Pty Ltd is an Australasian electricity generation company , dual listed on the New Zealand stock exchange and Australian stock exchange . Tilt Renewables was demerged from Trustpower in October 2016 , with Tilt Renewables taking ownership of all operational wind assets and the wind and solar development pipeline , and Trustpower retaining all hydro assets .'}]}, {'value': 'In Development , being assessed against other options', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Approved 2015 , appeals dismissed 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kongorong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kongorong ( west of Mount Gambier )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kongorong,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Kongorong is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located southwest of Mount Gambier . It has an Australian rules football team and netball team . Kongorong Primary School had 61 students in 2010 . The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Kongorong had a population of 193 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Gambier,_South_Australia', 'summary': "Mount Gambier is the second most populated city in South Australia with an estimated urban population of 29,639 . The city is located on the slopes of Mount Gambier ( volcano ) in the south east of the state , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) south-east of the capital Adelaide and just 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the Victorian border , it is the most important settlement in the Limestone Coast region and the seat of government for both the City of Mount Gambier and the District Council of Grant . The city is well known for its geographical features , particularly its volcanic and limestone features , most notably its Blue Lake , parks and gardens , caves and sinkholes . The peak of the dormant volcano was the first place in South Australia named by European explorers . It was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant from the survey brig , HMS Lady Nelson , and named for Lord James Gambier , Admiral of the Fleet . The peak is marked by Centenary Tower , built in 1901 to commemorate the first sighting , and at 192 m ( 630 ft ) above sea level the landmark is the city 's highest point ."}]}, {'value': 'RATCH-Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RATCH-Australia', 'summary': 'RATCH-Australia Corporation ( RAC ) is an Australian electricity generation company . It is a subsidiary of RATCH Group ( formerly known as Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding Company ) , a public company listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand . RATCH-Australia owns both renewable energy and fossil fuel power stations in Australia . RATCH-Australia came into existence in July 2011 when its parent company bought 80% of the previously-listed Transfield Services Infrastructure Fund via a scheme of arrangement . Power stations owned by RATCH-Australia are :'}]}, {'value': 'Possibly lapsed before 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not mentioned on company web site', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kulpara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'northwest of Port Wakefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Wakefield,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Port Wakefield ( formerly Port Henry ) was the first government town to be established north of the capital , Adelaide , in South Australia . Port Wakefield is situated 98.7 kilometres ( 61.3 miles ) from the Adelaide city centre and lies on the Port Wakefield Road section of the A1 National Highway . Port Wakefield is situated on the River Wakefield , at the head of the Gulf St Vincent .'}]}, {'value': 'RATCH-Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RATCH-Australia', 'summary': 'RATCH-Australia Corporation ( RAC ) is an Australian electricity generation company . It is a subsidiary of RATCH Group ( formerly known as Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding Company ) , a public company listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand . RATCH-Australia owns both renewable energy and fossil fuel power stations in Australia . RATCH-Australia came into existence in July 2011 when its parent company bought 80% of the previously-listed Transfield Services Infrastructure Fund via a scheme of arrangement . Power stations owned by RATCH-Australia are :'}]}, {'value': 'Possibly lapsed before 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not mentioned on company web site', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14-200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tungketta Hill/Elliston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Between Elliston and Sheringa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliston,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Elliston is a small coastal town in the Australian state of South Australia on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula 169 km northwest of Port Lincoln and 641 km west of Adelaide . The township is located on Waterloo Bay . It has a rainfall of 426 mm per annum . At the 2006 census , Elliston had a population of 377 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheringa,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Sheringa is a coastal locality on the western side of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia on the Great Australian Bight . The Flinders Highway runs through Sheringa . Sheringa is located on the highway , containing a hall , Church , CFS and Roadhouse . Surf Life Saving Australia describes Sheringa Beach as a relatively popular spot for sightseers , while the local surfers and fishers use the beach .'}]}, {'value': 'Ausker Energies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Approved', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The developer 's website ( last updated in 2014 ) said construction would begin when transmission issues are resolved", 'urls': []}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barn Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will fill the gap between Snowtown and Clements Gap wind farms on the Barunga Range southwest of Redhill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowtown_Wind_Farm', 'summary': 'The Snowtown wind farms are located on the Barunga and Hummocks ranges west of Snowtown in the Mid North of South Australia , around 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) north of the state capital , Adelaide . They were developed by Trustpower and owned by Tilt Renewables , which demerged from Trustpower in 2016 . The first stage of 47 turbines was completed in 2008 and Stage 2 of 90 turbines became operational in 2014 . Stage 2 was sold by Tilt Renewables to Palisade Investment Partners in December 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clements_Gap_Wind_Farm', 'summary': 'Clements Gap Wind Farm is a wind farm opened in 2010 located in the Barunga Range , South Australia near Clements Gap , some 20 minutes south of Port Pirie . The wind farm consists of 27 wind turbines with a total generating capacity of 57 MW . It provides enough electricity for up to 33,000 homes and is estimated to avoid the emission of 150,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases each year . The Clements Gap site was chosen because of its powerful winds , easy construction access , simple grid connection , and strong community support .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barunga_Range', 'summary': "The Barunga Range is a range of hills in the northern Mount Lofty Ranges starting near Clements Gap and Merriton in South Australia 's Mid North . At the range 's southern end it merges with Hummock Range at Barunga Gap , approximately 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) south west of Snowtown . The name 'Barunga ' derives from an indigenous term meaning gap in the range . The Barunga and Hummock ranges are host to the Clements Gap and Snowtown wind farms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Redhill,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Redhill ( formerly Broughton ) is a town in the Mid North of South Australia adjacent to the Broughton River .'}]}, {'value': 'AGL Energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AGL_Energy', 'summary': "AGL Energy Ltd ( ASX : AGL ) is an Australian listed public company involved in both the generation and retailing of electricity and gas for residential and commercial use . AGL Energy generates energy from power stations that use thermal power , natural gas , wind power , hydroelectricity , solar energy , gas storage and coal seam gas sources . AGL claimed in August 2017 that it had more than 3.6 million residential and business customer accounts across New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Queensland . AGL entered the residential and commercial gas market in Western Australia in July 2017 . It has large investments in the supply of gas and electricity , and is Australia 's largest private owner , operator and developer of renewable energy assets ."}]}, {'value': '2009 approved , 2013 revised', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown , AGL still holds the rights in 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twin Creek Wind Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'northeast of Kapunda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapunda,_South_Australia', 'summary': 'Kapunda is a town on the Light River and near the Barossa Valley in South Australia . It was established after a discovery in 1842 of significant copper deposits . The southern entrance to the town has been dominated since 1988 by the 8-metre-tall statue of Map Kernow ( the son of Cornwall ) , a traditional Cornish miner . The statue was destroyed by a fire on the morning of 1 June 2006 but has since been rebuilt by its creator , Ben van Zetten .'}]}, {'value': 'RES Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RES_Australia', 'summary': 'The RES Group ( Renewable Energy Systems ) is a global renewable energy company which has been active in the renewable energy industry for over 30 years . Its core business is to develop , construct and operate large-scale , grid-connected renewable energy projects worldwide for commercial , industrial and utility clients . RES is active in the wind ( onshore and offshore wind ) and solar energy sectors and is increasingly focused on the transition to a low-carbon economy providing transmission , energy storage and demand side management expertise .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2019 development consent October 2019 Development approval', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? - 26 turbines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal Brook energy park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal Brook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crystal_Brook,_South_Australia', 'summary': "Crystal Brook is a town in the Mid North of South Australia . It was named after the spring-fed creek next to which it was founded . The area was founded in 1839 by Edward John Eyre who was passing through the region . He named it after the beautiful sparkling clear water and named it 'Chrystal Brook ' . Crystal Brook is 197 kilometres ( 122 mi ) north of Adelaide and in the 2016 census had a population of 1,515 . The town has had some growth over the past year or two with more proposed job opportunities in the region . Crystal Brook is situated on Goyder 's Line near the border of two climate systems . The township of Crystal Brook is surrounded by an intense farming region . As the town has experienced some growth in the past few years it has pushed housing development to the eastern side of the original township and across the creek . The town benefits from a temperate mediterranean climate zone , making possible slightly more intense farming in the region . To the south to south-east and west lies more intense farming and to the north-west lies some marginal , semi-arid farmland . It is home to nearby Bowman Park , a nature preserve that is situated in the Crystal Brook Valley and has an abundance of wildlife and shady camping spots right next to the Crystal Brook Creek ."}]}, {'value': 'Neoen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoen', 'summary': 'Neoen is a renewable energy company headquartered in Paris , France . It owns and operates solar and wind farms in 13 countries on four continents .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2019 approval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Construction due 12 months from approval', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Wind farm proposals', 'section_text': 'In addition to its operating wind farms , South Australia has several proposals for new farms at various stages of development . These include :', 'uid': 'Wind_power_in_South_Australia_1', 'intro': "Wind power became a significant energy source within South Australia over the first two decades of the 21st century. As of 2015, there was an installed capacity of 1,475 MW, which accounts for 34% of electricity production in the state. This represents 35% of Australia's installed wind power capacity. The development of wind power capacity in South Australia has been encouraged by a number of factors. These include the Australian Government's Renewable Energy Target, which require electricity retailers to source a proportion of energy from renewable sources, incentives from the South Australian Government including a supportive regulatory regime and a payroll tax rebate scheme for large scale renewable energy developments. Also the state's proximity to the Roaring forties means there are high quality wind resources for wind farms to exploit. In mid-2009, RenewablesSA was established by the South Australian Government to encourage further investment in renewable energy in the state. The load factor (or capacity factor) for South Australian wind farms is usually in the range 32-38%. This means that a wind farm could typically produce between 32 and 38% of its nameplate capacity averaged over a year."}	null	null	When did the developer come into existence that has a wind farm in the second most populated city in South Australia ?	July 2011
060676ef5068d984	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'Uzbekistan at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansurkhuja Muminkhujaev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 55kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_55_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 55 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 21 at the International Convention Centre . This event was the lightest of the boy 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 55 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmad Mamadjanov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Welter 69kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_69_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Welter 69 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 , semifinals on August 22 , 5th place bout on August 23 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 and the Final bout on August 25 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruslan Kamilov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Greco-Roman 85kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_Greco-Roman_85_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 85 kg Greco-Roman tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 15 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 85 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nilufar Gadaeva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Freestyle 52kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_freestyle_52_kg", 'summary': "The Girls ' 52 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 16 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 52 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dierbek Ergashev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Freestyle 76kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_freestyle_76_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 76 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 76 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zohidjon Hoorboyev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Light Fly 48kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_48_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Light Fly 48 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 at 14:02 , semifinals on August 22 , at 14:00 , 5th place bout on August 23 , at 18:00 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 , at 18:00 and the Final bout on August 25 , at 14:00 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '24 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sardorbek Begaliev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Light Heavy 81kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_81_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Light Heavy 81 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 , semifinals on August 22 , 5th place bout on August 23 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 and the Final bout on August 25 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '24 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansurkhuja Muminkhujaev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_team', 'summary': 'The Mixed Team tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 25 at the International Convention Centre . Athletes of all weight classes were split into groups of 7 or 8 athletes in one of 12 teams . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest where the team with the most wins moves to the next round culminating in a gold match . There were no repechages in this event , the two losing semi-finalists received bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Uzbekistan_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Uzbekistan competed in the 2010 Youth Summer Olympics in Singapore.'}	null	null	How many different sports had winners between 24 Aug and 25 Aug ?	2
06067e3b1417bc67	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump', 'title': 'Triple jump', 'header': ['Year', 'Distance', 'Athlete', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.92 m ( 55 ft 6 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Zolotaryev ( URS )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chorzow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chorzow', 'summary': 'Chorzów [ ˈxɔʐuf ] ( listen ) ( German : Königshütte [ ˈkøːnɪçsˌhʏtə ] ; Silesian : Chorzōw ) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland , near Katowice . Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union - a metropolis with a population of 2 million . It is located in the Silesian Highlands , on the Rawa River ( a tributary of the Vistula ) . Administratively , Chorzów is in the Silesian Voivodeship since 1999 , previously Katowice Voivodeship , and before then , the Silesian Voivodeship . Chorzów is one of the cities of the 2.7 million conurbation - the Katowice urban area and within a greater Silesian metropolitan area with the population of about 5,294,000 people . The population within the city limits is 108,434 as of December 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.39 m ( 57 ft ⁄ 2 in ) A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Saneyev ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Saneyev', 'summary': 'Viktor Danilovich Saneyev ( Georgia ( country ) ვიქტორ სანაევი born 3 October 1945 ) is a retired triple jumper , who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals ; three golds ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) and one silver ( 1980 ) . He was born in Sukhumi , Georgian SSR , and trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad de Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_de_Mexico', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.94 m ( 55 ft 6 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Saneyev ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Saneyev', 'summary': 'Viktor Danilovich Saneyev ( Georgia ( country ) ვიქტორ სანაევი born 3 October 1945 ) is a retired triple jumper , who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals ; three golds ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) and one silver ( 1980 ) . He was born in Sukhumi , Georgian SSR , and trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi .'}]}, {'value': 'Athina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athina', 'summary': "Athena [ b ] or Athene , [ c ] often given the epithet Pallas , [ d ] is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom , handicraft , and warfare who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva . Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece , particularly the city of Athens , from which she most likely received her name . She 's usually shown in art wearing a helmet and holding a spear . Her major symbols include owls , olive trees , snakes , and the Gorgoneion . From her origin as an Aegean palace goddess , Athena was closely associated with the city . She was known as Polias and Poliouchos ( both derived from polis , meaning city-state ) , and her temples were usually located atop the fortified acropolis in the central part of the city . The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is dedicated to her , along with numerous other temples and monuments . As the patron of craft and weaving , Athena was known as Ergane . She 's also a warrior goddess , and was believed to lead soldiers into battle as Athena Promachos . Her main festival in Athens was the Panathenaia , which was celebrated during the month of Hekatombaion in midsummer and was the most important festival on the Athenian calendar . In Greek mythology , Athena was believed to have been born from the head of her father Zeus . In the founding myth of Athens , Athena bested Poseidon in a competition over patronage of the city by creating the first olive tree ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.34 m ( 56 ft 10 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Saneyev ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Saneyev', 'summary': 'Viktor Danilovich Saneyev ( Georgia ( country ) ვიქტორ სანაევი born 3 October 1945 ) is a retired triple jumper , who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals ; three golds ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) and one silver ( 1980 ) . He was born in Sukhumi , Georgian SSR , and trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi .'}]}, {'value': 'Suhumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suhumi', 'summary': "Sukhumi or Sokhumi ( Abkhazian : Аҟәа , Aqwa ; Georgian : სოხუმი , [ sɔxumi ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Суху́м ( и ) , Sukhum ( i ) [ sʊˈxum ( ʲɪ ) ] ) is a city on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia , which has controlled it since the 1992-93 war in Abkhazia , although most of the international community considers it legally part of Georgia . Sukhumi 's history can be traced back to the 6th century BC , when it was settled by Greeks , who named it Dioscurias . During this time and the subsequent Roman period , much of the city disappeared under the Black Sea . The city was named Tskhumi when it became part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and then the Kingdom of Georgia . Contested by local princes , it became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 1570s , where it remained until it was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1810 . Following a period of conflict during the Russian Civil War , it became part of the independent Georgia , which included Abkhazia , in 1918 . In 1921 , the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia . Within the Soviet Union , it was regarded as a holiday resort . As the Soviet Union broke up in the early 1990s , the city suffered significant damage during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict . The present-day population of 60,000 is only half of the population living there towards the end of Soviet rule ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.40 m ( 57 ft 1 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Pérez ( CUB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Pérez', 'summary': "Pedro Damián Pérez Dueñas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ˈpeɾes ] ; February 23 , 1952 - July 18 , 2018 ) was a Cuban triple jumper , who set the world record in the men 's triple jump event on August 5 , 1971 , jumping 17.40 metres , while still a 19-year-old Junior athlete , in the final of the Pan American Games . His mark was a centimeter improvement over the three-year-old record of Viktor Sanyeyev set as the last of 5 world record improvements during the 1968 Olympics emphasizing the advantage of jumping at altitude . Cali , Colombia is also considered at altitude . While Sanyeyev reclaimed the record at sea level in Sukhumi , the next record in succession by João Carlos de Oliveira was also set at altitude in Mexico City and lasted ten more years . While he was the standing world record holder during the 1972 Olympics , he only managed a 15.72 and did not get out of the qualifying round . He improved four years later , taking the early lead in the final before eventually finishing in fourth place . Pérez was born in Pinar del Río , Cuba . He died on July 18 , 2018 at the age of 66 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cali', 'summary': "Santiago de Cali ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkali ] ) , or Cali , is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department , and the most populous city in southwest Colombia , with an 2,227,642 residents according to the 2018 census . The city spans 560.3 km2 ( 216.3 sq mi ) with 120.9 km2 ( 46.7 sq mi ) of urban area , making Cali the second-largest city in the country by area and the third most populous . As the only major Colombian city with access to the Pacific Coast , Cali is the main urban and economic centre in the south of the country , and has one of Colombia 's fastest-growing economies . The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar . Cali is also a centre for sports in Colombia , and is the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games ( in 1971 ) . It hosted the 1992 World Wrestling Championships , the ninth edition of the World Games in 2013 , the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2014 and the World Youth Championships in Athletics in 2015 . Cali will host the first ever Junior Pan American Games in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.44 m ( 57 ft 2 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Saneyev ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Saneyev', 'summary': 'Viktor Danilovich Saneyev ( Georgia ( country ) ვიქტორ სანაევი born 3 October 1945 ) is a retired triple jumper , who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals ; three golds ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) and one silver ( 1980 ) . He was born in Sukhumi , Georgian SSR , and trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi .'}]}, {'value': 'Suhumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suhumi', 'summary': "Sukhumi or Sokhumi ( Abkhazian : Аҟәа , Aqwa ; Georgian : სოხუმი , [ sɔxumi ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Суху́м ( и ) , Sukhum ( i ) [ sʊˈxum ( ʲɪ ) ] ) is a city on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia , which has controlled it since the 1992-93 war in Abkhazia , although most of the international community considers it legally part of Georgia . Sukhumi 's history can be traced back to the 6th century BC , when it was settled by Greeks , who named it Dioscurias . During this time and the subsequent Roman period , much of the city disappeared under the Black Sea . The city was named Tskhumi when it became part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and then the Kingdom of Georgia . Contested by local princes , it became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 1570s , where it remained until it was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1810 . Following a period of conflict during the Russian Civil War , it became part of the independent Georgia , which included Abkhazia , in 1918 . In 1921 , the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia . Within the Soviet Union , it was regarded as a holiday resort . As the Soviet Union broke up in the early 1990s , the city suffered significant damage during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict . The present-day population of 60,000 is only half of the population living there towards the end of Soviet rule ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.20 m ( 56 ft 5 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikhail Bariban ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikhail_Bariban', 'summary': 'Mikhail Mikhailovich Bariban ( Russian : Михаил Михайлович Барибан ; 25 February 1949 - 8 August 2016 ) was a Russian triple jumper who represented the USSR . Bariban trained at Dynamo in Krasnodar . He won two medals at the European Indoor Championships as well as a gold medal at the 1973 Summer Universiade . As of 2006 [ update ] Bariban is the director of the Children and Youth Sport School N2 in Krasnodar .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.23 m ( 56 ft 6 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Saneyev ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Saneyev', 'summary': 'Viktor Danilovich Saneyev ( Georgia ( country ) ვიქტორ სანაევი born 3 October 1945 ) is a retired triple jumper , who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals ; three golds ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) and one silver ( 1980 ) . He was born in Sukhumi , Georgian SSR , and trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.89 m ( 58 ft 8 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'João Carlos de Oliveira ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/João_Carlos_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "João Carlos de Oliveira , also known as João do Pulo ( May 28 , 1954 - May 29 , 1999 ) was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump and the long jump . Born in Pindamonhangaba , São Paulo De Oliveira won two Olympic bronze medals . His personal best of 17.89 metres , set on October 15 , 1975 in Pan American Games , stood as the world record until 1985 . As of today , it is still in the top twenty of all-time best results in the event . In 1981 , he was in a car accident near São Paulo in which he lost one leg . Afterward , he became a vocal advocate for the rights of the disabled . He died in 1999 from complications of alcoholism . There exists some doubt on the judging of the 1980 Olympic men 's triple jump final . Several jumps of winning distance by both Oliveira and Ian Campbell of Australia were adjudged as fouls by the all-Soviet judging panel , despite video replays showing this was not the case . One of Oliveira 's jumps was estimated to be a new world record beyond eighteen metres . These decisions resulted in Soviet athletes Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneev winning the competition with performances in the low 17-metre area . Harry Seinberg , coach to Uudmäe , confirmed off-the-record that the judging had leaned in favour of the home athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.38 m ( 57 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'João Carlos de Oliveira ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/João_Carlos_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "João Carlos de Oliveira , also known as João do Pulo ( May 28 , 1954 - May 29 , 1999 ) was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump and the long jump . Born in Pindamonhangaba , São Paulo De Oliveira won two Olympic bronze medals . His personal best of 17.89 metres , set on October 15 , 1975 in Pan American Games , stood as the world record until 1985 . As of today , it is still in the top twenty of all-time best results in the event . In 1981 , he was in a car accident near São Paulo in which he lost one leg . Afterward , he became a vocal advocate for the rights of the disabled . He died in 1999 from complications of alcoholism . There exists some doubt on the judging of the 1980 Olympic men 's triple jump final . Several jumps of winning distance by both Oliveira and Ian Campbell of Australia were adjudged as fouls by the all-Soviet judging panel , despite video replays showing this was not the case . One of Oliveira 's jumps was estimated to be a new world record beyond eighteen metres . These decisions resulted in Soviet athletes Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneev winning the competition with performances in the low 17-metre area . Harry Seinberg , coach to Uudmäe , confirmed off-the-record that the judging had leaned in favour of the home athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.19 m ( 56 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Livers ( USA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sochi', 'summary': "Sochi ( Russian : Со́чи , IPA : [ ˈsotɕɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia . The Greater Sochi area , which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper , has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers ( 1,361 sq mi ) and sprawls for 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains . [ citation needed ] The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers ( 68.25 sq mi ) . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a permanent population of 343,334 , up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census , making it Russia 's largest resort city . Being part of the Caucasian Riviera , it is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate , with warm to hot summers and mild winters . With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Rosa Khutor in Krasnaya Polyana , Sochi hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 , as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020 . It was also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.44 m ( 57 ft 2 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'João Carlos de Oliveira ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/João_Carlos_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "João Carlos de Oliveira , also known as João do Pulo ( May 28 , 1954 - May 29 , 1999 ) was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump and the long jump . Born in Pindamonhangaba , São Paulo De Oliveira won two Olympic bronze medals . His personal best of 17.89 metres , set on October 15 , 1975 in Pan American Games , stood as the world record until 1985 . As of today , it is still in the top twenty of all-time best results in the event . In 1981 , he was in a car accident near São Paulo in which he lost one leg . Afterward , he became a vocal advocate for the rights of the disabled . He died in 1999 from complications of alcoholism . There exists some doubt on the judging of the 1980 Olympic men 's triple jump final . Several jumps of winning distance by both Oliveira and Ian Campbell of Australia were adjudged as fouls by the all-Soviet judging panel , despite video replays showing this was not the case . One of Oliveira 's jumps was estimated to be a new world record beyond eighteen metres . These decisions resulted in Soviet athletes Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneev winning the competition with performances in the low 17-metre area . Harry Seinberg , coach to Uudmäe , confirmed off-the-record that the judging had leaned in favour of the home athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'Bratislava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bratislava', 'summary': "Bratislava ( /ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə/ , also US : /ˌbrɑːt-/ , Slovak : [ ˈbracislaʋa ] ( listen ) ; German : Preßburg or Pressburg [ ˈprɛsbʊrk ] ( listen ) ; Hungarian : Pozsony ) is the capital of Slovakia . With a population of about 430,000 , it is one of the smaller capitals of Europe but still the country 's largest city . The greater metropolitan area is home to more than 650,000 people . Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia , occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava . Bordering Austria and Hungary , it is the only national capital that borders two sovereign states . The city 's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions , including Austrians , Bulgarians , Croats , Czechs , Germans , Hungarians , Jews , Serbs and Slovaks . It was the coronation site and legislative center of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1536 to 1783 , and has been home to many Slovak , Hungarian and German historical figures . Bratislava is the political , cultural and economic centre of Slovakia . It is the seat of the Slovak president , the parliament and the Slovak Executive . It has several universities , and many museums , theatres , galleries and other cultural and educational institutions . Many of Slovakia 's large businesses and financial institutions have headquarters there . In 2017 , Bratislava was ranked as the third richest region of the European Union by GDP ( PPP ) per capita ( after Hamburg and Luxembourg City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.27 m ( 56 ft 7 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'João Carlos de Oliveira ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/João_Carlos_de_Oliveira', 'summary': "João Carlos de Oliveira , also known as João do Pulo ( May 28 , 1954 - May 29 , 1999 ) was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump and the long jump . Born in Pindamonhangaba , São Paulo De Oliveira won two Olympic bronze medals . His personal best of 17.89 metres , set on October 15 , 1975 in Pan American Games , stood as the world record until 1985 . As of today , it is still in the top twenty of all-time best results in the event . In 1981 , he was in a car accident near São Paulo in which he lost one leg . Afterward , he became a vocal advocate for the rights of the disabled . He died in 1999 from complications of alcoholism . There exists some doubt on the judging of the 1980 Olympic men 's triple jump final . Several jumps of winning distance by both Oliveira and Ian Campbell of Australia were adjudged as fouls by the all-Soviet judging panel , despite video replays showing this was not the case . One of Oliveira 's jumps was estimated to be a new world record beyond eighteen metres . These decisions resulted in Soviet athletes Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneev winning the competition with performances in the low 17-metre area . Harry Seinberg , coach to Uudmäe , confirmed off-the-record that the judging had leaned in favour of the home athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.35 m ( 56 ft 11 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaak Uudmäe ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaak_Uudmäe', 'summary': "Jaak Uudmäe ( born September 3 , 1954 ) is a retired Estonian triple jumper and long jumper who competed for the Soviet Union . He was the gold medalist at the 1980 Summer Olympics . He set a personal best of 17.35 m ( 56 ft 11 in ) in his Olympic victory - a mark which remains the Estonian record . In 1979 and 1980 Uudmäe was acknowledged as Estonia 's Sportsman of the Year . In 1980 Uudmäe 's coach Jaan Jürgenson was nominated as the USSR Coach of the Year and Jaak himself as USSR Master Sportsman of the Year . He was the runner-up at the 1979 Soviet Spartakiad , behind Gennadiy Valyukevich . His sons Jaanus Uudmäe and Jaak Joonas Uudmäe are also both long/triple jumpers ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.56 m ( 57 ft 7 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Banks ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Banks', 'summary': 'William Augustus Banks , III ( born March 11 , 1956 ) is an American athlete . Born at Travis Air Force Base , California , he grew up in San Diego County and went to Oceanside High School . Banks is an Eagle Scout .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.57 m ( 57 ft 7 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Connor ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Connor', 'summary': 'Keith Leroy Connor ( born 16 September 1957 in Anguilla , United Kingdom is a male retired athlete who represented Great Britain and England .'}]}, {'value': 'Provo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Provo,_Utah', 'summary': "Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in Utah , United States . It is 43 miles ( 69 km ) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front . Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County . It is home to Brigham Young University , and Sundance Resort is located just northeast of the city . While Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer , is considered the first European visitor to the area that would become Provo , the first permanent settlement was established in 1849 as Fort Utah . The name was changed to Provo in 1850 , in honor of Étienne Provost , an early French-Canadian trapper . Provo 's climate lies in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate , with temperatures averaging between about 94 °F or 34.4 °C in the summer and 40 °F or 4.4 °C in the winter . Average annual precipitation ( rain and snow ) is just under 20 inches ( 51 cm ) . The population of Provo has grown from 2030 in 1860 to an estimated 116,702 in 2018 . The 2010 census showed slightly more females than males , with over 55% of the population living as couples , and almost 35% of households having children under the age of 18 . The population is over 90% Christian , with almost 89% being Latter Day Saints . The economy in Provo is powered by many different businesses and organizations , including over 100 restaurants , two shopping malls , multiple universities and colleges , a number of small companies , and several large international businesses ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.55 m ( 57 ft 6 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasiliy Grishchenkov ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasiliy_Grishchenkov', 'summary': "Vasily Grishchenkov ( Russian : Василий Грищенков ) born January 23 , 1958 ) is a retired triple jumper from the Soviet Union , best known for winning the silver medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens , Greece . He set the world 's best year performance in 1983 with a leap of 17.55 metres ( personal best ) , achieved on June 19 , 1983 in Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.46 m ( 57 ft 3 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oleg Protsenko ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleg_Protsenko', 'summary': "Oleg Valeryevich Protsenko ( Russian : Олег Валерьевич Проценко ; born 11 August 1963 in Soltsy , Novgorod , USSR ) is a former Soviet athlete . He was one of the world 's finest triple jumpers during the 1980s . However , his record at major championships was rather poor in comparison with his prowess at minor meets . Already a fine triple-jumper in 1983 , Protsenko rocketed to the top of the yearis lists in 1984 with 17.52m leap in 1984 . Bad for him was that he was denied of competing at the Olympic Games in L.A. due to Soviet boycott . His winning triple jump at the Olympic boycott meet in Moscow of 17.46m was 20 cm longer than that of the Olympic champion in Los Angeles . Oleg begun 1985 with unlucky 4th-place finish at the inaugural World Indoor Games in Paris , but improved upon that , setting European Record on 4 August in Leningrad with a triple jump of 17.69m . He lost his record only several days later to Christo Markov ( Bulgaria ) , but picked his first international medal later in the season when finished second to World Record holder Willie Banks ( USA ) at the World Cup in Canberra with fine 17.47m . Protsenko added bronze at the next years European Championships in Stuttgart and had dream start of 1987 season breaking the World Indoor Record on 15 January in Osaka , leaping 17.67m . He had memorable battle with Mike Conley ( USA ) on 27 February in New York , losing his freshly set record , but recording 17.57m for second place . Several days later he won silver at the World Indoor Championships in Indianapolis again finishing behind Conley . It seemed that Protsenko is destined for a medal at the World Outdoor Champs in Rome when winning at European Cup in Prague with 17.61m , but he finished only 8th in Rome with 17.23m ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.97 m ( 58 ft 11 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Banks ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Banks', 'summary': 'William Augustus Banks , III ( born March 11 , 1956 ) is an American athlete . Born at Travis Air Force Base , California , he grew up in San Diego County and went to Oceanside High School . Banks is an Eagle Scout .'}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.80 m ( 58 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khristo Markov ( BUL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khristo_Markov', 'summary': 'Khristo Ganchev Markov ( Bulgarian : Христо Ганчев Мaрков ) ( born January 27 , 1965 in Dimitrovgrad ) is a former triple jumper from Bulgaria , best known for becoming Olympic champion in 1988 . He also won the European and world championships . Markov was also the coach of compatriot Tereza Marinova ( between 1997 and 2008 ) , who won gold in the same discipline at the 2000 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budapest', 'summary': "Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/ , Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈbudɒpɛʃt ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary , and the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits . The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres ( 203 square miles ) . Budapest is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area , which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres ( 2,944 square miles ) and a population of 3,303,786 , comprising 33% of the population of Hungary . The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum , the capital of Lower Pannonia . The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century , but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42 . Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century . The Battle of Mohács , in 1526 , was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule . After the reconquest of Buda in 1686 , the region entered a new age of prosperity , with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest on 17 November 1873 , with the name 'Budapest ' given to the new capital . Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a great power that dissolved in 1918 , following World War I . The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Battle of Budapest in 1945 , and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Budapest is an Alpha − global city with strengths in commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment . It is Hungary 's financial centre and was ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Triple_jump_2', 'intro': "The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the horizontal jumps. The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896. According to IAAF rules, the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot\nas that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the\nother foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed. The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards, with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0.08 in), and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine, with a jump of 15.50 m (50 ft 10.24 in). Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg."}	null	null	Between the 1971 and 1975 athlete , who died more recently ?	Pedro Pérez
06077d80d11c17af	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Regional_League_Division_2_North_Eastern_Region', 'title': '2013 Regional League Division 2 North Eastern Region', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Roi Et United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roi_Et_F.C.', 'summary': 'Roi Et Club Football ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลร้อยเอ็ด คลับฟุตบอล ) is a Association football club based in Roi Et Province in north-eastern Thailand . They are currently members of the Thailand Amateur League North Eastern Region and play at the Pankkee Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Roi Et', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roi_Et', 'summary': 'Roi Et ( Thai : ร้อยเอ็ด , pronounced [ rɔ́ːj ʔèt ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in north-eastern Thailand , capital of Roi Et Province . It covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Roi Et district . As of 2006 it had a population of 34,229 . Roi Et is 514 km from Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Roi Et Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roi_Et_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roi Et Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดร้อยเอ็ด ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Roi Et Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Roi Et United F.C . Coordinates : 16°04′27″N 103°39′22″E / 16.074228°N 103.656024°E / 16.074228 ; 103.656024 Roi Et Province Stadium is home of Roi Et United . It own by a Roi Et Municipality . Daily it is used by schools , sports schools and the RoiEt United football Academy . Other facilities include , swimming pool , volleyball hall , badminton hall , tennis courts , petanque facilities and weight room . There are also park type of exercise municipality facilities .'}]}, {'value': '3,066', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loei City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loei_City', 'summary': 'Loei City Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลเลย ซิตี้ ) , is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Loei Province . The club currently plays in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Loei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loei', 'summary': 'Loei ( Thai : เลย ; pronounced [ lɤ̄ːj ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northeast Thailand . Loei covers the whole tambon of Mueang Loei District and is the capital of Loei Province . In 2005 , Loei had a population of 22,677 . Loei lies 545 km north-northeast of Bangkok , 150 km west of Udon Thani .'}]}, {'value': 'Loei Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loei_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Loei Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดเลย หรือ สนามริเวอร์ไซด์ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Loei Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Loei City F.C . The stadium holds 3,628 people . Coordinates : 17°29′09″N 101°44′05″E / 17.485806°N 101.734803°E / 17.485806 ; 101.734803'}]}, {'value': '3,628', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yasothon United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yasothon_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Yasothon Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดยโสธร ) , is a Thailand semi professional Association football club based in Yasothon Province . The club was formed in 2010 and entered the Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Yasothon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yasothon', 'summary': 'Yasothon ( Thai : ยโสธร , pronounced [ já.sǒː.tʰɔ̄ːn ] ) is a town on the Chi River in the north-eastern region of Thailand . It is the capital and administrative center of Yasothon Province and seat of its City District . Within this district , subdistrict Nai Mueang ( ในเมือง In town ) comprises the bounds of the town proper , which had a population of 21,134 in 2005 . It lies 531 km ( 330 mi ) north-east of Bangkok , the Thai capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Suan Phayathan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suan_Phayathan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Yasothon Province Stadium ( Suan Phayathan Stadium ) ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดยโสธร ( สวนพระญาแถน ) ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Yasothon province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Yasothon F.C . Coordinates : 15°46′58″N 104°09′05″E / 15.782788°N 104.151446°E / 15.782788 ; 104.151446'}]}, {'value': '3,245', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surin_F.C.', 'summary': 'Surin City Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดสุรินทร์ ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Surin Province . The club currently plays in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Surin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surin,_Thailand', 'summary': 'Surin ( Thai : สุรินทร์ , pronounced [ sù.rīn ] ) is a town in Thailand , capital of Surin province , 431 km east-northeast of Bangkok . It is the site of the annual Surin Elephant Round-up . As of 2019 [ update ] , Surin has an estimated population of 39,179 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sri Narong Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Narong_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sri Narong Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาศรีณรงค์ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Surin Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Surin City F.C . Coordinates : 14°52′30″N 103°29′48″E / 14.874996°N 103.496772°E / 14.874996 ; 103.496772'}]}, {'value': '5,673', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalasin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalasin_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kalasin Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดกาฬสินธุ์ ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Kalasin Province . The club was formed in 2010 and entered the Thai League 3 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalasin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalasin', 'summary': 'Kalasin ( Thai : กาฬสินธุ์ ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northeast Thailand , the capital of Kalasin Province . As of 2015 , it has a population of 34,429 It covers the whole tambon Kalasin of the Mueang Kalasin District , an area of 16.96 km2 . Kalasin lies 513 road kilometers north-northeast of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalasin Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalasin_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kalasin Town municipality Stadium or Kalasin Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามเทศบาลเมืองกาฬสินธุ์ หรือ สนามกีฬากลางจ.กาฬสินธุ์ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kalasin Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kalasin F.C . The stadium holds 5,000 people . Coordinates : 16°25′02″N 103°31′11″E / 16.417178°N 103.519814°E / 16.417178 ; 103.519814'}]}, {'value': '2,580', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakhon Phanom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nakhon Phanom Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดนครพนม ) , is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Nakhon Phanom Province . They currently play in Thailand Division 2 League North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Phanom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom', 'summary': 'Nakhon Phanom ( Thai : นครพนม , pronounced [ ná ( ʔ ) .kʰɔ̄ːn pʰā.nōm ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in north-eastern Thailand , capital of Nakhon Phanom Province . The town covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang and Nong Saeng and parts of tambon At Samat and Nong Yat , all of Mueang Nakhon Phanom district . As of 2006 it had a population of 27,591 . The town is 736 km north-east of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Phanom Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nakhon Phanom Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium or Nakhon Phanom Province Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.นครพนม หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดนครพนม ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakhon Phanom Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakhon Phanom F.C . The stadium holds 2,406 people . Coordinates : 17°24′32″N 104°46′37″E / 17.408844°N 104.776992°E / 17.408844 ; 104.776992'}]}, {'value': '4,477', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakon Nakhon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sakon Nakhon Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดสกลนคร ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Sakon Nakhon Province . The club currently plays in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Sakon Nakhon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon', 'summary': 'Sakon Nakhon ( Thai : สกลนคร , pronounced [ sā.kōn ná ( ʔ ) .kʰɔ̄ːn ] ; sometimes written Sakhon Nakhon ) is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in Thailand within the Isan region , and capital city of Sakon Nakhon Province as well as Mueang Sakon Nakhon District , with a population of approximately 76,000 . Sakon Nakhon covers the whole tambon of That Choeng Chum and parts of tambons Ngio Don , Huai Yang , Dong Mafai , That Na Weng and Hang Hong . Sakon Nakhon is 651 km north-east of Bangkok by road .'}]}, {'value': 'Sakon Nakhon City municipality Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon_City_municipality_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sakon Nakhon City municipality Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาเทศบาลนครสกลนคร ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Sakon Nakhon Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sakon Nakhon F.C . Coordinates : 17°08′46″N 104°09′25″E / 17.146115°N 104.156992°E / 17.146115 ; 104.156992'}]}, {'value': '3,449', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udon Thani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udon_Thani_F.C.', 'summary': 'Udon Thani Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดอุดรธานี ) , is a Thai professional association football club based in Udon Thani Province . The club was founded in 1999 . They currently play in Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Udon Thani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udon_Thani', 'summary': 'Udon Thani ( Thai : อุดรธานี , pronounced [ ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː ] ) is one of the four major cities ( Khorat , Ubon Ratchathani , Udon Thani , and Khon Kaen ) of the Isan region , Thailand , ( known as the big four of Isan ) . It is the capital of Udon Thani Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Institute of Physical Education Udon Thani Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Physical_Education_Udon_Thani_Stadium', 'summary': 'Institute Of Physical Education Udon Thani Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬา สถาบันการพลศึกษา วิทยาเขตอุดรธานี ) is a stadium in Udon Thani Province , Thailand . It is currently used for football matches and is the home stadium of Udon Thani F.C . in the Thai League 2 . The stadium holds 3,500 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,705', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nong Khai FT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Khai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nong Khai Football Team ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดหนองคาย ) is a Thai semi professional fotball club based in Nong Khai province . The club was formed in 2010 and entered the Regional League Division 2 allocating into the North-East Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Nong Khai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Khai', 'summary': "Nong Khai ( Thai : เทศบาลเมืองหนองคาย ; RTGS : thesaban mueang nong khai 'Nong Khai Town ' or 'Nong Khai ' ) is a city in northeast Thailand . It is the capital of Nong Khai Province . Nong Khai city is administered as Mueang Nong Khai District . Nong Khai lies on the Mekong River , near the site of the first Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge , spanning the river to Laos . The Thai-Lao Friendship bridge was largely funded by a gift to the Lao government from the Australian government . It is the road and railway gateway to the Lao capital , Vientiane , 25 kilometers upriver , on the north bank opposite Thailand 's Si Chiang Mai District . Construction of a rail spur to Thanaleng outside Vientiane was begun early-2007 and opened 5 March 2009 . Nong Khai is 626 km north of Bangkok by road and 60 km north of Udon Thani ."}]}, {'value': 'Nong Khai Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Khai_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nong Khai Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดหนองคาย หรือ สนาม อบจ.หนองคาย ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nong Khai province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nong Khai F.C . Coordinates : 17°51′56″N 102°44′16″E / 17.865459°N 102.737904°E / 17.865459 ; 102.737904'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ubon UMT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubon_Tiger_F.C.', 'summary': 'Ubon Kruanapat Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลอุบล ครัวนภัส ) , is a Thai professional football club based in Ubon Ratchathani Province . The club was formed in 2009 and entered the Thai League 3 Northern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Ubon Rachathani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubon_Rachathani', 'summary': 'Ubon Ratchathani ( Thai : อุบลราชธานี , pronounced [ ʔubon râːt.tɕʰa.tʰaːniː ] ) is one of the four major cities of Isan ( with Khorat/Nakhon Ratchasima , Udon Thani , and Khon Kaen ) , also known as the big four of Isan . The city is on the Mun River in the southeast of the Isan region of Thailand , and is located 615 km away from Bangkok . It is known as Ubon ( อุบลฯ ) for short . The name means royal lotus city . Ubon is the administrative center of Ubon Ratchathani Province . As of 2006 , the Ubon Ratchathani urban area had a population of about 200,000 . This included 85,000 in Thetsaban Nakhon Ubon Ratchathani ( Ubon municipality ) , 30,000 each in Thetsaban Mueang Warin Chamrap ( Warin municipality ) and Thetsaban Tambon Kham Yai , 24,000 in Thetsaban Tambon Saen Suk , 10,000 each in Thetsaban Tambon Pathum and Tambon Kham Nam Saep , and 6,000 in Thetsaban Tambon Ubon .'}]}, {'value': 'Ubon Rachathani Sports School Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubon_Rachathani_Sports_School_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ubon Rachathani Sports School Stadium ( Thai : สนาม รร.กีฬาอุบลราชธานี หรือ สนามสุนีย์สเตเดี้ยม ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ubon Ratchathani Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Ubon Ratchathani F.C . Coordinates : 15°15′06″N 104°50′53″E / 15.251805°N 104.847969°E / 15.251805 ; 104.847969'}]}, {'value': '2,945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaiyaphum United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaiyaphum_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chaiyaphum United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลชัยภูมิ ยูไนเต็ด ) or Chaiyaphum Mashare Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมาแชร์ชัยภูมิ ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Chaiyaphum Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaiyaphum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaiyaphum', 'summary': 'Chaiyaphum ( Thai : ชัยภูมิ , pronounced [ t͡ɕʰāj.jā.pʰūːm ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in northeastern Thailand , capital of Chaiyaphum Province . As of 2015 [ update ] it had a population of 58,350 , and covers the full tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Chaiyaphum District . Chaiyaphum is 337 road kilometres northeast of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaiyaphum Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaiyaphum_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chaiyaphum Province Stadium ( Thai : สนาม จ.ชัยภูมิ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Chaiyaphum Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Chaiyaphum United F.C . The stadium holds 2,564 people . Coordinates : 15°48′29″N 102°01′15″E / 15.807952°N 102.020799°E / 15.807952 ; 102.020799'}]}, {'value': '1,957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahasarakham United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahasarakham_City_F.C.', 'summary': 'Mahasarakham Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาสารคาม ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Maha Sarakham Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Mahasarakham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahasarakham', 'summary': "Maha Sarakham is the capital city of Maha Sarakham Province in Thailand 's northeastern ( Isan ) region . Sarakham , as it is known to its inhabitants , is in a rice-growing area on the southern Khorat plain , straddling the Chi River . Mahasarakham is 475 km northeast of Bangkok and 73 km southeast of Khon Kaen . The city has long been known as a regional education centre , the so-called Taxila of Isan ( taking this name from the ancient Hindu centre of learning ) . It is home to six colleges , as well as Mahasarakham University ( MSU ) and Maha Sarakham Rajabhat University . Sarakham has the feel of a student town with the younger , more cosmopolitan population much in evidence in the downtown campus area and near MSU 's second campus seven kilometres away at Kham Riang . For a time Mahasarakham ranked with Sisaket as among the poorest cities in Isan . This is changing , partly under the influence of the rapidly growing student population . Today Maha Sarakham possesses two cinemas , a modern department store and market , and branches of major retailers . There has been extensive building , especially on the eastern fringes of the city . [ citation needed ] Maha Sarakham has no railway station or airport , and the main transport links are via express bus , or by road connections to the airports in Khon Kaen and Roi Et . Recently the road link south was upgraded and is now mainly dual carriageway highway ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahasarakham Rajabhat University Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,171', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukdahan City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukdahan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Mukdahan Chaiyuenyong Football Club ( Thai มุกดาหาร ไชยยืนยง เอฟซี ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Mukdahan province . The club currently play in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Mukdahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukdahan', 'summary': "Mukdahan ( Thai : มุกดาหาร , pronounced [ múk.dāː.hǎːn ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) and capital of Mukdahan Province , which became Thailand 's 73rd province in 1982 . In the northern region of the country , on the right ( west ) bank Mekong River , it was formerly a district of Nakhon Phanom Province . The population of the municipal area was 180,600 in 2010 . Mukdahan is 645 km northeast of Bangkok ."}]}, {'value': 'Mukdahan Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukdahan_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Mukdahan Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดมุกดาหาร ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Mukdahan province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Mukdahan F.C . Coordinates : 16°32′37″N 104°43′15″E / 16.543717°N 104.720713°E / 16.543717 ; 104.720713'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nong Bua Lamphu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nongbua Pitchaya Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลหนองบัว พิชญ ) , is a Thailand professional football club based in Nong Bua Lamphu Province.The club participates in Thai League 2 , the second tier of Thai football league system . The club was founded in Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu District , Nong Bua Lamphu Province in 2010 . They played their home matches at Nong Bua Lamphu Province Stadium . They were first entered to the Thai football league system in 2010 , competes in Thai Division 2 League ( North Eastern Region ) , the third tier of Thai football league . In 2017 the club were first promoted to the Thai League 2 , after winning 2016 Regional League Division 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nong Bua Lamphu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu', 'summary': 'Nong Bua Lam Phu ( Thai pronunciation : [ nɔ̌ːŋ būa lām pʰūː ] ) is a town in Thailand , capital of Nong Bua Lam Phu Province . It is on the central eastern border of the province , approximately 45 kilometers south-west of the city of Udon Thani and from there , accessed by route 210 . The town lies 536 km north-north-east of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Nong Bua Lamphu Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nong Bua Lamphu Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดหนองบัวลำภู ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nong Bua Lamphu Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nongbua Pitchaya F.C .'}]}, {'value': '6,053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sisaket United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sisaket_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sisaket United Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลศรีสะเกษ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Sisaket Province , and They currently play in Thai League 4 North Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Sisaket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sisaket_Province', 'summary': 'Sisaket ( Thai : ศรีสะเกษ , RTGS : Si Sa Ket , pronounced [ sǐː sàʔ kèːt ] ) , is one of the northeastern provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are ( from west clockwise ) Surin , Roi Et , Yasothon , and Ubon Ratchathani . To the south it borders Oddar Meancheay and Preah Vihear of Cambodia .'}]}, {'value': 'Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Nakhon_Lamduan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาศรีนครลำดวน หรือ สนามสถาบันการพลศึกษา จ.ศรีสะเกษ ) is a football stadium bearing the traditional name of the city of Sisaket in Thailand . It is the home stadium of Sisaket F.C . of the Thai League 2 . The stadium holds 10,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amnat Charoen Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amnat_Charoen_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Amnat United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลอำนาจ ยูไนเต็ด ) , is a Thai semi professional football club based in Amnat Charoen Province . The club was formed in 2011 and entered the Thai League 3 Northern Region . The club changed their name from Amnat Charoen Town to Amnat Poly United in 2014 , and to Amnat United in December 2016 . These team were taking a 2-years break . This team is automatically banned 2 years , do n't get subsidy and relegated to 2020 Thai League 4 North Eastern Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Amnat Charoen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amnat_Charoen', 'summary': 'Amnat Charoen ( Thai : อำนาจเจริญ , pronounced [ ʔām.nâːt t͡ɕā.rɤ̄ːn ] ) is a town in Thailand , the capital of Amnat Charoen Province . It occupies parts of the sub-district Bung of Mueang Amnat Charoen District . The town is 590 km east-northeast of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Amnat Charoen municipal Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amnat_Charoen_municipal_Stadium', 'summary': 'Amnat Charoen municipal Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาเทศบาลอำนาจเจริญ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Amnat Charoen province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Amnat Poly United F.C . The stadium holds ? people . Coordinates : 15°51′07″N 104°38′10″E / 15.851931°N 104.636117°E / 15.851931 ; 104.636117'}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadium and locations', 'section_text': 'Roi Et UnitedLoei CityYasothon UnitedSurin CityKalasinNakhon PhanomSakon NakhonUdon ThaniNong KhaiUbon UMTChaiyaphum UnitedMahasarakham UnitedMukdahan CityNong Bua LamphuSisaket UnitedAmnat Charoen Town Locations of the Regional League North Eastern Teams in 2013', 'uid': '2013_Thai_Division_2_League_North_Eastern_Region_0', 'intro': '2013 Regional League Division 2 North-East Region is the 5th season of the League competition since its establishment in 2009. It is in the third tier of the Thai football league system. The league winners and runners up will qualify for the 2013 Regional League Division 2 championship stage.'}	null	null	What are the coordinates of the building that holds 2,500 people ?	15°51′07″N 104°38′10″E / 15.851931°N 104.636117°E / 15.851931 ; 104.636117
060bce254272484a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia', 'title': '1914 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia', 'header': ['#', 'Date', 'Rival', 'City', 'Venue', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington RU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletic_Park,_Wellington', 'summary': 'Athletic Park was a sports ground used mostly for rugby matches in Wellington , New Zealand . It closed in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '14-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Sports_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Sports Ground No . 1 was a Stadium and Dirt track racing venue in Sydney , New South Wales . The ground was located where the car park of the Sydney Football Stadium ( SFS ) currently sits . The ground had two main grandstands and was surrounded by a grass covered hill , giving it a capacity of more than 35,000 . It was demolished along with the smaller No.2 Ground in 1986 to allow the building of the SFS , which opened in 1988 . During its lifespan the Sports Ground hosted Rugby league , Rugby Union , Soccer , Motorcycle speedway and Speedway car racing . The Sports Ground was the home ground of NSWRL team , the Eastern Suburbs Roosters , the club playing 500 games at the ground from 1911 until 1986 , with a 283-199-18 W-L-D record .'}]}, {'value': '27-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central-Western Districts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Orange is a city in the Central West region of New South Wales , Australia . It is 254 km ( 158 mi ) west of the state capital , Sydney [ 206 km ( 128 mi ) on a great circle ] , at an altitude of 862 metres ( 2,828 ft ) . Orange had an estimated urban population of 40,493 as of June 2018 making the city a significant regional centre . A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m ( 4,577 ft ) AHD and commanding views of the district . Orange is the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor , although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant . Walter W. Stone , book publisher ( Wentworth Books ) and passionate supporter of Australian literature , was also born in Orange . The first Australian Touring Car Championship , known today as V8 Supercar Championship Series , was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wade Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wade_Park', 'summary': "Wade Park is a sports ground originally constructed for cricket located in the town of Orange , New South Wales , Australia . The park has hosted Sheffield shield matches , an International T20 match between Hong Kong and Sydney Thunder plus a number of competitive A-League matches featuring the Central Coast Mariners FC - in 2006 's Pre-Season against Adelaide United ( resulting in a 0-0 draw ) , and then again in 2007 when the Mariners and Queensland Roar played out a 1-1 draw . Crowds of approximately 3,000 made an appearance at these fixtures . It hosted the 2009 City vs Country Origin NRL Game . The City vs Country Rugby League Game was a huge success . It more than doubled the A league games attendance with a crowd of over 8,000 people . An impressive feat considering Orange has population of only 40,000 . This also indicates that rugby league is a very strong sport in the NSW Country . Rugby League is very much the heart of NSW especially the country areas . The ground is home to the Orange Hawks ' Group 10 rugby league team . It is also one of the home grounds for the NSW Country Eagles team that plays in the National Rugby Championship ."}]}, {'value': '59-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Sports_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Sports Ground No . 1 was a Stadium and Dirt track racing venue in Sydney , New South Wales . The ground was located where the car park of the Sydney Football Stadium ( SFS ) currently sits . The ground had two main grandstands and was surrounded by a grass covered hill , giving it a capacity of more than 35,000 . It was demolished along with the smaller No.2 Ground in 1986 to allow the building of the SFS , which opened in 1988 . During its lifespan the Sports Ground hosted Rugby league , Rugby Union , Soccer , Motorcycle speedway and Speedway car racing . The Sports Ground was the home ground of NSWRL team , the Eastern Suburbs Roosters , the club playing 500 games at the ground from 1911 until 1986 , with a 283-199-18 W-L-D record .'}]}, {'value': '5-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armidale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Armidale is a city in the Northern Tablelands , New South Wales , Australia . Armidale had a population of 24,504 as at June 2018 . It is the administrative centre for the Northern Tablelands region . It is approximately halfway between Sydney and Brisbane at the junction of the New England Highway and Waterfall Way . Armidale traditional owners are Anaiwan people . Many Gumbaynggirr people have settled in Armidale since colonisation .'}]}, {'value': 'Showground', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gabba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gabba', 'summary': "The Brisbane Cricket Ground , commonly known as the Gabba , is a major sports stadium in Brisbane , the capital of Queensland , Australia . The nickname Gabba derives from the suburb of Woolloongabba , in which it is located . Over the years , the Gabba has hosted athletics , Australian rules football , baseball , concerts , cricket , cycling , rugby league , rugby union , soccer and pony and greyhound races . At present , it serves as the home ground for the Queensland Bulls in domestic cricket , the Brisbane Heat of the Big Bash League and Women 's Big Bash League , and the Brisbane Lions of the Australian Football League . Between 1993 and 2005 , the Gabba was redeveloped in six stages at a cost of A $ 128,000,000 . The dimensions of the playing field are now 170.6 metres ( east-west ) by 149.9 metres ( north-south ) , to accommodate the playing of Australian rules football at elite level . The seating capacity of the ground was 42,000 in 2010 , which has been reduced in recent times due to new electronic scoreboards and corporate facilities . For international cricket matches , the capacity is reduced to 36,000 due to new scoreboards and the addition of a pool deck , as well as wider sight screens . For AFL matches the capacity is slightly larger at 41,974 ."}]}, {'value': '26-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gabba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gabba', 'summary': "The Brisbane Cricket Ground , commonly known as the Gabba , is a major sports stadium in Brisbane , the capital of Queensland , Australia . The nickname Gabba derives from the suburb of Woolloongabba , in which it is located . Over the years , the Gabba has hosted athletics , Australian rules football , baseball , concerts , cricket , cycling , rugby league , rugby union , soccer and pony and greyhound races . At present , it serves as the home ground for the Queensland Bulls in domestic cricket , the Brisbane Heat of the Big Bash League and Women 's Big Bash League , and the Brisbane Lions of the Australian Football League . Between 1993 and 2005 , the Gabba was redeveloped in six stages at a cost of A $ 128,000,000 . The dimensions of the playing field are now 170.6 metres ( east-west ) by 149.9 metres ( north-south ) , to accommodate the playing of Australian rules football at elite level . The seating capacity of the ground was 42,000 in 2010 , which has been reduced in recent times due to new electronic scoreboards and corporate facilities . For international cricket matches , the capacity is reduced to 36,000 due to new scoreboards and the addition of a pool deck , as well as wider sight screens . For AFL matches the capacity is slightly larger at 41,974 ."}]}, {'value': '19-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gabba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gabba', 'summary': "The Brisbane Cricket Ground , commonly known as the Gabba , is a major sports stadium in Brisbane , the capital of Queensland , Australia . The nickname Gabba derives from the suburb of Woolloongabba , in which it is located . Over the years , the Gabba has hosted athletics , Australian rules football , baseball , concerts , cricket , cycling , rugby league , rugby union , soccer and pony and greyhound races . At present , it serves as the home ground for the Queensland Bulls in domestic cricket , the Brisbane Heat of the Big Bash League and Women 's Big Bash League , and the Brisbane Lions of the Australian Football League . Between 1993 and 2005 , the Gabba was redeveloped in six stages at a cost of A $ 128,000,000 . The dimensions of the playing field are now 170.6 metres ( east-west ) by 149.9 metres ( north-south ) , to accommodate the playing of Australian rules football at elite level . The seating capacity of the ground was 42,000 in 2010 , which has been reduced in recent times due to new electronic scoreboards and corporate facilities . For international cricket matches , the capacity is reduced to 36,000 due to new scoreboards and the addition of a pool deck , as well as wider sight screens . For AFL matches the capacity is slightly larger at 41,974 ."}]}, {'value': '17-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan Union', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Sports_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Sports Ground No . 1 was a Stadium and Dirt track racing venue in Sydney , New South Wales . The ground was located where the car park of the Sydney Football Stadium ( SFS ) currently sits . The ground had two main grandstands and was surrounded by a grass covered hill , giving it a capacity of more than 35,000 . It was demolished along with the smaller No.2 Ground in 1986 to allow the building of the SFS , which opened in 1988 . During its lifespan the Sports Ground hosted Rugby league , Rugby Union , Soccer , Motorcycle speedway and Speedway car racing . The Sports Ground was the home ground of NSWRL team , the Eastern Suburbs Roosters , the club playing 500 games at the ground from 1911 until 1986 , with a 283-199-18 W-L-D record .'}]}, {'value': '11-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Sports_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Sports Ground No . 1 was a Stadium and Dirt track racing venue in Sydney , New South Wales . The ground was located where the car park of the Sydney Football Stadium ( SFS ) currently sits . The ground had two main grandstands and was surrounded by a grass covered hill , giving it a capacity of more than 35,000 . It was demolished along with the smaller No.2 Ground in 1986 to allow the building of the SFS , which opened in 1988 . During its lifespan the Sports Ground hosted Rugby league , Rugby Union , Soccer , Motorcycle speedway and Speedway car racing . The Sports Ground was the home ground of NSWRL team , the Eastern Suburbs Roosters , the club playing 500 games at the ground from 1911 until 1986 , with a 283-199-18 W-L-D record .'}]}, {'value': '25-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Sports_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Sports Ground No . 1 was a Stadium and Dirt track racing venue in Sydney , New South Wales . The ground was located where the car park of the Sydney Football Stadium ( SFS ) currently sits . The ground had two main grandstands and was surrounded by a grass covered hill , giving it a capacity of more than 35,000 . It was demolished along with the smaller No.2 Ground in 1986 to allow the building of the SFS , which opened in 1988 . During its lifespan the Sports Ground hosted Rugby league , Rugby Union , Soccer , Motorcycle speedway and Speedway car racing . The Sports Ground was the home ground of NSWRL team , the Eastern Suburbs Roosters , the club playing 500 games at the ground from 1911 until 1986 , with a 283-199-18 W-L-D record .'}]}, {'value': '22-7', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Match summary', 'section_text': 'Complete list of matches played by the All Blacks in Australia : [ 2 ] Test matches', 'uid': '1914_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_1', 'intro': 'The 1914 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the eighth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Seven matches were played against regional sides along with three Test match between the two national teams. New Zealand won the test series v. Australia with three victories.'}	null	null	When did the venue close where the New Zealand rugby union lost a match in their 1914 tour of Australia ?	1999
060d58f9aac178c0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_and_palaces_in_Sweden', 'title': 'List of castles and palaces in Sweden', 'header': ['Name', 'Swedish name', 'Location', 'Date', 'Condition'], 'data': [{'value': 'Carlsten Fortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsten', 'summary': 'Carlsten ( Swedish : Karlstens fästning ) is a stone fortress located at Marstrand , on the western coast of Sweden . The fortress was built on the orders of King Carl X of Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde , 1658 to protect the newly acquired province of Bohuslän from hostile attacks . The site of Marstrand was chosen because of its location and its access to an ice free port . The fortress was decommissioned as a permanent defense installation in 1882 , but remained in military use until the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlstens fästning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bohuslän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohuslän', 'summary': "Bohuslän ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbûːhʉːsˌlɛːn ] ( listen ) ; Danish/Norwegian : Båhuslen ) is a Swedish province in Götaland , on the northernmost part of the country 's west coast . It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast , Västergötland to the southeast , the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the west , and the county of Østfold , in Norway , to the north . Bohuslän is named after the medieval Norwegian castle of Bohus . Under the name Baahuslen , it was a Norwegian county from the Norwegian conquest of the region from the Geats and subsequent unification of the country in the 870s until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 , when the union of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede this county , as well as Skåneland ( part of Denmark proper ) to Sweden . As of 31 December 2016 [ update ] , the number of inhabitants was 299,087 , giving a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 180/sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottenborg manor house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottenborg_manor_house', 'summary': 'Charlottenborg ( Charlottenborgs slott ) is a manor house in Motala on the shores of Motala ström in Östergötland county , Sweden . The manor was built in the mid 17th century by count Ludvig Wierich Lewenhaupt ( 1622-1668 ) and named in honour of his wife , Charlotte von Hohenlohe-Neuenstein ( 1626-1666 ) . Charlottenborg was the former residence of both General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt ( 1659-1719 ) and engineer Daniel Fraser ( 1787-1849 ) . The mid-seventeenth-century house that is shown in an engraving in the topography Suecia antiqua et hodierna by Erik Dahlberg ( 1625-1703 ) was rebuilt in more modern fashion in the eighteenth century . Since 1959 , the manor has been owned by Motala Municipality . Today Charlottenborg houses the Motala Museum , with exhibitions on local history . The museum also exhibits art from the 17th century to the 20th century . Among the artists represented are works by Bruno Liljefors ( 1860-1939 ) and Johan Krouthén ( 1858-1932 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlottenborgs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östergötland', 'summary': 'Östergötland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ; English exonym : East Gothland ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) in the south of Sweden . It borders Småland , Västergötland , Närke , Södermanland and the Baltic Sea . In older English literature , one might also encounter the Latinized version , Ostrogothia . The corresponding administrative county , Östergötland County , covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces .'}]}, {'value': '1651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottenlund Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottenlund_Castle', 'summary': 'Charlottenlund Castle ( Swedish : Charlottenlund slott ) is a castle in Ystad Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlottenlunds slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion_at_Drottningholm', 'summary': "The Chinese Pavilion ( Swedish : Kina slott ) , located in the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace park , is a Chinese-inspired royal pavilion originally built between 1753-1769 . The pavilion is currently one of Sweden 's Royal Palaces and a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Kina slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1769', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christinehof Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christinehof_Castle', 'summary': 'Christinehof Castle ( Swedish : Christinehofs slott ) is a castle in Tomelilla Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden . It was built between 1737 and 1740 in the German Baroque style . The first estate mentioned on the site was situated in the 14th-century , and named Sjöstrup , according to tradition owned by a German noble named Snakenborg . In 1387 , the estates Kolstrup and Sjöstrup was united to the estate Andrarum , which was bought by Christina Piper in 1725 . The present castle was built in 1737-40 by its owner at the time , Christina Piper , and named Christinehof after her .'}]}, {'value': 'Christinehofs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1740', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claestorp Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claestorp_Castle', 'summary': 'Claestorp Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Claestorps slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1754', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalaborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalaborg', 'summary': 'Dalaborg is a ruined castle in Sweden . Dalaborg was built in 1304 by the Dukes Erik and Valdemar , the sons of Magnus Ladulås , on the western coast of Sweden , It was destroyed in 1434 during the Engelbrekt feud with King Birger . It was at Dalaborg that Queen Margareta , regent of Norway and Denmark , was recognised as regent of Sweden in 1388 . The moat , ramparts , a terrace and the cellar of a blockhouse still survive . A model of Dalaborg can be seen at the Mellerud Museum in Mellerud , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalaborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalsland', 'summary': "Dalsland is a Swedish traditional province , or landskap , situated in Götaland in southern Sweden . Lying to the west of Lake Vänern , it is bordered by Värmland to the north , Västergötland to the southeast , Bohuslän to the west , and Norway to the northwest . The province has a low population density of around 14 inhabitants/km2 and just one town of significant size : Åmål . The total population numbers 50,604 . The uninhabited areas are characterized by dense forests in the northwestern uplands and lakes in the east , giving rise to the epithet , commonly used for Dalsland , of Sweden 's lake province . The Latinized name Dalia , which was often used to name Dalsland in older prints , can still sometimes be encountered ."}]}, {'value': '1304', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dagsnäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dagsnäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Dagsnäs Castle is a castle in Sweden , located 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) south of Skara at Lake Hornborga .'}]}, {'value': 'Dagsnäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västergötland', 'summary': 'Västergötland ( Swedish : [ ˈvɛ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ) , also known as West Gothland or the Latinized version Westrogothia in older literature , is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) , situated in the southwest of Sweden . Västergötland is home to Gothenburg , the second largest city in Sweden , which is situated along a short stretch of the Kattegat strait . The province is bordered by Bohuslän , Dalsland , Värmland , Närke , Östergötland , Småland and Halland , as well as the two largest Swedish lakes Vänern and Vättern . Crown Princess Victoria is Duchess of Västergötland .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djursholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djursholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Djursholm Castle ( Djursholms slott ) is a castle in Sweden . Djursholm is located in Danderyd Municipality , within Stockholm urban area . The castle includes building components from the late Middle Ages . It was the main building on the estate Djursholm , which was owned by the House of Banér from 1508-1813 . Nils Eskilsson ( Banér ) , who was lord of Djursholm 1508 to 1520 , built a new palace at the place where Djursholm Castle remains . Djursholm Castle was the residence of both Privy Councillour Gustaf Banér and his son , Field Marshal Johan Banér . Svante Gustavsson Banér gave the castle its present appearance in the 17th century . By the mid 17th century the castle was its present size . The main hall was fitted at this time , with plaster ceilings , stairs castle was of limestone and oak , and walls hung with art wallpaper full of gilt leather ( leather wallpaper ) and other materials . In 1891 , Djursholms secondary school ( Djursholms samskola ) was started in the building . Until 1910 , Djursholms secondary school operated on the premises . The first inspector of Djursholms samskolas was author Viktor Rydberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Djursholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drottningholm Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace', 'summary': "The Drottningholm Palace ( Swedish : Drottningholms slott ) is the private residence of the Swedish royal family . It is located in Drottningholm . Built on the island Lovön ( in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County ) , it is one of Sweden 's Royal Palaces . It was originally built in the late 16th century , and it served as a regular summer residence of the Swedish royal court for most of the 18th century . Apart from being the private residence of the Swedish royal family , the palace is a popular tourist attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Drottningholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1580', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence , museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dybäck Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dybäck_Castle', 'summary': 'Dybäck Castle ( Swedish : Dybäcks slott ) is a castle in Skurup Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Dybäcks slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edsberg Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edsberg_Castle', 'summary': 'Edsberg Castle is a manor house and estate located by the bay of Edsviken in Sollentuna Municipality , north of Stockholm , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Edsbergs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekenäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekenäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekenäs Castle ( Ekenäs slott in Swedish ) is a castle located outside Linköping in Linköping Municipality , Östergötland , Sweden . The castle consists of a three-story main building with a high steep roof and three square towers featuring Baroque tower domes . The present castle was built in the 17th century on top of the foundations of a medieval fortress from the 14th century . The lake surrounding the castle hill created a natural defense ; however , this was drained in the late 19th century to create more arable land in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekenäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östergötland', 'summary': 'Östergötland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ; English exonym : East Gothland ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) in the south of Sweden . It borders Småland , Västergötland , Närke , Södermanland and the Baltic Sea . In older English literature , one might also encounter the Latinized version , Ostrogothia . The corresponding administrative county , Östergötland County , covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces .'}]}, {'value': '15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekebyholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekebyholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekebyholm Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekebyholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekebyhov Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekebyhov_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekebyhov Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekebyhovs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1670s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekensholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekensholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekensholm Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekensholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1820s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eketorp Fort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eketorp', 'summary': 'Eketorp is an Iron Age fort in southeastern Öland , Sweden , which was extensively reconstructed and enlarged in the Middle Ages . Throughout the ages the fortification has served a variety of somewhat differing uses : from defensive ringfort , to medieval safe haven and thence a cavalry garrison . In the 20th century it was further reconstructed to become a heavily visited tourist site and a location for re-enactment of medieval battles . Eketorp is the only one of the 19 known prehistoric fortifications on Öland that has been completely excavated , yielding a total of over 24,000 individual artifacts . The entirety of southern Öland has been designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . The Eketorp fortification is often referred to as Eketorp Castle .'}]}, {'value': 'Eketorps fornborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Öland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Öland', 'summary': 'Öland ( UK : /ˈɜːlænd/ , US : /ˈɜːrlɑːnd , ˈʌl-/ ; Swedish : [ ˈø̌ːland ] ( listen ) ; sometimes written Øland in other Scandinavian languages , and often Oland internationally ; Latin : Oelandia ) is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden . Öland has an area of 1,342 square kilometres ( 518 square miles ) and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland . The island has 26,000 inhabitants . It is separated from the mainland by the Kalmar Strait and connected to it by the 6-kilometre ( 3.7 mi ) Öland Bridge , which opened on 30 September 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '5th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum , ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekholmen Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekholmen_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekholmen Castle ( Swedish : Ekholmens slott ) is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekholmens slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekolsund Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekolsund_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekolsund Castle is a castle in Sweden . It is situated in Enköping Municipality . The current building consists of two wings designed in the second half of the 17th century by Simon de la Vallée and Nicodemus Tessin . A mansion is known to have been situated on the spot since the 14th century . In the 15th century , it was owned by Bengt Jönsson ( Oxenstierna ) . After having been acquired by the King in 1542 , it was used by the royal family : It was the residence of Princess Sophia of Sweden from 1578 to 1611 . In 1747 , it was granted to the future King Gustav III of Sweden , who often used it as his summer residence until he acquired Drottningholm Palace in 1777 , especially as Crown Prince . In 1785 , Gustav III sold it to the Seton family , who owned it until 1912 . In 2002 , the property was acquired by Raija Axell Ohlin . It has since been used as a health center specialized in Cardiovascular disease called Ekolsund Heart Centre-Hälsans Slott .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekolsunds slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elghammar Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elghammar_Castle', 'summary': "Elghammar Castle is a castle in Södermanland County , Sweden . Initially owned by the Kruse family of Elghammar , then by Johan Adolf Welander , the existing manor was sold in 1807 to Marshall Curt von Stedingk , who ordered new constructions in the French Empire style . His son died in 1875 and the property was inherited by a daughter , who married the 5th Duke of Otrante ( the duke had as an ancestor Joseph Fouché , who was the French Minister of Police during the reign of Emperor Napoleon ) . The castle -- or manor/Italian villa as the owner , the Duchess Christina d'Otrante , prefers it to be perceived -- is surrounded by forests and a farm ."}]}, {'value': 'Elghammars slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'C-E', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_castles_and_manor_houses_in_Sweden_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of castles and palaces in Sweden. In the Swedish language the word slott is used for both castles, châteaus and palaces; this article lists all of them as well as fortresses.'}	null	null	When was the castle built in 1304 destroyed ?	1434
060f4021aa1e0748	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Light', 'title': 'Judith Light', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Doll 's House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Doll's_House", 'summary': "A Doll 's House ( Danish and Bokmål : Et dukkehjem ; also translated as A Doll House ) is a three-act play written by Norway 's Henrik Ibsen . It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 21 December 1879 , having been published earlier that month . The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879 . The play is significant for the way it deals with the fate of a married woman , who at the time in Norway lacked reasonable opportunities for self-fulfillment in a male-dominated world , despite the fact that Ibsen denies it was his intent to write a feminist play . It aroused a great sensation at the time , and caused a storm of outraged controversy that went beyond the theatre to the world newspapers and society . In 2006 , the centennial of Ibsen 's death , A Doll 's House held the distinction of being the world 's most performed play that year . UNESCO has inscribed Ibsen 's autographed manuscripts of A Doll 's House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001 , in recognition of their historical value . The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll 's House , though some scholars use A Doll House . John Simon says that A Doll 's House is the British term for what [ Americans ] call a 'dollhouse ' . Egil Törnqvist says of the alternative title : Rather than being superior to the traditional rendering , it simply sounds more idiomatic to Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Helene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vivian Beaumont Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vivian_Beaumont_Theater', 'summary': "The Vivian Beaumont Theater is a Broadway theater located in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts complex at 150 West 65th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . It is New York City 's only Broadway-class theater ( thus making its productions eligible for the Tony Awards ) that is not located in the Theater District near Times Square . The building was one of the last structures designed by Eero Saarinen , a Finnish-born mid-century architect . It is the home of Lincoln Center Theater ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Measure for Measure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Measure_for_Measure', 'summary': "Measure for Measure is a play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written in 1603 or 1604 . Originally published in the First Folio of 1623 , where it was listed as a comedy , the play 's first recorded performance occurred in 1604 . The play 's main themes include justice , morality and mercy in Vienna , and the dichotomy between corruption and purity : some rise by sin , and some by virtue fall . Mercy and virtue prevail , as the play does not end tragically , with virtues such as compassion and forgiveness being exercised at the end of the production . While the play focuses on justice overall , the final scene illustrates that Shakespeare intended for moral justice to temper strict civil justice : a number of the characters receive understanding and leniency , instead of the harsh punishment to which they , according to the law , could have been sentenced . Measure for Measure is often called one of Shakespeare 's problem plays . It continues to be classified as a comedy , albeit a dark one , though its tone may defy those expectations ."}]}, {'value': 'Francisca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delacorte Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delacorte_Theater', 'summary': "The Delacorte Theater is a 1,800-seat open-air theater located in Central Park , in the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It is home to the Public Theater 's free Shakespeare in the Park productions . Over five million people have attended more than 150 free productions of Shakespeare and other classical works and musicals at the Delacorte Theater since its opening in 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herzl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herzl_(play)', 'summary': 'Herzl is a 1976 play written by Dore Schary and Amos Elon based on the biography written by Elon . The show opened at the Palace Theatre , Broadway on November 30 , 1976 and closed on December 5 , 1976 after 8 performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Julie Herzl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palace Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)', 'summary': 'The Palace Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 1564 Broadway ( at West 47th Street ) in midtown Manhattan , New York City . From 1913 through about 1929 , the Palace attained legendary status among vaudeville performers as the flagship of the Keith-Albee organization , and the most desired booking in the country . With 1,610 seats ( as of 2018 ) spread over three levels , it is one of the largest theaters on Broadway , housing primarily large musicals and concert engagements . On September 16 , 2018 , following the run of SpongeBob SquarePants , the theater closed for an extensive renovation , and is expected to reopen in 2021 .'}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wit_(play)', 'summary': 'Wit ( also styled as W ; t ) is a one-act play written by American playwright Margaret Edson , which won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . Edson used her work experience in a hospital as part of the inspiration for her play .'}]}, {'value': 'Vivian Bearing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Union Square Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Square_Theatre', 'summary': 'Union Square Theatre was the name of two different theatres near Union Square , Manhattan , New York City . The first was a Broadway theatre that opened in 1870 , was converted into a cinema in 1921 and closed in 1936 . The second was an Off-Broadway theatre that opened in 1985 and closed in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedda Gabler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedda_Gabler', 'summary': "Hedda Gabler ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈhɛ̂dːɑ ˈɡɑ̀ːblər ] ) is a play written by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen . Ibsen was present at the world premiere , which took place on 31 January 1891 at the Residenztheater in Munich . It is recognized as a classic of realism , nineteenth century theatre , and world drama . The title character , Hedda , is considered one of the great dramatic roles in theatre . Hedda 's married name is Hedda Tesman ; Gabler is her maiden name . On the subject of the title , Ibsen wrote : My intention in giving it this name was to indicate that Hedda as a personality is to be regarded rather as her father 's daughter than her husband 's wife ."}]}, {'value': 'Hedda Gabler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakespeare Theatre Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakespeare_Theatre_Company', 'summary': 'The Shakespeare Theatre Company is a regional theatre company located in Washington , D.C . The theatre company focuses primarily on plays from the Shakespeare canon , but its seasons include works by other classic playwrights such as Euripides , Ibsen , Wilde , Shaw , Schiller , Coward and Tennessee Williams . The company manages and performs in the Harman Center for the Arts , consisting of the Lansburgh Theatre and Sidney Harman Hall . In cooperation with George Washington University , they run the Academy for Classical Acting . The company is a member of the League of Resident Theatres .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorrows and Rejoicings', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Stage Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Stage_Theatre', 'summary': 'Second Stage Theater is a theater company founded in 1979 and located in Manhattan , New York City . It produces both new plays and revivals of contemporary American plays by new playwrights and established writers . The company has two off-Broadway theaters , their main stage , the Tony Kiser Theater at 305 West 43rd Street on the corner of Eighth Avenue near the Theater District , and the McGinn/Cazale Theater at 2162 Broadway at 76th Street on the Upper West Side . In April 2015 , the company bought the Helen Hayes Theater , a Broadway theater .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colder Than Here', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colder_Than_Here', 'summary': "Colder Than Here is the debut play by the British playwright Laura Wade . It premiered in 2005 at the Soho Theatre directed by Abigail Morris . The comedy explores a woman dying of bone cancer and her family coming to terms with her impending death . Joint with Laura Wade 's other play that also premiered that year concerning death Breathing Corpses it won the writer the Critics ' Circle Theatre Award for Most Promising Playwright and an Olivier Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre . The play has been subsequently produced off-Broadway by MCC Theater in New York , 2005 , in Darmstadt in 2006 and Stockholm in 2006 and 2007 , as well as in Mexico in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Myra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucille Lortel Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Theatre', 'summary': "The Lucille Lortel Theatre is an off-Broadway playhouse at 121 Christopher Street in Manhattan 's West Village . It was built in 1926 as a 590-seat movie theater called the New Hudson , later known as Hudson Playhouse . The interior is largely unchanged to this day . In the early 1950s , the site was converted to an off-Broadway theater as Theatre de Lys , opening on June 9 , 1953 , with a production of Maya , a play by Simon Gantillon starring Kay Medford , Vivian Matalon , and Susan Strasberg . It closed after seven performances . Much more successful was The Threepenny Opera which opened March 10 , 1954 , with a cast that included Bea Arthur , John Astin , Lotte Lenya , Leon Lishner , Scott Merrill , Gerald Price , Charlotte Rae and Jo Sullivan . Because of an incoming booking , it was forced to close after 96 performances . Re-opening September 20 , 1955 , with largely the same cast , The Threepenny Opera this time played until December 17 , 1961 , a then record-setting run for a musical in New York City . In 1955 , financier Louis Schweitzer acquired the building as an anniversary present for his wife , actress-producer Lucille Lortel . In 1981 , the year of her 81st birthday , the theatre was renamed in her honor . After Lortel 's death , the theatre was left to the Lucille Lortel Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardi_(play)', 'summary': 'Lombardi is a play by Eric Simonson , based on the book When Pride Still Mattered : A Life of Vince Lombardi by Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Maraniss .'}]}, {'value': 'Marie Lombardi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circle in the Square Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Circle in the Square Theatre is a Broadway theatre in midtown Manhattan at 235 West 50th Street in the Paramount Plaza building . It is one of two Broadway theaters that use a thrust stage that extends into the audience on three sides .'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Other Desert Cities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Other_Desert_Cities', 'summary': 'Other Desert Cities is a play by Jon Robin Baitz . The play premiered Off-Broadway in January 2011 and transferred to Broadway in November 2011 , marking the Broadway debut of a Baitz play . The play was a finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . Other Desert Cities involves a family with differing political views and a long-held family secret .'}]}, {'value': 'Silda Grauman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booth Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booth_Theatre', 'summary': "The Booth Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 222 West 45th Street ( George Abbott Way ) in midtown-Manhattan , New York City . Architect Henry B. Herts designed the Booth and its companion Shubert Theatre as a back-to-back pair sharing a Venetian Renaissance-style façade . Named in honor of famed 19th-century American actor Edwin Booth , brother of John Wilkes Booth , the theater 's 783-seat auditorium was intended to provide an intimate setting for dramatic and comedic plays . It opened on October 16 , 1913 , with Arnold Bennett 's play The Great Adventure . The venue was the second New York City theatre to bear this name . The first , Booth 's Theatre , was originally owned by Edwin Booth , and built by the architectural partnership Renwick & Sands between 1867-69 on the corner of 23rd Street and 6th Avenue ( see picture , below ) . The Booth Theatre appeared in The West Wing episode Posse Comitatus as venue for a fictitious charity performance of War of the Roses which President Jed Bartlet attended during the assassination of the Qumari Defence Minister Abdul ibn Shareef . The box-office record was broken in 2013 by Bette Midler in I 'll Eat You Last : A Chat with Sue Mengers with a gross of $ 753,217 in just seven performances . Midler then broke her own record the week following with a gross of $ 865,144 . The revival of The Elephant Man , starring Bradley Cooper , topped Midler 's record by grossing $ 1,058,547 for an eight-performance week ending December 28 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Assembled Parties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Assembled_Parties', 'summary': 'The Assembled Parties is a play written by Richard Greenberg . It relates the story of a Jewish family living on the Upper West Side of New York City over a twenty-year period , from 1980 to 2000 . The play , which premiered on Broadway in 2013 , received three Tony Award nominations , including for Best Play .'}]}, {'value': 'Faye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel J. Friedman Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Samuel J. Friedman Theatre ( formerly the Biltmore Theatre ) is a Broadway theatre located at 261 West 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thérèse Raquin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thérèse_Raquin', 'summary': "Thérèse Raquin [ teʁɛz ʁakɛ̃ ] is an 1868 novel by French writer Émile Zola , first published in serial form in the literary magazine L'Artiste in 1867 . It was Zola 's third novel , though the first to earn wide fame . The novel 's adultery and murder were considered scandalous and famously described as putrid in a review in the newspaper Le Figaro . Thérèse Raquin tells the story of a young woman , unhappily married to her first cousin by an overbearing aunt , who may seem to be well-intentioned but in many ways is deeply selfish . Thérèse 's husband , Camille , is sickly and egocentric and when the opportunity arises , Thérèse enters into a turbulent and sordidly passionate affair with one of Camille 's friends , Laurent . In his preface , Zola explains that his goal in this novel was to study temperaments and not characters . Because of this detached and scientific approach , Thérèse Raquin is considered an example of naturalism . Thérèse Raquin was first adapted for the stage as an 1873 play written by Zola himself . It has since then been adapted numerous times as films , TV mini-series , musicals and an opera , among others ."}]}, {'value': 'Madame Raquin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madame_Raquin', 'summary': "Thérèse Raquin [ teʁɛz ʁakɛ̃ ] is an 1868 novel by French writer Émile Zola , first published in serial form in the literary magazine L'Artiste in 1867 . It was Zola 's third novel , though the first to earn wide fame . The novel 's adultery and murder were considered scandalous and famously described as putrid in a review in the newspaper Le Figaro . Thérèse Raquin tells the story of a young woman , unhappily married to her first cousin by an overbearing aunt , who may seem to be well-intentioned but in many ways is deeply selfish . Thérèse 's husband , Camille , is sickly and egocentric and when the opportunity arises , Thérèse enters into a turbulent and sordidly passionate affair with one of Camille 's friends , Laurent . In his preface , Zola explains that his goal in this novel was to study temperaments and not characters . Because of this detached and scientific approach , Thérèse Raquin is considered an example of naturalism . Thérèse Raquin was first adapted for the stage as an 1873 play written by Zola himself . It has since then been adapted numerous times as films , TV mini-series , musicals and an opera , among others ."}]}, {'value': 'Roundabout Theater at Studio 54', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roundabout_Theater_at_Studio_54', 'summary': "Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre , located at 254 West 54th Street , between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The building opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House . It operated as an entertainment venue under various names until 1942 , when CBS began using it as a radio and television studio dubbed Studio 52 . In 1977 , Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager opened a nightclub in the building , retaining many of former TV and theatrical sets and naming it for its street . Launched at the peak of the disco dancing and music trend , the club became world-famous , noted for its celebrity guest lists , restrictive ( and subjective ) entry policies ( based on one 's appearance and style ) , and open club drug use . In 1980 , the club shut down after its founders were convicted for evading taxes . They sold the club to Mark Fleischman , who reopened it , then sold it in 1984 to new owners , who closed it in 1986 . Since November 1998 , the site has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company and retains the name Studio 54 . A separate restaurant and nightclub , Feinstein's/54 Below , operates in the basement of the building ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All The Ways To Say I Love You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCC Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MCC_Theater', 'summary': 'MCC Theater is an Off-Broadway theater company located in New York City , founded in 1986 by artistic directors Robert LuPone , Bernard Telsey and William Cantler . Blake West joined the company in 2006 as Executive Director . MCC opened the doors to its new home in Manhattans Hells Kitchen neighborhood , The Robert W. Wilson MCC Theater Space , on January 9 , 2019/'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'God Looked Away', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estelle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pasadena Playhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse', 'summary': 'The Pasadena Playhouse is a historic performing arts venue located 39 S. El Molino Avenue in Pasadena , California , United States . The 686-seat auditorium produces a variety of cultural and artistic events , professional shows , and community engagements each year .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Theatre', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Judith_Light_3', 'intro': "Judith Ellen Light (born February 9, 1949) is an American actress, producer, and activist. Light made her professional stage debut in 1970, before making her Broadway debut in the 1975 revival of A Doll's House. Her breakthrough role was in the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live from 1977 to 1983, where she played the role of Karen Wolek. For this role, she won two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She later starred as Angela Bower in the long-running ABC sitcom Who's the Boss? from 1984 to 1992, and was featured in many other television sitcoms, dramas and films. She played the recurring role of Elizabeth Donnelly in the NBC legal crime drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2002-2010) and also played Claire Meade in the ABC comedy-drama Ugly Betty (2006-2010), for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2007. She received her first nomination for a Tony Award in 2011, for her performance in the original Broadway play Lombardi. In 2012 and 2013, Light won two consecutive Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play, for her performances in Other Desert Cities and The Assembled Parties. From 2013 to 2014, Light played the role of villainous Judith Brown Ryland in the TNT drama series, Dallas. In 2014, she began starring as Shelly Pfefferman in the critically acclaimed Amazon Studios dark comedy-drama series Transparent, for which she received Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, and Critics' Choice Television Award nominations. In 2019, she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame."}	null	null	The title with the noted theater that has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company is an 1868 novel by which French writer ?	Émile Zola
0610f461ac52b30c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal', 'title': 'Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal', 'header': ['Operators', 'Named trains', 'Destination', 'Year begun', 'Year discontinued'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitol Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(B&O_train)', 'summary': "The Capitol Limited was an American passenger train run by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , originally between New York City and Grand Central Station in Chicago , Illinois , via Union Station , Washington , D.C. , and Pittsburgh . For almost 48 years , it was the B & O 's flagship passenger train , noted for personalized service and innovation . At the time of its discontinuation on May 1 , 1971 , when Amtrak took over most rail passenger service in the U.S. , the Capitol Limited operated between Washington and Chicago ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois via Washington , D.C. and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbian_(B&O_train)', 'summary': "The Columbian was a named passenger train operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . It was the all-coach supplemental train of the all-Pullman Capitol Limited . It operated from 1931 to 1964 . The train 's initial route was between Jersey City , New Jersey and Washington , D.C. , but in 1941 the Columbian route was lengthened to Jersey City - Chicago , Illinois . It was the first air-conditioned train in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois via Washington , D.C. and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diplomat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diplomat_(train)', 'summary': "The Diplomat was a named passenger train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) during the 1920s-1950s connecting New York City , and St. Louis , Missouri , via Washington , D.C. Other B & O trains on the route during that period were the premier National Limited and the workhorse Metropolitan Special . The train was inaugurated in August 1930 after several changes to trains along the St. Louis Route . After World War II , the Diplomat operated as Train No . 3 westbound , and No . 4 eastbound . It was timed to provide connections to several western railroads that terminated in St. Louis , including the Frisco , the Santa Fe , Cotton Belt and Missouri Pacific , among others . B & O 's New York terminal was actually in Jersey City , New Jersey , using the New Jersey Central 's Jersey City terminal . Passengers were then transferred to buses that met the train right on the platform . These buses were then ferried across the Hudson River to Manhattan , where they proceeded to various stations including the Vanderbilt Hotel , Wanamaker 's , Columbus Circle , and Rockefeller Center , as well as Brooklyn ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri via Washington , D.C. and Cincinnati , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1920s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan Special ( Washington Night Express from Jersey City to Baltimore , meeting with the Metropolitan Special )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Special', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Special was the workhorse passenger train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) during the 1920s-1960s between St. Louis , Missouri , and Jersey City , New Jersey , where at Communipaw Terminal passengers transferred to buses and ferries to Manhattan in New York City . Major station stops included Washington , D.C. , and Cincinnati , Ohio . The Metropolitan Special carried vast amounts of mail and express packages in many ( often 10+ ) baggage cars and express cars , and the train served various smaller towns and villages that were bypassed by the more prestigious trains along the route , the National Limited and the Diplomat . Added revenue for the train came from Railway Post Office cars , which sorted and canceled mail en route , between terminals . By 1948 the Washington Night Special picked up the initial Jersey City to Baltimore part of the route . Even with declining passenger revenue through the 1950s and 1960s , the B & O Passenger Department relied heavily on trains such as the Metropolitan Special because of the revenue generated by moving mail and express packages . However , in 1967 , the United States Postal Service dealt a heavy blow to the B & O , canceling most of its lucrative post office contracts . With such a drop in revenue , the fate of the Metropolitan Special was sealed . This train was gone before the first day of Amtrak , May 1 , 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri via Washington , D.C. and Cincinnati , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Limited', 'summary': 'The National Limited was the premier train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) on its route between New York City and St. Louis , Missouri , with major station stops in Washington , D.C. , and Cincinnati , Ohio . It operated from 1925 to 1971 . For much of its life it offered exclusive all-Pullman service , and it was the first long-distance train to be entirely air-conditioned . The National Limited was one of many trains discontinued when Amtrak began operations in 1971 . Amtrak revived the name for another New York-St. Louis service which did not use the B & O route .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri via Washington , D.C. and Cincinnati , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Blue_(train)', 'summary': "The Royal Blue was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) 's flagship passenger train between New York City and Washington , D.C. , in the United States , beginning in 1890 . The Baltimore-based B & O also used the name between 1890 and 1917 for its improved passenger service between New York and Washington launched in the 1890s , collectively dubbed the Royal Blue Line . Using variants such as the Royal Limited and Royal Special for individual Royal Blue trains , the B & O operated the service in partnership with the Reading Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey . Principal intermediate cities served were Philadelphia , Wilmington , and Baltimore . Later , as Europe reeled from the carnage of World War I and connotations of European royalty fell into disfavor , the B & O discreetly omitted the sobriquet Royal Blue Line from its New York passenger service and the Royal Blue disappeared from B & O timetables . Beginning in 1917 , former Royal Blue Line trains were renamed : the Royal Limited ( inaugurated on May 15 , 1898 ) , for example , became the National Limited , continuing west from Washington to St. Louis via Cincinnati . During the Depression , the B & O hearkened back to the halcyon pre-World War I era when it launched a re-christened Royal Blue train between New York and Washington in 1935 . The B & O finally discontinued passenger service north of Baltimore on April 26 , 1958 , and the Royal Blue faded into history ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shenandoah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenandoah_(B&O_train)', 'summary': "The Shenandoah was an American named passenger train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) , one of four daily B & O trains operating between Jersey City , New Jersey and Grand Central Station in Chicago , Illinois , via Washington , D.C. and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania from the 1930s to the 1950s . Other B & O trains of that period on the route were the Capitol Limited , Columbian , and the Washington - Chicago Express . An alternate branch originated in Detroit and met with the Chicago part of the train at Deshler , Ohio , south of Toledo . While the trains were advertised as beginning in New York City , they actually began in Jersey City . at the Jersey Central 's Jersey City terminal , where passengers were then transferred to buses that met the train right on the platform . These buses were ferried across the Hudson River into Manhattan , where they proceeded to various stations . After April 26 , 1958 , the B & O no longer operated passenger trains north of Baltimore , Maryland , which then became the eastern terminus of the Shenandoah for the remainder of its existence ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois via Washington , D.C. and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1930s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore and Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Night Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The Central Railroad of New Jersey , also known as the Jersey Central or Jersey Central Lines ( reporting mark CNJ ) , was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s . It filed for bankruptcy three times ; in 1939 , 1947 and on March 22 , 1967 , the CNJ filed for bankruptcy for the final time . It foreshadowed the rest of New Jersey 's railroads , but not by much . It then pulled out of Pennsylvania completely in 1972 . While most of the passenger services , structures and equipment were picked up by the State of New Jersey , later NJ Transit , it was absorbed into Conrail in April 1976 along with several other prominent bankrupt railroads of the northeastern United States . Only two of the railroad 's steam locomotives were preserved : CNJ No . 592 & CNJ No . 113 ; the latter is the only one that is still operational . The CNJ 's main line had a major presence in New Jersey . Most of the main line is now used by the Raritan Valley Line passenger service and trackage from the CNJ main line in Phillipsburg , New Jersey became part of the Lehigh Line under Conrail ; the Lehigh Line is officially the former main line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Comet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Comet', 'summary': "The Blue Comet was a named passenger train operated by Central Railroad of New Jersey from 1929 to 1941 between the New York metropolitan area and Atlantic City . Designed by Central Railroad of New Jersey ( CNJ ) president R.B . White in 1928 , this train whisked passengers from Communipaw Terminal in Jersey City to Atlantic City , making the total trip from Manhattan ( via ferry to the Jersey City terminal ) to Atlantic City in three hours . The Blue Comet would take NY & LB trackage to Red Bank , then follow the Southern Division Main Line to Winslow Junction , where it would travel over the Atlantic City Railroad 's tracks to Atlantic City . The colors chosen for the Blue Comet 's locomotive and passenger cars were ultramarine and Packard Blue , for the sea , cream , for the sandy coastal beaches , and nickel . The tickets for the train were blue , the dining car chairs were upholstered in blue linen , and the porters were dressed in blue as well . The locomotive was capable of 100 miles per hour , and the railroad claimed the train itself was the first east of the Mississippi to be equipped with roller bearings for easy starting and stopping ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic City , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey', 'summary': 'Atlantic City is a resort city in Atlantic County , New Jersey , United States , known for its casinos , boardwalk , and beaches . In 2010 , the city had a population of 39,558 . It was incorporated on May 1 , 1854 , from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township . It borders Absecon , Brigantine , Pleasantville , Ventnor City , Egg Harbor Township , and the Atlantic Ocean . Atlantic City inspired the U.S. version of the board game Monopoly , especially the street names . Since 1921 , Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant . In 1976 , New Jersey voters legalized casino gambling in Atlantic City . The first casino opened two years later .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The Central Railroad of New Jersey , also known as the Jersey Central or Jersey Central Lines ( reporting mark CNJ ) , was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s . It filed for bankruptcy three times ; in 1939 , 1947 and on March 22 , 1967 , the CNJ filed for bankruptcy for the final time . It foreshadowed the rest of New Jersey 's railroads , but not by much . It then pulled out of Pennsylvania completely in 1972 . While most of the passenger services , structures and equipment were picked up by the State of New Jersey , later NJ Transit , it was absorbed into Conrail in April 1976 along with several other prominent bankrupt railroads of the northeastern United States . Only two of the railroad 's steam locomotives were preserved : CNJ No . 592 & CNJ No . 113 ; the latter is the only one that is still operational . The CNJ 's main line had a major presence in New Jersey . Most of the main line is now used by the Raritan Valley Line passenger service and trackage from the CNJ main line in Phillipsburg , New Jersey became part of the Lehigh Line under Conrail ; the Lehigh Line is officially the former main line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Wilkes-Barre ( /ˈwɪlksˌbɛər/ or /-bɛəri/ ) is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County . It is one of the principal cities in the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley , it is second in size to the nearby city of Scranton . The Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 563,631 as of the 2010 Census , making it the fourth-largest metro/statistical area in the state of Pennsylvania . Wilkes-Barre and the surrounding Wyoming Valley are framed by the Pocono Mountains to the east , the Endless Mountains to the north and west , and the Lehigh Valley to the south . The Susquehanna River flows through the center of the valley and defines the northwestern border of the city . Wilkes-Barre was founded in 1769 and formally incorporated in 1806 . The city grew rapidly in the 19th century after the discovery of nearby coal reserves and the arrival of hundreds of thousands of immigrants who provided a labor force for the local mines . The coal mining fueled industrialization in the city , which reached the height of its prosperity in the first half of the 20th century . Its population peaked at more than 86,000 . Following World War II , the city 's economy declined due to the collapse of industry . The Knox Mine disaster accelerated this trend after large portions of the area 's coal mines were flooded and could not be reopened ."}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad with the Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_Railroad', 'summary': "The Reading Company ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing ) was a company that was involved in the railroad industry in southeast Pennsylvania and neighboring states from 1924 until 1976 . Commonly called the Reading Railroad and logotyped as Reading Lines , the Reading Company was a railroad holding company for the majority of its existence and was a ( single ) railroad during its later years . It was a successor to the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company founded in 1833 . Until the decline in anthracite loadings in the Coal Region after World War II , it was one of the most prosperous corporations in the United States . Competition with the modern trucking industry that used the Interstate highway system for short distance transportation of goods , also known as short hauls , compounded the company 's problems , forcing it into bankruptcy in the 1970s . Its railroad operations were merged into Conrail in 1976 , but the corporation lasted into 2000 , disposing of valuable real estate holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'Crusader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusader_(train)', 'summary': "The Crusader was a 5 car stainless steel streamlined express train that ran on a 90.3-mile ( 145.3 km ) route from Philadelphia 's Reading Terminal to Jersey City 's Communipaw Terminal , with a ferry connection to Lower Manhattan at Liberty Street . The Reading Railroad provided this service in partnership with the Central Railroad of New Jersey ( CNJ ) , in which it was the majority owner of capital stock . Trains including the Crusader ran on Reading Railroad tracks from Reading Terminal in Philadelphia to Bound Brook , NJ , where they continued on CNJ tracks to Communipaw Terminal in Jersey City.Passengers then left the train and walked aboard the ferry or boarded busses that loaded onto the ferry . Introduced in 1937 , the Crusader service declined during the 1960s . The southern part of the route was cut in 1981 , followed by the northern part in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad with the Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrisburg Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrisburg , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Harrisburg ( /ˈhærɪsbɜːrɡ/ HARR-iss-burg ; Pennsylvania German : Harrisbarrig ) [ citation needed ] is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States , and the county seat of Dauphin County . With a population of 49,229 , it is the 15th largest city in the Commonwealth . It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River , 107 miles ( 172 km ) west of Philadelphia . Harrisburg is the anchor of the Susquehanna Valley metropolitan area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 574,659 , making it the fourth most populous in Pennsylvania and 96th most populous in the United States . Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration , the American Civil War , and the Industrial Revolution . During part of the 19th century , the building of the Pennsylvania Canal and later the Pennsylvania Railroad allowed Harrisburg to become one of the most industrialized cities in the Northeastern United States . The U.S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg , which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I , was named in honor of the city . In the mid-to-late 20th century , the city 's economic fortunes fluctuated with its major industries consisting of government , heavy manufacturing , agriculture , and food services ( nearby Hershey is home of the chocolate maker , located just 10 miles ( 16 km ) east ) . The Pennsylvania Farm Show , the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States , was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has been held there every early-to-mid January since then . Harrisburg also hosts an annual outdoor sports show , the largest of its kind in North America , an auto show , which features a large static display of new as well as classic cars and is renowned nationwide , and Motorama , a two-day event consisting of a car show , motocross racing , remote control car racing , and more . Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident , which occurred on March 28 , 1979 , near Middletown . In 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U.S. to raise a family ."}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad with the Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of the Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_of_the_Valley', 'summary': "The Queen of the Valley was a named train on the Central Railroad of New Jersey ( CNJ ) . Operating from 1911 to 1967 it was the longest continuing operating train of the CNJ . Also , its route was the longest in the system , operating on a 179.5 mile route , exceeding the CNJ 's Atlantic City-bound Blue Comet . The train left the Jersey City CNJ Communipaw Terminal , traveled south to Bayonne ( but not stopping , until the train 's later years ) , traversed the harbor at Elizabethport , headed west along the CNJ 's Main Line . It continued past Elizabeth 's CNJ station , Plainfield Station , to High Point station and Hampton , the end point for the regular NJ Transit Raritan Valley Line commuter service . From there , the route continued to Phillipsburg 's Union Station , Easton , Pennsylvania , Bethlehem 's Bethlehem Station and Allentown 's Allentown Station . From Allentown , the train traveled along the territory of the Reading Railroad , continuing west to Reading ( Reading Outer station ) and finally to Harrisburg . In the mid-1930s it ran six days a week . In the early 1960s it was daily in operation . In the train 's waning years in the mid-1960s the route was shortened to Allentown , owing to the loss of mail contracts . Following the creation of the new Aldene Connection in 1967 and the closure of the CNJ Terminal in New Jersey , the train was terminated . However , some commuter service on the Allentown to Newark ( via the new Aldene Connection ) continued ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrisburg , Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad with the Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wall Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading Railroad with the Central Railroad of New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Williamsporter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Williamsport , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Williamsport is a city in , and the county seat of , Lycoming County , Pennsylvania , United States . In 2017 , the population was estimated at 28,348 . It is the principal city of the Williamsport , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a population of about 114,000 . The city is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Central Pennsylvania . It is 131 miles ( 211 km ) from Philadelphia , 166 miles ( 267 km ) from Pittsburgh and 85 miles ( 137 km ) from state capital Harrisburg . The city is renowned for its sports , arts scene and food . Williamsport was settled by Americans late in the 18th century , and the town began to prosper due to its lumber industry . By the early 20th century , the town reached the height of its prosperity and the population has since declined by about a third from its peak of around 45,000 in 1950 . As county seat , Williamsport has the county court house , county prison , sheriff 's office headquarters and federal courthouse all located in the downtown neighborhood . The city is also home to two institutions of higher learning : the Pennsylvania College of Technology and Lycoming College . Williamsport is the birthplace of Little League Baseball . South Williamsport , a town nearby , is the headquarters of Little League Baseball and annually hosts the Little League World Series in late summer ."}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Service -- Named passenger trains', 'section_text': 'Until April 1958 several long-distance trains originated at the station , and trains to Philadelphia lasted until 1967 .', 'uid': 'Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal_0', 'intro': "The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, also known as Communipaw Terminal and Jersey City Terminal, was the Central Railroad of New Jersey's waterfront passenger terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey. It was also serviced by CNJ-operated Reading Railroad trains, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad during various periods in its 78 years of operation. The terminal was built in 1889, replacing an earlier one that had been in use since 1864. The terminal was one of five passenger railroad terminals that lined the Hudson Waterfront during the 19th and 20th centuries, the others being Weehawken, Hoboken, Pavonia and Exchange Place, with Hoboken being the only station that is still in use. It operated until April 30, 1967. The headhouse was renovated and incorporated into Liberty State Park. The station has been listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places since September 12, 1975. Additionally it is a New Jersey State Historic Site."}	null	null	What is the metro area of the last city of the Columbian train commonly called ?	Chicagoland
0613258be61663ec	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albright Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albright_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Albright Bridge is a historic structure located south of Webster City , Iowa , United States . It spans the Boone River for 207 feet ( 63 m ) . In April 1907 the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors contracted with A.H. Austin from Webster City to build the new bridge in Independence Township for $ 4,342 . The Eastern Steel Company provided the steel . The Pratt through truss bridge was completed in early January 1908 . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1998 ( # 98000776 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130th St. at 510th Ave. over the Boone River 42°24′20″N 93°48′36″W / 42.405556°N 93.81°W / 42.405556 ; -93.81 ( Albright Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boone_River', 'summary': 'The Boone River is a tributary of the Des Moines River in north-central Iowa in the United States . It is 111 miles ( 179 km ) long and drains an area of 895 square miles ( 2,320 km2 ) . Via the Des Moines River , it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River . The Boone River rises near Britt in western Hancock County and flows generally southwardly through Wright , Hamilton and Webster counties , past Goldfield and Webster City . It flows into the Des Moines River 17 miles ( 27 km ) north of Boone . Tributaries of the Boone River also drain portions of Kossuth and Humboldt counties . Two headwaters tributaries are known as the East Branch Boone River and the Middle Branch Boone River . The Iowa Department of Natural Resources has designated the lower 26 miles ( 42 km ) of the Boone River from Webster City to its mouth as a Protected Water Area . This stretch of the river cuts through a wooded valley and allows canoeing and fishing for smallmouth bass , channel catfish , walleye , northern pike and flathead catfish .'}]}, {'value': 'Webster City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Webster City is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 8,070 at the United States 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Hamilton County . Webster City is known as 'Boone River Country ' , as the Boone River meanders along the east side of the city ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kendall Young Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kendall_Young_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The Kendall Young Library is located in Webster City , Iowa , United States . The library was established in 1896 from an endowment left by Kendall Young . The historic building was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Patton & Miller . The library is an elaborate Beaux-Arts style building . The main facade is largely composed of rusticated masonry . The columns of the portico are of the Ionic order . The delivery room on the interior features a stained glass dome . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1983 ( # 83000361 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1201 Willson Ave. 42°27′30″N 93°50′12″W / 42.458333°N 93.836667°W / 42.458333 ; -93.836667 ( Kendall Young Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Webster City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Webster City is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 8,070 at the United States 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Hamilton County . Webster City is known as 'Boone River Country ' , as the Boone River meanders along the east side of the city ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Oakland Round Barn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Oakland_Round_Barn', 'summary': 'The William Oakland Round Barn is an historic building located near Blairsburg in rural Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The true round barn measures 50 feet ( 15 m ) in diameter . It is constructed of clay tiles and features a conical roof , aerator , a small dormer on the west side and a larger one on the east side as well as a 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) central silo . William T. Oakland had this structure built in 1910 as a combination hog and sale barn . The ground floor was used for farrowing , while the sale ring was on the upper level . The 16 windows in roof provided light to the sales area . The barn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1986 ( # 86001434 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off U.S. Route 69 42°29′11″N 93°38′00″W / 42.486389°N 93.633333°W / 42.486389 ; -93.633333 ( William Oakland Round Barn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_69', 'summary': "U.S. Route 69 ( US 69 ) is a major north-south United States highway . When it was first created , it was only 150 miles ( 241 km ) long , but it has since been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route . The highway 's southern terminus ( as well as those of US 287 and US 96 ) is in Port Arthur , Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87 . Its northern terminus is in Albert Lea , Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blairsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blairsburg,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Blairsburg is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 215 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schultz Brothers Drug Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schultz_Brothers_Drug_Store', 'summary': "The Schultz Brothers Drug Store , also known as Ye Olde Drug Store , is a historic building located in Williams , Iowa , United States . W.B . and O.W . Schultz bought this property in 1897 and had the building constructed in 1901 . The Late Victorian structure was built by E.D . Curtis of Hampton , Iowa . The Schultz brothers moved their expanded drug store into the building in September 1901 . The two-story brick building has commercial space on the first floor and two apartments on the second floor . The business was sold to Donald O'Neill in 1915 , and he added a soda fountain . After 1959 the building no longer housed a pharmacy . At some point the building was left vacant until 1992 , after which it was converted into an ice cream shop . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 16 , 1996 ( # 96000518 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '116 Main St. 42°29′19″N 93°32′38″W / 42.488611°N 93.543889°W / 42.488611 ; -93.543889 ( Schultz Brothers Drug Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Williams is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 344 at the 2010 census . Williams is a regional center of wind power generation .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Bank of Stratford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_Bank_of_Stratford', 'summary': "The State Bank of Stratford is a historic building located in Stratford , Iowa , United States . The bank opened for business in 1891 , eight years after the town was incorporated . Its early success reflected the prosperity in rural Iowa at the time . The bank occupied this corner since 1910 , and this building was completed in 1918 . The older building was relocated to the west , and it is still extant . It survived the agricultural economic downturn of the 1920s , but it could not survive the Great Depression . The bank building was purchased in 1936 by the Farmer 's Savings Bank , which operated in this building until a new bank building was built across the street to the south . The Georgian Revival elements of the building include the pedimented entrance portico , elliptical arched windows , the brick quoining on the corners , and the dentilated cornice . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 7 , 1983 ( # 83000362 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '801 Shakespeare St. 42°16′14″N 93°55′01″W / 42.270556°N 93.916944°W / 42.270556 ; -93.916944 ( State Bank of Stratford )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stratford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stratford,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Stratford is a city in Hamilton and Webster counties in the U.S. state of Iowa . The population was 743 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tremaine Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tremaine_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Tremaine Bridge is a historic structure located south of Webster City , Iowa , United States . It spans the Boone River for 186 feet ( 57 m ) . In April 1902 the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors contracted with N.M. Stark and Company from Des Moines to design and build the new bridge in Independence Township for $ 3,600 . The Carnegie Steel Company of Pittsburgh provided the steel . The Camelback through truss bridge was completed later in 1902 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 15 , 1998 ( # 98000519 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '280th St. over the Boone River 42°23′12″N 93°48′31″W / 42.386667°N 93.808611°W / 42.386667 ; -93.808611 ( Tremaine Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boone_River', 'summary': 'The Boone River is a tributary of the Des Moines River in north-central Iowa in the United States . It is 111 miles ( 179 km ) long and drains an area of 895 square miles ( 2,320 km2 ) . Via the Des Moines River , it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River . The Boone River rises near Britt in western Hancock County and flows generally southwardly through Wright , Hamilton and Webster counties , past Goldfield and Webster City . It flows into the Des Moines River 17 miles ( 27 km ) north of Boone . Tributaries of the Boone River also drain portions of Kossuth and Humboldt counties . Two headwaters tributaries are known as the East Branch Boone River and the Middle Branch Boone River . The Iowa Department of Natural Resources has designated the lower 26 miles ( 42 km ) of the Boone River from Webster City to its mouth as a Protected Water Area . This stretch of the river cuts through a wooded valley and allows canoeing and fishing for smallmouth bass , channel catfish , walleye , northern pike and flathead catfish .'}]}, {'value': 'Webster City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Webster City is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 8,070 at the United States 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Hamilton County . Webster City is known as 'Boone River Country ' , as the Boone River meanders along the east side of the city ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Webster City Post Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City_Post_Office', 'summary': 'The Webster City Post Office is a historic building located in Webster City , Iowa , United States . Previous post office buildings in the city were housed in leased storefronts along Seneca Street . The Beaux-Arts style building was designed by the U.S. Treasury with James Knox Taylor as the supervising architect . Contractor Charles E. Atkinson completed the building in 1909 . The stone building features a stone frieze , cornice , and a mansard roof . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 6 , 1982 ( # 82002619 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '801 Willson Ave. 42°28′06″N 93°49′09″W / 42.468333°N 93.819167°W / 42.468333 ; -93.819167 ( Webster City Post Office )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Webster City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Webster City is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 8,070 at the United States 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Hamilton County . Webster City is known as 'Boone River Country ' , as the Boone River meanders along the east side of the city ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William J. and Hattie J. Zitterell House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_J._and_Hattie_J._Zitterell_House', 'summary': 'The William J. and Hattie J. Zitterell House is a historic residence located in Webster City , Iowa , United States . Zitterell was a general contractor , and he served as president of the Iowa Master Builders Association twice . He built his Queen Anne-style house that was completed in 1901 . The two-story frame structure features three porches , a balcony , and a corner tower with a conical roof . There is a gazebo-like projection on the wrap-around porch . The main block is capped with a hipped roof with four gables . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 1996 ( # 96000057 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '821 Division St. 42°28′04″N 93°49′28″W / 42.467778°N 93.824444°W / 42.467778 ; -93.824444 ( William J. and Hattie J. Zitterell House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Webster City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webster_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Webster City is a city in Hamilton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 8,070 at the United States 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Hamilton County . Webster City is known as 'Boone River Country ' , as the Boone River meanders along the east side of the city ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Hamilton County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa_11', 'intro': "This is a list of properties and historic districts in Iowa that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Iowa's 99 counties, adding up to over 2,300 total."}	null	null	Which Webster City historical place was the most recently built ?	Webster City Post Office
06146619bd03454e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wilson_(American_actor)', 'title': 'Patrick Wilson (American actor)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "My Sister 's Wedding", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Alamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)', 'summary': 'The Alamo is a 2004 film about the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution . It was directed by John Lee Hancock , produced by Ron Howard , Brian Grazer , and Mark Johnson , distributed by Touchstone Pictures , and starred Dennis Quaid as Sam Houston , Billy Bob Thornton as David Crockett , and Jason Patric as Jim Bowie . The screenplay is credited to Hancock , John Sayles , Stephen Gaghan , and Leslie Bohem . In contrast to the 1960 film of the same name , this film attempts to depict the political points of view of both the Mexican and Texan sides ; Santa Anna is a more prominent character . The film received mixed reviews by critics and was a box office bomb , losing the studio over $ 146 million .'}]}, {'value': 'William B. Travis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_B._Travis', 'summary': 'William Barret Buck Travis ( August 1 , 1809 - March 6 , 1836 ) was a 19th-century American lawyer and soldier . At the age of 26 , he was a lieutenant colonel in the Texas Army . He died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution . Travis County and Travis Park were named after him for being the commander of the Republic of Texas at the Battle of the Alamo .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Phantom of the Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)', 'summary': "The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 British-American musical drama film based on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical of the same name , which in turn is based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux . Produced and co-written by Lloyd Webber and directed by Joel Schumacher , it stars Gerard Butler in the title role , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson , Miranda Richardson , Minnie Driver , and Jennifer Ellison . The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber 's divorce and Schumacher 's busy career . It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios , with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics . Rossum , Wilson and Driver had singing experience , but Butler had none and was provided with music lessons prior to filming . The Phantom of the Opera grossed $ 154.6 million worldwide and received mixed to negative reviews from critics , but was very well received by audiences . Critics praised the visuals and acting ( particularly Rossum 's performance ) but criticized the writing and directing ."}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Raoul de Chagny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Raoul_de_Chagny', 'summary': "Raoul , Vicomte de Chagny is a fictional character and one of the protagonists of Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hard Candy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hard_Candy_(film)', 'summary': "Hard Candy is a 2005 American thriller film focusing on a 14-year-old female vigilante 's trapping and torture of a man whom she suspects of being a sexual predator . The film was directed by David Slade , written by Brian Nelson , and starred Ellen Page and Patrick Wilson . It was the first feature film for Slade , who had primarily directed music videos . The film premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival , and was screened at the Florida Film Festival in April 2006 . It had limited release in two theaters in the US . The film made over $ 7 million at the box office , including almost $ 6 million from outside the US , on a budget of under $ 1 million . Hard Candy won three awards at the 2005 Sitges Film Festival , four awards at the Málaga Film Festival , and was also awarded Overlooked Film of the Year at the 2006 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards . Page won Best Actress at the 2006 Austin Film Critics Association Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Kohlver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Children_(film)', 'summary': 'Little Children is a 2006 American drama film directed by Todd Field . It is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Tom Perrotta , who co-wrote the screenplay with Field . It stars Kate Winslet , Patrick Wilson , Jennifer Connelly , Jackie Earle Haley , Noah Emmerich , Gregg Edelman , Phyllis Somerville and Will Lyman . The original music score is composed by Thomas Newman . The film screened at the 44th New York Film Festival organized by the Film Society of Lincoln Center . It earned 3 nominations at the 79th Academy Awards : Best Actress for Winslet , Best Supporting Actor for Haley , and Best Adapted Screenplay for Field and Perrotta .'}]}, {'value': 'Brad Adamson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running with Scissors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_with_Scissors_(film)', 'summary': "Running with Scissors is a 2006 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Ryan Murphy , based on Augusten Burroughs ' 2002 memoir of the same name , and starring Joseph Cross , Annette Bening , Brian Cox , Joseph Fiennes , Evan Rachel Wood , Alec Baldwin , Jill Clayburgh and Gwyneth Paltrow . The semi-autobiographical account of Burroughs ' childhood ( when his real name was still Christopher Robison ) , based on his best-selling book , received mixed reviews as a film ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Shephard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purple Violets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purple_Violets', 'summary': 'Purple Violets is a 2007 relationship comedy film written and directed by Edward Burns , who also co-stars . It is an independent film , set in lower Manhattan , about four friends from college who unexpectedly meet again after twelve years apart . The film stars Selma Blair , Patrick Wilson , Debra Messing and Burns . It also features Dennis Farina , Donal Logue and Elizabeth Reaser . Purple Violets became the first feature film to debut on the iTunes Store .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Callahan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evening_(film)', 'summary': 'Evening is a 2007 American drama film directed by Lajos Koltai . The screenplay by Susan Minot and Michael Cunningham is based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot .'}]}, {'value': 'Harris Arden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothers Three : An American Gothic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life in Flight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_in_Flight', 'summary': 'Life in Flight is a 2008 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Tracey Hecht . Patrick Wilson stars as Will Sargent , an architect who begins to question the perfect life he has constructed for himself and his family when he meets urban designer Kate Voss ( Lynn Collins ) . Amy Smart co-stars . It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27 , 2008 , and was later released in the United States on November 30 , 2010 by IFC Films .'}]}, {'value': 'Will Sargent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeview Terrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeview_Terrace', 'summary': 'Lakeview Terrace is a 2008 American crime thriller film directed by Neil LaBute , written by David Loughery and Howard Korder , co-produced by James Lassiter and Will Smith , and starring Samuel L. Jackson , Patrick Wilson and Kerry Washington . Jackson plays a prejudiced LAPD police officer who terrorizes his new next-door neighbors because they are an interracially married couple . The title is a reference to the ethnically-mixed middle class Los Angeles neighborhood of Lake View Terrace . The film was released on September 19 , 2008 , received mixed reviews and grossed $ 44 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Mattson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Passengers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Passengers_(2008_film)', 'summary': 'Passengers is a 2008 American-Canadian romantic mystery thriller film directed by Rodrigo García , written by Ronnie Christensen , and starring Anne Hathaway and Patrick Wilson . It was released in the United States by TriStar Pictures on October 24 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Clark', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watchmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watchmen_(film)', 'summary': "Watchmen is a 2009 American superhero film based on the 1986-87 DC Comics limited series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons . Directed by Zack Snyder , it stars an ensemble cast of Malin Åkerman , Billy Crudup , Matthew Goode , Carla Gugino , Jackie Earle Haley , Jeffrey Dean Morgan , and Patrick Wilson . A dark satirical and dystopian take on the superhero genre , the film is set in an alternate history in the year 1985 at the height of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union , as a group of mostly retired American superheroes investigates the murder of one of their own before uncovering an elaborate and deadly conspiracy , while their moral limitations are challenged by the complex nature of the circumstances . From October 1987 until October 2005 , a live-action film adaptation of the Watchmen series became stranded in development hell . Producers Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver began developing the project at 20th Century Fox , later moving it to Warner Bros. Pictures , the sister company of Watchmen publisher DC Comics , and hiring director Terry Gilliam , who eventually left the production and deemed the complex comic unfilmable . During the 2000s , Gordon and Lloyd Levin collaborated with Universal Pictures , Revolution Studios and Paramount Pictures to produce the film . Directors David Hayter , Darren Aronofsky and Paul Greengrass were attached to the project before it was cancelled over budget disputes . In October 2005 , the project returned to Warner Bros. , where Snyder was hired to direct . Paramount remained as its international distributor , whereas Warner Bros. would distribute the film in the United States . However , Fox sued Warner Bros. for copyright violation arising from Gordon 's failure to pay a buy-out in 1991 , which enabled him to develop the film at the other studios . Fox and Warner Bros. settled this before the film 's release , with Fox receiving a portion of the gross . Principal photography began in Vancouver , September 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Dreiberg / Nite Owl II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nite_Owl', 'summary': "Nite Owl is the name of two fictional superheroes in the comic book limited series Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons and published by DC Comics . The duo are modified analogues of the first two Blue Beetle characters created for Fox Feature Syndicate and later sold to Charlton Comics . The second Nite Owl parodies the appearance of the iconic popular superhero Batman while the first parodies The Phantom . The second Nite Owl received a four-part miniseries as part of the Before Watchmen prequel franchise , and made it to number 115 on Wizard 's Top 200 Comic Book Characters list . The Daniel Dreiberg version of Nite Owl made his first live-action appearance in the 2009 film Watchmen played by Patrick Wilson ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Munday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Munday', 'summary': "Barry Munday ( alternatively known as Family Jewels ) is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Chris D'Arienzo ; it is based on the novel Life is a Strange Place by Frank Turner Hollon . The film stars Patrick Wilson as the title character , as well as Judy Greer , Malcolm McDowell , Chloë Sevigny , Cybill Shepherd , Billy Dee Williams , Emily Procter , Colin Hanks , Jean Smart , Mae Whitman , and Kyle Gass . It premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2010 . The film was released on October 1 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Munday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The A-Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_A-Team_(film)', 'summary': 'The A-Team is a 2010 American action thriller film based on the 1980s television series of the same name created by Frank Lupo and Stephen J. Cannell . Co-written ( with Brian Bloom and Skip Woods ) and directed by Joe Carnahan , the film stars Liam Neeson , Bradley Cooper , Quinton Jackson , Sharlto Copley , Jessica Biel , Patrick Wilson and Brian Bloom . The film tells the story of The A-Team , a Special Forces team imprisoned for a crime they did not commit , who escape and set out to clear their names . The film was produced by Stephen J. Cannell , Ridley Scott and Tony Scott . The film was theatrically released on June 11 , 2010 by 20th Century Fox . The film had been in development since the mid-1990s having gone through a number of writers and story ideas and being put on hold a number of times . Upon its release , the film received mixed reviews from critics and was an average performer at the box office making $ 177 million on a $ 110 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Agent Lynch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agent_Lynch', 'summary': 'This article lists the characters created for the popular 1980s American action-adventure television series The A-Team and its 2010 film adaption as well as other media appearances .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Switch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Switch_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'The Switch is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Josh Gordon and Will Speck . Based on a screenplay written by Allan Loeb , the film , formerly titled The Baster , was inspired by the short story Baster by Jeffrey Eugenides , originally published in The New Yorker in 1996 . The film stars Jennifer Aniston , Jason Bateman and child actor Thomas Robinson . Patrick Wilson , Juliette Lewis , and Jeff Goldblum appear in key supporting roles . Filming began in March 2009 , and ended in May 2009 . Re-shoots took place in October 2009 . Upon its release , The Switch received mixed reviews from critics , who praised its premise and the performances of its cast but felt that the plot was formulaic . The Switch was the last Miramax film to be distributed by Disney before the former was sold to Filmyard Holdings on December 3 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Roland Nilson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Insidious', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insidious_(film)', 'summary': "Insidious is a 2010 supernatural horror film directed by James Wan , written by Leigh Whannell , and starring Patrick Wilson , Rose Byrne , and Barbara Hershey . It is the first installment in the Insidious franchise , and the third in terms of the series ' in-story chronology . The story centers on a couple whose son inexplicably enters a comatose state and becomes a vessel for ghosts in an astral dimension who want to inhabit his body . The film was released in theaters on April 1 , 2011 , and was FilmDistrict 's first theatrical release . The film is followed by a sequel , Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) , and two prequels , Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) and The Last Key ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Josh Lambert', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morning Glory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morning_Glory_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Morning Glory is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Roger Michell and written by Aline Brosh McKenna . It stars Rachel McAdams , Harrison Ford and Diane Keaton , with Patrick Wilson , John Pankow and Jeff Goldblum . The plot revolves around young and devoted morning television producer Becky Fuller ( McAdams ) , who is hired as an executive producer on the long-running morning show DayBreak , at a once-prominent but currently failing network in New York City . Eager to keep the show on air , she recruits a former news journalist and anchor ( Ford ) who disapproves of co-hosting a show that does not deal with real news stories . After some delays , the film was released in the United States on November 10 , 2010 , and abroad in 2011 . This marked the first time that Bad Robot Productions produced a comedy film . Morning Glory received mixed reviews and had moderate success at the box office , grossing $ 60 million worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Bennett', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ledge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ledge_(film)', 'summary': 'The Ledge is a 2011 American thriller drama film written and directed by Matthew Chapman , starring Charlie Hunnam , Terrence Howard , Liv Tyler , Christopher Gorham , and Patrick Wilson .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young Adult', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Adult_(film)', 'summary': 'Young Adult is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and starring Charlize Theron . The screenplay was written by Diablo Cody . Reitman and Cody worked together previously on Juno ( 2007 ) . Young Adult began a limited release on December 9 , 2011 , before expanding to a wide release on December 16 , 2011 . It received generally positive reviews from critics , and Theron earned a Golden Globe nomination for her performance .'}]}, {'value': 'Buddy Slade', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Patrick_Wilson_(actor)_0', 'intro': "Patrick Joseph Wilson (born July 3, 1973) is an American actor and singer. He spent his early career starring in Broadway musicals, beginning in 1995. He is a two-time Tony Award nominee for his roles in The Full Monty (2000-2001) and Oklahoma! (2002). In 2003, he co-starred in the acclaimed HBO miniseries Angels in America for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Wilson has also appeared in feature films such as The Phantom of the Opera (2004), Hard Candy (2005), Little Children (2006), Watchmen (2009), Insidious (2010), The A-Team (2010), Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013), and as demonologist Ed Warren in James Wan's supernatural horror films The Conjuring (2013), The Conjuring 2 (2016) and Annabelle Comes Home (2019). He has earned himself a reputation as a scream king, due to his frequent casting in horror films. On television, he starred in the CBS drama series A Gifted Man (2011-2012), and as Lou Solverson in the second season of FX's anthology series Fargo (2015), for which he received a second Golden Globe Award nomination. In the DC Extended Universe, he portrayed Orm Marius / Ocean Master in the superhero film Aquaman (2018) and he voiced the President of the United States in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)."}	null	null	What is Patrick Wilson 's role in the title American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and starring Charlize Theron ?	Buddy Slade
0616e552d3a3617e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth', 'title': 'Chris Hemsworth', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek_(film)', 'summary': "Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise , and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast , as the first in the rebooted film series . The film follows James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) and Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) aboard the USS Enterprise as they combat Nero ( Eric Bana ) , a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets . The story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements . The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968 . The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s , when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , but it was rejected in favor of other projects by Roddenberry . Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek : Nemesis and the cancellation of Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek : The Beginning , which would take place after Enterprise . After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005 , former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise . Orci and Kurtzman , both fans of Star Trek , were approached to write the film , and J. J. Abrams was approached to direct it . Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations , as well as the series itself . Principal photography commenced on November 7 , 2007 , and ended on March 27 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'George Kirk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Perfect Getaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Perfect_Getaway', 'summary': 'A Perfect Getaway is a 2009 American thriller film written and directed by David Twohy and starring Timothy Olyphant , Milla Jovovich , Kiele Sanchez , and Steve Zahn . Olyphant , Jovovich , Sanchez , and Zahn portray a group of vacationing couples in Hawaii who find their lives in danger when murders begin to occur on the island , leading to suspicions over one of the couples being the killers . Shot in Hawaii and Puerto Rico , A Perfect Getaway was released on August 7 , 2009 , in the United States . It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed nearly $ 23 million on a $ 14 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Kale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ca $ h', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cash_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Cash ( stylized as Ca $ h ) is a 2010 American independent crime-thriller film directed by Stephen Milburn Anderson that stars Sean Bean and Chris Hemsworth .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Phelan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor_(film)', 'summary': "Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures , [ N 1 ] it is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Kenneth Branagh , written by the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz along with Don Payne , and stars Chris Hemsworth as the title character , alongside Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Stellan Skarsgård , Colm Feore , Ray Stevenson , Idris Elba , Kat Dennings , Rene Russo , and Anthony Hopkins . The film sees Thor banished to Earth from Asgard , stripped of his powers and his hammer Mjölnir , after reigniting a dormant war . As his brother Loki plots to take the Asgardian throne , Thor must prove himself worthy . Sam Raimi first developed the concept of a film adaptation based on Thor in 1991 , but soon abandoned the project , leaving it in development hell for several years . During this time , the rights were picked up by various film studios until Marvel signed Mark Protosevich to develop the project in 2006 , and planned to finance it and release it through Paramount . Matthew Vaughn was originally assigned to direct the film for a tentative 2010 release . However , after Vaughn was released from his holding deal in 2008 , Branagh was approached and the film 's release was rescheduled to 2011 . The main characters were cast in 2009 , and principal photography took place in California and New Mexico from January to May 2010 . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor premiered in Sydney , Australia , on April 17 , 2011 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , which is based on the Norse deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder who possesses the enchanted hammer , Mjolnir , which grants him the ability to fly and manipulate weather amongst his other superhuman attributes . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( August 1962 ) and was created by penciller-plotter Jack Kirby , editor-plotter Stan Lee , and scripter Larry Lieber . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , movies , video games , clothing , toys and trading cards . The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor Odinson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor ( 2011 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) in a cameo , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) and will return in Thor : Love and Thunder ( 2021 ) . Additionally , archival footage of Hemsworth as Thor was used in the 2013 episodes Pilot and The Well of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time in 2011 , and first in their list of The Top 50 Avengers in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Avengers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Marvel 's The Avengers ( classified under the name Marvel Avengers Assemble in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) , or simply The Avengers , is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . [ N 1 ] It is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , and Jeremy Renner as the titular Avengers team , alongside Tom Hiddleston , Clark Gregg , Cobie Smulders , Stellan Skarsgård , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , Nick Fury , director of the spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , recruits Tony Stark , Steve Rogers , Bruce Banner , and Thor to form a team that must stop Thor 's brother Loki from subjugating Earth . The film 's development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005 . After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel announced that The Avengers would be released in July 2011 . With the signing of Johansson in March 2009 , the film was pushed back for a 2012 release . Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the original screenplay by Zak Penn . Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio , in August and New York City in September . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . The Avengers premiered at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre on April 11 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on May 4 , 2012 . The film received praise for Whedon 's direction and screenplay , visual effects , action sequences , acting , and musical score , and garnered numerous awards and nominations including Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for achievements in visual effects ."}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cabin in the Woods', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cabin_in_the_Woods', 'summary': 'The Cabin in the Woods is a 2012 American horror comedy film directed by Drew Goddard in his directorial debut , produced by Joss Whedon , and written by Whedon and Goddard . The film stars Kristen Connolly , Chris Hemsworth , Anna Hutchison , Fran Kranz , Jesse Williams , Richard Jenkins , and Bradley Whitford . The plot follows a group of college students who retreat to a remote forest cabin where they fall victim to backwoods zombies , and the technicians who manipulate events from an underground facility . Goddard and Whedon , having worked together previously on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel , wrote the screenplay in three days , describing it as an attempt to revitalize the slasher film genre and as a critical satire on torture porn . The special effects , monster costumes , special makeup , and prosthetic makeup for the movie were done by veteran horror film actress Heather Langenkamp , her husband David LeRoy Anderson , and their company AFX Studio . Filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia from March to May 2009 on an estimated budget of $ 30 million . The film was originally slated for release on February 5 , 2010 , by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists , but was indefinitely shelved due to financial difficulties . In 2011 , Lionsgate picked up the distribution rights . The film premiered on March 9 , 2012 , at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin , Texas and was released in the United States on April 13 , 2012 , grossing over $ 66 million worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Curt Vaughan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snow White and the Huntsman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman', 'summary': "Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American dark fantasy film based on the German fairy tale Snow White compiled by the Brothers Grimm . The film is the directorial debut of Rupert Sanders , with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty , John Lee Hancock and Hossein Amini , from a screen story by Daugherty . The cast includes Kristen Stewart , Charlize Theron , Chris Hemsworth , Sam Claflin , and Bob Hoskins in his final film performance . In the film 's retelling of the tale , Snow White grows up imprisoned by her evil stepmother , Queen Ravenna , a powerful sorceress . After Snow White escapes into the forest , Ravenna tells Eric , the Huntsman that she will bring back his dead wife if he captures Snow White . Snow White and the Huntsman was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on May 30 , 2012 and in the United States on June 1 , 2012 , by Universal Pictures . It was a success at the box office , earning $ 396.6 million worldwide against a $ 170 million budget . Although critics praised the production design , visual effects , Theron and Hemsworth 's performances , musical score , and action sequences ; Stewart and Claflin 's performances received mixed reviews , and the screenplay was heavily criticized . The film received two Oscar nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards . A prequel/sequel , titled The Huntsman : Winter 's War , directed by the first film 's visual effects supervisor Cedric Nicolas-Troyan , was released on April 22 , 2016 . Hemsworth , Theron , Claflin and Nick Frost reprised their roles and new characters were played by Emily Blunt and Jessica Chastain . Stewart did not reprise her role , but appeared in archive footage ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric the Huntsman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntsman_(Snow_White)', 'summary': 'The Huntsman is a fictional character in Snow White .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Dawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Dawn_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Red Dawn is a 2012 American war film directed by Dan Bradley . The screenplay by Carl Ellsworth and Jeremy Passmorea is a remake of the 1984 film of the same name . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Josh Peck , Josh Hutcherson , Adrianne Palicki , Isabel Lucas , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . The film centers on a group of young people who defend their hometown from a North Korean invasion . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced its intention to remake Red Dawn in May 2008 and subsequently hired Bradley and Ellsworth . The principal characters were cast the following year and the film went into production in September 2009 in Mount Clemens , Michigan . Originally scheduled to be released on November 24 , 2010 , the film was shelved because of MGM 's financial troubles . While in post-production , the invading army and antagonists were changed from Chinese to North Korean in order to maintain access to the Chinese box office , though the film was still not released in China . FilmDistrict bought the worldwide distribution rights in September 2011 and the film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jed Eckert', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek Into Darkness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness', 'summary': "Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and Damon Lindelof . It is the twelfth installment in the Star Trek film franchise and the sequel to the 2009 film Star Trek , as the second in a rebooted film series . The film features Chris Pine reprising his role as Captain James T. Kirk , with Zachary Quinto , Simon Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Leonard Nimoy reprising their roles from the previous film . Benedict Cumberbatch , Alice Eve and Peter Weller are also credited in the film 's principal cast . It was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015 . Set in the 23rd century , Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member-turned terrorist John Harrison . After the release of Star Trek , Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Kurtzman , and Orci agreed to produce its sequel . Filming began in January 2012 . Into Darkness 's visual effects were primarily created by Industrial Light & Magic . The film was converted to 3D during its post-production stage . Star Trek Into Darkness premiered at Event Cinemas in Sydney , Australia , on April 23 , 2013 , and was released on May 9 in Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Europe , and Peru , with other countries following . The film was released on May 17 in the United States and Canada , opening at IMAX cinemas a day earlier ."}]}, {'value': 'George Kirk ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rush_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Rush is a 2013 biographical sports film centred on the Hunt-Lauda rivalry between two Formula One drivers , the British James Hunt and the Austrian Niki Lauda during the 1976 Formula 1 motor-racing season . It was written by Peter Morgan , directed by Ron Howard and stars Chris Hemsworth as Hunt and Daniel Brühl as Lauda . The film premiered in London on 2 September 2013 and was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival before its United Kingdom release on 13 September 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Hunt', 'summary': "James Simon Wallis Hunt ( 29 August 1947 - 15 June 1993 ) was a British racing driver who won the Formula One World Championship in 1976 . After retiring from racing in 1979 , Hunt became a media commentator and businessman . Beginning his racing career in touring car racing , Hunt progressed into Formula Three , where he attracted the attention of the Hesketh Racing team and soon came under their wing . Hunt 's often reckless and action-packed exploits on track earned him the nickname Hunt the Shunt ( shunt , as a British motor-racing term , means crash ) . Hunt entered Formula One in 1973 , driving a March 731 entered by the Hesketh Racing team . He went on to win for Hesketh , driving their own Hesketh 308 car , in both World Championship and non-championship races , before joining the McLaren team at the end of 1975 . In his first year with McLaren , Hunt won the 1976 World Drivers ' Championship , and he remained with the team for a further two years , although with less success , before moving to the Wolf team in early 1979 . Following a string of races in which he failed to finish , Hunt retired from driving halfway through the 1979 season . After retiring from motor racing , he established a career commenting on Grands Prix for the BBC . He died from a heart attack aged 45 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thor : The Dark World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor:_The_Dark_World', 'summary': "Thor : The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Alan Taylor , with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor , alongside Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Anthony Hopkins , Stellan Skarsgård , Idris Elba , Christopher Eccleston , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Kat Dennings , Ray Stevenson , Zachary Levi , Tadanobu Asano , Jaimie Alexander , and Rene Russo . In Thor : The Dark World , Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith , who intends to plunge the universe into darkness . Development of Thor : The Dark World began in April 2011 , when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers . In July 2011 , Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , withdrew from the project . Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012 . The supporting cast filled out in August 2012 , with the hiring of Eccleston and Akinnuoye-Agbaje . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey , England with filming continuing in Iceland and London , before wrapping up in December 2012 . Thor : The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor : The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 , and was released on November 8 , 2013 , in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avengers : Age of Ultron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron', 'summary': "Avengers : Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Don Cheadle , Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Bettany , Cobie Smulders , Anthony Mackie , Hayley Atwell , Idris Elba , Stellan Skarsgård , James Spader , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , the Avengers fight Ultron , an artificial intelligence obsessed with causing human extinction . The sequel was announced in May 2012 , after the successful release of The Avengers . Whedon , the director of the first film , was brought back on board in August and a release date was set . By April 2013 , Whedon had completed a draft of the script , and casting began in June with the re-signing of Downey . Second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014 . The film was primarily shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed in Italy , South Korea , Bangladesh , New York City , and various locations around England . While in post-production , the film was converted to 3D and over 3,000 visual effects shots were added . With an estimated net production budget of $ 365 million , it is the second most expensive film ever made . Avengers : Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released in the United States on May 1 , 2015 , in 3D and IMAX 3D ."}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackhat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackhat_(film)', 'summary': "Blackhat is a 2015 American action thriller film produced and directed by Michael Mann and starring Chris Hemsworth , Tang Wei , Viola Davis , Holt McCallany , and Wang Leehom . The film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on January 8 , 2015 , and was released in theaters on January 16 . Blackhat was a box office bomb , earning only $ 19.7 million at the box office against a budget of $ 70 million . While the film received generally mixed reviews , with criticisms focused on casting and pace , the film appeared on some critics ' year-end lists ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicholas Hathaway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vacation_(2015_film)', 'summary': "Vacation is a 2015 American road comedy film written and directed by Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley ( in their directorial debuts ) . It stars Ed Helms , Christina Applegate , Skyler Gisondo , Steele Stebbins , Leslie Mann , Chris Hemsworth , Beverly D'Angelo , and Chevy Chase . It is the fifth installment of the Vacation film series , serving as a soft reboot . It is also the second not to carry the National Lampoon name after Vegas Vacation , and was released by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. on July 29 , 2015 . It grossed $ 104 million on a $ 31 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Stone Crandall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In the Heart of the Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)', 'summary': "In the Heart of the Sea is a 2015 adventure-drama film directed and produced by Ron Howard and written by Charles Leavitt . It is based on Nathaniel Philbrick 's non-fiction book of the same name , about the sinking of the American whaling ship Essex in 1820 , an event that inspired the novel Moby-Dick . An international co-production between the United States and Spain , the film stars Chris Hemsworth , Benjamin Walker , Cillian Murphy , Tom Holland , Ben Whishaw , and Brendan Gleeson . The film premiered in New York City on December 7 , 2015 , and was released in cinemas in the United States on December 11 , 2015 , by Warner Bros. Pictures . In the Heart of the Sea received mixed reviews from critics , and was a box-office bomb , grossing $ 93 million against a $ 100 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Owen Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Chase', 'summary': 'Owen Chase ( October 7 , 1797 - March 7 , 1869 ) was first mate of the whaler Essex , which a sperm whale rammed and sank on 20 November 1820 . Chase wrote about the incident in Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex . This book , published in 1821 , would inspire Herman Melville to write Moby-Dick . Chase was born in Nantucket , Massachusetts , the son of Phebe ( Meader ) and Judah Chase .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Huntsman : Winter 's War", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Huntsman:_Winter's_War", 'summary': "The Huntsman : Winter 's War is a 2016 American fantasy action-adventure film , both a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , it takes place before and after the events of the first film . The film is the directorial debut of Cedric Nicolas-Troyan , who was a visual effects supervisor and second unit director on the first film . It is written by Craig Mazin and Evan Spiliotopoulos , based on characters created by Evan Daugherty , which like the first film were inspired by the fairy tale Snow White compiled by the Brothers Grimm , as well as The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen . Reprising their roles from the first film , the cast includes Chris Hemsworth , Charlize Theron , Nick Frost , and Sam Claflin . The film also introduced new characters played by Emily Blunt , Jessica Chastain , and Rob Brydon . The Huntsman : Winter 's War premiered in Hamburg on March 29 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on April 22 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally negative reviews from critics , with praise for the visuals and cast but many feeling the film was an unnecessary sequel and prequel . It grossed $ 165 million worldwide against an estimated $ 115 million production cost ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric the Huntsman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghostbusters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghostbusters_(2016_film)', 'summary': "Ghostbusters ( later marketed as Ghostbusters : Answer the Call ) is a 2016 supernatural comedy film directed by Paul Feig and written by Feig and Katie Dippold . It stars Melissa McCarthy , Kristen Wiig , Kate McKinnon , Leslie Jones , and Chris Hemsworth . It is a reboot of the 1984 film of the same name and the third film , overall , in Ghostbusters franchise . The story focuses on four women and their assistant ( Hemsworth ) who begin a ghost-catching business in New York City . A third Ghostbusters film had been in various stages of development following the release of Ghostbusters II in 1989 . As a result of original cast member Bill Murray 's refusal to commit to the project and the death of fellow cast member Harold Ramis in 2014 , Sony decided to instead reboot the series . Many of the original film 's cast make cameo appearances in new roles . The announcement of the female-led cast in 2015 drew a polarized response from the public and internet backlash , leading to the film 's IMDb page and associated YouTube videos receiving low ratings prior to the film 's release . Distributed by Columbia Pictures , the film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on July 9 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on July 15 , 2016 , in 2D , 3D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . The film grossed $ 229 million worldwide . However , due to its combined production and marketing budget of over $ 350 million , the film ended up being a box office bomb , with losses of up to $ 125 million for the studio . Consequently , the studio abandoned plans for a sequel , eventually opting to continue the original Ghostbusters series instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Beckman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doctor Strange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Doctor Strange is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the fourteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Scott Derrickson from a screenplay he wrote with Jon Spaihts and C. Robert Cargill , and stars Benedict Cumberbatch as surgeon Stephen Strange along with Chiwetel Ejiofor , Rachel McAdams , Benedict Wong , Michael Stuhlbarg , Benjamin Bratt , Scott Adkins , Mads Mikkelsen , and Tilda Swinton . In the film , Strange learns the mystic arts after a career-ending car crash . Various incarnations of a Doctor Strange film adaptation had been in development since the mid-1980s , until Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights in April 2005 on behalf of Marvel Studios . Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were brought on board in June 2010 to write a screenplay . In June 2014 , Derrickson was hired to direct , with Spaihts re-writing the script . Cumberbatch was chosen for the eponymous role in December 2014 , necessitating a schedule change to work around his other commitments . This gave Derrickson time to work on the script himself , for which he brought Cargill on to help . The film began principal photography in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , and concluding in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its world premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on November 4 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film grossed over $ 677 million worldwide , was met with praise for its visuals and cast , and received awards attention , including an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects .'}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thor : Ragnarok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor:_Ragnarok', 'summary': "Thor : Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost , and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , Idris Elba , Jeff Goldblum , Tessa Thompson , Karl Urban , Mark Ruffalo , and Anthony Hopkins . In Thor : Ragnarok , Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnarök . A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014 , with Kyle and Yost beginning work on the screenplay . The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October . Waititi joined the film as director a year later , after Thor : The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return . Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Hulk from previous MCU films , which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline Planet Hulk to be adapted for Ragnarok . The rest of the cast , including Blanchett as Hela , was confirmed in May 2016 , with Pearson 's involvement revealed at the start of filming that July . Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney , Australia , with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , concluding in October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on November 3 , 2017 , in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D . The film received praise for its acting and Waititi 's direction , as well as the action sequences , humor and musical score , with many critics considering it to be the best installment of the Thor films ."}]}, {'value': 'Thor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 Strong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12_Strong', 'summary': "12 Strong ( also known as 12 Strong : The Declassified True Story of the Horse Soldiers ) is a 2018 American action war drama film directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and written by Ted Tally and Peter Craig . The film is based on Doug Stanton 's non-fiction book Horse Soldiers , which tells the story of U.S. Army Special Forces sent to Afghanistan immediately after the September 11 attacks . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Michael Shannon , Michael Peña , Navid Negahban , Trevante Rhodes , Geoff Stults , Thad Luckinbill , William Fichtner , and Rob Riggle . Principal photography began in January 2017 in New Mexico . The film was released in the United States on January 19 , 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures , in standard and IMAX theaters . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the cast and action but criticized the by-the-numbers execution and lack of hindsight of the War in Afghanistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain Mitch Nelson', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Chris_Hemsworth_0', 'intro': "Christopher Hemsworth (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He rose to prominence playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away (2004-07) before beginning a film career in Hollywood by taking on parts in the science fiction film Star Trek (2009) and the thriller A Perfect Getaway (2009). Hemsworth went on to star in the fantasy film Snow White and the Huntsman (2012), the war film Red Dawn (2012), the action thriller Blackhat (2015), the biographical thriller In the Heart of the Sea (2015), the comedy Ghostbusters (2016), and the Men in Black film series spin-off Men in Black: International (2019). His most critically acclaimed roles include the comedy horror The Cabin in the Woods (2012) and the biographical sports film Rush (2013), in which he portrayed James Hunt. Hemsworth's greatest commercial successes have been with the Marvel Cinematic Universe, playing Thor, beginning in Thor (2011) and most recently with Avengers: Endgame (2019), which established him as one of the leading and highest-paid actors in the world."}	null	null	What was Chris Hemsworth 's role is the film that stars Timothy Olyphant , Milla Jovovich , Kiele Sanchez , and Steve Zahn ?	Kale
061988dc1aab487c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree ( s )', 'Year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Keshia Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keshia_Baker', 'summary': "Keshia Chantay Baker ( born January 30 , 1988 Fairfield , California ) is an American track and field athlete . She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay event , running in the heats and winning a gold medal . While running for her home town Fairfield High School , she finished third in the 400 meters at the 2006 CIF California State Meet . She had been a finalist the previous two years . Then she ran for the University of Oregon . At the 2010 NCAA Championships , she anchored Oregon 's winning 4x400 relay team to victory , while finishing fourth in the open 400 meters . Earlier in the season , she was runner up in 400 meters at the NCAA Indoor Championships , both times behind future Olympic teammate Francena McCorory ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Boit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Boit', 'summary': 'Michael Kipsubut Boit ( born 6 January 1949 ) is a Kenyan former middle-distance athlete whose career spanned fifteen years . He is a professor at Kenyatta University in the Department of Exercise and Sports Science . He is an uncle to Philip Boit , who became the first Kenyan athlete to compete in the Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Ph.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in the 800m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Bowerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Bowerman', 'summary': 'William Jay Bill Bowerman ( February 19 , 1911 - December 24 , 1999 ) was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike , Inc. Over his career , he trained 31 Olympic athletes , 51 All-Americans , 12 American record-holders , 22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers . He disliked being called a coach and during his 24 years at the University of Oregon , the Ducks track and field team had a winning season every season but one , attained 4 NCAA titles , and finished in the top 10 in the nation 16 times . As co-founder of Nike , he invented some of their top brands , including the Cortez and Waffle Racer , and assisted in the company moving from being a distributor of other shoe brands to one creating their own shoes in house .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S . M.Ed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former track and field head coach for the Oregon Ducks ( also see # Business )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks', 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon , located in Eugene . The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . With eighteen varsity teams , Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program , which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as Track Town , USA . Oregon 's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers ( the Civil War ) and the Washington Huskies , though they also have a major rivalry with the Washington State Cougars ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Clement', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Clement', 'summary': "Doug Clement ( born 15 July 1933 ) is a Canadian sprinter . He competed in the men 's 400 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics . He won a silver medal in the 4 x 440 yards relay at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games alongside Terry Tobacco , Joe Foreman , and Laird Sloan . Clement attended the University of Oregon and University of British Columbia , where he obtained undergraduate and medical degrees respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'B.Sc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian sprinter and proponent of fitness and sports medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'attended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Summer Olympics gold medalist ; 1988 Summer Olympics silver medalist in the 800m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Otis Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Davis', 'summary': 'For the baseball player , see Otis Davis ( baseball )'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the 400m and 4x400 relay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Mary Decker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Decker', 'summary': 'Mary Teresa Slaney ( formerly Tabb , née Decker ; born August 4 , 1958 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . During her career , she won gold medals in the 1500 meters and 3000 meters at the 1983 World Championships , and was the world record holder in the mile , 5000 meters and 10,000 meters . In total , she set 17 official and unofficial world records , including being the first woman in history to break 4:20 for the mile . She also set 36 US national records at distances ranging from 800 meters to 10,000 meters , and has held the US record in the mile , 2000 meters and 3000 meters since the early 1980s , while her 1500 meters record stood for 32 years . In 2003 , she was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Record setting long distance runner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Dellinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dellinger', 'summary': 'William Bill Solon Dellinger ( born March 23 , 1934 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . He competed in the 5,000 m at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1964 , setting his personal record . He lettered in track at the University of Oregon in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S . M.Ed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in the 5000m ; former track and field head coach for the Oregon Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks', 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon , located in Eugene . The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference . With eighteen varsity teams , Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program , which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as Track Town , USA . Oregon 's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers ( the Civil War ) and the Washington Huskies , though they also have a major rivalry with the Washington State Cougars ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashton Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World record holder in the decathlon with 9045 points in 2015 and the heptathlon with 6499 points in 2010 , 6568 points in 2011 and 6645 points in 2012 ; 2012 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the decathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Decathlon', 'summary': "The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events . The word decathlon was formed , in analogy to the word pentathlon , from Greek δέκα ( déka , meaning ten ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning contest or prize ) . Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all . Performance is judged on a points system in each event , not by the position achieved . The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes , while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon . Traditionally , the title of World 's Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the decathlon , thus the world 's greatest athlete of all times is the record-man of decathlon ( Kevin Mayer as of September 2018 ) . This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe , You , sir , are the world 's greatest athlete after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912 . The event is similar to the pentathlon held at the ancient Greek Olympics , and also similar to a competition called an all-around , which was contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884 . Another all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics . The modern decathlon first appeared at the 1912 Games . The current official decathlon world record holder is French Kevin Mayer , who scored a total of 9,126 points at the 2018 Décastar in France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heptathlon', 'summary': "A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events . The name derives from the Greek hepta ( seven ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning feat ) . A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete . There are two heptathlons - the women 's heptathlon and the men 's - composed of different events . The men 's heptathlon is older and is held indoors , while the women 's is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s , first appearing in the Olympics in 1984 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Flax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Flax', 'summary': "Kenneth ( Ken ) Flax ( born April 20 , 1963 ) is a retired American Olympic hammer thrower , whose personal best throw is 80.02 metres , achieved in May 1988 in Modesto . Flax was born in San Francisco , California , and is Jewish . Flax is a two-time Olympic hammer thrower , who competed in the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games . He competed in Track & Field as a student at Redwood High School , and began throwing the hammer for the University of Oregon in January 1982 , and by June 1982 he won the USA Junior National Championships and competed in the Junior Pan Am Games in Caracas , Venezuela . Flax later went on to win two Pac-10 championships and the 1986 NCAA Championships , throwing seven personal records in nine throws and broke the NCAA record three times in the process which still stands today as the American Collegiate Record . After college , Flax went on to compete in three World University Games winning a bronze and in 1991 he won the gold medal , beating the former number one ranked hammer thrower in the world , Heinz Weis . One of the highlights of Flax 's throwing career was competing in the 1987 and 1991 World Championships , where he finished 7th in 1991 marking the first time in 21 years that an American has made the finals in the hammer throw in a non-boycotted major world event . Flax won the gold medal in the hammer throw at both the 1985 Maccabiah Games , and then at the 1989 Maccabiah Games with a 78.86 meter toss . In 2009 , Ken was inducted into the Redwood High School Athletic Hall of Fame . Flax was the best field man in Redwood 's track history , a powerful young teen who hurled the shot 57 feet - second all-time best in the MCAL . He has also been inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two-time Olympian , record-setting hammer thrower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Hawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Martin William Hawkins ( February 20 , 1888 - October 27 , 1959 ) was an American athlete who won the bronze medal in the 110 m hurdles at the 1912 Summer Olympics . A track star at the University of Oregon , Hawkins later attended law school at Oregon and became a lawyer and judge in Portland .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in the 100m hurdles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1912 Summer Olympics ( Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1912 ) , officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Stockholm , Sweden , between 5 May and 22 July 1912 . Twenty-eight nations and 2,408 competitors , including 48 women , competed in 102 events in 14 sports . With the exception of tennis ( starting on 5 May ) and football and shooting ( both starting on 29 June ) , the games were held within a month with an official opening on 6 July . It was the last Olympics to issue solid gold medals and , with Japan 's debut , the first time an Asian nation participated . Stockholm was the only bid for the games , and was selected in 1909 . The games were the first to have art competitions , women 's diving , women 's swimming , and the first to feature both the decathlon and the new pentathlon , both won by Jim Thorpe . Electric timing was introduced in athletics , while the host country disallowed boxing . Figure skating was rejected by the organizers because they wanted to promote the Nordic Games . United States won the most gold medals ( 25 ) , while Sweden won the most medals overall ( 65 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Hill', 'summary': "Ralph Anthony Hill ( December 26 , 1908 - October 17 , 1994 ) was an American runner . He set an American record over the mile in 1930 and won a silver medal in the 5000 m event at the 1932 Olympics . Hill studied at the University of Oregon when competing in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles on the 5000 m. In an exciting race on August 5 , 1932 , he came in second behind Lauri Lehtinen , with each runner recording a time of 14:30.0 . The judges deliberated for an hour before they could decide not to disqualify Lehtinen , as he had appeared to block Hill twice . Hill refused to file a protest , stating that he believed Lehtinen 's obstruction of him was accidental . Lauri Virtanen came in third 14 seconds behind . After college Hill made a career of farming near Klamath Falls . The local Henley High School renamed its football field in September 1992 after its alumnus Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932 Summer Olympics silver medalist in the 5000m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1932 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 30 to August 14 , 1932 , in Los Angeles , California , United States . The Games were held during the worldwide Great Depression and some nations were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles ; 37 nations competed compared to 46 in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . Even U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the Games . The organizing committee did not report the financial details of the Games , although contemporary newspapers claimed that the Games had made a profit of US $ 1,000,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyrus Hostetler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyrus_Hostetler', 'summary': 'Cyrus Hostetler ( born August 8 , 1986 ) is an American javelin thrower who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javelin thrower at the 2012 Summer Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javelin_thrower', 'summary': "The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin , a spear about 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) in length , is thrown . The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area . Javelin throwing is an event of both the men 's decathlon and the women 's heptathlon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Jerome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Jerome', 'summary': 'Henry Winston Jerome OC ( September 30 , 1940 - December 7 , 1982 ) , known as Harry Jerome , was a Canadian school teacher and track and field runner who competed in three Olympic Games , the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the Pan-American Games during the 1960s . Jerome was born in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , the son of Harry Vincent Jerome and Elsie Ellen Howard , and moved to North Vancouver , British Columbia , at age 12 . His grandfather was John Howard , a railway porter , who represented Canada in the 1912 Summer Olympics . His sister , Valerie Jerome , was also an Olympian who competed for Canada at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Harry Jerome died of a brain aneurysm on December 7 , 1982 , at the age of 42 , in North Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'M.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in the 100m , world record holder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kelly_(athlete)', 'summary': "Daniel Kelly ( Daniel Joseph Dan Kelly ; September 1 , 1883 - April 9 , 1920 ) was an American long jumper and sprinter . He attended the University of Portland 's Columbia Prep high school , where 1905 , he broke the existing world record for Long Jump with a jump of 22 feet , 1-1/4 inches . He later attended the University of Oregon , where in 1906 , he equaled the world records in the 100 meter and 200 meter dashes in the same day . In 1908 , Kelly briefly joined the Irish American Athletic Club , and competed for the United States in the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , Great Britain in the long jump where he won the silver medal . He is a member of the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908 Summer Olympics silver medalist in the long jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1908 Summer Olympics , officially the Games of the IV Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London , United Kingdom from 27 April to 31 October 1908 . These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome , but relocation on financial grounds followed a disastrous eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 . They were the fourth chronological modern Summer Olympics in keeping with the now-accepted four-year cycle as opposed to the alternate four-year cycle of the proposed Intercalated Games . The IOC president for these Games was Baron Pierre de Coubertin . Lasting a total of 187 days , or 6 months and 4 days , these games were the longest in modern Olympics history ; nowadays , the Games ordinarily last 17 days since 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve Prefontaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Prefontaine', 'summary': "Steve Roland Pre Prefontaine ( January 25 , 1951 - May 30 , 1975 ) was an American long-distance runner who competed in the 1972 Olympics . While running for the Oregon Track Club , Prefontaine set American records at every distance from 2,000 to 10,000 meters , as he prepared for the 1976 Olympics . Prefontaine 's career , alongside those of Jim Ryun , Frank Shorter , and Bill Rodgers , generated considerable media coverage , which helped inspire the 1970s running boom . Prefontaine 's celebrity and charisma resulted in two 1990s feature films about his life . He died at age 24 in an automobile accident near his residence in Eugene , Oregon . One of the premier track meets in the world , the Prefontaine Classic , is held annually in Eugene in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Record setting long distance runner , Olympian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mack Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Robinson_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Matthew MacKenzie Mack Robinson ( July 18 , 1914 - March 12 , 2000 ) was an American track and field athlete . He is best known for winning a silver medal in the 1936 Summer Olympics , where he broke the Olympic record in the 200 meter but still finished behind Jesse Owens . He was the older brother of Baseball Hall of Fame member Jackie Robinson .'}]}, {'value': 'attended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936 Summer Olympics silver medalist in the 200m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1936 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1936 ) , officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin , Nazi Germany . Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona , Spain , on 26 April 1931 , at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona . It marked the second and final time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games . To outdo the Los Angeles games of 1932 , Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built , as well as six gymnasiums and many other smaller arenas . The games were the first to be televised , and radio broadcasts reached 41 countries . Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $ 7 million . Her film , titled Olympia , pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports . Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and antisemitism , and the official Nazi party paper , the Völkischer Beobachter , wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games . German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part by a variety of methods , although some women swimmers from the Jewish sports club , Hakoah Vienna , did take part . Jewish athletes from other countries seem to have been side-lined in order not to offend the Nazi regime . Total ticket revenues were 7.5 million Reichsmark , generating a profit of over one million ℛℳ . The official budget did not include outlays by the city of Berlin ( which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5 million ℛℳ ) or outlays of the German national government ( which did not make its costs public , but is estimated to have spent US $ 30 million ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Galen Rupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galen_Rupp', 'summary': "Galen Rupp ( born May 8 , 1986 ) is an American long-distance runner . He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing , 2012 in London , and 2016 in Rio de Janeiro . In London he won the silver medal in the men 's 10,000 meters , and in Rio de Janeiro he won the bronze medal in the men 's marathon . Rupp has competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project . He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon , the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002 . Rupp holds multiple American records at high school , collegiate , and senior levels . They include records in the 10,000 meters with a time of 26:44.36 and at the indoor 2 mile , 3000 meters , and 5000 meters with times of 8:07.41 , 7:30.16 , and 13:01.26 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 Summer Olympics silver medalist in the 10,000 meters ; inaugural winner of the Bowerman Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Salazar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Salazar', 'summary': 'Alberto Salazar ( born August 7 , 1958 ) is an American track coach , former world-class long-distance runner and a doping offender . Born in Cuba , Salazar immigrated to the United States as a child with his family . They moved to Manchester , Connecticut and then to Wayland , Massachusetts , where Salazar competed in track and field in high school . Salazar is best known for his performances in the New York City Marathon in the early 1980s and his 1982 Boston Marathon victory known as the Duel in the Sun . He held American track records of 13:11.93 for 5,000 m ( July 6 , 1982 - Stockholm ) and 27:25.61 for 10,000 m - ( June 26 , 1982 - Oslo ) . Salazar was the head coach of the Nike Oregon Project in Portland , Oregon . He won the IAAF Coaching Achievement Award in 2013 during a ceremony hosted by the International Athletics Foundation in Monaco . In June 2015 , Salazar was named in a joint BBC Panorama and ProPublica investigation into doping allegations . In 2019 Salazar was banned for 4 years from athletics for doping offenses . The Nike Oregon Project was shut down in the wake of the controversy . He was further mired in controversy after the New York Times published a video op-ed from his former athlete Mary Cain .'}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon runner and coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brianne Theisen-Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brianne_Theisen-Eaton', 'summary': "Brianne Theisen-Eaton ( born 18 December 1988 ) is a Canadian retired track and field athlete who competed in the heptathlon and women 's pentathlon . She won the bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . Theisen-Eaton holds the Canadian record for the heptathlon with 6,808 points , as well as the indoor pentathlon with a score of 4768 points . Theisen-Eaton is a heptathlon silver medallist from the 2013 World Championships and 2015 World Championships , as well as a pentathlon silver medalist from the 2014 World Indoor Championships . She is the first and only Canadian woman to podium in the multi-events at the World Championships . Theisen-Eaton won Commonwealth Games gold in the heptathlon at Glasgow 2014 and was the 2016 World Indoor Champion in the pentathlon . She also won a bronze medal as part of the women 's 4 x 400 m relay at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto . A national junior champion in 2006 , she took the heptathlon gold medal at the Pan American Junior Championships the following year . She enrolled at the University of Oregon and broke a number of school records in her first three years , winning back-to-back NCAA heptathlon titles in 2009 and 2010 . She also won twice at the NCAA Indoor Championship , including a collegiate pentathlon record in 2011 . She and her husband , Ashton Eaton , announced their retirement from track and field on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian record holder in the heptathlon with 6808 points in 2015 and the indoor pentathlon with 4881 points in 2016 ; 2016 World Indoor Track and Field Championships gold medalist in the pentathlon ; 2016 Summer Olympics Bronze medalist in the heptathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heptathlon', 'summary': "A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events . The name derives from the Greek hepta ( seven ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning feat ) . A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete . There are two heptathlons - the women 's heptathlon and the men 's - composed of different events . The men 's heptathlon is older and is held indoors , while the women 's is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s , first appearing in the Olympics in 1984 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Women's_pentathlon", 'summary': "The pentathlon or women 's pentathlon is a combined track and field event in which each woman competes in five separate events over one day ( formerly two days ) . The distance or time for each event is converted to points via scoring tables , with the overall ranking determined by total points . Since 1949 the events have been sprint hurdling , high jump , shot put , long jump , and a flat race . The sprint hurdles distance was 80 m outdoors until 1969 and thereafter 100 m ; in indoor pentathlon the distance is 60 m. The flat race was 200 m until 1976 and thereafter 800 m. In elite-level outdoor competition , the pentathlon was superseded in 1981 by the heptathlon , which has seven events , with both 200 m and 800 m , as well as the javelin throw . Pentathlon is still contested at school and masters level and indoors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Sports -- Track and field', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_20', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates.'}	null	null	What year did the person who competed in the Games of the XVII Olympiad graduate from the University of Oregon ?	1960
0619f864ecac878a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/129th_Ohio_General_Assembly', 'title': '129th Ohio General Assembly', 'header': ['District', 'Representative', 'Party', 'Residence', 'First Elected', 'Term Limited'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Newbold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Newbold', 'summary': 'Craig Newbold ( born July 31 , 1948 ) is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives for the 1st district , serving one term from 2011 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbiana,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbiana is a city in Columbiana and Mahoning counties in the U.S. state of Ohio . The population was 6,384 at the 2010 census . The larger portion of the city , located in Columbiana County , is part of the Salem , OH Micropolitan Statistical Area , while the smaller Mahoning County portion is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman , OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Both the Norfolk Southern Railway and the Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad pass through the city . The childhood home of notable inventor and businessman Harvey S. Firestone , Columbiana boasts one of the highest ranked public school districts in Ohio . Retail options include a commercialized downtown area , a series of businesses located along Ohio Route 14 , as well as Firestone Farms , a 1930s-themed outdoor business district . Additionally , the city hosts the annual Shaker Woods Arts & Crafts Festival , which brings national attention to the city in the summer and fall seasons . In 2019 , Columbiana was named The Nicest Place In America by Reader 's Digest ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Brenner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Brenner', 'summary': 'Andrew O. Brenner ( born January 14 , 1971 ) is a U.S. Republican party politician and member of the Ohio Senate , currently serving his first term for the 19th Senate District .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powell,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Powell is a city in Delaware County , Ohio , United States . The population was 11,500 at the 2010 census . The community was first settled around 1801 , two years before Ohio became a state . It was named Middlebury at the time , because the first settlers came from the Middlebury , Connecticut area . In 1857 , Judge Thomas Powell established the first post office in the community , and the residents decided to adopt his name . The town of Powell had its start in the building of the railroad through that territory . Powell was finally incorporated as a municipality in 1947 . The population remained small until the late 1980s , when residential development expanding from the northern Columbus metropolitan area reached Powell . In 20 years , the population rose from less than 400 to over 6,000 . In July 2005 , CNN Money and Money magazine ranked Powell 18th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Amstutz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Amstutz', 'summary': 'Ronald Amstutz ( born 1952 ) is the former state representative for the 1st District of the Ohio House of Representatives , serving from both 1983 to 2000 , and again from 2009 to 2016 . He also served as the state senator for the 22nd District of the Ohio Senate , and the mayor of Orrville , Ohio . In the House , he was the chairman of the House Finance & Appropriations Committee . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wooster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wooster,_Ohio', 'summary': "Wooster ( /ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Wayne County . The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio approximately 50 mi ( 80 km ) SSW of Cleveland , 35 mi ( 56 km ) SW of Akron and 30 mi ( 48 km ) W of Canton . The population was 24,811 at the 2000 census and 26,119 at the 2010 Census . The city is the largest in Wayne County , and the center of the Wooster Micropolitan Statistical Area ( as defined by the United States Census Bureau ) . Wooster has the main branch and administrative offices of the Wayne County Public Library . The College of Wooster is located in Wooster . fDi magazine ranked Wooster among North America 's top 10 micro cities for business friendliness and strategy in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Huffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Huffman', 'summary': 'Matt Huffman ( born April 1 , 1960 ) is a member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 12th district since 2017 , and currently serving as the Ohio Senate Majority Leader as a Republican . The district includes Allen , Champaign , Mercer and Shelby counties , as well as parts of Auglaize , Darke and Logan counties . Huffman is the former Speaker Pro Tempore of the Ohio House of Representatives , and served in the House from 2007 to 2014 . Prior to his service in the House , he served as president of Lima City Council for seven years . He is an attorney with Lima law firm , Huffman , Kelley , Brock & Gottschalk .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈlaɪmə/ LY-mə ) is a city in and the county seat of Allen County , Ohio , United States . The municipality is located in northwestern Ohio along Interstate 75 approximately 72 miles ( 116 km ) north of Dayton , 78 miles ( 126 km ) south-southwest of Toledo , and 63 mi ( 101 km ) east-southeast of Fort Wayne . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 38,771 . It is the principal city of and is included in the Lima , Ohio metropolitan statistical area , which is included in the Lima-Van Wert-Wapakoneta , OH , combined statistical area . Lima was founded in 1831 . The Lima Army Tank Plant , built in 1941 , is the sole producer of the M1 Abrams .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerald Stebelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Stebelton', 'summary': 'Gerald Stebelton is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 77th District from 2007 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lancaster ( locally /ˈlæŋk ( ə ) stər/ LANK- ( ə- ) stər ) is a city in Fairfield County , Ohio , in the south central part of the state . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 38,780 . The city is located near the Hocking River , approximately 33 miles ( 53 km ) southeast of Columbus , 38 miles ( 61 km ) miles southwest of Zanesville , and is the county seat of Fairfield County .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Gardner_(politician)', 'summary': 'Randall L. Gardner ( 1958- ) is an American politician , he formerly served as a Republican member of the Ohio Senate , serving the 2nd District from 2013-2018 . He formerly held the same district from 2001 to 2008 , and was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1985 to 2000 , and from 2008 to 2012 . In January 2019 Governor Mike Dewine appointed Gardner as the Chancellor of the Ohio Department of Higher Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bowling Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Bowling Green is a city and the county seat of Wood County , Ohio , United States , located 20 miles southwest of Toledo . The population was 30,028 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Toledo Metropolitan Area and a member of the Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments . Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University .'}]}, {'value': '2008 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Yuko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Yuko', 'summary': 'Kenny Yuko ( born August 1 , 1950 ) is a Democratic member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 25th District . Previously he was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 7th District from 2005 to 2012 . Prior to his time in the legislature , Yuko was a political and union activist for more than two decades .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Heights,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Richmond Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States . The population was 10,546 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armond Budish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armond_Budish', 'summary': 'Armond D. Budish ( born 1953 ) is an American politician currently serving in his second term as Cuyahoga County Executive . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a four-term Ohio State Representative ( 8th district ) , and served as Speaker of the House from 2009 to 2011 . He was the first Jewish representative to hold that office . He was re-elected to the House in 2010 and 2012 , and thereafter was term-limited . Before his entry into politics in 2006 , he was an attorney specializing in consumer and elder law with Budish , Solomon , Steiner & Peck , and hosted a weekly Sunday morning senior issues TV program titled Golden Opportunities on Cleveland NBC affiliate WKYC channel 3 . He resides in Beachwood , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beachwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Beachwood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and a suburb of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census the city 's population was 11,953 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbara Boyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Boyd_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'Barbara Boyd ( born April 24 , 1942 ) is a former Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , serving the 9th District from 2007 to 2014 , and the same district from 1993 until 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and an inner-ring suburb of Cleveland . The city 's population was 46,238 at the 2010 census . As of the 2010 census , Cleveland Heights was ranked the 8th largest city by population in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area and ranked 20th in Ohio . It was founded as a village in 1903 and a city in 1921 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Patmon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Patmon', 'summary': 'Bill Patmon ( born February 13 , 1946 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives who represented the Tenth District from 2011 to 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Williams', 'summary': 'Sandra Williams is a Democratic member of the Ohio Senate , serving the 21st district since 2015 . She formerly served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2007 to 2014 . Her district includes the eastern two-thirds of Cleveland , as well as the east-side suburbs of Bratenahl , Cleveland Heights , Garfield Heights , Newburgh Heights , Shaker Heights and University Heights .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John E. Barnes , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_E._Barnes,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Barnes ( born June 12 , 1958 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the Twelfth District from 2011 to 2018 . He formerly served in the same seat for two terms from January 1999 to February 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nickie Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickie_Antonio', 'summary': 'Nickie J. Antonio ( born June 2 , 1955 ) is a politician from Lakewood , Ohio . A Democrat , she serves in the Ohio Senate representing the 23rd district , which is located in the western portion of Cuyahoga County and contains the western third of Cleveland and some of the nearby western suburbs . She previously served in the Ohio House of Representatives representing the 13th district from 2011 to 2018 . A former member of Lakewood City Council , Antonio was elected to the lower chamber of the legislature in 2010 and took office on January 3 , 2011 and was re-elected in the 2012 General election receiving 75% of the vote . She was re-elected consecutively in the General elections of 2014 and 2016 . After being term limited in the lower chamber of the legislature , Antonio was elected to the upper chamber of the legislature in 2018 and took office on January 7 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , on the southern coast of Lake Erie . Established in 1889 , it is one of Cleveland 's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area . The population was 52,131 at the 2010 United States Census , making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County , behind Cleveland and Parma . Lakewood is home to a young and diverse population , including significant numbers of immigrants . Its population density is the highest of any city in Ohio and is roughly comparable to that of Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Foley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Foley_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'Michael Foley ( born June 17 , 1963 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 14th District from 2006 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2006 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timothy J. DeGeeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_J._DeGeeter', 'summary': 'Timothy J. DeGeeter ( born 1969 ) is an Ohio lawyer and politician who serves as the Mayor of Parma , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Parma is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , located on the southern edge of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census it is the seventh largest city in the state of Ohio and the second largest city in Cuyahoga County after Cleveland .'}]}, {'value': '2003 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nan Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nan_Baker', 'summary': 'Nan Baker ( born December 3 , 1954 ) is a Republican politician . Formerly , she represented the 16th district as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westlake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westlake,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Westlake is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States . It is a suburb of Cleveland located 12 miles west of downtown Cleveland . The population was 32,729 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlene Anielski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Anielski', 'summary': 'Marlene Anielski ( born November 25 , 1961 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives who represented the Sixth District . Prior to redistricting , she was first elected to represent the Seventeenth District in 2010 . She is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walton Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walton_Hills,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Walton Hills is a village in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States . The population was 2,281 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Dovilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Dovilla', 'summary': 'Michael D. Mike Dovilla ( born March 13 , 1975 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives who represented the Seventh District from 2013 to 2016 . Prior to redistricting , he was first elected to represent the Eighteenth District in 2010 . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berea,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Berea ( /bəˈriːə/ bə-REE-ə ) is a city in Cuyahoga County in the U.S. state of Ohio and is a western suburb of Cleveland . The population was 19,093 at the 2010 census . Berea is home to Baldwin Wallace University , as well as the training facility for the Cleveland Browns and the Cuyahoga County Fairgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Gonzales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Gonzales', 'summary': 'Anne Gonzales ( born August 12 , 1963 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the Nineteenth District between 2011 and 2019 . Currently a realtor and a Director for Attorney General Dave Yost .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westerville,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Westerville is a city in Delaware and Franklin counties in the U.S. state of Ohio . It is a northeastern suburb of Columbus . The population was 36,120 at the 2010 census . Westerville is the home of Otterbein University . Westerville was once known as The Dry Capital of the World for its strict laws prohibiting sales of alcohol .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Garland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Garland', 'summary': 'Nancy Garland ( born January 25 , 1954 ) was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 20th District from 2009-2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democrat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio', 'summary': 'New Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) northeast of the state capital of Columbus . Most of the city is located in Franklin County and a small portion extends into adjacent Licking County . New Albany had an estimated population of 10,889 in 2018 . Founded in 1837 , it is now a growing suburb in the Columbus area . Per the U.S. Census Bureau , 75.4% of New Albany residents over the age of 25 are college graduates , the median home value is $ 494,600 and the median household income is $ 203,194 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '129th_Ohio_General_Assembly_1', 'intro': 'The One Hundred Twenty-ninth Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It met in Columbus, Ohio from January 3, 2011 until December 20, 2012. While Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for the first week of the biennium, John Kasich was sworn in during the second week. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. This was the last time the 2000 census was used by the General Assembly to determine the apportionment of legislative districts. While the Ohio Senate was retained by the Ohio Republican Party, they won control of the Ohio House of Representatives from the Ohio Democratic Party.'}	null	null	What is the party of the representative whose residence 's population was 30,028 at the 2010 census ?	Republican
061ce6f7f745f39a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MLS_club_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of MLS club post-season droughts', 'header': ['Club', 'Previous post-season appearance', 'Next post-season appearance', 'Post-season drought'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toronto FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_FC', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( club entered MLS in 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2007 Major League Soccer season was the 12th season in the history of Major League Soccer . The season began on April 7 and concluded with MLS Cup 2007 on November 18 , 2007 at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. For the first time in MLS history , the same two clubs consecutively won the MLS Cup title and the MLS Supporters ' Shield honor . The 2007 MLS Cup champions were Houston Dynamo who defeated New England Revolution in the final . D.C. United won the MLS Supporters ' Shield edging Chivas USA by two points for the regular season honor . New England , Houston , and D.C. United earned berths into the inaugural CONCACAF Champions League for their performances in the regular season and playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2015 Major League Soccer season featured 20 total clubs ( 17 based in the United States , 3 based in Canada ) . The regular season was held from March 6 through to October 25 , whereas the MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 28 and ended with MLS Cup 2015 on December 6 . The defending MLS Cup champions were the LA Galaxy , while Seattle Sounders FC were the defending Supporters ' Shield winners . It was the first season for expansion teams Orlando City SC and New York City FC , who both joined the Eastern Conference , while both the Houston Dynamo and Sporting Kansas City moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference . Chivas USA folded at the end of the 2014 season . At the end of the regular season , the New York Red Bulls of the Eastern Conference won the Supporters ' Shield , while the team on top of the Western Conference was FC Dallas . The Portland Timbers won their first MLS Cup , winning 2-1 at Columbus Crew SC ."}]}, {'value': '8 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2009 MLS Cup Playoffs is the postseason to Major League Soccer 's 2009 season . MLS Cup 2009 concluded the season on November 22 , 2009 at Qwest Field in Seattle , Washington . Real Salt Lake won the Cup in penalties over the L.A. Galaxy ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( club folded after 2014 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2014 Major League Soccer season was the 102nd season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States and Canada , the 36th with a national first-division league , and the 19th season of Major League Soccer . This season featured 19 total clubs ( 16 from the United States and 3 from Canada ) , each playing 34 matches during the regular season . The 2014 Regular Season started on March 8 with Sporting Kansas City , the defending MLS Cup champion , playing at the Seattle Sounders FC . The 2014 Major League Soccer All-Star Game was held on August 6 in Providence Park in Portland , Oregon ( hosted by the Portland Timbers ) and featured a team of MLS All-Stars against Bayern Munich , the Bundesliga champions for the past two seasons . The game resulted in a 2-1 victory for the MLS All-Stars . The regular season ended on October 26 ; Seattle Sounders FC won the Supporters ' Shield and the LA Galaxy went on to win the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '5 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando City SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando_City_SC', 'summary': 'Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club in Orlando , Florida , that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Orlando City SC began play in 2015 as the 21st franchise in MLS , succeeding the USL Pro team of the same name . In doing so they became the first MLS team in Florida since Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny both folded following the 2001 season . The team plays at Exploria Stadium in Downtown Orlando .'}]}, {'value': 'never ( club joined MLS in 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2015 Major League Soccer season featured 20 total clubs ( 17 based in the United States , 3 based in Canada ) . The regular season was held from March 6 through to October 25 , whereas the MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 28 and ended with MLS Cup 2015 on December 6 . The defending MLS Cup champions were the LA Galaxy , while Seattle Sounders FC were the defending Supporters ' Shield winners . It was the first season for expansion teams Orlando City SC and New York City FC , who both joined the Eastern Conference , while both the Houston Dynamo and Sporting Kansas City moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference . Chivas USA folded at the end of the 2014 season . At the end of the regular season , the New York Red Bulls of the Eastern Conference won the Supporters ' Shield , while the team on top of the Western Conference was FC Dallas . The Portland Timbers won their first MLS Cup , winning 2-1 at Columbus Crew SC ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Clash/Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': 'The 1996 Major League Soccer season was the inaugural season of Major League Soccer . It was also the 84th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer , and the 18th with a national first-division league , in the United States and Canada .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2001 Major League Soccer season was shortened due to the September 11 attacks , with the final weeks ' regular season matches canceled . The playoffs , however , were played , and the San Jose Earthquakes won their first MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2007 MLS Cup Playoffs was the postseason to Major League Soccer 's 2007 season , and it concluded with MLS Cup 2007 on November 18 , 2007 at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C . The Houston Dynamo were victorious for the second season in a row , defeating the New England Revolution in the Final , also for the second year in a row ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2012 MLS Cup Playoffs was the seventeenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began on October 31 , and culminated on December 1 , 2012 with MLS Cup 2012 , the seventeenth league championship for MLS , won by the Los Angeles Galaxy 3-1 over Houston Dynamo . It was the second year that the playoffs included ten teams , and the first playoff series since 2006 in which teams could not cross conference brackets . The top five teams in both the Eastern and Western conferences of the league earned berths , with the top three clubs in each conference earning direct byes to the conference semifinals . The fourth and fifth-place finishers of both conferences played in a single-elimination play-in match . The play-in winner played their respective conference regular season champion in the conference semifinals , which was a two-leg aggregate series , without the away goals rule enforced . For the first time in MLS Cup Playoffs history , each Conference Championship was also a two-leg aggregate series , as opposed to the traditional single elimination match . The MLS Cup championship still remain a single match , but the team with the stronger regular season record , the Los Angeles Galaxy , hosting the final at their home venue . Los Angeles Galaxy were the defending champions , having defeated Houston Dynamo 1-0 in last year 's championship . Both finalists directly entered the 2013-14 CONCACAF Champions League , with the champion earning a Pot A seed . They were joined by San Jose Earthquakes , the Supporters ' Shield winner , and Sporting Kansas City , the 2012 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's three Canadian teams , which instead participate in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Union', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Union competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference . The club began play in 2010 as an expansion team of the league . The club plays their home matches at Subaru Park , a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester on the banks of the Delaware River . Jim Curtin is the Union 's head coach . The Union finished as runners-up in the 2014 , 2015 and 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournaments . In the 2014 edition , they lost to the Seattle Sounders FC 3-1 in extra time , and to Sporting Kansas City 6-7 on penalties after a 1-1 draw in the 2015 edition . They lost 3-0 to the Houston Dynamo in the final of the 2018 edition ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs was the sixteenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began on October 26 with the play-in round and concluded on November 20 with the championship match . It was the first playoff series to include ten clubs , two more than the traditional eight . Six of the ten teams earned a direct bye into the conference semifinals , while the four wildcard teams played a single-elimination match to earn a berth into the conference semis . These eight clubs played in a single-elimination tournament en route to playoffs championship MLS Cup 2011 , which doubles as the league championship for the 2011 MLS season altogether . The defending MLS Cup champions were the Colorado Rapids , who beat FC Dallas 2-1 in the 2010 championship . As the preliminary round was eliminated from the CONCACAF Champions League , both finalists directly entered 2012-13 CONCACAF Champions League Group Stage , along with the Supporters ' Shield winner for the regular season and the 2011 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's two Canadian teams , which instead participated in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2016 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 26 , and ended on December 10 with MLS Cup 2016 , the 21st league championship match for MLS . This was the 21st version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams ( the top 6 per conference ) competed . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . Seattle Sounders FC defeated Toronto FC 5-4 on penalties to win their first ever MLS Cup . The game ended scoreless after extra time . It was the first MLS Cup in league history that two expansion teams participated in the final . It was also the first time in the league 's history that a Canadian MLS team competed in the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2012 MLS Cup Playoffs was the seventeenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began on October 31 , and culminated on December 1 , 2012 with MLS Cup 2012 , the seventeenth league championship for MLS , won by the Los Angeles Galaxy 3-1 over Houston Dynamo . It was the second year that the playoffs included ten teams , and the first playoff series since 2006 in which teams could not cross conference brackets . The top five teams in both the Eastern and Western conferences of the league earned berths , with the top three clubs in each conference earning direct byes to the conference semifinals . The fourth and fifth-place finishers of both conferences played in a single-elimination play-in match . The play-in winner played their respective conference regular season champion in the conference semifinals , which was a two-leg aggregate series , without the away goals rule enforced . For the first time in MLS Cup Playoffs history , each Conference Championship was also a two-leg aggregate series , as opposed to the traditional single elimination match . The MLS Cup championship still remain a single match , but the team with the stronger regular season record , the Los Angeles Galaxy , hosting the final at their home venue . Los Angeles Galaxy were the defending champions , having defeated Houston Dynamo 1-0 in last year 's championship . Both finalists directly entered the 2013-14 CONCACAF Champions League , with the champion earning a Pot A seed . They were joined by San Jose Earthquakes , the Supporters ' Shield winner , and Sporting Kansas City , the 2012 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's three Canadian teams , which instead participate in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2012 MLS Cup Playoffs was the seventeenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began on October 31 , and culminated on December 1 , 2012 with MLS Cup 2012 , the seventeenth league championship for MLS , won by the Los Angeles Galaxy 3-1 over Houston Dynamo . It was the second year that the playoffs included ten teams , and the first playoff series since 2006 in which teams could not cross conference brackets . The top five teams in both the Eastern and Western conferences of the league earned berths , with the top three clubs in each conference earning direct byes to the conference semifinals . The fourth and fifth-place finishers of both conferences played in a single-elimination play-in match . The play-in winner played their respective conference regular season champion in the conference semifinals , which was a two-leg aggregate series , without the away goals rule enforced . For the first time in MLS Cup Playoffs history , each Conference Championship was also a two-leg aggregate series , as opposed to the traditional single elimination match . The MLS Cup championship still remain a single match , but the team with the stronger regular season record , the Los Angeles Galaxy , hosting the final at their home venue . Los Angeles Galaxy were the defending champions , having defeated Houston Dynamo 1-0 in last year 's championship . Both finalists directly entered the 2013-14 CONCACAF Champions League , with the champion earning a Pot A seed . They were joined by San Jose Earthquakes , the Supporters ' Shield winner , and Sporting Kansas City , the 2012 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's three Canadian teams , which instead participate in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '4 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 1999 Major League Soccer season was the fourth season in Major League Soccer 's history . This was the last season which used the 35 yard line shootout rule to resolve tied games , and that of the countdown timer , with MLS Cup 1999 adopting the IFAB-standard running clock thereafter ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': 'The 2003 Major League Soccer season was the 8th season of play for Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2004 Major League Soccer season culminated with D.C. United winning its fourth MLS Cup championship . The biggest news in the beginning of the season was the signing of 14-year-old prodigy Freddy Adu , who made his debut as a substitute in United 's season opener and scored his first goal several games later against the rival MetroStars . Adu contributed as a substitute on D.C. 's championship team , scoring five goals as the youngest player in North American sports history . The season saw the emergence of forwards Brian Ching ( San Jose ) and Eddie Johnson ( Dallas Burn ) as formidable forwards , not only for their MLS teams , but for the United States national team as well . The two shared Golden Boot honors . The Columbus Crew emerged as a dominant team in the second half of the regular season , running off an MLS-record 18-game unbeaten streak en route to the Supporters ' Shield title , won after finishing level on points with Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 Major League Soccer season was the 13th season in the history of Major League Soccer . The season began on March 29 and ended with MLS Cup 2008 , on November 23 at The Home Depot Center in Carson , California .'}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Salt Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake', 'summary': "Real Salt Lake ( /riːˈæl/ ) , also known as RSL , is an American professional soccer franchise that competes as a member club of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Western Conference . RSL began play in 2005 as an expansion team of the league . The club was founded in 2004 when the club 's first owner and founder was awarded an expansion berth in Major League Soccer . The club plays its home games at Rio Tinto Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy , Utah , which they share with their sister team , Utah Royals FC . Before moving to Rio Tinto , RSL played home games at Rice-Eccles Stadium , located on the campus of the University of Utah , from 2005-2007 . The team is currently led by interim head coach Freddy Juarez . In domestic soccer , Real Salt Lake won the 2009 MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield in 2010 , and the 2013 edition of the U.S. Open Cup . They were runners-up in the 2013 MLS Cup . The franchise regional success to date was in the 2010-11 CONCACAF Champions League , where RSL finished runners-up in the tournament becoming the first American club , since the CONCACAF Champions League format was introduced in 2008 , to advance to the final stage of the tournament . Their fully owned USL affiliate , Real Monarchs , won the 2019 USL Championship , the second division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( club entered MLS in 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2005 Major League Soccer season was the tenth season of Major League Soccer . The season began on April 2 , 2005 , and concluded on November 13 , 2005 with the first Supporters ' Shield victory for the San Jose Earthquakes and a second MLS Cup victory for the Los Angeles Galaxy ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2008 MLS Cup Playoffs were the postseason to Major League Soccer 's 2008 season , and culminated with MLS Cup 2008 on November 23 , 2008 at The Home Depot Center in Carson , California ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2005 Major League Soccer season was the tenth season of Major League Soccer . The season began on April 2 , 2005 , and concluded on November 13 , 2005 with the first Supporters ' Shield victory for the San Jose Earthquakes and a second MLS Cup victory for the Los Angeles Galaxy ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 Major League Soccer season was the 14th season of Major League Soccer . The season began on March 19 and ended with Real Salt Lake winning the MLS Cup 2009 , on November 22 at Qwest Field in Seattle , defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy on penalties .'}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': 'The 2006 Major League Soccer season was the 11th season in the history of Major League Soccer . It began on April 1 , 2006 , and ended with MLS Cup 2006 on November 12 , 2006 , at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco , Texas , for the second consecutive year .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs was the postseason tournament subsequent to Major League Soccer 's 2010 season . The playoffs began on Oct. 30 , with the Los Angeles Galaxy defeating the Seattle Sounders FC in the quarterfinal-round . Three weeks later , the Colorado Rapids defeated FC Dallas 2-1 in the Cup final at BMO Field in Toronto , Ontario . It was Colorado 's first title and second MLS Cup final appearance , and it was FC Dallas 's first appearance in an MLS Cup final . Of the eight MLS clubs to earn qualification into the tournament , only four of them qualified the season beforehand ; Columbus Crew , Los Angeles Galaxy , Seattle Sounders FC , and the defending-champions , Real Salt Lake . The San Jose Earthquakes were making their first playoff appearance since 2005 , Dallas ' since 2007 . It was Colorado 's and New York Red Bulls 's first time since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2009 MLS Cup Playoffs is the postseason to Major League Soccer 's 2009 season . MLS Cup 2009 concluded the season on November 22 , 2009 at Qwest Field in Seattle , Washington . Real Salt Lake won the Cup in penalties over the L.A. Galaxy ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2013 MLS Cup Playoffs was the eighteenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began in late October and culminated on December 7 , 2013 with MLS Cup 2013 , the eighteenth league championship for MLS . This was the third year that the playoffs included ten teams , and the second playoff series since 2006 in which teams could not cross conference brackets . The top five teams in both the Eastern and Western conferences of the league earned berths , with the top three clubs in each conference earning direct byes to the conference semifinals . The fourth and fifth-place finishers of both conferences competed in a single-elimination play-in match . The play-in winner played their respective conference regular season champion in the conference semifinals , which was a two-leg aggregate series , without the away goals rule enforced . For the second year in a row , each Conference Championship will also be a two-leg aggregate series , as opposed to the traditional single elimination match . The MLS Cup championship will once again remain a single match , but the team with the stronger regular season record will host the final at their home venue . Los Angeles Galaxy were the defending champions , having defeated Houston Dynamo 3-1 in the 2012 MLS Cup . In a break from previous years , only Sporting Kansas City , the MLS Cup winner , directly entered the 2014-15 CONCACAF Champions League , earning a Pot A seed . They were joined by the New York Red Bulls , the Supporters ' Shield winner ; the Portland Timbers , the conference winner from the conference opposite the Supporters ' Shield winner ; and D.C. United , the 2013 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's three Canadian teams , which instead participated in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dynamo', 'summary': "Houston Dynamo are an American professional soccer club based in Houston , Texas . The franchise competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The Dynamo had first played their home games at Robertson Stadium on the University of Houston campus until 2011 . Since 2012 , the Dynamo has played home matches at BBVA Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Houston . The Dynamo was established on December 15 , 2005 , when the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced that the team was relocating to Houston after failed attempts in securing a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose , California . The club would then be an expansion team of the league , which began play in 2006 . The Dynamo are owned by Gabriel Brener , Jake Silverstein , Ben Guill , NBA star James Harden , and former boxer Oscar De La Hoya . Houston Dynamo 's domestic success consists of winning the 2006 and 2007 MLS Cups in their first two seasons . They also won the U.S. Open Cup in 2018 . In 2008 , Houston became the first American club to secure a point on Mexican soil in the CONCACAF Champions League era during the 2008-2017 format of the tournament ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2013 MLS Cup Playoffs was the eighteenth post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began in late October and culminated on December 7 , 2013 with MLS Cup 2013 , the eighteenth league championship for MLS . This was the third year that the playoffs included ten teams , and the second playoff series since 2006 in which teams could not cross conference brackets . The top five teams in both the Eastern and Western conferences of the league earned berths , with the top three clubs in each conference earning direct byes to the conference semifinals . The fourth and fifth-place finishers of both conferences competed in a single-elimination play-in match . The play-in winner played their respective conference regular season champion in the conference semifinals , which was a two-leg aggregate series , without the away goals rule enforced . For the second year in a row , each Conference Championship will also be a two-leg aggregate series , as opposed to the traditional single elimination match . The MLS Cup championship will once again remain a single match , but the team with the stronger regular season record will host the final at their home venue . Los Angeles Galaxy were the defending champions , having defeated Houston Dynamo 3-1 in the 2012 MLS Cup . In a break from previous years , only Sporting Kansas City , the MLS Cup winner , directly entered the 2014-15 CONCACAF Champions League , earning a Pot A seed . They were joined by the New York Red Bulls , the Supporters ' Shield winner ; the Portland Timbers , the conference winner from the conference opposite the Supporters ' Shield winner ; and D.C. United , the 2013 U.S. Open Cup champion . However , none of these berths were available to the league 's three Canadian teams , which instead participated in the Canadian Championship for that country 's single berth in the CONCACAF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs ( officially the Audi 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) was the 20th post-season tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . The tournament began on October 28 with D.C. United defeating New England Revolution and culminated on December 6 , 2015 with MLS Cup 2015 , the twentieth league championship match for MLS . Twelve teams ( top 6 per conference ) competed , up from 10 the last 3 seasons . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed , while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth , in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second seed plays the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as two-legged aggregate series . If teams are level at the end of the second leg , the away goals rule will be used in attempt to determine a winner . If the away goals rule does not resolve the deadlock , 30 minutes of extra time will be played , but the away goals rule will not be applied after extra time . If scores are still level following extra time , a penalty shootout will be conducted . The winners advance to the MLS Cup final , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . The winner of MLS Cup 2015 , Portland Timbers qualified for the 2016-17 CONCACAF Champions League .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2019 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2019 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) was the post-season championship of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top association football league in the United States and Canada . It was the 24th edition of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating at the end of the 2019 regular season . The playoffs began on October 19 , 2019 , and concluded with MLS Cup 2019 on November 10 . The playoffs were contested by fourteen teams under a new format , with the top seven teams from both conferences qualifying based on their regular season performances . All rounds used single-elimination matches that were hosted by the higher remaining seed , and no rounds would be re-seeded unlike previous years . The first round ( October 19-20 ) featured the second through seventh-seeded teams in each conference playing each other , with the first-placed teams each receiving a bye . The winners of the first round advanced to the Conference Semifinals ( October 23-24 ) along with the first-placed team from each conference . The winners of the Conference Semifinals then advanced to the Conference Finals ( October 29-30 ) for an MLS Cup berth . Atlanta United FC were the defending MLS Cup champions , having won their first title in MLS Cup 2018 , but they were eliminated by Toronto FC in the Conference Finals . The 2019 regular season Supporters ' Shield champions were Los Angeles FC , but they were also eliminated in the Conference Finals , by Seattle Sounders FC . For the first time in league history , the four conference finalists were all expansion teams and did not feature any of the ten original teams from the inaugural season ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2016 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 26 , and ended on December 10 with MLS Cup 2016 , the 21st league championship match for MLS . This was the 21st version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams ( the top 6 per conference ) competed . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . Seattle Sounders FC defeated Toronto FC 5-4 on penalties to win their first ever MLS Cup . The game ended scoreless after extra time . It was the first MLS Cup in league history that two expansion teams participated in the final . It was also the first time in the league 's history that a Canadian MLS team competed in the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league , being the league 's third Canadian club , and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name . In 2015 , the Impact became the second MLS club , and first Canadian club , to advance to the final of the CONCACAF Champions League , in its current name since 2008 , where they had finished runners up in the two game aggregate goal series against Club América . The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 , 2014 and 2019 . The club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Thierry Henry ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2016 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 26 , and ended on December 10 with MLS Cup 2016 , the 21st league championship match for MLS . This was the 21st version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams ( the top 6 per conference ) competed . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . Seattle Sounders FC defeated Toronto FC 5-4 on penalties to win their first ever MLS Cup . The game ended scoreless after extra time . It was the first MLS Cup in league history that two expansion teams participated in the final . It was also the first time in the league 's history that a Canadian MLS team competed in the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Longest all-time droughts -- Post-season appearances', 'section_text': 'The list only includes MLS clubs that failed to make the playoffs for three or more consecutive seasons . Updated through 2019 Major League Soccer season . Active club streak is highlighted', 'uid': 'List_of_MLS_club_post-season_droughts_9', 'intro': "These are lists of active and all-time Major League Soccer (MLS) club post-season series win, MLS Cup Playoffs and MLS Cup droughts. Those teams which have never made it in club history are listed by the season that they entered the league. Among the current 24 MLS teams, 11 have never won the MLS Cup and 13 have never won the Supporters' Shield. Among those clubs which have won the MLS Cup, the longest MLS Cup title drought is that of the Chicago Fire, who have not won the post-season honor since winning the 1998 MLS Cup. The longest Supporters' Shield drought is Sporting Kansas City, who last won the title in the 2000. The only teams that have never qualified for the post-season tournament are Orlando City SC, who debuted in 2015 and FC Cincinnati, who debuted in 2019."}	null	null	This club , whose playoff drought began after the 4th season of Major League Soccer play , won eight titles between 1996 and 1998 under what coach ?	Bruce Arena
061d3556af227757	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Takhatgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takhatgarh', 'summary': 'Takhatgarh is a town in Sumerpur tehsil of Pali District of Rajasthan state in India . The town is one of the nine municipalities in the district , located near the district border . It is only about 150 years old .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,729', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taki_(India)', 'summary': 'Taki is a city and a municipality under Hasnabad police station of Basirhat subdivision in North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38,263', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talaja', 'summary': 'Talaja is a city and a municipality in Bhavnagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,822', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talcher', 'summary': 'Talcher also named as City of Black Diamond or Coal City of Odisha is one of the fastest growing industrial and coal hubs in the state . Because of its huge coal reserves , the city has been ranked among the highest in terms of GDP in Odisha . It is also one of the 4 sub-divisions of Angul district in the Indian state of Odisha . Situated on the right bank of the river Brahmani , it is one of the fastest growing industrial and mining complexes of the country . The city is surrounded by the coalfields under MCL ( Mahanadi Coalfields Limited ) and has three Mega Power plants like NTPC , TTPS . Jindal power plant'}]}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talegaon Dabhade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talegaon_Dabhade', 'summary': 'Talegaon Dabhade is a town in Mawal Taluka , Pune district , in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is 120 km ( 75 mi ) from Mumbai and 35 km ( 22 mi ) from Pune .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56,435', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taliparamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taliparamba', 'summary': 'Taliparamba or Thaliparamba ( other names Perinchelloor , Lakshmipuram ) is a city and a municipality of 72,500 people in the Kannur district , state of Kerala , spread over an area of 43.05 km2 . Taliparamba ( Perinchellur ) is a part of Kannur district in the state of Kerala , India . Thali means a temple built by Namboothiri . The name Taliparamba comes from place of many Thali temples .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72,465', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talode', 'summary': 'Taloda is a city and a municipal council in Nandurbar district in the Indian state of Maharashtra .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,363', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talwara', 'summary': 'Talwara is a census town in Hoshiarpur district in the Indian state of Punjab . It is near to the border of the state of Himachal Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'C.T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,485', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamluk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamluk', 'summary': 'Tamluk ( /ˈtæmlʊk/ ) is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the headquarters of the Purba Medinipur district . Though there is some controversy , scholars have generally agreed that present-day Tamluk is the site of the ancient city variously known as Tamralipta or Tamralipti . The present town is located on the banks of the Rupnarayan River close to the Bay of Bengal .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,306', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanakpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanakpur', 'summary': "Tanakpur is a city and a municipal board in Champawat district of the Indian state , Uttarakhand . Located in the foothills of Himalayas in the northern part of India as the gateway for Purnagiri Temple ( around 30 km from here ) as well as the 'Gateway to the Kumaon Himalayas ' . Tanakpur is a calm city located on riverside of Sarda River and touched to Nepal border . It is the last plain area on the road to Kumaon zone of Uttarakhand and acts as a junction for the Kumaon District 's mountainous part . It is also the first point in the Kailash Manasarovar Pilgrimage . Gradually benefitting from the nationwide progress , Tanakpur is growing steadily into a buzzing city . Being on the Indo-Nepal Border Tanakpur is very important on the security perspective of India as a nation . Tanakpur is famous for Devi Purnagiri temple which is situated approximately 24 km at the north of town ."}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,626', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanda,_Ambedkar_Nagar', 'summary': 'Tanda is a city and municipal board in the Ambedkar Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh , India .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95,516', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tandur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tandur', 'summary': 'Tandur is a town in Vikarabad District in the Indian State of Telangana . It is a Municipality as well as Headquarters of Tandur Mandal in Tandur Revenue Division . It is known for Lime Stone Industries , Cement Industries and Redgram ( Pigeon Pea ) production . Drinking water is sourced from the River Kagna , tributary to Bhima River , which is 4 km from the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanuku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanuku', 'summary': 'Tanuku is a town in West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is the mandal headquarters of Tanuku mandal in Kovvur revenue division .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72,348', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarakeswar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarakeswar', 'summary': 'Tarakeswar ( pronounced Tarokeshshor ) is a city and a municipality in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is also one of the police stations under Chandannagore subdivision . Tarakeswar is a place of pilgrimage and a centre of the Shaiva sect in West Bengal 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) away from Kolkata , Tarakeswar can be reached conveniently by train .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarana', 'summary': 'Tarana is a type of composition in Hindustani classical vocal music in which certain words and syllables ( e.g . odani , todani , tadeem and yalali ) based on Persian and Arabic phonemes are rendered at a medium ( madhya laya ) or fast ( drut laya ) or very fast ( maha drut laya ) . It was invented by Amir Khusro ( 1253-1325 CE ) ,'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taranagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranagar', 'summary': "Taranagar is a city and a municipality in Churu district in the Indian state of Rajasthan , situated at 28° 41 ' N 75° 3 ' E , about 120 miles northeast of Bikaner . Taranagar was earlier known as Reni , named for the lady Rinkali who came here to live from Vishalnagar Koyalapatan , currently Foga in Sardarshar ( Rajasthan ) . Reni was the headquarters of the nizamat and the tehsil of the same name in the state of Bikaner in Rajputana . The nizamat consisted of five eastern tehsils of Bhadra , Churu , Nohar , Rajgarh and Reni . In 1948 , the town was renamed for King Tara Singh , who ruled it in the mid-18th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,640', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraori', 'summary': 'Taraori , or Tarori or Tarawari , as it is sometimes called in the local dialect , is a town ( Municipal committee ) in Nilokheri Tehsil of Karnal district in the Indian state of Haryana . It is situated off NH-1 , 14 km north of Karnal . The name Taraori derives from the word Taraine .'}]}, {'value': 'Haryana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haryana', 'summary': "Haryana ( Hindi pronunciation : [ ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ] ) is one of the 28 states in India , located in northern part of the country . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis . It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ( 44,212 km2 ( 17,070 sq mi ) ) of India 's land area . Chandigarh is the state capital , Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils , 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats . As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India , and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia , Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at ₹226,644 ( US $ 3,200 ) against the national average of ₹125,397 ( US $ 1,800 ) for year 2018-19 . Haryana 's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US $ 110 billion ( 52% services , 34% industries and 14% agriculture ) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states , is also boosted by 30 SEZs ( mainly along DMIC , ADKIC and DWPE in NCR ) , 7% national agricultural exports , 65% of national Basmati rice export , 67% cars , 60% motorbikes , 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India . Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey . In services , Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure , and number 2 in startup ecosystem , innovation and livability ( Nov 2016 ) . Haryana has the seventh highest ranking among Indian states in human development index . Among the world 's oldest and largest ancient civilisations , the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old . Rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna , human resources and tourism with well developed economy , national highways and state roads , it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east , by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh , by Rajasthan to the west and south , and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab ."}]}, {'value': 'M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarbha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarbha', 'summary': 'Tarbha ( also known as Tarabha , sometimes called Ulta Bharat or Opposite India ) is a Notified Area Council in Sonepur district in the Indian state of Odisha .'}]}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.A.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,334', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarikere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarikere,_Chikmagalur', 'summary': "Tarikere is a Taluk in the Chikkamagaluru district in the state of Karnataka of India . The headquarters of the Tarikere are a town of the same name.Its popularly known as gateway of malnad because malnad area starts from here . The town 's name is derived from the number of water tanks which surround it ( Kere is the word for a large water tank ) . Tarikere is also known as gateway of malnad or Malenadina Hebbagilu in kannada"}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35,942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarn Taran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib', 'summary': 'Tarn Taran Sahib is a town in the Majha region of the state of Punjab , in northern India . It is the district headquarters and hosts the municipal council of Tarn Taran district . Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib , a prominent Sikh shrine is located in the central part of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_India', 'summary': "Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,847', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'T', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_populated_places_in_Adilabad_district_19', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'}	null	null	How far is this town in the state bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west located from Mumbai ?	120 km
061d3d8667fb33fe	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River', 'title': 'Niagara River', 'header': ['Feature', 'Location', 'Country', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Source of Niagara River', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°54′16″N 78°54′21″W / 42.904325°N 78.905869°W / 42.904325 ; -78.905869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Niagara River originates at the north-east end of Lake Erie , and flows north to its mouth at Lake Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie', 'summary': "Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ ( French : Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet ( 64 metres ) deep . Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States , Lake Erie 's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario , specifically the Ontario Peninsula , with the U.S. states of Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its western , southern , and eastern shores . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native American people who lived along its southern shore . The tribal name erie is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan , meaning long tail . Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal , part of the St. Lawrence Seaway , which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft ( 99 m ) . Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms , and eutrophication generating headlines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Ontario', 'summary': "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is surrounded on the north , west , and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario , and on the south and east by the American state of New York , whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake . Ontario , Canada 's most populous province , was named for the lake . Many of Ontario 's most populous cities , including Toronto , Canada 's most populous city , and Hamilton , are on the lake 's northern and western shores respectively . In the Huron language , the name Ontarí'io means great lake . Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie . The last in the Great Lakes chain , Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River . It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Rock Canal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°54′25″N 78°54′07″W / 42.90706°N 78.902053°W / 42.90706 ; -78.902053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Rock Canal flows within and parallel to the east shore of the Niagara river near Buffalo , New York , and was built to extend the navigation period in the Niagara River through a greater part of the winter . The canal begins at Buffalo Harbor , on the north-east shore of Lake Erie , then flows north , ending at the Black Rock Lock near the north tip of Unity Island . The canal is buffered from the Niagara River by Bird Island Pier at its south end , and Unity Island at its north end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Rock_Lock', 'summary': 'The Black Rock Lock located in Buffalo , New York is 650 feet ( 200 m ) in length and 70 feet ( 21 m ) wide . There is only one chamber and the total weight of the gate is 480 tons . The lock has been a part of Black Rock since the state of New York built the Erie Canal in 1833 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unity_Island', 'summary': "The Seneca people acquired Unity Island and the surrounding areas in the 1650s . They called it Deyowenoguhdoh , meaning divided island , so-called for a small marshy creek ( then known as Smuggler 's Run ) that once ran through the property . The name Squaw Island first appeared prior to the War of 1812 ; however , its origin is unknown . Not until the early 19th century did the island leave the hands of the Seneca Nation . Philip Kenjockety , one of the last of the Neutral Nation and namesake of Scajaquada Creek , owned a corn field on the island at the time of his death in 1808 . Kenjockety is known to have traveled the creek that once divided the island by canoe during his travels to and from Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Gould Ditch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°55′14″N 78°54′42″W / 42.920689°N 78.911785°W / 42.920689 ; -78.911785', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic tributary . Once served as a drainage ditch for Gould National Battery plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scajaquada Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scajaquada_Creek', 'summary': "Scajaquada Creek ( /skəˈdʒɑːkwədə/ skə-JAH-kwə-də ) is a stream in Erie County , New York , United States . The name is derived from Philip Kenjockety , a Native American described as the oldest resident of the region upon his death in 1808 . The creek lends its name to the Scajaquada Expressway , New York State Route 198 , a highway that briefly adjoins the creek 's northern shore . A bike path follows the creek 's southern shore most of the way from Delaware Park to the Niagara River . Buffalo State College , the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and the Buffalo History Museum overlook Scajaquada Creek ."}]}, {'value': '42°55′45″N 78°53′57″W / 42.929091°N 78.899056°W / 42.929091 ; -78.899056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Frenchman 's Creek", 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°56′34″N 78°55′39″W / 42.942648°N 78.927391°W / 42.942648 ; -78.927391', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chippawa Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′12″N 78°56′15″W / 42.953344°N 78.937626°W / 42.953344 ; -78.937626', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The north-flowing Niagara River bifurcates at the south tip of Grand Island ( both sections rejoin at the north tip ) . Chippawa Channel is the river passage on the west side of Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miller Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′19″N 78°58′31″W / 42.955315°N 78.97537°W / 42.955315 ; -78.97537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′39″N 78°55′46″W / 42.960757°N 78.929386°W / 42.960757 ; -78.929386', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island , the east passage - from the south tip of Grand Island , to a point just north of Tonawanda , New York - is the Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Tonawanda ( formally City of Tonawanda , from Tahnawá•teh meaning confluent stream in Tuscarora ) is a city in Erie County , New York , United States . The population was 15,130 at the 2010 census . It is at the northern edge of Erie County , south across the Erie Canal ( Tonawanda Creek ) from North Tonawanda , east of Grand Island , and north of Buffalo . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Baker Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°58′22″N 79°00′29″W / 42.972761°N 79.008039°W / 42.972761 ; -79.008039', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°58′52″N 79°01′25″W / 42.980999°N 79.023499°W / 42.980999 ; -79.023499', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Boyer 's Creek", 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°00′07″N 79°01′46″W / 43.00194°N 79.029508°W / 43.00194 ; -79.029508', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Mile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°00′39″N 78°54′24″W / 43.010845°N 78.906555°W / 43.010845 ; -78.906555', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little River ( at Tonawanda Island )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′23″N 78°53′06″W / 43.022926°N 78.884969°W / 43.022926 ; -78.884969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Flows between Tonawanda Island and the New York mainland , within the Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonawanda Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_Creek', 'summary': 'Tonawanda Creek is a small tributary of the Niagara River in Western New York , United States . After rising in Wyoming County , the stream flows through Genesee County before forming part of the boundary between Erie County and Niagara County .'}]}, {'value': '43°01′24″N 78°52′54″W / 43.02338°N 78.881707°W / 43.02338 ; -78.881707', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spicer Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′31″N 78°53′39″W / 43.025279°N 78.894153°W / 43.025279 ; -78.894153', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Sixmile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′35″N 79°00′42″W / 43.026494°N 79.011773°W / 43.026494 ; -79.011773', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Sixmile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′43″N 79°00′37″W / 43.028502°N 79.010217°W / 43.028502 ; -79.010217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara River Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°02′09″N 78°53′38″W / 43.035772°N 78.893809°W / 43.035772 ; -78.893809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island , the east passage - from a point just north of Tonawanda , New York , to the north tip of Grand Island - is the Niagara River Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°02′58″N 78°54′57″W / 43.049455°N 78.915728°W / 43.049455 ; -78.915728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Usshers Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°03′05″N 79°01′21″W / 43.051282°N 79.022577°W / 43.051282 ; -79.022577', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Niagara_River_2', 'intro': "The Niagara River (/naɪˈæɡərə/ ny-AG-ər-ə) is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the state of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning point of land cut in two. The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids. Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations (built in 1922 and 1954) on the Canadian side, and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (built in 1961) on the American side. Together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity."}	null	null	How many British colonies did the country emerge from that has a feature forming part of the boundary between Erie County and Niagara County ?	Thirteen
061d63ba83c1cadf	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottawa_Senators_draft_picks', 'title': 'List of Ottawa Senators draft picks', 'header': ['Round', 'Overall', 'Player', 'Position', 'Nationality', 'Club team'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Havlat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Havlát', 'summary': 'Martin Havlát ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmarcɪn ˈɦavlaːt ] ; born April 19 , 1981 ) is a Czech former professional ice hockey player who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinec Ocelari ( Czech . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinec_Ocelari', 'summary': "HC Oceláři Třinec ( Třinec Steelers ) is an ice hockey team from Teschen Silesia who play in the Czech Extraliga , the top tier of Czech ice hockey . Their home arena is Werk Arena in Třinec . The team 's main sponsors are the local Třinec Iron and Steel Works HC Oceláři Třinec and Werk Arena Třinec . In the 2010/2011 season the team won the Czech Extraliga for the first time in their history ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Lajeunesse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Lajeunesse', 'summary': 'Simon Lajeunesse ( born January 22 , 1981 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender . Lajeunesse played in one National Hockey League game for the Ottawa Senators during the 2001-02 NHL season . Most of his career was spent in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the East Coast Hockey League ( ECHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Goalie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moncton Wildcats ( QMJHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncton_Wildcats', 'summary': 'The Moncton Wildcats are a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from Moncton , New Brunswick , Canada . The franchise was granted for the 1995-96 season , known as the Moncton Alpines for one season , and as the Wildcats since . The team played at the Moncton Coliseum from 1995 until 2018 , and moved into the Avenir Centre for the 2018-19 season . After winning the 2005-06 QMJHL championship , the team hosted the 2006 Memorial Cup . The Wildcats also won the 2009-10 QMJHL championship , which sent the team to compete in the 2010 Memorial Cup in Brandon , Manitoba . They were eliminated from contention after going winless in the round robin portion of the tournament .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teemu Sainomaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teemu_Sainomaa', 'summary': 'Teemu Sainomaa ( born May 15 , 1981 ) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey centre . He played in the SM-liiga for Jokerit and Pelicans . He was drafted 62nd overall in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft by the Ottawa Senators .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Jokerit ( Finland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jokerit', 'summary': 'Helsingin Jokerit ( English : Jokers or Jesters ) is a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki , Finland . They are members of the Bobrov Division of the Western Conference of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . The team won six league championships as a member of the Finnish SM-liiga ( 1973 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , and 2002 ) . Jokerit plays its home games at the Hartwall Arena . They joined the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) as of the 2014-15 KHL season , making Finland the first Nordic country to have a team in the league .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Kelly_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Christopher Kelly ( born November 11 , 1980 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . Kelly played for the Ottawa Senators , Boston Bruins and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was a member of the Bruins ' 2011 Stanley Cup-winning team . Since September 2018 , Kelly has served as development coach for the Senators . He won gold with Team Canada at the Spengler Cup . In the 2018 Winter Olympics , Kelly represented Canada as captain of the men 's ice hockey team , leading the team to a bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Knights ( OHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Knights', 'summary': 'The London Knights are a junior ice hockey team from London , Ontario , Canada , playing in the Ontario Hockey League , one of the leagues of the Canadian Hockey League . The Knights started out in 1965 as the London Nationals but changed to their current name in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Ianiero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston Frontenacs ( OHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingston_Frontenacs', 'summary': "The Kingston Frontenacs are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League , based in Kingston , Ontario , Canada . The team is coached by Kurtis Foster and the general manager is Darren Keily . The Frontenacs play home games at the Leon 's Centre , which opened in 2008 . Team history predates the OHA , back to 1945 , to a team known as the Kingston Victorias . This franchise was founded in the OHA in 1973-74 , then known as the Kingston Canadians until 1987-88 . The team was briefly known as the Kingston Raiders in 1988-89 , and as the Frontenacs ever since ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '164', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Prusek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Prusek', 'summary': "Martin Prusek ( born December 11 , 1975 ) is a Czech a former professional ice hockey goaltender and currently ice-hockey goaltender coach . Prusek has played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Ottawa Senators and Columbus Blue Jackets . Prusek currently is a coach in Czech Extraliga 's HC Vítkovice Steel ."}]}, {'value': 'Goalie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'HC Vitkovice Ostrava ( Czech . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_Vitkovice', 'summary': 'HC Vítkovice Ridera is an ice hockey club based in Vítkovice ( The Moravian-part of Ostrava ) in the Czech Republic , competing in the Czech Extraliga . It plays at Ostravar Aréna ( formerly Palác kultury a sportu Ostrava-Vítkovice ) . The club was founded in 1928 after the merger of SK Moravská Slavia and SK Slovan Ostrava . Vítkovice were the champions of the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League in the 1951-52 and 1980-81 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikko Ruutu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikko_Ruutu', 'summary': 'Mikko Ruutu ( born September 10 , 1978 in Vantaa , Finland ) is a retired Finnish ice hockey forward . Ruutu played for HIFK and Jokerit in the Finnish SM-liiga , earning a silver medal with HIFK and the SM-liiga championship with Jokerit in 2002 . He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators as their 7th round pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft , but his only season in North America was for Clarkson University in the NCAA league . He has since retired from professional hockey because of his broken knee . He is currently working as the Director of European Scouting for the Ottawa Senators . Mikko Ruutu has two brothers , Jarkko , a former NHL player who retired in 2014 , and Tuomo , who plays in the NLA for HC Davos .'}]}, {'value': 'Right Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'HIFK ( Finland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HIFK_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "HIFK ( a traditional abbreviation of Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna , Helsingfors , English : Sporting Society Comrades , Helsinki ) is a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki , Finland that plays in the Liiga , the sport 's top-level league in Finland . The team plays at Helsinki Ice Hall . The club was founded in 1897 and started participating in ice hockey in 1929 . Since then , HIFK has won the Finnish national championship seven times ( 1969 , 1970 , 1974 , 1980 , 1983 , 1998 , and 2011 ) . HIFK has the highest number of audience in the Liiga and is one of the wealthiest sports clubs in Finland . The derbies against local rivals Jokerit were often sold out and were among the fiercest in Nordic ice hockey , but are no longer played following Jokerit 's withdrawal from Liiga after the 2013-14 season to join the Russian-based Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Following a history of even series of games , HIFK won the game total with 106-105 after a 2-1 victory in a classical outdoor game in March 2014 , claiming the title of Helsinki 's dominion . HIFK 's general manager starting from May 1 , 2008 , is Jukka Valtanen . He is the successor of Pentti Matikainen , who coached Team Finland to its first hockey Olympic medal ( silver ) in Calgary 1988 . HIFK won the Finnish national championship in the 2010-11 season when they defeated Espoo Blues . The championship team from 1998 is widely recognized as one of the best ever to have skated together in the top flight of Finnish ice hockey . [ citation needed ] Players on the 1998 championship team included a number of future ( and former ) NHL players - including Tim Thomas , Jan Čaloun , Johan Davidsson , Bob Halkidis , Olli Jokinen , Jere Karalahti , Jarno Kultanen , Brian Rafalski , Christian Ruuttu , Jarkko Ruutu , Kimmo Timonen and Marko Tuomainen ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Layne Ulmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Layne_Ulmer', 'summary': 'Layne Ulmer ( born September 14 , 1980 in North Battleford , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing centre for Manchester Storm in the EIHL .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swift Current Broncos ( WHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos', 'summary': 'The Swift Current Broncos are a junior ice hockey team in the Western Hockey League . Founded during 1967 in Swift Current , Saskatchewan , the Broncos played seven seasons before relocating to Lethbridge from 1974 to 1986 as the Lethbridge Broncos . The Broncos then returned to Swift Current , and have played there since 1986 , at the Innovation Credit Union iPlex .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '213', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandre Giroux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Giroux', 'summary': 'Alexandre Giroux ( born June 16 , 1981 ) is a Canadian ice hockey forward currently playing for the Bruleurs de Loups of the French Ligue Magnus . He previously played in the National League ( NL ) with HC Ambrì-Piotta and EHC Kloten . He is the son of former World Hockey Association player Rejean Giroux .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hull_Olympiques', 'summary': 'The Gatineau Olympiques are a major junior ice hockey team based in Gatineau , Quebec , Canada , that plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) . The Olympiques play home games at the Robert Guertin Centre . The club , then known as the Hull Festivals , was granted membership in the QMJHL in 1973 . The Olympiques have appeared in the Memorial Cup seven times , winning once in 1997 . Over eighty former players and coaches have gone on to play or coach in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , including Martin Biron , Aleš Hemský , Luc Robitaille , Jeremy Roenick , Michael Ryder , Maxime Talbot , José Théodore , Colin White , Claude Giroux , David Krejčí , Jack Adams-winning head coaches Alain Vigneault and Pat Burns and 2011 Stanley Cup-winning coach Claude Julien .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '269', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konstantin Gorovikov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konstantin_Gorovikov', 'summary': 'Konstantin Vladimirovich Gorovikov ( Russian : Константин Владимирович Горовиков ; born August 31 , 1977 ) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward , who is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Player of the Russia national team . Became World champion in 2009 at the world championship in Bern , Switzerland . He has won the Gagarin Cup twice with Dynamo in 2012 and 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Right Wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKA Saint Petersburg ( Russia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SKA_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "The Hockey Club SKA ( Russian : Спортивный клуб СКА ) , often referred to as SKA Saint Petersburg and literally as the Sports Club of the Army , is a Russian professional ice hockey club based in Saint Petersburg . They are members of the Bobrov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . The club never competed in a league final until the 2014-15 KHL season , where they defeated Ak Bars Kazan winning the Gagarin Cup . They won their second Gagarin Cup in 2017 , defeating Metallurg Magnitogorsk . In 2012 , with an average of 10,126 spectators , the SKA became the first Russian club ever to average a five-digit attendance . SKA is owned by Russian state-controlled energy giant Gazprom . The club used its immense wealth to gather almost all elite Russian KHL players under its umbrella to prepare them for the upcoming 2018 Winter Olympics . The success of Russian team in winning gold at the first Olympics since 1994 that did not feature any active NHL players were attributed to players ' chemistry developed in SKA ."}]}], 'section_title': '1999 Draft picks', 'section_text': "Ottawa 's draft picks from the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held on June 26 , 1999 , at the FleetCenter in Boston , Massachusetts .", 'uid': 'List_of_Ottawa_Senators_draft_picks_8', 'intro': 'The complete list of players drafted by the Ottawa Senators (1992-) of the National Hockey League (NHL) at the NHL Entry Draft. The Senators were approved as franchise partners of the NHL in December 1990, and participated in their first entry draft in 1992. That year, the team also participated in the 1992 NHL Expansion Draft.'}	null	null	What is the club team of the youngest center ?	Jokerit
061db4cb2bd55fe6	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea', 'title': 'Irish Sea', 'header': ['Name', 'Area ( km² )', 'Rank ( area )', 'Permanent Population', 'Rank ( pop . )', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anglesey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglesey', 'summary': 'Anglesey ( /ˈæŋɡəlsiː/ ; Welsh : Ynys Môn [ ˈənɨs ˈmoːn ] ) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales . It forms the principal area ( as Isle of Anglesey ) and historic county of that name , which includes Holy Island to the west and some islets and skerries . Anglesey island , at 260 square miles ( 673 km2 ) , is by far the largest island in Wales , seventh largest in the British Isles , largest in the Irish Sea and second most populous after the Isle of Man . The local-government area of Isle of Anglesey County Council measures 276 square miles ( 715 km2 ) , , with a 2011 census population of 69,751 , of whom 13,659 live on Holy Island . The Menai Strait between Anglesey and mainland Wales is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge , designed by Thomas Telford in 1826 , and the Britannia Bridge , built in 1850 and replaced in 1980 . The largest town is Holyhead , where the port handles over 2 million passengers a year with Ireland . The next largest is Llangefni , seat of the county council . From 1974 to 1996 Anglesey was run as part of Gwynedd . Most Anglesey inhabitants are Welsh speakers . The name Ynys Môn is used for the UK Parliament and National Assembly constituencies . The island forms the LL postcode area ( LL58-LL78 ) .'}]}, {'value': '675', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56,092', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Isle of Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'The Isle of Man ( Manx : Mannin [ ˈmanɪnʲ ] , also Manx : Ellan Vannin [ ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ ] ) , sometimes referred to simply as Mann /mæn/ , is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . The head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor . Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom . Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC . Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD , and the Manx language , a branch of the Gaelic languages , emerged . In 627 Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia . In the 9th century , Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles , which included the Isle of Man . Magnus III , King of Norway from 1093 to 1103 , reigned also as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103 . In 1266 the island became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth , after being ruled by Norway . After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England , the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399 . The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1765 , but the island never became part of the 18th century kingdom of Great Britain or its successors ( the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom ) . It retained its internal self-government .'}]}, {'value': '572', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84,497', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isle of Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'The Isle of Man ( Manx : Mannin [ ˈmanɪnʲ ] , also Manx : Ellan Vannin [ ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ ] ) , sometimes referred to simply as Mann /mæn/ , is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . The head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor . Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom . Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC . Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD , and the Manx language , a branch of the Gaelic languages , emerged . In 627 Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia . In the 9th century , Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles , which included the Isle of Man . Magnus III , King of Norway from 1093 to 1103 , reigned also as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103 . In 1266 the island became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth , after being ruled by Norway . After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England , the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399 . The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1765 , but the island never became part of the 18th century kingdom of Great Britain or its successors ( the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom ) . It retained its internal self-government .'}]}, {'value': 'Holy Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Island,_Anglesey', 'summary': "Holy Island ( Welsh : Ynys Gybi , 'the island of ( Saint ) Cybi ' ) is an island ( 15.22 sq mi ( 39.4 km2 ) ) on the western side of the larger Isle of Anglesey , Wales , from which it is separated by a narrow , winding channel . It is called Holy because of the high concentration of standing stones , burial chambers , and other religious sites on the small island . The alternative English name of the island is Holyhead Island . According to the 2011 UK Census , the population was 13,659 , of which 11,431 ( 84% ) lived in the largest town , Holyhead ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,579', 'urls': []}, {'value': '03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Walney Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walney_Island', 'summary': "Walney Island , also known as the Isle of Walney , is an island off the west coast of England , at the western end of Morecambe Bay in the Irish Sea . It is part of Barrow-in-Furness , separated from the mainland by Walney Channel , which is spanned by the Jubilee Bridge . Walney is the largest island of the Furness Islands group , both in population and size , as well as the largest English island in the Irish Sea . Its population at the 2011 UK Census was 10,651 , distributed evenly across the island 's two Wards of Walney North and Walney South . Walney Island formed during the last glacial period , when the River Duddon was a large glacial lake , depositing till at its mouth , which became Walney . Some evidence of neolithic inhabitants has been found in the island 's sand dunes , though its name is likely of Norse origin . The island remained rural until the growth of Barrow-in-Furness ' industries in the nineteenth century . In particular , the development between 1867 and 1881 of docks at Barrow Island , in Walney Channel opposite Walney , encouraged the growth of Walney as a settlement . The planned worker town of Vickerstown was built on the island in 1898 , resulting in a large population increase , and the construction of Jubilee Bridge connecting Walney to the mainland in 1908 . Walney 's contemporary population now forms about a seventh of the overall population of Barrow-in-Furness . The island contains two nature reserves , at either end , and its sandy beaches make it a popular leisure site ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,388', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambay Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lambay_Island', 'summary': "Lambay , sometimes referred to as Lambay Island ( from Old Norse Lambey , meaning 'lamb island ' ; called in Irish : Reachrainn ) lies in the Irish Sea off the coast of north County Dublin in Ireland . It is four kilometres ( 2 mi ) offshore from the headland at Portrane and is the easternmost point of the province of Leinster . Similarly named places are Lamba in the Faroe Islands and Lamba in Shetland ."}]}, {'value': '5.54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bull Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bull_Island', 'summary': "Bull Island ( Irish : Oileán an Tairbh ) , more properly North Bull Island ( Irish : Oileán an Tairbh Thuaidh ) , is an island located in Dublin Bay in Ireland , about 5 km long and 800 m wide , lying roughly parallel to the shore off Clontarf ( including Dollymount ) , Raheny , Kilbarrack , and facing Sutton . The island , with a sandy beach known as Dollymount Strand running its entire length , is a relatively recent , and inadvertent , result of human intervention in the bay . The island lies within the jurisdiction of , and is mostly owned by , Dublin City Council , and is managed by the Council 's Parks and Landscape Division . Bull Island has the most designations of any site in the country , as a National Bird Sanctuary , a biosphere reserve , a National Nature Reserve , a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive , and a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive , while also being the subject of a Special Amenity Area Order ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramsey Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramsey_Island', 'summary': "Ramsey Island ( Welsh : Ynys Dewi ) is an island about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) off St David 's Head in Pembrokeshire on the northern side of St Brides Bay , in southwest Wales . It is 259 hectares ( 640 acres ) in area . Ramsey means ( in Old Norse ) Hrafn 's island . In Welsh the island is named after Saint David ( Dewi Sant ) , the patron saint of Wales . It was the home of his confessor , Saint Justinian . The nearest large settlement is the city of St David 's . Ramsey Island is less than 3.2 km ( 2 mi ) long and its highest point is 136 metres ( 446 ft ) above sea level at Carnllundain , and is listed as a HuMP . It is the fourth largest island in Wales , after Anglesey , Holy Island and Skomer , and is surrounded by a number of islets , tidal islands and rocks ."}]}, {'value': '2.58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Bardsey Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardsey_Island', 'summary': "Bardsey Island ( Welsh : Ynys Enlli ) , known as the legendary Island of 20,000 Saints , is located 1.9 miles ( 3.1 km ) off the Llŷn Peninsula in the Welsh county of Gwynedd . The Welsh name means The Island in the Currents , although its English name refers to the Island of the Bards , or possibly the island of the Viking chieftain , Barda . Bardsey is 0.6 miles ( 1.0 km ) wide , 1.0 mile ( 1.6 km ) long and 179 hectares ( 440 acres ; 0.69 sq mi ) in area . The north east rises steeply from the sea to a height of 548 feet ( 167 m ) at Mynydd Enlli , which is a Marilyn , while the western plain is low and relatively flat cultivated farmland . To the south the island narrows to an isthmus , connecting to a peninsula on which the lighthouse stands . Since 1974 it has been included in the community of Aberdaron . It is the fourth largest offshore island in Wales . The island has been an important religious site since Saint Cadfan built a monastery in 516 . [ failed verification ] In medieval times it was a major centre of pilgrimage and , by 1212 , belonged to the Augustinian Canons Regular . The monastery was dissolved and its buildings demolished by Henry VIII in 1537 , but the island remains an attraction for pilgrims to this day . Bardsey Island is now as famous for its wildlife and rugged scenery . A bird observatory was established in 1953 , largely due to the island 's position on important migration routes ."}]}, {'value': '1.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Calf of Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calf_of_Man', 'summary': "Calf of Man ( Manx : Yn Cholloo ) is a 2.50-square-kilometre ( 618-acre ) island , off the southwest coast of the Isle of Man . It is separated from the Isle of Man by a narrow stretch of water called the Calf Sound . Like the nearby rocky islets of Chicken Rock and Kitterland , it is part of the parish of Rushen . It has only two seasonal inhabitants . The word 'calf ' derives from the Old Norse word kalfr which means a small island lying near a larger one . It is possible to reach the Calf of Man by boat from both Port Erin and Port St Mary . Cow Harbour and South Harbour are the main landing places . The highest part of the island is in the west where an unnamed peak reaches 126 m ( 415 ft ) above sea level . Until 1939 the island was under private ownership by the Keig family , but the island was purchased by Mr F J Dickens of Silverdale , Lancashire who then donated it to the National Trust to become a bird sanctuary . In 1951 the Manx Museum & National Trust was established , which became known as Manx National Heritage . Manx National Heritage then rented the Calf from the National Trust for a nominal £1 per year until 1986 , when ownership was transferred . In 2006 Manx National Heritage employed the charity Manx Wildlife Trust as the Calf Warden Service Provider , but it retains ownership ."}]}, {'value': '2.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isle of Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'The Isle of Man ( Manx : Mannin [ ˈmanɪnʲ ] , also Manx : Ellan Vannin [ ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ ] ) , sometimes referred to simply as Mann /mæn/ , is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . The head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor . Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom . Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC . Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD , and the Manx language , a branch of the Gaelic languages , emerged . In 627 Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia . In the 9th century , Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles , which included the Isle of Man . Magnus III , King of Norway from 1093 to 1103 , reigned also as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103 . In 1266 the island became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth , after being ruled by Norway . After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England , the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399 . The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1765 , but the island never became part of the 18th century kingdom of Great Britain or its successors ( the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom ) . It retained its internal self-government .'}]}, {'value': 'Barrow Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrow_Island,_Barrow-in-Furness', 'summary': "Barrow Island is an area and electoral ward of Barrow-in-Furness , Cumbria , England . Originally separate from the British mainland , land reclamation in the 1860s saw the northern fringes of the island connect to Central Barrow . Barrow Island is also bound to the south and east by the town 's dock system and to the west by Walney Channel . The Ward population taken at the 2011 census was 2,616 ."}]}, {'value': '1.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,616', 'urls': []}, {'value': '05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roa Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roa_Island', 'summary': "Roa Island lies just over half a mile ( 1 km ) south of the village of Rampside at the southernmost point of the Furness Peninsula in Cumbria , though formerly in the County of Lancashire north of the sands . It is located at 54°5′N 3°10′W / 54.083°N 3.167°W / 54.083 ; -3.167 ( OS grid ref . SD 233650 ) . It is one of the Islands of Furness in northern England . It has an area of about three hectares . For local government purposes Roa Island is within the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness . The island 's population stands at around 100 , making it the 16th most populated island in England ."}]}, {'value': '0.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ynys Gaint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ynys_Gaint', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '0.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Piel Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piel_Island', 'summary': "Piel Island lies half a mile ( 1 km ) off the southern tip of the Furness Peninsula in the administrative county of Cumbria , though historically within Lancashire north of the sands . It is located at 54°3′50″N 3°10′30″W / 54.06389°N 3.17500°W / 54.06389 ; -3.17500Coordinates : 54°3′50″N 3°10′30″W / 54.06389°N 3.17500°W / 54.06389 ; -3.17500 ( OS grid ref . SD233637 ) . It is one of the Islands of Furness . It is the location of the English Heritage-owned Piel Castle . The island is within the administrative boundaries of the mainland town of Barrow-in-Furness and is owned by the people of the town , having been given by the Duke of Buccleuch in the early 20th century . The Borough Council 's administrative duties also include the selection of the King of Piel , who is the landlord of the island 's public house , the Ship Inn . The area of Piel is about 50 acres ( 20 hectares ) . As well as the landlord and his family the island has three other permanent residents who live in the old Pilots Cottages ."}]}, {'value': '0.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ynys Castell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ynys_Castell', 'summary': 'Ynys Castell ( grid reference SH564727 ) is a small ( 1.6 acres at high tide ) island in the Menai Strait which separates Anglesey and mainland Wales . It is an extruding piece of Precambrian schist lying to one side of the Afon Cadnant estuary . It lies between Ynys y Bîg and Ynys Gaint . There is a causeway running to the island that is covered at high tide . On the island there is a private house . Ynys Castell means Castle Island in Welsh .'}]}, {'value': '0.006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Ynys Gored Goch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ynys_Gored_Goch', 'summary': "Ynys Gored Goch ( Red Weir Island ) , sometimes Ynys Gorad Goch , is a small island in the Menai Strait between Gwynedd and Anglesey in north Wales . It is situated in the stretch of the strait called the Swellies between Thomas Telford 's Menai Suspension Bridge and Robert Stephenson 's Britannia Bridge . The island is occupied by the main house and the converted smoke house where locally caught fish were processed . The island is private property and access is only by boat ."}]}, {'value': '0.004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '< 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Islands', 'section_text': 'Listed are the islands in the Irish Sea which are either at least one square kilometer in area , or which have a permanent population . Anglesey and Holy Island are included separately .', 'uid': 'Irish_Sea_1', 'intro': "The Irish Sea (Irish: Muir Éireann / An Mhuir Mheann, Manx: Y Keayn Yernagh, Scots: Erse Sie, Scottish Gaelic: Muir Èireann, Ulster-Scots: Airish Sea, Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, Cornish: Mor Iwerdhon) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel, also known as the Straits of Moyle. The countries that are on its shoreline are, Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the southeast, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on the west. The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping and transport, as well as fishing and power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear power plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and 17 million tonnes (17,000,000 long tons; 19,000,000 short tons) of traded goods. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. Manx Sea is occasionally, but rarely, in use. (Irish: Muir Meann, Manx: Mooir Vannin, Scottish Gaelic: Muir Mhanainn)."}	null	null	What is the English name of the highest peak in the country where the island of Saint Cybi can be found ?	Snowdon
061dbcf9d979018e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilkes_County,_Georgia', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilkes County, Georgia', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anderson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_House_(Danburg,_Georgia)', 'summary': 'Anderson House is an historic building located on Georgia Route 44 in Danburg , Georgia , United States and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . The Greek Revival home probably incorporates an earlier structure built in the 1790s and may have been built by Dr. W.D . Quinn . John Anderson built the home as it now stands . The columns were made in Savannah and the mirrors and cornices were made in England . Fine furniture and imported curtains came from New York City and Chicago . The 24 foot by 35 foot banquet room and the old stone kitchen were located in a separate building connected to the main home by a breezeway . The last Anderson to live in the home was Miss Pink Anderson . This was during the Great Depression and there was no money to maintain the home . The formal gardens and fountain were long gone and vines and undergrowth had taken over . The home sat empty for many years until it was purchased in 1962 by Ernest Walker who painted and remodeled the home . The roof of the old kitchen and dining room had fallen in , with only the 16-18 walls standing , and was demolished .'}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1976 ( # 76000657 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GA 44 33°52′05″N 82°39′10″W / 33.868°N 82.6527°W / 33.868 ; -82.6527 ( Anderson House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_44', 'summary': 'State Route 44 ( SR 44 ) is a 94.2-mile-long ( 151.6 km ) state highway that runs southwest-to-northeast through portions of Jones , Putnam , Greene , Taliaferro , Wilkes , and Lincoln counties in the central and east-central parts of the U.S. state of Georgia . The route connects Gray with the central portion of Lincoln County , northwest of Lincolnton .'}]}, {'value': 'Danburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danburg,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Danburg is an unincorporated community in Wilkes County , in the U.S. state of Georgia . It is about a mile southwest of the Lincoln County , Georgia line .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arnold-Callaway Plantation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000402 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW of Washington on U.S. 78 33°46′27″N 82°48′46″W / 33.774167°N 82.812778°W / 33.774167 ; -82.812778 ( Arnold-Callaway Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_78', 'summary': "U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) is an east-west United States highway that runs for 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Memphis , Tennessee , to Charleston , South Carolina . From Byhalia , Mississippi to Birmingham , Alabama , US 78 is designated as Interstate 22 . The highway 's western terminus is at U.S. Route 64/U.S . Route 70/U.S . Route 79 ( Second Street ) in Memphis , Tennessee , and its eastern terminus is on Line Street , in Charleston , South Carolina . Ironically , one of its auxiliary routes , US 278 , is actually longer in length than US 78 ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell-Jordan House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell-Jordan_House', 'summary': 'Campbell-Jordan House , also known as the Campbell-Jordan-Lindsey-Farnell House , is a historic residence in Washington , Georgia . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 14 , 1971 . It is located at 208 Liberty Street . The Federal architecture-style home was built in 1787 and underwent a Greek Revival architecture-style makeover in 1841 , including the addition of large columns . The original cottage was built by William Stith after 1787 and was bought in 1807 by Duncan Campbell who enlarged it . The western part of the structure was likely built by Judge Albert Gallatin Semmes . In 1841 , Aaron A. Cleveland added the colonnade . The home was the residence of U.S. Supreme Court Justice and C.S.A . Assistant Secretary of War , John Archibald Campbell .'}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 1971 ( # 71000288 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208 Liberty St. 33°44′01″N 82°44′15″W / 33.733611°N 82.7375°W / 33.733611 ; -82.7375 ( Campbell-Jordan House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cedars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cedars_(Washington,_Georgia)', 'summary': 'The Cedars is a historic residence in Washington , Georgia . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 11 , 1972 . It is located at 210 Sims Street . The original house on the site was built in c.1793 ; its kitchen survives in the existing house . The house includes Stick/Eastlake architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000403 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210 Sims St. 33°44′29″N 82°44′19″W / 33.741389°N 82.738611°W / 33.741389 ; -82.738611 ( The Cedars )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James and Cunningham Daniel House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 24 , 1980 ( # 80001266 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S of Rayle on Bartram Trace Rd . 33°40′59″N 82°54′35″W / 33.683056°N 82.909722°W / 33.683056 ; -82.909722 ( James and Cunningham Daniel House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rayle,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Rayle is a town in Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . The population was 139 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Robert Toombs Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000404 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Robert Toombs Ave. between Alexander Ave. and Grove St. 33°44′12″N 82°44′12″W / 33.736667°N 82.736667°W / 33.736667 ; -82.736667 ( East Robert Toombs Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fitzpatrick Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitzpatrick_Hotel', 'summary': "Fitzpatrick Hotel is a historic hotel in Washington , Georgia . It was built in 1898 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is located at 16 West Public Square . A great fire in Washington-Wilkes Georgia in 1895 destroyed the buildings on the site where the hotel was built . It was the first building in Washington to have electricity and a telephone system . It is a three-story building with load-bearing brick construction that was deemed to be a fine example of late nineteenth hotel design in a mid-sized Georgia town . Its Queen Anne style design and detailing are particularly outstanding for a hotel in a town of this size . In terms of commerce , the building is significant as an intact example of the hotels located in Georgia 's county seats to serve local and county citizens with courthouse business , traveling salesmen ( drummers ) and out of town visitors . It was designed by architects Golucke and Stewart . Its Queen Anne exterior detailing includes its rich mixture of building materials , textures and forms.brick , stone , metal , a corner turret , a balcony , bay windows , stained glass , garlands and swags [ that ] are combined here in a lively yet coherent manner ."}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1982 ( # 82000147 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 W. Public Square 33°44′14″N 82°44′24″W / 33.737222°N 82.74°W / 33.737222 ; -82.74 ( Fitzpatrick Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gartrell Family House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2002 ( # 02000629 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '854 Boyd Rd . 33°55′28″N 82°46′24″W / 33.924444°N 82.773333°W / 33.924444 ; -82.773333 ( Gartrell Family House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tignall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tignall,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Tignall is a town in Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . The population was 615 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilbert-Alexander House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000405 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '116 Alexander Dr. 33°44′28″N 82°44′14″W / 33.741111°N 82.737222°W / 33.741111 ; -82.737222 ( Gilbert-Alexander House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas M. Gilmer House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2 , 1977 ( # 77001540 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 miles ( 8.0 km ) W of Washington on U.S. 78 33°58′38″N 82°50′07″W / 33.977222°N 82.835278°W / 33.977222 ; -82.835278 ( Thomas M. Gilmer House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_78', 'summary': "U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) is an east-west United States highway that runs for 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Memphis , Tennessee , to Charleston , South Carolina . From Byhalia , Mississippi to Birmingham , Alabama , US 78 is designated as Interstate 22 . The highway 's western terminus is at U.S. Route 64/U.S . Route 70/U.S . Route 79 ( Second Street ) in Memphis , Tennessee , and its eastern terminus is on Line Street , in Charleston , South Carolina . Ironically , one of its auxiliary routes , US 278 , is actually longer in length than US 78 ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holly Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Court', 'summary': 'Holly Court , also known as the Ficklen-Lyndon-Johnson House , and now operated as Holly Court Inn Bed & Breakfast , is a historic Neoclassical architecture residence converted into a bed & breakfast in Washington , Georgia . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It was the last refuge of Varina Davis , wife of Confederate States of America president Jefferson Davis , before his capture , at the end of the American Civil War . It is a two-story white clapboard building created in about 1840 when two plain-style Federal period houses were joined together and a monumental entrance portico was added . The portico has two pairs of square Tuscan columns , and is pedimented .'}]}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000406 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '301 S. Alexander St. 33°44′00″N 82°44′12″W / 33.733333°N 82.736667°W / 33.733333 ; -82.736667 ( Holly Court )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kettle Creek Battlefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kettle_Creek_Battlefield', 'summary': 'Kettle Creek Battlefield is a 40 acres ( 16 ha ) historic site outside Washington , Georgia in Wilkes County , Georgia , at the location of the Battle of Kettle Creek , in 1779 , in the American Revolutionary War . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 26 , 1975 . It is located 9 miles ( 14 km ) southwest of Washington off Tyrone Road . The NRHP-listed area encircles War Hill , a 500 feet ( 150 m ) high hill , which has the Kettle Creek Monument erected upon it , by the War Department in 1930 . There are also historical markers placed by the Georgia Historical Commission . The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 180 acres of the Kettle Creek Battlefield through mid-2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 1975 ( # 75000617 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 miles ( 14 km ) SW of Washington off Tyrone Rd . 33°41′26″N 82°53′11″W / 33.690556°N 82.886389°W / 33.690556 ; -82.886389 ( Kettle Creek Battlefield )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Willis Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Willis_Library', 'summary': 'The Mary Willis Library is a historic public library located in the city of Washington , in the U.S. state of Georgia . The library , located at 204 East Liberty Street ( corner of East Liberty and South Jefferson ) in downtown Washington , is the designated public library for Wilkes County and headquarters of the Bartram Trail Regional Library System . Built in 1889 in red brick and featuring Tiffany glass , the Mary Willis Library was listed with the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on April 11 , 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000407 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '204 E. Liberty ( at S. Jefferson St. ) 33°44′07″N 82°44′17″W / 33.735278°N 82.738056°W / 33.735278 ; -82.738056 ( Mary Willis Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Washington District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1973 ( # 73000649 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded by Jefferson and Court Sts. , Poplar Dr. , and U.S. 78 33°44′40″N 82°44′22″W / 33.744444°N 82.739444°W / 33.744444 ; -82.739444 ( North Washington District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Jail_(Washington,_Georgia)', 'summary': 'The Old Jail , also known as the Old Wilkes County Jail , in Washington , Georgia was built in 1891 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5 , 1974 . It is located at 103 Court Street . The jail used an innovative and experimental heating system . It was built by the McDonald Brothers company of Louisville .'}]}, {'value': 'June 5 , 1974 ( # 74000706 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103 Court St. 33°44′20″N 82°44′28″W / 33.738889°N 82.741111°W / 33.738889 ; -82.741111 ( Old Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peacewood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000408 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120 Tignall Rd . 33°45′20″N 82°44′08″W / 33.755556°N 82.735556°W / 33.755556 ; -82.735556 ( Peacewood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pharr-Callaway-Sethness House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 26 , 1976 ( # 76000659 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N of Tignall on GA 2193 33°56′14″N 82°44′12″W / 33.937222°N 82.736667°W / 33.937222 ; -82.736667 ( Pharr-Callaway-Sethness House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tignall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tignall,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Tignall is a town in Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . The population was 615 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poplar Corner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000409 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210 W. Liberty St. 33°44′03″N 82°44′35″W / 33.734167°N 82.743056°W / 33.734167 ; -82.743056 ( Poplar Corner )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Shand Smith House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 7 , 2002 ( # 02001294 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '902 S. Spring St. 33°43′33″N 82°44′35″W / 33.725833°N 82.743056°W / 33.725833 ; -82.743056 ( Robert Shand Smith House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Toombs House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Toombs_House', 'summary': 'The Robert Toombs House State Historic Site is a historic property located at 216 East Robert Toombs Avenue in Washington , Georgia . It was the home of Robert Toombs ( 1810-85 ) , who was a pro-Union U.S. representative and U.S. senator , and then a Confederate general and secretary of state during the American Civil War . Operated as a state historic site , the 19th-century period historic house museum also features exhibits about the life of Toombs . The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1972 ( # 72000410 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '216 E. Robert Toombs Ave. 33°44′10″N 82°44′02″W / 33.73616°N 82.73387°W / 33.73616 ; -82.73387 ( Robert Toombs House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Georgia', 'summary': "Washington is the county seat of Wilkes County , Georgia , United States . Under its original name Heard 's Fort , it was briefly designated as the state capital during the American Revolutionary War . It is noted as the place where the Confederacy voted to dissolve itself , effectively ending the American Civil War . The population was 4,134 as of the 2010 census . The city is often referred to as Washington-Wilkes , to distinguish it from other places named Washington ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilkes_County,_Georgia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of properties and districts in Wilkes County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).'}	null	null	In 2000 , what was the population of the town where Pharr-Callaway-Sethness House is located ?	615
061dfab269e013dc	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'title': 'Brazil at the 2003 Pan American Games', 'header': ['Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hudson de Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Hudson Santos de Souza ( born February 25 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian middle distance runner who competes mostly over 1500 metres . He has broken a number of South American records in middle-distance events . He has won twice at the South American Cross Country Championships , with gold medals in the short race in 2002 and 2006 . He also won the junior bronze medal in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 5,000 metres event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Tuesday August 5 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '5 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brazil men 's national basketball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brazil_men's_national_basketball_team", 'summary': "The Brazil national basketball team is governed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation ( Portuguese : Confederação Brasileira de Basketball ) , abbreviated as CBB . They have been a member of the International Federation of Basketball ( FIBA ) , since 1935 . Brazil 's national basketball team remains among the most successful in the Americas . It is the only team besides the United States , that has appeared at every FIBA Basketball World Cup , since it was first held in 1950 . Throughout its history , the Brazilian national team has won two FIBA World Cup gold medals ( 1959 and 1963 ) , three Summer Olympic Games bronze medals ( in 1948 , 1960 and 1964 ) , four FIBA AmeriCup gold medals ( 1984 , 1988 , 2005 and 2009 ) , and six Pan American Games gold medals ( 1971 , 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'This page shows the results of the basketball tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games , held in the Palacio de los Deportes Virgilio Travieso Soto in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic from August 2 to August 8 , 2003 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugo Hoyama Thiago Monteiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Hoyama', 'summary': 'Hugo Hoyama ( born May 9 , 1969 ) is a retired Brazilian table tennis player of Japanese origin who has won several medals in single , double and team events in the Latin American Table Tennis Championships . Along with Gustavo Tsuboi and Thiago Monteiro , Hoyama was part of the winning team at the 2007 Pan American Games and 2011 Pan American Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thiago_Monteiro_(table_tennis)', 'summary': 'Thiago Farias Monte Monteiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ tʃiˈaɡu mõˈtejɾu ] ; born June 15 , 1981 in Fortaleza , Ceará ) , is a Brazilian table tennis player . He has won several medals in single , double , and team events in the Pan American Games and currently plays for Angers Vaillante in France . He is referred to as the next Hugo Hoyama and is currently ranked # 1 player in Brazil and # 21 in France . Thiago participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece but was eliminated by Li Ching ( Hong Kong ) losing 4 - 1 . He also competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics playing for the Brazilian team and singles . He played in the team event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Along with Gustavo Tsuboi and Hugo Hoyama , Monteiro was part of the winning team at the 2007 Pan American Games and 2011 Pan American Games . Along with Hoyama , Monteiro has also received the bronze medal in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Table tennis competitions at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo were held in August 7 to 13 , 2003 at the Table tennis center . The winners of the tournament secured a place at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Márcia Narloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Márcia_Narloch', 'summary': "Márcia Narloch ( born 28 March 1969 in Joinville ) is a female marathon runner from Brazil , who won the gold medal in the women 's marathon at the 2003 Pan American Games . She represented her native country in four consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1992 ( Barcelona , Spain ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Women's_marathon", 'summary': "The women 's marathon event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday , 9 August 2003 . Brazil 's Márcia Narloch won the title , defeating title defender Érika Olivera from Chile ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanderlei de Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderlei_de_Lima', 'summary': 'Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima ( born 11 August 1969 in Cruzeiro do Oeste , Paraná , Brazil ) is a former long-distance runner who specialised in marathons . While leading the marathon after 35 km at the 2004 Summer Olympics , he was attacked by a former Irish priest Cornelius Neil Horan . Following the incident he fell back from first to third place , winning the bronze medal . He was later awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship for that race . Horan was defrocked by the Catholic Church the following year in January 2005 . De Lima won the Tokyo International Marathon in 1996 and the Hamburg Marathon in 2004 . He won the South American Cross Country Championships in 1995 , and the marathon at the Pan American Games twice consecutively in 1999 and 2003 . He lit the Olympic cauldron and carried the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_marathon", 'summary': "The men 's marathon event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday , 9 August 2003 . Brazil 's title defender Vanderlei de Lima once again proved to be the best marathoner , clocking a winning time of 2h 19m 08s ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joana Cortez Bruna Colósio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joana_Cortez', 'summary': "Joana Amorim Cortez dos Santos ( born 11 January 1979 ) is a retired Brazilian tennis player . In her career , Cortez won seven singles and 26 doubles titles on the ITF Women 's Circuit . On 17 September 2001 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 204 . On 5 November 2001 , she peaked at number 115 in the doubles rankings . Cortez represented Brazil at the 2000 Summer Olympics in women 's doubles , reaching the second round with Vanessa Menga . A year previously , the pair won gold at the 1999 Pan American Games . Cortez won gold again in 2003 , partnering Bruna Colósio , and in 2007 won bronze with Teliana Pereira in Rio . Playing for Brazil at the Fed Cup , Cortez had a win-loss record of 23-14 . Cortez played and lost two doubles matches in Grand Slam events , at the 2001 US Open and in 2002 in Australia . After retiring from the professional tour , she became a beach tennis player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruna_Colósio', 'summary': 'Bruna Colósio ( born 13 October 1980 ) is a retired Brazilian tennis player . Colósio has won the Gold medal partnering Joana Cortez at the 2003 Pan American Games , as well as two singles and eleven doubles titles on the ITF circuit in her career . On 21 July 2003 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 291 . On 12 January 2004 , she peaked at number 193 in the WTA doubles rankings . Playing for Brazil at the Fed Cup , Bruna has a win-loss record of 7-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2003 Pan American Games was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Women's_Doubles", 'summary': "The women 's doubles event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held at Centro Nacional de Tenis in Santo Domingo from August 6 to August 9 . Brazilians Bruna Colósio and Joana Cortez won the gold medal by defeating the Puerto Rican pair of Kristina Brandi and Vilmarie Castellvi in the final , 6-4 , 7-5 . The Bronze medal was awarded to both semifinalists ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Scheidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Scheidt', 'summary': 'Robert Scheidt ( born April 15 , 1973 ) is a Brazilian sailor , who has won two gold medals , two silver medals and a bronze from five Olympic Games and a Star Sailors League Final . He is one of the most successful sailors at Olympic Games and one of the most successful Brazilian Olympic athletes , being one of only three to earn five medals along with fellow sailor Torben Grael. , and the only sailor to win medals in both dinghy and keelboat classes .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Laser class", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_(sailor)', 'summary': 'Ricardo Winicki Santos ( born 8 May 1980 in Rio de Janeiro ) is a Brazilian windsurfer . He has competed at the Olympics since 2000 , firstly in the Mistral One Design Class , and currently the RS : X ( sailboard ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': "Men 's sailboard", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group all-around", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hudson de Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Hudson Santos de Souza ( born February 25 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian middle distance runner who competes mostly over 1500 metres . He has broken a number of South American records in middle-distance events . He has won twice at the South American Cross Country Championships , with gold medals in the short race in 2002 and 2006 . He also won the junior bronze medal in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 1,500 metres event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday August 9 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicente de Lima Édson Ribeiro André da Silva Claudinei da Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicente_de_Lima', 'summary': "Vicente Lenílson de Lima ( born June 4 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian sprinter specializing in the 100 metres , 200 metres , and the 4×100 metres relay . De Lima represented Brazil at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . The 37.90 seconds were not enough to beat the 37.61 seconds of the United States , but De Lima , Edson Ribeiro , André da Silva and Claudinei da Silva managed to finish before the Cuban team who timed 38.04 seconds . At the 2003 World Championships he and his teammates won the silver medal at the 4x100 metres relay . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 3rd in his heat , just 0.06 after Usain Bolt and 0.02 after Daniel Bailey in a time of 10.26 seconds . He qualified for the second round in which he ran slower with 10.31 , resulting in a sixth place and elimination for the semi finals . Together with José Carlos Moreira , Sandro Viana and Bruno de Barros he also competed at the 4x100 metres relay . In their qualification heat they placed fourth behind Trinidad and Tobago , Japan and the Netherlands . Their time of 39.01 was the seventh out of sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final . There they sprinted to a time of 38.24 seconds , the fourth time after the Jamaican , Trinidad and Japanese teams . De Silva would retroactively be awarded the bronze medal for the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics following the demotion of the Jamaican team in 2017 for Nesta Carter 's failed anti-doping test ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Édson_Ribeiro', 'summary': 'Édson Luciano Ribeiro ( born December 8 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian sprinter competing mostly in 100 metres . He has been successful on regional level , and won two Olympic medals with the Brazilian 4 x 100 metres relay team . His personal best time achieved in 1998 , is 10.14 seconds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/André_da_Silva', 'summary': 'André Domingos da Silva ( born 26 November 1972 in Santo André , São Paulo ) is a Brazilian athlete who competed mainly in the 100 and 200 metres . He competed for Brazil in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , United States in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the bronze medal with his teammates Arnaldo da Silva , Robson da Silva and Edson Ribeiro . In the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney , Australia he was again part of the Brazilian 4 x 100 metre team with Edson Ribeiro and newcomers Vicente de Lima and Claudinei da Silva and this time the team won the silver medal . da Silva competed in 4 consecutive Olympics , in the 100 metres in Barcelona , 1992 ; the 100 metres and relay in Atlanta , 1996 ; the 200 metres and relay in Sydney , 2000 ; and the 100 metres and relay in Athens , 2004 . He was a part of the gold medal winning 4x100 relay at the 1999 Pan Am Games as well as the Universiade winner in the individual 100 metres that same year . His personal best times are 10.06 seconds over 100 m and 20.15 seconds over 200 m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudinei_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Claudinei Quirino da Silva ( born November 19 , 1970 in Lençóis Paulista ) is a retired Brazilian sprinter who competed primarily in 200 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 100 metres relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held on August 8-9 . The original winners , the United States , were later disqualified after one of their members , Mickey Grimes , was found guilty of ephedrine doping ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Meligeni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Meligeni', 'summary': 'Fernando Ariel Meligeni ( born April 12 , 1971 ) , nicknamed Fininho ( Portuguese for little green ) , is an Argentine-born Brazilian former professional tennis player . He won 3 singles titles and reached the semi-finals of both the 1999 French Open and the 1996 Summer Olympics . He was well-known because of his capacity of fighting at the court , taking matches to the limit ( tiebreaks and five sets ) . His favorite surface was clay . Meligeni is considered by critics one of the best tennis players to represent Brazil , in both singles and doubles .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2003 Pan American Games was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_Singles", 'summary': "The men 's singles event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held at Centro Nacional de Tenis in Santo Domingo from August 4 to August 10 . Fernando Meligeni won the gold medal by defeating Marcelo Ríos in the final , 5-7 , 7-6 ( 8-6 ) , 7-6 ( 7-5 ) . It was the final match of Meligeni 's career . The Bronze medal was awarded to both semifinalists ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruno Amorim Dante Bianchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Amorim_(sailor)', 'summary': 'Bruno Bethlem de Amorim ( born 22 October 1975 in Rio de Janeiro ) , also known as Bebum , is a Brazilian sailor gold medallist in the Pan American Games , the South American Games , and the Snipe World Championships . He started sailing Optimist at the age of eleven , moving to Europe , 470 and Snipe later on his career . His biggest accomplishments have come in the Snipe class , where he has won the Brazilian National Championship 9 times ( 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 and 2013 ) , twice the South American Championship ( 2000 and 2018 ) , the Pan American Games ( 2003 ) and the South American Games ( 2006 ) , and twice the World Championships ( 2009 and 2013 ) , where he also won the bronze medal in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Snipe class', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group ribbons", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group hoops + balls", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luiz Camilo Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 73 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flávio Canto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flávio_Canto', 'summary': "Flávio Vianna de Ulhôa Canto ( born April 16 , 1975 in Oxford , England ) is a Brazilian judoka who competed in Men 's 81 kg Judo . He won the bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He is founder and president of the Instituto Reação , and also presenter of the TV shows Corujão do Esporte on TV Globo and Sensei on SportTV ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 81 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brazil men 's national handball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brazil_men's_national_handball_team", 'summary': 'Brazil national handball team is the national handball team of Brazil and is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Handebol .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Handball Tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games took place at Handball Hall in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There was two competitions with one each for each gender . Cuba was the defending champion in the men 's while Brazil were the defending champion in the women . The tournament took place between August 2 to 11 with the winning sides of both the mens and womens tournament will directly qualify for the 2004 Olympic Handball Tournaments . That nation would be Brazil who would win both tournaments over Argentina ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edinanci Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinanci_Silva', 'summary': 'Edinanci Fernandes da Silva ( born August 23 , 1976 in Sousa , Paraíba ) is a judoka from Brazil , who won the gold medal in the half heavyweight division ( - 78 kg ) at the Pan American Games . A resident of São Paulo , she represented the country at four consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1996 in Atlanta , Georgia . Edinanci was born intersex . In the mid-1990s she had surgery , in order to live and compete as a woman .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 78 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mário Sabino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mário_Sabino', 'summary': "Mario Sabino Júnior ( September 23 , 1972 - October 25 , 2019 ) was a Brazilian judoka , who won the gold medal in the half heavyweight division ( - 100 kg ) at the 2003 Pan American Games . In the final he defeated Canada 's Nicolas Gill . He represented his native country a year later at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . Sabino died at age 47 on October 25 , 2019 , after being shot in Bauru ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Brazil_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_0', 'intro': 'Brazil competed at the 2003 Pan American Games, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from 1 to 17 August 2003.'}	null	null	What year did an athlete win a junior bronze medal in the event that was on Tuesday August 5 , 2003 ?	1996
061fe65c45e4bae6	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland', 'title': 'Voivodeships of Poland', 'header': ['Rank', 'Province ( voivodeship )', '2017 ( in EUR )', 'European countries with similar GDP ( PPS ) per capita'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masovia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Mazovian Voivodeship or Mazovia Province ( Polish : województwo mazowieckie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ mazɔˈvʲɛtskʲɛ ] ) is the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish provinces , or voivodeships , created in 1999 . It occupies 35,579 square kilometres ( 13,737 sq mi ) of east-central Poland , and has 5,324,500 inhabitants . Its principal cities are Warsaw ( 1.749 million ) in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area , Radom ( 226,000 ) in the south , Płock ( 127,000 ) in the west , Siedlce ( 77,000 ) in the east , and Ostrołęka ( 55,000 ) in the north . The capital of the voivodeship is the national capital , Warsaw . The province was created on January 1 , 1999 , out of the former Warsaw , Płock , Ciechanów , Ostrołęka , Siedlce and Radom Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province 's name recalls the traditional name of the region , Mazowsze ( sometimes rendered in English as Mazovia ) , with which it is roughly coterminous . However , southern part of the voivodeship , with Radom , historically belongs to Lesser Poland , while Łomża and its surroundings , even though historically part of Mazovia , now is part of Podlaskie Voivodeship . It is bordered by six other voivodeships : Warmian-Masurian to the north , Podlaskie to the north-east , Lublin to the south-east , Świętokrzyskie to the south , Łódź to the south-west , and Kuyavian-Pomeranian to the north-west . Mazovia is the centre of science , research , education , industry and infrastructure in the country . It currently has the lowest unemployment rate in Poland and is classified as a very high income province . Moreover , it is popular among holidaymakers due to the number of historical monuments and greenery ; forests cover over 20% of the voivodeship 's area , where pines and oaks predominate in the regional landscape . Additionally , the Kampinos National Park located within Masovia is a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve ."}]}, {'value': '33,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lower Silesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Lower Silesian Voivodeship , or Lower Silesia Province ( Polish : województwo dolnośląskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skʲɛ ] ) in southwestern Poland , is one of the 16 voivodeships ( provinces ) into which Poland is divided . The history of the region dates back over a thousand years and Lower Silesia was once part of Medieval Poland , Bohemia , Austria , Prussia , Germany and modern Poland after 1945 . At its foundation the territory was under the rule of the Piast dynasty and became a duchy . It was divided into small realms reigned by Piast princes after the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138 . During this time , cultural and ethnic Germanic influence prospered due to immigrants from the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire . Lower Silesia was also a leading Polish cultural center . The Book of Henryków , which contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language , as well as a document which contains the oldest printed text in Polish , were both created here . Złotoryja , Poland 's first town , was granted municipal privileges according to German Magdeburg rights by Henry the Bearded . Over the next centuries , Lower Silesia has experienced epochal events such as the Protestant Reformation , the Silesian Wars , industrialisation and the two World Wars , suffering a nearly total loss of its German population and Polish new settlement after 1945 . Lower Silesia is one of the richest provinces in Poland as it has valuable natural resources such as copper , brown coal and rock materials , which are exploited by the biggest enterprises . Its well developed and varied industries attract both domestic and foreign investors . Its capital and largest city is Wrocław , situated on the Odra River ."}]}, {'value': '23,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lithuania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Greater Poland Voivodeship ( in Polish : Województwo Wielkopolskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ vjɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲɛ ] ) , also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship , Wielkopolska Province , or Greater Poland Province , is a voivodeship , or province , in west-central Poland . It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań , Kalisz , Konin , Piła and Leszno Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province is named after the region called Greater Poland or Wielkopolska [ vjɛlkɔˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) . The modern province includes most of this historic region , except for some western parts . Greater Poland Voivodeship is second in area and third in population among Poland 's sixteen voivodeships , with an area of 29,826 square kilometres ( 11,516 sq mi ) and a population of close to 3.5 million . Its capital city is Poznań ; other important cities include Kalisz , Konin , Piła , Ostrów Wielkopolski , Gniezno ( an early capital of Poland ) and Leszno . It is bordered by seven other voivodeships : West Pomeranian to the northwest , Pomeranian to the north , Kuyavian-Pomeranian to the north-east , Łódź to the south-east , Opole to the south , Lower Silesian to the southwest and Lubusz to the west . The city of Poznań has international twinning arrangements with the English county of Nottinghamshire ."}]}, {'value': '22,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Silesian Voivodeship , or Silesia Province ( Polish : województwo śląskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ˈɕlɔ̃skʲɛ ] ; German : Woiwodschaft Schlesien ; Czech : Slezské vojvodství ) is a voivodeship , or province , in southern Poland , centered on the historic region known as Upper Silesia ( Górny Śląsk ) , with Katowice serving as its capital . Despite the Silesian Voivodeship 's name , most of the historic Silesia region lies outside the present Silesian Voivodeship - divided among Lubusz , Lower Silesian , and Opole Voivodeships - while the eastern half of Silesian Voivodeship ( and , notably , Częstochowa in the north ) was historically part of Lesser Poland . The Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Katowice , Częstochowa and Bielsko-Biała Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . It is the most densely populated voivodeship in Poland and within the area of 12,300 squared kilometres , there are almost 5 million inhabitants . It is also the largest urbanised area in Central and Eastern Europe . In relation to economy , over 13% of Polands Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is generated here , making the Silesian Voivodeship one of the wealthiest provinces in the country ."}]}, {'value': '21,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pomerania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Pomeranian Voivodeship , Pomorskie Region , or Pomerania Province ( Polish : województwo pomorskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ ] ; Kashubian Pòmòrsczé wòjewództwò ) , is a voivodeship , or province , in northwestern Poland . The provincial capital is Gdańsk . The voivodeship was established on January 1 , 1999 , out of the former voivodeships of Gdańsk , Elbląg and Słupsk , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1997 . It is bordered by West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west , Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships to the south , Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the east , and the Baltic Sea to the north . It also shares a short land border with Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast ) , on the Vistula Spit . The voivodeship comprises most of Pomerelia ( the easternmost part of historical Pomerania ) , as well as an area east of the Vistula River . The western part of the province , around Słupsk , belonged historically to Farther Pomerania , while Pomerelia and the eastern bank of the Vistula belonged to the historical region of Prussia . The central parts of the province are also known as Kashubia , named after the Kashubian minority . The province is one of rich cultural heritage . The Tricity urban area , consisting of Gdańsk , Gdynia and Sopot , is one of the main cultural , commercial and educational centres of Poland . Gdańsk and Gdynia are two of the major Polish seaports , the first erected by Mieszko I of Poland in the Middle Ages , the latter built in the interwar period . Amongst the most recognisable landmarks of the region are the historic city centre of Gdańsk filled with Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque masterpieces , the Museum of the National Anthem in Będomin , located at the birthplace of Józef Wybicki , poet and politician , author of the national anthem of Poland , the largest medieval churches of Poland ( the St. Mary 's Church in Gdańsk and the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Pelplin ) and the Malbork Castle ."}]}, {'value': '20,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Łódź', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Łódź_Voivodeship', 'summary': 'Łódź Voivodeship ( also known as Łódź Province , or by its Polish name , województwo łódzkie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ˈwut͡skʲɛ ] ) is a province ( voivodeship ) in central Poland . It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Łódź Voivodeship ( 1975-1999 ) and the Sieradz , Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice Voivodeships and part of Płock Voivodeship , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province is named after its capital and largest city , Łódź , pronounced [ wut͡ɕ ] . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships : Masovian to the north and east , Świętokrzyskie to the south-east , Silesian to the south , Opole to the south-west , Greater Poland to the west , and Kuyavian-Pomeranian for a short stretch to the north . Its territory belongs to three historical provinces of Poland - Masovia ( in the east ) , Greater Poland ( in the west ) and Lesser Poland ( in the southeast , around Opoczno ) .'}]}, {'value': '19,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesser Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Lesser Poland Province ( in Polish : województwo małopolskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ mawɔˈpɔlskʲɛ ] ; Slovak : Malopoľské vojvodstvo ) , also known as Małopolska Voivodeship or Małopolska Province , is a voivodeship ( province ) , in southern Poland . It has an area of 15,108 square kilometres ( 5,833 sq mi ) , and a population of 3,267,731 ( 2006 ) . It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Kraków , Tarnów , Nowy Sącz and parts of Bielsko-Biała , Katowice , Kielce and Krosno Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province 's name recalls the traditional name of a historic Polish region , Lesser Poland , or in Polish : Małopolska . Current Lesser Poland Voivodeship , however , covers only a small part of the broader ancient Małopolska region which , together with Greater Poland ( Wielkopolska ) and Silesia ( Śląsk ) , formed the early medieval Polish state . Historic Lesser Poland is much larger than the current province . It stretches far north , to Radom , and Siedlce , also including such cities , as Stalowa Wola , Lublin , Kielce , Częstochowa , and Sosnowiec . The province is bounded on the north by the Świętokrzyskie Mountains ( Góry Świętokrzyskie ) , on the west by Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska ( a broad range of hills stretching from Kraków to Częstochowa ) , and on the south by the Tatra , Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains . Politically it is bordered by Silesian Voivodeship to the west , Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north , Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east , and Slovakia ( Prešov Region and Žilina Regions ) to the south . Almost all of Lesser Poland lies in the Vistula River catchment area . The city of Kraków was one of the European Cities of Culture in 2000 . Kraków has railway and road connections with Katowice ( expressway ) , Warsaw , Wrocław and Rzeszów ."}]}, {'value': '19,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Pomerania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship', 'summary': "West Pomeranian Voivodeship or West Pomerania Province ( in Polish , województwo zachodniopomorskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ zaˈxɔdɲɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ ] ; German : Woivodschaft Westpommern ) , is a voivodeship ( province ) in northwestern Poland . It borders on Pomeranian Voivodeship to the east , Greater Poland Voivodeship to the southeast , Lubusz Voivodeship to the south , the German federal-states of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and Brandenburg to the west , and the Baltic Sea to the north . Its capital and largest city is Szczecin . It was established on January 1 , 1999 , out of the former Szczecin and Koszalin Voivodeships and parts of other neighboring voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . It is named for the historical region of Pomerania ( Polish : Pomorze ) . In spite of the name ( West Pomeranian ) , the voivodeship does not include the most westerly parts of historical Pomerania , which lie in Germany 's Vorpommern ( see Western Pomerania ) . The name Pomerania comes from the Slavic po more , meaning Land by the Sea ."}]}, {'value': '17,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lubusz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Lubusz Voivodeship , or Lubusz Province ( Polish : województwo lubuskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbuskʲɛ ] , German : Woiwodschaft Lebus ) , is a voivodeship ( province ) in western Poland . It was created on January 1 , 1999 , out of the former Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province 's name recalls the historic Lubusz Land ( Lebus or Lubus ) , although parts of the voivodeship belong to the historic regions of Silesia , Greater Poland and Lusatia . Until 1945 , it mainly formed the Neumark within the Prussian Province of Brandenburg . The functions of regional capital are shared between two cities : Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra . Gorzów serves as the seat of the centrally appointed voivode or governor , while Zielona Góra is the seat of the elected regional assembly ( sejmik ) and the executive elected by that assembly , headed by a marshal ( marszałek ) . The region is mainly flat , with many lakes and woodlands . In the south , around Zielona Góra , grapes are cultivated . Lubusz Voivodeship borders West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the north , Greater Poland Voivodeship to the east , Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the south , and Germany ( Brandenburg and Saxony ) to the west ."}]}, {'value': '17,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kujawy-Pomerania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kujawsko-Pomorskie', 'summary': "Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship , also known as Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie , or Kujawy-Pomerania Province ( Polish : województwo kujawsko-pomorskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ kuˈjafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ ] ) , is one of the 16 voivodeships ( provinces ) into which Poland is divided . It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland , on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name : Kuyavia ( Polish : Kujawy ) and Pomerania ( Polish : Pomorze ) . Its two chief cities , serving as the province 's joint capitals , are Bydgoszcz and Toruń ."}]}, {'value': '16,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Opole Voivodeship , or Opole Province ( Polish : województwo opolskie [ vɔjɛˈvutstfɔ ɔˈpɔlskʲɛ ] , German : Woiwodschaft Oppeln , Czech : Opolské vojvodství ) , is the smallest and least populated voivodeship ( province ) of Poland . The province 's name derives from that of the region 's capital and largest city , Opole . It is part of Upper Silesia . A relatively large German minority , with representatives in the Sejm , lives in the voivodeship , and the German language is co-official in 28 communes . Opole Voivodeship is bordered by Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the west , Greater Poland and Łódź Voivodeships to the north , Silesian Voivodeship to the east , and the Czech Republic ( Olomouc Region and Moravian-Silesian Region ) to the south . Opole Province 's geographic location , economic potential , and its population 's level of education make it an attractive business partner for other Polish regions ( especially Lower Silesian and Silesian Voivodeships ) and for foreign investors . Formed in 1997 , the Praděd/Pradziad Euroregion has facilitated economic , cultural and tourist exchanges between the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic ."}]}, {'value': '16,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Podlaskie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Podlaskie', 'summary': 'Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province ( Polish : Województwo podlaskie , [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔdˈlaskʲɛ ] ; Lithuanian : Palenkės vaivadija ; Belarusian : Падляскае ваяводства ) is a voivodeship ( province ) in northeastern Poland . It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west , Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the northwest , Lublin Voivodeship to the south , the Belarusian Voblasts of Grodno and Brest to the east , the Lithuanian Counties of Alytus and Marijampolė to the northeast , and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the north . The capital of Podlasie Province is Białystok . The province was created on 1 January 1999 , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 , from the former Białystok and Łomża Voivodeships and the eastern half of the former Suwałki Voivodeship .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Świętokrzyskie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swietokrzyskie', 'summary': 'Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship , Świętokrzyskie Province , or Holy Cross Province ( Polish : województwo świętokrzyskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ɕfʲɛntɔˈkʂɨskʲɛ ] ) is one of the 16 voivodeships ( provinces ) into which Poland is divided . It is situated in southeastern Poland , in the historical province of Lesser Poland , and takes its name from the Świętokrzyskie ( Holy Cross ) mountain range . Its capital and largest city is Kielce . Świętokrzyskie Province is bounded by six other voivodeships : Masovian to the north , Lublin to the east , Subcarpathian to the southeast , Lesser Poland to the south , Silesian to the southwest , and Łódź to the northwest . The province was created on 1 January 1999 , out of the former Kielce Voivodeship , eastern part of Częstochowa Voivodeship and western part of Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . It covers an area of 11,672 square kilometres ( 4,507 sq mi ) , making it the second smallest of the voivodeships ( after Opole ) . As at 2006 , the total population of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship is 1,281,796 .'}]}, {'value': '14,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warmia-Masuria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warminsko-Mazurskie', 'summary': "Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship or Warmia-Masuria Province or Warmia-Mazury Province ( in Polish : Województwo warmińsko-mazurskie , [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ varˈmiɲskɔ maˈzurskʲɛ ] , German : Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren ) is a voivodeship ( province ) in northeastern Poland . Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn . The voivodeship has an area of 24,192 km2 ( 9,341 sq mi ) and a population of 1,427,091 ( as of 2006 ) . The Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship was created on January 1 , 1999 , from the entire Olsztyn Voivodeship , the western half of Suwałki Voivodeship and part of Elbląg Voivodeship , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The province 's name derives from two historic regions , Warmia and Masuria . The province borders the Podlaskie Voivodeship to the east , the Masovian Voivodeship to the south , the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship to the south-west , the Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west , the Vistula Lagoon to the northwest , and the Kaliningrad Oblast ( an exclave of Russia ) to the north ."}]}, {'value': '14,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Podkarpackie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Podkarpackie', 'summary': "Podkarpackie Voivodeship or Podkarpackie Province ( in Polish : województwo podkarpackie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔtkarˈpatskʲɛ ] , Slovak : Podkarpatské vojvodstvo , Ukrainian : Підкарпатське воєводство ) , also known as Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province , is a voivodeship , or province , in southeastern corner of Poland . Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów . Along with the Marshall , it is governed by the Subcarpathian Regional Assembly . Historically , most of the province 's territory was part of the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia , the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Ruthenian Voivodeship . In the interwar period , it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship . The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów , Przemyśl , Krosno and ( partially ) Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships , pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998 . The name derives from the region 's location near the Carpathian Mountains , and the voivodeship comprises areas of two historic regions of Eastern Europe - Lesser Poland ( western and northwestern counties ) and Red Ruthenia . During the interwar period ( 1918-1939 ) , Subcarpathian Voivodeship belonged to Poland B , the less-developed , more rural parts of Poland . To boost the local economy , the government of the Second Polish Republic began in the mid-1930s a massive program of industrialization , known as the Central Industrial Region . The program created several major armament factories , including PZL Mielec , PZL Rzeszów , Huta Stalowa Wola , and factories in other Subcarpathian towns such as Dębica , Nowa Dęba , Sanok , Tarnobrzeg and Nowa Sarzyna . It is bordered by Lesser Poland Voivodeship to the west , Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north-west , Lublin Voivodeship to the north , Ukraine ( Lviv Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast ) to the east and Slovakia ( Prešov Region ) to the south . It covers an area of 17,844 square kilometres ( 6,890 sq mi ) , and has a population of 2,096,971 ( as at 2006 ) ."}]}, {'value': '14,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lubelskie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubelskie_Voivodeship', 'summary': "Lublin Voivodeship , or Lublin region ( in Polish , województwo lubelskie [ vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ ] ) , is a voivodeship , or region , located in southeastern Poland . It was created on January 1 , 1999 , out of the former Lublin , Chełm , Zamość , Biała Podlaska and ( partially ) Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships , pursuant to Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 . The region is named after its largest city and regional capital , Lublin , and its territory is made of four historical lands : the western part of the voivodeship , with Lublin itself , belongs to Lesser Poland , the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Red Ruthenia , and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie . Lublin Voivodeship borders Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south , Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west , Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north , Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north , Belarus ( Brest Region ) and Ukraine ( Lviv Oblast and Volyn Oblasts ) to the east . The region 's population as of 2006 was 2,175,251 . It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres ( 9,712 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '14,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Voivodeships by gross domestic product ( GDP )', 'section_text': 'GRP per capita of Polish voivodeships based on purchasing power standards ( PPS ) in 2017 Polish voivodeships as European countries with similar GDP PPP per capita This is a list of Polish voivodeships by gross regional product ( GRP ) per capita , based on purchasing power standards ( PPS ) and shown in euros . Statistics shown are for 2017 levels .', 'uid': 'Voivodeship_(Poland)_1', 'intro': "A voivodeship (/ˈvɔɪvoʊdʃɪp/; Polish: województwo [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ]; plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a province in many other countries. The term has been in use since the 14th century, and is commonly translated in English as province or state. The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, created 16 new voivodeships. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975, and bear greater resemblance (in territory but not in name) to the voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (wojewoda), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (zarząd województwa) chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (marszałek województwa). Voivodeships are further divided into powiats (counties) and gminas (communes or municipalities): see Administrative divisions of Poland."}	null	null	Which province has similar GDP as the country with the population of more than 10 million ?	West Pomerania
062181b37544bdf9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_archivers', 'title': 'Comparison of file archivers', 'header': ['File archivers', 'Creator ( s )', 'First public release date', 'Latest stable version', 'Cost ( USD )', 'Software license'], 'data': [{'value': '7-Zip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7-Zip', 'summary': '7-Zip is a free and open-source file archiver , a utility used to place groups of files within compressed containers known as archives . It is developed by Igor Pavlov and was first released in 1999 . 7-Zip uses its own 7z archive format , but can read and write several other archive formats . The program can be used from a command-line interface as the command p7zip , or through a graphical user interface that also features shell integration . Most of the 7-Zip source code is under the GNU LGPL license ; the unRAR code , however , is under the GNU LGPL with an unRAR restriction , which states that developers are not permitted to use the code to reverse-engineer the RAR compression algorithm .'}]}, {'value': 'Igor Pavlov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2 , 1999 ; 21 years ago ( 1999-01-02 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.00 February 21 , 2019 ; 11 months ago ( 2019-02-21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL ( RAR plugin is proprietary )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'ALZip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ALZip', 'summary': 'ALZip is an archive and compression utility from ESTsoft for Microsoft Windows . ALZip is a file compression program that can unzip 40 different zip file archives . ALZip can zip files into 8 different archives such as ZIP , EGG , TAR and others . In ALZip version 8 , ALZips own EGG format , that Unicode and other powerful function supported , can be used .'}]}, {'value': 'ESTsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESTsoft', 'summary': 'Founded in 1993 , ESTsoft is a South Korean application software development company . Its software ranges from desktop to business software for enterprises .'}]}, {'value': '1999 ; 21 years ago ( 1999 ) ( as a WinZip translation )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.51.0.0 ( 9 September 2011 ; 8 years ago ( 2011-09-09 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A free general serial number was published on developer 's website altools.com in August 2012", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'ALZip for Mac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ALZip_for_Mac', 'summary': 'ALZip is an archive and compression utility from ESTsoft for Microsoft Windows . ALZip is a file compression program that can unzip 40 different zip file archives . ALZip can zip files into 8 different archives such as ZIP , EGG , TAR and others . In ALZip version 8 , ALZips own EGG format , that Unicode and other powerful function supported , can be used .'}]}, {'value': 'ESTsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESTsoft', 'summary': 'Founded in 1993 , ESTsoft is a South Korean application software development company . Its software ranges from desktop to business software for enterprises .'}]}, {'value': '1999 ; 21 years ago ( 1999 ) ( as a WinZip translation )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.11 ( June 13 , 2012 ; 7 years ago ( 2012-06-13 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A free general serial number was published on developer 's website altools.com in August 2012", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Archive Manager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archive_Manager', 'summary': 'Archive Manager ( previously File Roller ) is the archive manager of the GNOME desktop environment .'}]}, {'value': 'Paolo Bacchilega', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 12 , 2001 ; 18 years ago ( 2001-05-12 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.32.1 April 8 , 2019 ; 10 months ago ( 2019-04-08 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Archive Utility', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archive_Utility', 'summary': 'This is a list of macOS ( earlier called Mac OS X and OS X ) components , features that are included in the current Mac operating system .'}]}, {'value': 'Apple Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Inc.', 'summary': "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California , that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , the Apple TV digital media player , the AirPods wireless earbuds and the HomePod smart speaker . Apple 's software includes the macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , the Shazam acoustic fingerprint utility , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites , as well as professional applications like Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , and Xcode . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store , Mac App Store , Apple Music , Apple TV+ , iMessage , and iCloud . Other services include Apple Store , Genius Bar , AppleCare , Apple Pay , Apple Pay Cash , and Apple Card . Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer , though Wayne sold his share back within 12 days . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. , in January 1977 , and sales of its computers , including the Apple II , grew quickly . Within a few years , Jobs and Wozniak had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , such as the original Macintosh in 1984 , and Apple 's marketing advertisements for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price of its products and limited application library caused problems , as did power struggles between executives . In 1985 , Wozniak departed Apple amicably and remained an honorary employee , while Jobs and others resigned to found NeXT ."}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2003 ; 16 years ago ( 2003-10-24 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.10 ( October 16 , 2014 ; 5 years ago ( 2014-10-16 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Included with Mac OS X Core Services', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Core_Services', 'summary': 'Core Services are a set of macOS and iOS application programming interfaces that architecturally are underneath Carbon , Cocoa and Cocoa Touch . In addition to Core Foundation , it also encompasses other APIs including Grand Central Dispatch , Blocks , CFNetwork , CarbonCore , OSServices , and WebServicesCore .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Ark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ark_(software)', 'summary': 'Ark is a file archiver and compressor developed by KDE and included in the KDE Applications software bundle . It supports various common archive and compression formats including zip , 7z , rar , lha and tar ( both uncompressed and compressed with e.g . gzip , bzip2 , lzip or xz ) .'}]}, {'value': 'KDE team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KDE', 'summary': "KDE is an international free software community developing Free and Open Source software . As a central development hub , it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software . Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop , Frameworks and a range of cross-platform applications like Krita or digiKam designed to run on Unix and Unix-like desktops , Microsoft Windows and Android . Being one of KDE 's most recognized projects , the Plasma Desktop is the default desktop environment on many Linux distributions , such as Fedora KDE Plasma Desktop Edition , KDE neon. , KaOS , Kubuntu , Manjaro KDE Edition , Netrunner , PCLinuxOS , openSUSE and Solus Plasma ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.4.3 July 9 , 2019 ; 6 months ago ( 2019-07-09 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'B1 Free Archiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B1_Free_Archiver', 'summary': 'B1 Free Archiver is a proprietary freeware multi-platform file archiver and file manager . B1 Archiver is available for Microsoft Windows , Linux , macOS , and Android . It has full support ( compression , unpacking and encryption ) for ZIP and its native B1 format . The program decompresses more than 20 popular archive formats . It creates split and encrypted archives . B1 Free Archiver is translated into more than 30 languages . Translations are made by volunteers through the Crowdin localization management platform . The program can be used through graphical user interface or command line interface . B1 Free Archiver is written in C++/Qt and is released under a proprietary license .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Buyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2011 ; 8 years ago ( 2011-08 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.5.86 November 25 , 2013 ; 6 years ago ( 2013-11-25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'BetterZip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BetterZip', 'summary': 'BetterZip is a trialware file archiver developed by Robert Rezabek , and first released in May 2006.It is developed solely for the macOS platform . Unlike the built-in Archive Utility from Apple it includes the ability to extract and compress in many archive formats , as well as the ability to view an archive and selectively extract files without automatically extracting the entire contents .'}]}, {'value': 'BetterZip', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 2006 ; 13 years ago ( 2006-05 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.3.4 ( December 1 , 2014 ; 5 years ago ( 2014-12-01 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19.95 USD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Commander One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commander_One', 'summary': 'Commander One is a dual-pane file manager for macOS , created entirely in Swift . The app is developed by Eltima Software . Apart from basic operations such as creating and managing folders , deleting , copying , moving and renaming files , it also provides functionality that default OS X file manager does not . The app exploits the classic dual-pane interface ideology , offers multi-tab browsing , advanced search , hotkeys setup , ZIP support ; displays hidden files , allows renaming files or folders when moving , working with local and network drives . So-called Brief mode is meant for browsing many files and folders . There is a paid edition of this application known as PRO Pack . Its extra benefits include built-in FTP client ; ability to mount MTP and iOS devices ; RAR , TBZ , TGZ , 7z formats support ; Dropbox integration ; Terminal emulator and more . Positioned as an app for Mac power users , Commander One replicates the functionality of a namebrand dual-pane file manager , but also has features aimed specifically at OS X users .'}]}, {'value': 'Eltima Software', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2015 ; 4 years ago ( 2015-08-04 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.1 September 29 , 2015 ; 4 years ago ( 2015-09-29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard Free ; $ 29.95 Pro Pack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Compressed Folders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)', 'summary': "ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression . A ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed . The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms , though DEFLATE is the most common . This format was originally created in 1989 and released to the public domain on February 14 , 1989 by Phil Katz , and was first implemented in PKWARE , Inc. 's PKZIP utility , as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson . The ZIP format was then quickly supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP . Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support ( under the name compressed folders ) in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998 . Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3"}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Inc.', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1998 ; 21 years ago ( 1998-06-25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows 8.1 August 27 , 2013 ; 6 years ago ( 2013-08-27 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows_8.1', 'summary': "Windows 8.1 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft and released as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems . It was released to manufacturing on August 27 , 2013 , and reached general availability on October 17 , 2013 , about a year after the retail release of its predecessor . Windows 8.1 was made available as a free upgrade for retail copies of Windows 8 and Windows RT users via the Windows Store . Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows 8.1 on January 9 , 2018 , but extended support will not end until January 10 , 2023 . Windows 8.1 aimed to address complaints of Windows 8 users and reviewers on launch . Visible enhancements include an improved Start screen , additional snap views , additional bundled apps , tighter OneDrive ( formerly SkyDrive ) integration , Internet Explorer 11 , a Bing-powered unified search system , restoration of a visible Start button on the taskbar , and the ability to restore the previous behavior of opening the user 's desktop on login instead of the Start screen . Windows 8.1 also added support for such emerging technologies as high-resolution displays , 3D printing , Wi-Fi Direct , and Miracast streaming , as well as the ReFS file system . Windows 8.1 received more positive reception than Windows 8 , with critics praising the expanded functionality available to apps in comparison to Windows 8 , its OneDrive integration , along with its user interface tweaks and the addition of expanded tutorials for operating the Windows 8 interface . Despite these improvements , Windows 8.1 was still criticised for not addressing all digressions of Windows 8 ( such as a poor level of integration between Metro-style apps and the desktop interface ) , and the potential privacy implications of the expanded use of online services . As of February 2020 [ update ] , 4.82% of traditional PCs running Windows are running Windows 8.1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Included in Microsoft Windows Windows Explorer shell since Windows Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Windows_Explorer', 'summary': 'File Explorer , previously known as Windows Explorer , is a file manager application that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards . It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems . It is also the component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on the screen such as the taskbar and desktop . Controlling the computer is possible without Windows Explorer running ( for example , the File \| Run command in Task Manager on NT-derived versions of Windows will function without it , as will commands typed in a command prompt window ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Windows_Me', 'summary': 'Windows Millennium Edition , or Windows Me ( marketed with the pronunciation of the pronoun me and codenamed Millennium ) , is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of operating systems . It is the successor to Windows 98 , and was released to manufacturing on June 19 , 2000 , with general availability on September 14 , 2000 . Windows Me was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series which was targeted specifically at home PC users , and included Internet Explorer 5.5 , Windows Media Player 7 , and the then-new Windows Movie Maker software , which provided basic video editing and was designed to be easy to use for home users . Microsoft also incorporated features first introduced in Windows 2000 , which had been released as a business-oriented operating system seven months earlier , into the graphical user interface , shell , and Windows Explorer . Windows Me was a continuation of the Windows 9x model and still DOS-based like its predecessors , albeit with restricted access to real mode MS-DOS in order to decrease system boot time . In October 2001 , Windows XP was released to the public , and became the successor of Windows Me , popularizing most of its features and introducing more visual themes , while based upon the more stable Windows NT kernel .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'CRAX Commander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CRAX_Commander', 'summary': "Crax Commander , stylized CRAX , is a dual pane , orthodox file manager for macOS , written in the programming language Objective-C . The app is currently developed by Soft4U2 ( Marcin Słowik ) and is one of several replacement apps for Apple 's Finder . The program 's look is similar to Finder , and it has many features and functions , so it is usable quickly as a replacement . The software uses the model of a dual-pane user interface , which is well-known from the domain of the Windows applications such as Total Commander . This approach assumes offering multi-tab browsing user interface with features enabling advanced search of files or folders , comparing files and folders , navigation in archive files , and a batch renaming tool with regular expression support . Such programs also include a built-in File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) client , working with local and network drives , and a built-in file editor and viewer . Crax Commander improves productivity by offering user configurable keyboard shortcuts , built-in text editor with sync coloring , full user interface customizing including fonts and colors , archive support , and built in File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , Server Message Block ( SMB ) , Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP ) , SSH File Transfer Protocol ( SSH ) , and SSH File Transfer Protocol ( sFTP ) . The program is available in demo and paid versions and provides many tools that will help users to manage files and folders while exploiting the dual-pane graphical user interface design ."}]}, {'value': 'Soft4U2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 1 , 2013 ; 6 years ago ( 2013-09-01 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.10.9 March 2 , 2016 ; 3 years ago ( 2016-03-02 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19.99 USD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Disk ARchiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DAR_(Disk_Archiver)', 'summary': 'dar ( disk archive ) is a computer program , a command-line archiving tool intended as a replacement for tar in Unix-like operating systems . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Denis Corbin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 ; 18 years ago ( 2002 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.5.14 December 20 , 2017 ; 2 years ago ( 2017-12-20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Expander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiku_Applications', 'summary': 'Haiku is a free and open-source operating system compatible with the now discontinued BeOS . Haiku applications are usually available as HPKGs ; however , unpackaged applications can be installed by using Haiku PackageInstaller for legacy BeOS apps or manually unzipping the install files into one of the non-packaged installation folders . Haiku comes with a set of mostly small yet essential applications . Core applications are an essential part of Haiku , as they serve many different purposes . Haiku also has some 3rd party applications to supplement the core applications . The applications are usually executed by double clicking on the icon .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiku , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiku,_Inc.', 'summary': 'Haiku is a free and open-source operating system compatible with the now discontinued BeOS . Its development began in 2001 , and the operating system became self-hosting in 2008 . The first alpha release was made in September 2009 , and the last was November 2012 ; the first beta was released in September 2018 . Haiku is supported by Haiku , Inc. , a non-profit organization based in Rochester , New York , United States , founded in 2003 by former project leader Michael Phipps . As of the June 2018 monthly activity report , Haiku developers had ported LibreOffice .'}]}, {'value': '2002 ; 18 years ago ( 2002 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R1 Alpha 4.1 ( November 14 , 2012 ( 2012-11-14 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'Filzip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filzip', 'summary': 'Filzip is a freeware file archiver program for the Microsoft Windows platform . It was written by Philipp Engel . While free , the author does request donations to help the cost of development and reward him for his work . As of March 2019 , no new version has been released since version 3.0.6 . Filzip has been presumed unmaintained the software development .'}]}, {'value': 'Philipp Engel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.06 ( July 19 , 2006 ; 13 years ago ( 2006-07-19 ) ) [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'FreeArc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FreeArc', 'summary': 'FreeArc is a free and open-source high-performance file archiver developed by Bulat Ziganshin . No information has been released by developers since 2016 and the official website is down . The project can be considered abandonware . A FreeArc Next version is under development , with version FA 0.11 released in October 2016 . The Next version supports 32- and 64-bit Windows and Linux and includes Zstandard support .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulat Ziganshin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1 , 2007 ; 12 years ago ( 2007-11-01 ) v0.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.666 ( May 20 , 2010 ; 9 years ago ( 2010-05-20 ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'iArchiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IArchiver', 'summary': 'iArchiver is a software utility for handling file archives on the Apple Macintosh . It is now renamed Rucksack . iArchiver was designed as a universal tool for working with archives , and can be used to create , extract and convert a large number of common and legacy archive formats with a drag-and-drop interface . iArchiver was developed and is currently being maintained by Dare to be Creative Ltd , a software company based in Vienna , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Dare to be Creative Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 21 , 2007 ; 12 years ago ( 2007-10-21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.4.1 October 30 , 2008 ; 11 years ago ( 2008-10-30 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Info-ZIP ( Wzip )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Info-ZIP', 'summary': "Info-ZIP is a set of open-source software to handle ZIP archives . It has been in circulation since 1989 . It consists of 4 separately-installable packages : the Zip and UnZip command-line utilities ; and WiZ and MacZip , which are graphical user interfaces for archiving programs in Microsoft Windows and classic Mac OS , respectively . Info-ZIP 's Zip and UnZip have been ported to dozens of computing platforms . The UnZip web page describes UnZip as The Third Most Portable Program in the World , surpassed by Hello World , C-Kermit , and possibly the Linux kernel . The zip and unzip programs included with most Linux and Unix distributions are Info-ZIP 's Zip and UnZip . In addition to the Info-ZIP releases themselves , parts of Info-ZIP , including zlib , have been used in numerous other file archivers and other programs . Many Info-ZIP programmers have also been involved in other projects closely related to the DEFLATE compression algorithm , such as the PNG image format and the zlib software library ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 1989 ; 30 years ago ( 1989-03 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.0 April 29 , 2009 ; 10 years ago ( 2009-04-29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSD-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BSD_licenses', 'summary': 'BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses , imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software . This is in contrast to copyleft licenses , which have share-alike requirements . The original BSD license was used for its namesake , the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , a Unix-like operating system . The original version has since been revised , and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses . BSD is both a license and a class of license ( generally referred to as BSD-like ) . The modified BSD license ( in wide use today ) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix . The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format , or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format . The BSD license ( unlike some other licenses ) does not require that source code be distributed at all .'}]}, {'value': 'KGB Archiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KGB_Archiver', 'summary': 'KGB Archiver is a discontinued file archiver and data compression utility that employs the PAQ6 compression algorithm . Written in Visual C++ by Tomasz Pawlak , KGB Archiver is designed to achieve a very high compression ratio . It has ten levels of compression , from very weak to maximum . However , at higher compression levels , the time required to compress a file increases significantly . As a consequence , the program uses memory and CPU intensively . KGB Archiver is free and open-source , released under the terms of the GNU General Public License . Version 2 beta 2 is available for Microsoft Windows and a command-line version of KGB Archiver 1.0 is available for Unix-like operating systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Tomasz Pawlak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2006 ; 13 years ago ( 2006-04-01 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.2.1.24 November 1 , 2006 ; 13 years ago ( 2006-11-01 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'PeaZip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PeaZip', 'summary': 'PeaZip is a free and open-source file manager and file archiver for Microsoft Windows , Linux and BSD made by Giorgio Tani . It supports its native PEA archive format ( featuring compression , multi volume split and flexible authenticated encryption and integrity check schemes ) and other mainstream formats , with special focus on handling open formats . It supports 188 file extensions ( as of version 6.0.0 ) . PeaZip is mainly written in Free Pascal , using Lazarus . PeaZip is released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License .'}]}, {'value': 'Giorgio Tani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 16 , 2006 ; 13 years ago ( 2006-09-16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1.0 February 2 , 2020 ; 6 days ago ( 2020-02-02 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': 'PKZIP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PKZIP', 'summary': "PKZIP is a file archiving computer program , notable for introducing the popular ZIP file format . PKZIP was first introduced for MS-DOS on the IBM-PC compatible platform in 1989 . Since then versions have been released for a number of other architectures and operating systems . PKZIP was originally written by Phil Katz and marketed by his company PKWARE , Inc , with both of them bearing his initials : 'PK ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil Katz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Katz', 'summary': "Phillip Walter Katz ( November 3 , 1962 - April 14 , 2000 ) was a computer programmer best known as the co-creator of the Zip file format for data compression , and the author of PKZIP , a program for creating zip files that ran under DOS . A copyright lawsuit between System Enhancement Associates ( SEA ) and Katz 's company , PKWARE , Inc. , was widely publicized in the BBS community in the late 1980s . Phil Katz 's software business was very successful , but he struggled with social isolation and chronic alcoholism in the last years of his life ."}]}, {'value': '1989 ; 31 years ago ( 1989 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.4 ( ca . September 2009 ; 10 years ago ( 2009-09 ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 29.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Archivers -- General information', 'section_text': 'Basic general information about the archivers : creator/company , license/price etc .', 'uid': 'Comparison_of_file_archivers_0', 'intro': "The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of file archivers. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. They are neither all-inclusive nor are some entries necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in the footnotes section, comparisons are based on the stable versions - without add-ons, extensions or external programs."}	null	null	How much does the app now known as Rucksack cost ?	$ 26
0623a4e70390a5ce	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_style_guide_abbreviations', 'title': 'List of style guide abbreviations', 'header': ['Abbreviation', 'Style guide', 'Organization', 'Field/subject', 'Principal national variety', 'Reference'], 'data': [{'value': 'ACS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ACS style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ACS_style', 'summary': 'The ACS Style is a set of standards for writing documents relating to chemistry , including a standard method of citation in academic publications , developed by the American Chemical Society ( ACS ) . Previous editions of the ACS style manual are entitled ACS Style Guide : Effective Communication of Scientific Information , 3rd ed . ( 2006 ) , edited by Anne M. Coghill and Lorrin R. Garson , and ACS Style Guide : A Manual for Authors and Editors ( 1997 ) . As of 2020 , ACS style guidance and best practices for scholarly communication in the sciences are incorporated into the ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication , edited by Gregory M. Banik , Grace Baysinger , Prashant V. Kamat , and Norbert Pienta . The Guide is published online by ACS Publications .'}]}, {'value': 'American Chemical Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Chemical_Society', 'summary': "The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has nearly 157,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world 's largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio . The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals , national conferences , and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions . The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide . The organization also publishes textbooks , administers several national chemistry awards , provides grants for scientific research , and supports various educational and outreach activities ."}]}, {'value': 'chemistry , chemical engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'pubs.acs.org', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apple Style Guide', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apple Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Inc.', 'summary': "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California , that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , the Apple TV digital media player , the AirPods wireless earbuds and the HomePod smart speaker . Apple 's software includes the macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , the Shazam acoustic fingerprint utility , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites , as well as professional applications like Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , and Xcode . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store , Mac App Store , Apple Music , Apple TV+ , iMessage , and iCloud . Other services include Apple Store , Genius Bar , AppleCare , Apple Pay , Apple Pay Cash , and Apple Card . Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer , though Wayne sold his share back within 12 days . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. , in January 1977 , and sales of its computers , including the Apple II , grew quickly . Within a few years , Jobs and Wozniak had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , such as the original Macintosh in 1984 , and Apple 's marketing advertisements for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price of its products and limited application library caused problems , as did power struggles between executives . In 1985 , Wozniak departed Apple amicably and remained an honorary employee , while Jobs and others resigned to found NeXT ."}]}, {'value': 'general', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'apple.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AHD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language', 'summary': "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD ) is an American dictionary of English published by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin , the first edition of which appeared in 1969 . Its creation was spurred by the controversy over the perceived permissiveness of the Webster 's Third New International Dictionary . The third edition had more than 350,000 entries and meanings ."}]}, {'value': 'Houghton Mifflin Harcourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt', 'summary': "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ( /ˈhoʊtən/ ; HMH ) is a publisher of textbooks , instructional technology materials , assessments , reference works , and fiction and non-fiction for both young readers and adults . The company is based in Boston 's Financial District ."}]}, {'value': 'general', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'ahdictionary.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMA Manual of Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style', 'summary': 'AMA Manual of Style : A Guide for Authors and Editors is the style guide of the American Medical Association . It is written by the editors of JAMA ( Journal of the American Medical Association ) and the Archives journals and is most recently published by Oxford University Press . It specifies the writing and citation styles for use in the journals published by the American Medical Association . The manual was first published in 1962 , and its current edition , the 10th , came out in 2007 . It covers a breadth of topics for authors and editors in medicine and related health fields . The online edition also has updates ( style points that have changed since the last print edition ) , a blog , monthly tips from the editors , quizzes , and an SI unit conversion calculator . AMA style is widely used , either entirely or with modifications , by hundreds of other scientific journals ( including medical and other public health journals ) , in many textbooks , and in academia ( for papers written in classes ) . Along with APA style and CSE style , it is one of the major style regimes for such work . Many publications have small local style guides that cascade over AMA , APA , or CSE style ( for example , follow AMA style unless otherwise specified herein or for issues not addressed herein , follow AMA style ) .'}]}, {'value': 'American Medical Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Medical_Association', 'summary': "The American Medical Association ( AMA ) , founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897 , is the largest association of physicians - both MDs and DOs - and medical students in the United States . The AMA 's stated mission is to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health . The Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) . The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are the standard method in the U.S. for identifying physician and practice specialties . The American Medical Association is governed by a House of Delegates as well as a board of trustees in addition to executive management . The organization maintains the AMA Code of Medical Ethics that is the guide to ethical practice of medicine and the AMA Physician Masterfile containing data on United States Physicians . The Current Procedural Terminology coding system was first published in 1966 , and is maintained by the Association . It has also published works such as the Guides to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment and established the American Medical Association Foundation and the American Medical Political Action Committee . Patrice A. Harris , MD , MA , a psychiatrist from Atlanta , became the AMAs 174th president in June 2019 , the organization 's first African-American woman to hold this position . Susan R. Bailey , M.D. , an allergist and immunologist from Fort Worth , Texas , became president-elect in June 2019 . When Dr. Bailey is inaugurated in 2020 , the AMA will for the first time in its history have had three consecutive female physicians as president . Jesse M. Ehrenfeld , MD , MPH , an anesthesiologist from Nashville , Tennessee , currently serves as Chair of the AMA Board of Trustees ."}]}, {'value': 'medicine , health care', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medicine', 'summary': 'Medicine is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis , prognosis , treatment , and prevention of disease . Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness . Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences , biomedical research , genetics , and medical technology to diagnose , treat , and prevent injury and disease , typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery , but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy , external splints and traction , medical devices , biologics , and ionizing radiation , amongst others . Medicine has been around for thousands of years , during most of which it was an art ( an area of skill and knowledge ) frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture . For example , a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing , or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism . In recent centuries , since the advent of modern science , most medicine has become a combination of art and science ( both basic and applied , under the umbrella of medical science ) . While stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice , the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science . Prescientific forms of medicine are now known as traditional medicine and folk medicine , though they do not fall within the modern definition of medicine which is based in medical science . Traditional medicine and folk medicine remain commonly used with , or instead of , scientific medicine and are thus called alternative medicine'}, {'url': '/wiki/Health_care', 'summary': "Health care , health-care , or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention , diagnosis , treatment , recovery , or cure of disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in people . Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields . Physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals . Dentistry , pharmacy , midwifery , nursing , medicine , optometry , audiology , psychology , occupational therapy , physical therapy , athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care . It includes work done in providing primary care , secondary care , and tertiary care , as well as in public health . Access to health care may vary across countries , communities , and individuals , influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies . Providing health care services means the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes . Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations ( such as insurance coverage ) , geographic barriers ( such as additional transportation costs , possibility to take paid time off of work to use such services ) , and personal limitations ( lack of ability to communicate with healthcare providers , poor health literacy , low income ) . Limitations to health care services affects negatively the use of medical services , efficacy of treatments , and overall outcome ( well-being , mortality rates ) . Health care systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , a well-functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism , a well-trained and adequately paid workforce , reliable information on which to base decisions and policies , and well maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies . An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a country 's economy , development and industrialization ."}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.amamanualofstyle.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP Stylebook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AP_Stylebook', 'summary': "AP Stylebook , also known by its full name The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law , is an English grammar style and usage guide created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated Press to standardize mass communication . Although it is sold as a guide for reporters , it has become the leading reference for most forms of public-facing corporate communication over the last half-century . The Stylebook offers a basic reference to grammar , punctuation and principles of reporting , including many definitions and rules for usage as well as styles for capitalization , abbreviation , spelling and numerals . The first publicly available edition of the book was published in 1953 . The first modern edition was published in August 1977 by Lorenz Press . Afterwards , various paperback editions were published by different publishers including , among others , Turtleback Books , Penguin 's Laurel Press , Pearson 's Addison-Wesley , and Hachette 's Perseus Books and Basic Books . Since 1985 the AP Stylebook has been updated annually , usually in May . Modern editions are released in several formats , including paperback and flat-lying spiral-bound editions , as well as a digital e-book edition and an online subscription version . Additionally , today the AP Stylebook also provides English grammar recommendation through its presence on social media , including Twitter , Facebook , and Pinterest . From 1977 to 2005 more than two million copies of the AP Stylebook have been sold worldwide , with that number climbing to 2.5 million by 2011 . Writers in broadcasting , magazine publishing , marketing departments and public relations firms traditionally adopt and apply AP grammar and punctuation styles ."}]}, {'value': 'Associated Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associated_Press', 'summary': 'The Associated Press ( AP ) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City . Founded in 1846 , it operates as a cooperative , unincorporated association . Its members are U.S. newspapers and broadcasters . The AP news report , distributed to its members and customers , is produced in English , Spanish and Arabic . The AP has earned 53 Pulitzer Prizes , including 31 for photography , since the award was established in 1917 . The AP has counted the vote in U.S. elections since 1848 , including national , state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states , along with key ballot measures . The AP collects and verifies returns in every county , parish , city and town across the U.S. , and declares winners in over 5,000 contests . As of 2016 [ update ] , news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters . The AP operates 263 news bureaus in 106 countries . It also operates the AP Radio Network , which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations . Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers , paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative . As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP , most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports .'}]}, {'value': 'journalism , wire service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journalism', 'summary': 'Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events . The word journalism applies to the occupation , as well as citizen journalists who gather and publish information . Journalistic media include print , television , radio , Internet , and , in the past , newsreels . Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries . In some nations , the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent . In others , the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry motivated by profit . In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded , countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases . The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century . This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels , as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices , as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers , magazines , or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing , as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print . Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues .'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_agency', 'summary': 'A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations , such as newspapers , magazines and radio and television broadcasters . A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service , newswire , or news service . Although there are many news agencies around the world , three global news agencies , Agence France-Presse ( AFP ) , Associated Press ( AP ) and Reuters , have offices in most countries of the world and cover all areas of information . All three began with and continue to operate on a basic philosophy of providing a single objective news feed to all subscribers ; they do not provide separate feeds for conservative or liberal newspapers . Jonathan Fenby explains the philosophy :'}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.apstylebook.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APA style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/APA_style', 'summary': "APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books . It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences . It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) , which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences , for clarity of communication , and for word choice that best reduces bias in language . APA Style is widely used , either entirely or with modifications , by hundreds of other scientific journals ( including medical and other public health journals ) , in many textbooks , and in academia ( for papers written in classes ) . The APA got involved in journal publishing in 1923 . In 1929 , an APA committee had a seven-page writer 's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin . In 1944 , a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal . The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin , marking the beginning of a recognized APA style . The initial edition went through two revisions : one in 1957 , and one in 1967 . Subsequent editions were released in 1974 , 1983 , 1994 , 2001 , 2009 , and 2019 . Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style , the Manual also established standards for language use that had far-reaching effects ."}]}, {'value': 'American Psychological Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Psychological_Association', 'summary': 'The American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States , with over 118,000 members , including scientists , educators , clinicians , consultants , and students . It has 54 divisions - interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas . The APA has an annual budget of around $ 115m .'}]}, {'value': 'psychology , social sciences', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psychology', 'summary': 'Psychology is the science of behavior and mind . Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena , as well as feeling and thought . It is an academic discipline of immense scope . Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains , and all the variety of phenomena linked to those emergent properties , joining this way the broader neuroscientific group of researchers . As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases . In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors . Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion , intelligence , subjective experiences , motivation , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some - especially clinical and counseling psychologists - at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Social_science', 'summary': 'Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies . The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology , the original science of society , established in the 19th century . In addition to sociology , it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines , including anthropology , archaeology , economics , human geography , linguistics , management science , media studies , musicology , political science , psychology , and social history . ( For a more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences see : Outline of social science . ) Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society , and so define science in its stricter modern sense . Interpretivist social scientists , by contrast , may use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing empirically falsifiable theories , and thus treat science in its broader sense . In modern academic practice , researchers are often eclectic , using multiple methodologies ( for instance , by combining both quantitative and qualitative research ) . The term social research has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods .'}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.apastyle.org', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BCE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butchers Copy-editing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge University Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press', 'summary': "Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge . Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534 , it is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world ( after Oxford University Press ) . It also holds letters patent as the Queen 's Printer . The Press 's mission is to further the University 's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education , learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence . Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher . With a global sales presence , publishing hubs , and offices in more than 40 countries , it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries . Its publishing includes academic journals , monographs , reference works , textbooks , and English language teaching and learning publications . It also prints and sells Bibles . Cambridge University Press is a charitable enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the University of Cambridge ."}]}, {'value': 'general ; publishing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_English', 'summary': "British English is the standard dialect of the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom . Variations exist in formal , written English in the United Kingdom . For example , the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland , North East England , Ireland , and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas little is predominant elsewhere . Nevertheless , there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom , and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English , however , vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken , so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language . According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English , British English shares all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British ' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways , more broadly or more narrowly , within a range of blurring and ambiguity . Colloquial portmanteau words for British English include : Bringlish ( recorded from 1967 ) , Britglish ( 1973 ) , Britlish ( 1976 ) , Brenglish ( 1993 ) and Brilish ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Business Style Handbook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Business_Style_Handbook', 'summary': 'The Business Style Handbook : An A-to-Z Guide for Effective Writing on the Job , usually called The Business Style Handbook , is a 280-page style guide tailored to people who write on the job . The authors are Helen Cunningham and Brenda Greene .'}]}, {'value': 'McGraw-Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGraw-Hill', 'summary': "McGraw-Hill is a learning science company and one of the big three educational publishers that provides customized educational content , software , and services for pre-K through postgraduate education . The company also provides reference and trade publications for the medical , business , and engineering professions . McGraw-Hill currently operates in 28 countries , has more than 5,000 employees globally , and offers products and services to over 135 countries in 60+ languages . Formerly a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies ( later renamed McGraw Hill Financial , now S & P Global ) , McGraw-Hill Education ( now McGraw-Hill ) was divested and acquired by Apollo Global Management in March 2013 for $ 2.4 billion in cash . Based on the growing demand for classroom technology , McGraw-Hill began offering digital products alongside traditional print products . [ buzzword ] This shift has accelerated in recent years with an increased focus on developing adaptive learning systems that enable classroom teaching to come closer to a one-to-one student-teacher interaction . These systems allow personalized learning that assesses each student 's skill level and uses data to determine how each can progress through lessons most effectively . McGraw-Hill now provides digital products and services to over 11 million users on over 1,500 adaptive products in higher education and digital formats for its major K-12 programs ."}]}, {'value': 'business writing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific Style and Format : The CBE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers , 6th edition , now called Scientific Style and Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Council of Science Editors back when it was called the Council of Biology Editors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors', 'summary': 'The Council of Science Editors ( CSE , former Council of Biology Editors , CBE ) is a United States-based nonprofit organization that supports editorial practice among scientific writers . In 2008 , the CSE adopted the slogan CSE : Education , Ethics , and Evidence for Editors ( E4 ) . A volunteer Board of Directors leads the Council , with the assistance of several committees . CSE is managed by Kellen Company , located in Wheat Ridge , Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'science , especially life sciences', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Science', 'summary': 'Science ( from the Latin word scientia , meaning knowledge ) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE . Their contributions to mathematics , astronomy , and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity , whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries ( 400 to 1000 CE ) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age . The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy , which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions . The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape ; along with the changing of natural philosophy to natural science . Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences ( e.g. , biology , chemistry , and physics ) , which study nature in the broadest sense ; the social sciences ( e.g. , economics , psychology , and sociology ) , which study individuals and societies ; and the formal sciences ( e.g. , logic , mathematics , and theoretical computer science ) , which study abstract concepts . There is disagreement , however , on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence . Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes , such as engineering and medicine , are described as applied sciences . Science is based on research , which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies . The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products , armaments , health care , and environmental protection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Life_science', 'summary': 'The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms - such as microorganisms , plants , and animals including human beings . Life science is one of the two major branches of natural science , the other being physical science , which is concerned with non-living matter . By definition , biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms , with the other life sciences being its sub-disciplines . Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism . For example , zoology is the study of animals , while botany is the study of plants . Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms , such as anatomy and genetics . Some focus on the micro scale ( e.g . molecular biology , biochemistry ) other on larger scales ( e.g . cytology , immunology , ethology , pharmacy , ecology ) . Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind - neuroscience . Life sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life , and have applications in health , agriculture , medicine , and the pharmaceutical and food science industries . Article by Saqib bhat pariwan'}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CGEL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Grammar of the English Language', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language', 'summary': 'The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language , often abbreviated CGEL by its adherents , is a comprehensive reference book on English language grammar . Its primary authors are Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum . It was published by Cambridge University Press in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge University Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press', 'summary': "Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge . Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534 , it is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world ( after Oxford University Press ) . It also holds letters patent as the Queen 's Printer . The Press 's mission is to further the University 's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education , learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence . Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher . With a global sales presence , publishing hubs , and offices in more than 40 countries , it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries . Its publishing includes academic journals , monographs , reference works , textbooks , and English language teaching and learning publications . It also prints and sells Bibles . Cambridge University Press is a charitable enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the University of Cambridge ."}]}, {'value': 'grammar and usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usage', 'summary': "The usage of a language is the manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers ; that is , it refers to the collective habits of a language 's native speakers , as opposed to theoretical or idealized models of how a language works or ( should work ) in the abstract . Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar , syntax , style , and the choice of words . In the descriptive tradition of language analysis , correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it ; usage is also , however , a concern for the prescriptive tradition , for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style . Dictionaries are not generally designed to participate in linguistic prescriptivism ( with the notable exception of the American Heritage Dictionary ) , and are thus not intended to guide good usage in the latter sense . Despite occasional usage notes , lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage ."}]}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_English', 'summary': "British English is the standard dialect of the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom . Variations exist in formal , written English in the United Kingdom . For example , the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland , North East England , Ireland , and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas little is predominant elsewhere . Nevertheless , there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom , and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English , however , vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken , so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language . According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English , British English shares all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British ' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways , more broadly or more narrowly , within a range of blurring and ambiguity . Colloquial portmanteau words for British English include : Bringlish ( recorded from 1967 ) , Britglish ( 1973 ) , Britlish ( 1976 ) , Brenglish ( 1993 ) and Brilish ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CGEU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge Guide to English Usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_Guide_to_English_Usage', 'summary': "The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters is a usage dictionary , giving an up-to-date account of the debatable issues of English usage and written style . It is based on extensive , up-to-date corpus data rather than on the author 's personal intuition or prejudice , and differentiates among US , UK , Canadian and Australian usages . British lexicographer Sidney Landau remarked :"}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge University Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press', 'summary': "Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge . Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534 , it is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world ( after Oxford University Press ) . It also holds letters patent as the Queen 's Printer . The Press 's mission is to further the University 's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education , learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence . Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher . With a global sales presence , publishing hubs , and offices in more than 40 countries , it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries . Its publishing includes academic journals , monographs , reference works , textbooks , and English language teaching and learning publications . It also prints and sells Bibles . Cambridge University Press is a charitable enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the University of Cambridge ."}]}, {'value': 'grammar and usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usage', 'summary': "The usage of a language is the manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers ; that is , it refers to the collective habits of a language 's native speakers , as opposed to theoretical or idealized models of how a language works or ( should work ) in the abstract . Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar , syntax , style , and the choice of words . In the descriptive tradition of language analysis , correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it ; usage is also , however , a concern for the prescriptive tradition , for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style . Dictionaries are not generally designed to participate in linguistic prescriptivism ( with the notable exception of the American Heritage Dictionary ) , and are thus not intended to guide good usage in the latter sense . Despite occasional usage notes , lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage ."}]}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_English', 'summary': "British English is the standard dialect of the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom . Variations exist in formal , written English in the United Kingdom . For example , the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland , North East England , Ireland , and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas little is predominant elsewhere . Nevertheless , there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom , and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English , however , vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken , so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language . According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English , British English shares all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British ' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways , more broadly or more narrowly , within a range of blurring and ambiguity . Colloquial portmanteau words for British English include : Bringlish ( recorded from 1967 ) , Britglish ( 1973 ) , Britlish ( 1976 ) , Brenglish ( 1993 ) and Brilish ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CMOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chicago Manual of Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style', 'summary': 'The Chicago Manual of Style ( abbreviated in writing as CMOS or CMS , or sometimes as Chicago ) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press . Its seventeen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing . It is one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States . The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice , including grammar and usage , as well as document preparation and formatting . It is available in print as a hardcover book , and by subscription as a searchable website as The Chicago Manual of Style Online . The online version provides some free resources , primarily aimed at teachers , students , and libraries .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Chicago Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press', 'summary': 'The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States . It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles , including The Chicago Manual of Style , numerous academic journals , and advanced monographs in the academic fields . One of its quasi-independent projects is the BiblioVault , a digital repository for scholarly books . The Press building is located just south of the Midway Plaisance on the University of Chicago campus .'}]}, {'value': 'general use , publishing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.chicagomanualofstyle.org', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CMS ( less commonly used than CMOS )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chicago Manual of Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style', 'summary': 'The Chicago Manual of Style ( abbreviated in writing as CMOS or CMS , or sometimes as Chicago ) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press . Its seventeen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing . It is one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States . The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice , including grammar and usage , as well as document preparation and formatting . It is available in print as a hardcover book , and by subscription as a searchable website as The Chicago Manual of Style Online . The online version provides some free resources , primarily aimed at teachers , students , and libraries .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Chicago Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press', 'summary': 'The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States . It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles , including The Chicago Manual of Style , numerous academic journals , and advanced monographs in the academic fields . One of its quasi-independent projects is the BiblioVault , a digital repository for scholarly books . The Press building is located just south of the Midway Plaisance on the University of Chicago campus .'}]}, {'value': 'general use , publishing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.chicagomanualofstyle.org', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific Style and Format : The CSE Manual for Authors , Editors , and Publishers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Council of Science Editors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors', 'summary': 'The Council of Science Editors ( CSE , former Council of Biology Editors , CBE ) is a United States-based nonprofit organization that supports editorial practice among scientific writers . In 2008 , the CSE adopted the slogan CSE : Education , Ethics , and Evidence for Editors ( E4 ) . A volunteer Board of Directors leads the Council , with the assistance of several committees . CSE is managed by Kellen Company , located in Wheat Ridge , Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'science , especially life sciences', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Science', 'summary': 'Science ( from the Latin word scientia , meaning knowledge ) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE . Their contributions to mathematics , astronomy , and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity , whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries ( 400 to 1000 CE ) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age . The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy , which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions . The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape ; along with the changing of natural philosophy to natural science . Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences ( e.g. , biology , chemistry , and physics ) , which study nature in the broadest sense ; the social sciences ( e.g. , economics , psychology , and sociology ) , which study individuals and societies ; and the formal sciences ( e.g. , logic , mathematics , and theoretical computer science ) , which study abstract concepts . There is disagreement , however , on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence . Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes , such as engineering and medicine , are described as applied sciences . Science is based on research , which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies . The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products , armaments , health care , and environmental protection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Life_science', 'summary': 'The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms - such as microorganisms , plants , and animals including human beings . Life science is one of the two major branches of natural science , the other being physical science , which is concerned with non-living matter . By definition , biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms , with the other life sciences being its sub-disciplines . Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism . For example , zoology is the study of animals , while botany is the study of plants . Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms , such as anatomy and genetics . Some focus on the micro scale ( e.g . molecular biology , biochemistry ) other on larger scales ( e.g . cytology , immunology , ethology , pharmacy , ecology ) . Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind - neuroscience . Life sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life , and have applications in health , agriculture , medicine , and the pharmaceutical and food science industries . Article by Saqib bhat pariwan'}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GMAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Garner 's Modern American Usage", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Garner's_Modern_American_Usage", 'summary': "Garner 's Modern English Usage ( GMEU ) , written by Bryan A. Garner and published by Oxford University Press , is a usage dictionary and style guide ( or 'prescriptive dictionary ' ) for contemporary Modern English . [ pages needed ] It was first published in 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage , with a focus on American English , which it retained for the next two editions as Garner 's Modern American Usage ( GMAU ) . It was expanded to cover English more broadly in the 2016 fourth edition , under the present title . The work covers issues of usage , pronunciation , and style , from distinctions among commonly confused words and phrases and notes on how to prevent verbosity and obscurity . In addition , it contains essays about the English language . An abridged version of the first edition was also published as The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oxford University Press', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_Press', 'summary': "Oxford University Press ( OUP ) is the largest university press in the world , and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press . It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the vice-chancellor known as the delegates of the press . They are headed by the secretary to the delegates , who serves as OUP 's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies . Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century . The Press is located on Walton Street , opposite Somerville College , in the suburb of Jericho ."}]}, {'value': 'grammar and usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usage', 'summary': "The usage of a language is the manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers ; that is , it refers to the collective habits of a language 's native speakers , as opposed to theoretical or idealized models of how a language works or ( should work ) in the abstract . Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar , syntax , style , and the choice of words . In the descriptive tradition of language analysis , correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it ; usage is also , however , a concern for the prescriptive tradition , for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style . Dictionaries are not generally designed to participate in linguistic prescriptivism ( with the notable exception of the American Heritage Dictionary ) , and are thus not intended to guide good usage in the latter sense . Despite occasional usage notes , lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage ."}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Government Publishing Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office', 'summary': "The United States Government Publishing Office ( GPO ; formerly the United States Government Printing Office ) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government . The office produces and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the Federal Government , including U.S. passports for the Department of State as well as the official publications of the Supreme Court , the Congress , the Executive Office of the President , executive departments , and independent agencies . An act of Congress changed the office 's name to its current form in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'government publishing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': 'www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GRM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gregg Reference Manual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gregg_Reference_Manual', 'summary': 'The Gregg Reference Manual : A Manual of Style , Grammar , Usage , and Formatting is a guide to English grammar and style , written by William A. Sabin and published by McGraw-Hill . The book is named after John Robert Gregg . The eleventh ( Tribute ) edition was published in 2010 . The ninth Canadian edition , entitled simply The Gregg Reference Manual with no subtitle , was published on February 25 , 2014 . The book was first published in 1951 as the Reference Manual for Stenographers and Typists by Ruth E. Gavin of the Gregg Publishing Company . The book is widely used in business and professional circles . Neil Holdway , a news editor on the Chicago Daily Herald said the book can answer the tough grammar questions , and it has provided me with authoritative yet readable explanations I can comfortably pass on to the newsroom when discussing our fair language .'}]}, {'value': 'McGraw-Hill Higher Education', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Higher_Education', 'summary': "S & P Global Inc. ( prior to April 2016 McGraw Hill Financial , Inc. , and prior to 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies ) is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Manhattan , New York City . Its primary areas of business are financial information and analytics . It is the parent company of S & P Global Ratings , S & P Global Market Intelligence , and S & P Global Platts , and is the majority owner of the S & P Dow Jones Indices joint venture . S & P is a shortening of Standard and Poor 's ."}]}, {'value': 'business records and correspondence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American , Canadian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_English', 'summary': 'Canadian English ( CanE , CE , en-CA ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Canada . According to the 2016 census , English was the first language of more than 19.4 million Canadians , or 58.1% of the total population ; the remainder of the population were native speakers of Canadian French ( 20.8% ) or other languages , at 21.1% ) . A larger number , 28 million people , reported using English as their dominant language . Of Canadians outside the province of Quebec , 82% reported speaking English natively , but within Quebec the figure was just 7.7% as most of its residents are native speakers of Quebec French . Canadian English contains major elements of both British English and American English , as well as many uniquely Canadian characteristics . While , broadly speaking , Canadian English tends to be closest to American English in terms of linguistic distance , the precise influence of American English , British English and other sources on Canadian English varieties has been the ongoing focus of systematic studies since the 1950s . Phonologically , Canadian and American English are classified together as North American English , emphasizing the fact that the vast majority of outsiders , even other native English speakers , can not distinguish the typical accents of the two countries by sound alone . There are minor disagreements over the degree to which even Canadians and Americans themselves can differentiate their own two accents , and there is even evidence that some Western American English ( Pacific Northwest and California English , for example ) is undergoing a vowel shift partially coinciding with a vowel shift occurring in mainland Canadian English , first reported in the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'mhhe.com/business/buscom/gregg/', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ISO 690', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ISO 690', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ISO_690', 'summary': 'ISO 690 is an ISO standard governing bibliographic references in different kinds of documents , including electronic documents . This international standard specifies the bibliographic elements that need to be included in references to published documents , and the order in which these elements should be stated .'}]}, {'value': 'International Organization for Standardization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization', 'summary': 'The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ; /ˈaɪsoʊ/ ) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . Founded on 23 February 1947 , the organization promotes worldwide proprietary , industrial , and commercial standards . It is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland , and works in 164 countries . It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council .'}]}, {'value': 'general', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Modern American Usage by Follett , often called Follett 's Modern American Usage", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Follett's_Modern_American_Usage", 'summary': "Follett 's Modern American Usage is the book published with the title Modern American Usage which was left in draft form and unfinished by Wilson Follett at his death . It was completed and edited by his friend Jacques Barzun in collaboration with six other editors . It is a usage guide for contemporary American English . Modern American Usage covers issues of usage , prose composition , and style , including English grammar , syntax , and literary techniques ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'grammar and usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usage', 'summary': "The usage of a language is the manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers ; that is , it refers to the collective habits of a language 's native speakers , as opposed to theoretical or idealized models of how a language works or ( should work ) in the abstract . Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar , syntax , style , and the choice of words . In the descriptive tradition of language analysis , correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it ; usage is also , however , a concern for the prescriptive tradition , for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style . Dictionaries are not generally designed to participate in linguistic prescriptivism ( with the notable exception of the American Heritage Dictionary ) , and are thus not intended to guide good usage in the latter sense . Despite occasional usage notes , lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage ."}]}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_English', 'summary': "American English ( AmE , AE , AmEng , USEng , en-US [ note 2 ] ) , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States . American English is a particularly influential form of English worldwide . English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and is the de facto common language used by the federal and state governments , to the extent that all laws and compulsory education presume English as the primary language . English is explicitly given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments . While the local courts in some divisions of the United States grant equivalent status to both English and another language - for example , English and Spanish in Puerto Rico - under federal law , English is still the official language for any matters being referred to the United States district court for the territory . The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century , followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 17th century , dialects from many different regions of England existed in every American colony , allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and levelling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with varieties in England . English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century 's first massive immigrations of non-English speakers from Europe and Africa , and firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English became common after the mid-18th century . Since then , American English has developed into some new varieties , including regional dialects that , in some cases , show minor influences in the last two centuries from successive waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages , primarily European languages . American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation , vocabulary , grammar , and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world . Any American or Canadian accent perceived as free of noticeably local , ethnic , or cultural markers is popularly called General or Standard American , a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MEUB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fowlers Modern English Usage , Burchfield edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage', 'summary': "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1926 ) , by Henry Watson Fowler ( 1858-1933 ) , is a style guide to British English usage , pronunciation , and writing . Covering topics such as plurals and literary technique , distinctions among like words ( homonyms and synonyms ) , and the use of foreign terms , the dictionary became the standard for other style guides to writing in English . Hence , the 1926 first edition remains in print , along with the 1965 second edition , edited by Ernest Gowers , which was reprinted in 1983 and 1987 . The 1996 third edition was re-titled as The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage , and revised in 2004 , was mostly rewritten by Robert W. Burchfield , as a usage dictionary that incorporated corpus linguistics data ; and the 2015 fourth edition , revised and re-titled Fowler 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage , was edited by Jeremy Butterfield , as a usage dictionary . Informally , users refer to the style guide and dictionary as Fowler 's Modern English Usage , Fowler , and Fowler 's ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'grammar and usage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Usage', 'summary': "The usage of a language is the manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers ; that is , it refers to the collective habits of a language 's native speakers , as opposed to theoretical or idealized models of how a language works or ( should work ) in the abstract . Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar , syntax , style , and the choice of words . In the descriptive tradition of language analysis , correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it ; usage is also , however , a concern for the prescriptive tradition , for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style . Dictionaries are not generally designed to participate in linguistic prescriptivism ( with the notable exception of the American Heritage Dictionary ) , and are thus not intended to guide good usage in the latter sense . Despite occasional usage notes , lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage ."}]}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_English', 'summary': "British English is the standard dialect of the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom . Variations exist in formal , written English in the United Kingdom . For example , the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland , North East England , Ireland , and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas little is predominant elsewhere . Nevertheless , there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom , and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English , however , vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken , so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language . According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English , British English shares all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British ' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways , more broadly or more narrowly , within a range of blurring and ambiguity . Colloquial portmanteau words for British English include : Bringlish ( recorded from 1967 ) , Britglish ( 1973 ) , Britlish ( 1976 ) , Brenglish ( 1993 ) and Brilish ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This list of style guide abbreviations provides the meanings of the abbreviations that are commonly used as short ways to refer to major style guides . They are used especially by editors communicating with other editors in manuscript queries , proof queries , marginalia , emails , message boards , and so on .', 'uid': 'List_of_style_guide_abbreviations_0', 'intro': 'This list of style guide abbreviations provides the meanings of the abbreviations that are commonly used as short ways to refer to major style guides. They are used especially by editors communicating with other editors in manuscript queries, proof queries, marginalia, emails, message boards, and so on.'}	null	null	What is the reference of the style guide that was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin ?	www.apastyle.org
0625a9951a3382cc	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_conferences', 'title': 'List of NCAA conferences', 'header': ['Conference', 'Nickname', 'Founded', 'Members', 'Sports', 'Headquarters'], 'data': [{'value': 'Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegheny_Mountain_Collegiate_Conference', 'summary': "The Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference ( AMCC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of New York , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'AMCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Boston , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Boston,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Boston is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the town of Boston in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the CDP population was 2,521 . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . North Boston is on the northern town line , located around the junction of NY Routes 277 and 391 .'}]}, {'value': 'American Collegiate Athletic Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The American Collegiate Athletic Association is an athletic conference with no regular-season competition . The ACAA competes in the NCAA 's Division III . The conference was formed in 2017 primarily by Independent schools in the Northeastern United States , but also has members in Michigan , Wisconsin , and California ."}]}, {'value': 'ACAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omaha , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska', 'summary': "Omaha ( /ˈoʊməhɑː/ OH-mə-hah ) is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County . Omaha is in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River , about 10 miles ( 15 km ) north of the mouth of the Platte River . The nation 's 40th-largest city , Omaha 's 2018 estimated population was 466,061 . Omaha is the anchor of the eight-county , bi-state Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area . The Omaha Metropolitan Area is the 59th largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 944,316 ( 2018 ) . The Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont , NE-IA Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) encompasses the Omaha-Council Bluffs MSA as well as the separate Fremont , NE Micropolitan Statistical Area , which consists of the entirety of Dodge County , Ohio . The total population of the CSA was 970,023 based on 2017 estimates . Approximately 1.3 million people reside within the Greater Omaha area , within a 50 mi ( 80 km ) radius of Downtown Omaha . Omaha 's pioneer period began in 1854 , when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs , Iowa . The city was founded along the Missouri River , and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname , the Gateway to the West . Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898 , when it played host to the World 's Fair , dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition . During the 19th century , Omaha 's central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub ."}]}, {'value': 'American Rivers Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Rivers_Conference', 'summary': 'The American Rivers Conference ( ARC ) is an NCAA Division III athletic conference . From 1927 until August 9 , 2018 , it was known as the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( IIAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ARC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Rapids , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa', 'summary': "Cedar Rapids ( /ˈsiːdər ˈræpɪdz/ ) is the second-largest city in Iowa and is the county seat of Linn County . The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Iowa City and 100 miles ( 160 km ) northeast of Des Moines , the state 's capital and largest city . It is a part of the Cedar Rapids/Iowa City Corridor of Linn , Benton , Cedar , Jones , Johnson , and Washington counties . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city population was 126,326 . The estimated population of the three-county Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha , was 255,452 in 2008 . Cedar Rapids is an economic hub of the state , located at the core of the Interstate 380 corridor . The Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) is also a part of a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) with the Iowa City MSA . This CSA plus two additional counties are known as the Iowa City-Cedar Rapids ( ICR ) Corridor and collectively have a population of over 450,000 . A flourishing center for arts and culture in Eastern Iowa , the city is home to the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art , the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library , the Paramount Theatre , Orchestra Iowa , Theatre Cedar Rapids , the African American Museum of Iowa , and the Iowa Cultural Corridor Alliance . In the 1990s and 2000s , several Cedar Rapidians became well-known actors , including Bobby Driscoll , Ashton Kutcher , Elijah Wood , and Ron Livingston . The city is the setting for the musical The Pajama Game and the comedy film Cedar Rapids . Cedar Rapids is nicknamed the City of Five Seasons , for the so-called fifth season , which is time to enjoy the other four ."}]}, {'value': 'American Southwest Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The American Southwest Conference ( ASC ) is a college athletic conference , founded in 1996 , whose member schools compete in the NCAA 's Division III . The schools are located in Texas , Louisiana , Arkansas and Mississippi . The conference competes in baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross country , football , men 's and women 's golf , men 's and women 's soccer , softball , men 's and women 's tennis , men 's and women 's track and field and women 's volleyball . The American Southwest Conference shares operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the NCAA Division II Lone Star Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'ASC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richardson , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richardson,_Texas', 'summary': "Richardson is a principal city in Dallas and Collin counties in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2018 American Community Survey , the city had a total population of 120,981 . Richardson is an affluent inner suburb of Dallas . It is home to the University of Texas at Dallas and the Telecom Corridor , with a high concentration of telecommunications companies . More than 5,000 businesses have operations within Richardson 's 28 square miles ( 73 km2 ) , including many of the world 's largest telecommunications and networking companies , such as AT & T , Verizon , Cisco Systems , Samsung , ZTE , MetroPCS , Texas Instruments , Qorvo , and Fujitsu . Richardson 's largest employment base is provided by the insurance industry , with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas 's headquarters , a regional hub for GEICO , regional offices for United Healthcare , and one of State Farm Insurance 's three national regional hubs located in the community ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic East Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The Atlantic East Conference is a newly-founded NCAA Division III collegiate athletic conference in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States . Beginning play in July 2018 , the league consists of seven private universities , each former members of either the Capital Athletic Conference or the Colonial States Athletic Conference . On May 31 , 2018 , Jessica Huntley was named the inaugural commissioner of the Atlantic East .'}]}, {'value': 'AEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkɪstər/ LANG-kə-stər ) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvania 's Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States . With a population of 59,322 , it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania 's cities . The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766 , making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and second largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area . The city 's primary industries include healthcare , tourism , public administration , manufacturing , and both professional and semi-professional services . Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than cities such as Boston or San Francisco , despite controversy among residents . Lancaster was home to James Buchanan , the nation 's 15th president , and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Capital Athletic Conference ( CAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Member institutions are located in the eastern United States in the states of Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'CAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredericksburg , Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centennial Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centennial_Conference', 'summary': "The Centennial Conference is an athletic conference which competes in the NCAA 's Division III . Member teams are located in Maryland and Pennsylvania . Eleven private colleges compose the Centennial Conference . Five of ten members of the Centennial Conference rank among the top 50 national liberal arts colleges and Johns Hopkins University is tied for tenth among national universities . On average , Centennial members sponsor 19 varsity teams . Conference members have won thirteen NCAA team titles : Johns Hopkins women 's cross country ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) , Gettysburg women 's lacrosse ( 2011 , 2017 , 2018 ) , Haverford men 's cross country ( 2010 ) , Franklin & Marshall women 's lacrosse ( 2007 , 2009 ) , Ursinus field hockey ( 2006 ) , Washington men 's lacrosse ( 1998 ) , and Washington men 's tennis ( 1994 , 1997 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Centennial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkɪstər/ LANG-kə-stər ) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvania 's Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States . With a population of 59,322 , it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania 's cities . The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766 , making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and second largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area . The city 's primary industries include healthcare , tourism , public administration , manufacturing , and both professional and semi-professional services . Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than cities such as Boston or San Francisco , despite controversy among residents . Lancaster was home to James Buchanan , the nation 's 15th president , and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'City University of New York Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_University_of_New_York_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The City University of New York Athletic Conference ( CUNY Athletic Conference or CUNYAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Its member institutions are all located in New York City and are campuses of the City University of New York . The CUNYAC also has a community college division , affiliated with the National Junior College Athletic Association ( NJCAA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'CUNYAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flushing , Queens , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flushing,_Queens', 'summary': "Flushing is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the United States . Located in the north-central portion of Queens , the neighborhood is the fourth largest central business district in New York City . Flushing was established as a settlement of New Netherland on October 10 , 1645 , on the eastern bank of Flushing Creek . It was named Vlissingen , after the Dutch city of Vlissingen . The English took control of New Amsterdam in 1664 , and when Queens County was established in 1683 , the Town of Flushing was one of the original five towns of Queens . In 1898 , Flushing was consolidated into the City of New York . Development came in the early 20th century with the construction of bridges and public transportation . An immigrant population , composed mostly of Chinese and Koreans , settled in Flushing in the late 20th century . Flushing contains numerous residential subsections , and its diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there . Flushing is served by several stations on the Long Island Rail Road 's Port Washington Branch , as well as the New York City Subway 's IRT Flushing Line ( 7 and < 7 > \u200b trains ) , which has its terminus at Main Street . The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue , a major commercial and retail area , is the third busiest intersection in New York City , behind Times and Herald Squares . Flushing is located in Queens Community District 7 and its ZIP Codes are 11354 , 11355 , and 11358 ."}]}, {'value': 'College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Conference_of_Illinois_and_Wisconsin', 'summary': "The College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin ( CCIW ) is a college athletic conference which competes in the NCAA 's Division III . CCIW schools have accounted for 46 national championships in NCAA Division III competition , including 15 in men 's cross country , six in men 's basketball , six in men 's outdoor track and field , four in football and men 's indoor track and field , three in women 's soccer , two in women 's outdoor track and field , women 's basketball and men 's soccer and one apiece in baseball and women 's indoor track and field . Elmhurst College won a pair of Division III women 's volleyball championships ( 1983 and 1985 ) , and North Central College won a women 's basketball title ( 1983 ) before the conference began sponsorship of women 's athletics in 1986-87 . North Central men 's cross country won its 13th national title in program history during the fall of 2009 , while the North Central men 's indoor track and field team captured the 2010 national championship . The Cardinals made it clean sweep by winning the men 's outdoor track and field title in the spring of 2010 . In addition , the Illinois Wesleyan women 's outdoor track and field team , as well as the baseball team , took home national titles , giving the CCIW five national championships during the 2009-10 season . North Central defended its titles in men 's indoor track and field and outdoor track and field in the spring of 2011 while the Cardinals won their second men 's cross country title in three seasons in the fall of 2011 and their third-straight indoor track and field title in 2012 . Illinois Wesleyan won the conference 's second women 's basketball national title in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'CCIW', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naperville , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois', 'summary': "Naperville ( /ˈneɪpərˌvɪl/ ) is a city in DuPage and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois . Located 28 miles ( 45 km ) west of Chicago , Naperville was founded in 1831 and developed into the fifth-largest city in Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 141,853 , which was estimated to have increased to 147,682 by 2017 . In a 2010 study assessing cities with populations exceeding 75,000 , Naperville was ranked as the wealthiest city in the Midwest and the eleventh wealthiest in the nation . It was ranked among the nation 's safest cities by USA Today and Business Insider . Naperville was voted the second-best place to live in the United States by Money magazine in 2006 and it was rated first on the list of best cities for early retirement in 2013 by Kiplinger ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonial States Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_States_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Colonial States Athletic Conference ( CSAC ) is an NCAA Division III collegiate athletic conference in the Mid-Atlantic United States . There are currently nine full member institutions as of 2018 . The conference 's membership , as with most Middle Atlantic conferences , was shaken as a result of the formation of the Landmark Conference and its ensuing domino effect . The conference , founded in 1992 as the Pennsylvania Athletic Conference , changed its name in 2008 . The CSAC experienced another shakeup in 2018 when five members departed the conference to join with two other institutions to form a new Division III conference that eventually became the Atlantic East Conference . In July 2018 , the CSAC added two new members . The conference added its 10th member on July 1 , 2019 and will add an 11th member on July 1 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'CSAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aston , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Aston Township is a township in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 16,592 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Commonwealth Coast Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commonwealth_Coast_Conference', 'summary': 'The Commonwealth Coast Conference ( CCC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAAs Division III . Member institutions are located in New England in the states of Maine , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island . The CCC does not directly sponsor football , but since 2017 has operated the single-sport Commonwealth Coast Football , a rebranding of the league formerly known as the New England Football Conference . The CCC and Commonwealth Coast Football unveiled a new family of logos during a June 2019 visual rebrand'}]}, {'value': 'CCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Springfield is a city in the state of Massachusetts , United States , and the seat of Hampden County . Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers : the western Westfield River , the eastern Chicopee River , and the eastern Mill River . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 153,060 . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 155,032 , making it the third-largest city in Massachusetts , the fourth-most populous city in New England after Boston , Worcester , and Providence , and the 12th-most populous in the Northeastern United States . Metropolitan Springfield , as one of two metropolitan areas [ b ] in Massachusetts ( the other being Greater Boston ) , had a population of 692,942 as of 2010 . Founded in 1636 as the first Springfield in the New World , during the American Revolution , George Washington designated it as the site of the Springfield Armory for its central location , subsequently the site of Shays ' Rebellion . The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War , as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown , widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry , and for the Armory 's manufacture of the famed Springfield rifles used ubiquitously by Union troops . Closing during the Johnson administration , today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world . Today the city is the largest in western New England , and the urban , economic , and media capital of Massachusetts ' section of the Connecticut River Valley , colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley . Springfield has several nicknames - The City of Firsts , due to the many innovations developed there , such as the first American dictionary , the first American gas-powered automobile , and the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts ; The City of Homes , due to its Victorian residential architecture ; and Hoop City , as basketball - one of the world 's most popular sports - was invented in Springfield in 1891 by James Naismith . Hartford , the capital of Connecticut , lies 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Springfield , on the western bank of the Connecticut River . The Hartford-Springfield region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because it hosts over 160,000 university students and over 32 universities and liberal arts colleges - the second-highest concentration of higher-learning institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Commonwealth Coast Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commonwealth_Coast_Football', 'summary': "Commonwealth Coast Football ( CCC Football ) is a single-sport athletic conference that competes in football in the NCAA 's Division III . It began play as CCC Football in 2017 after the New England Football Conference was renamed following the 2016 season . CCC Football is administered by the Commonwealth Coast Conference . The conference competed under the NEFC banner from 1965 through the 2016 season . Member teams are located in New England . Before an NEFC conference split that took effect with the 2013 season , the NEFC was divided into the Boyd Division and the Bogan Division , with the division champions competing in Division III football 's only season-ending conference championship game . After the 2012 season , the NEFC split , with the seven Massachusetts state institutions and Plymouth State playing in the MASCAC for football . The conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Division III playoffs continued to be held by the eight remaining members : Curry , Endicott , Maine Maritime , MIT , Nichols , Salve Regina , Coast Guard , and Western New England . In the 12 seasons the NEFC hosted a championship game between its two division winners , these remaining eight members accounted for 16 of the 24 championship game participants and 8 of 12 conference champions . The decision to rename the NEFC was made in October 2015 , as the Commonwealth Coast Conference announced that it would add football by effectively absorbing the NEFC as a single-sport conference known as Commonwealth Coast Football , starting with the 2017-18 school year . Accordingly , the 2016 season was the last for the NEFC under its long-standing name and acronym . The CCC and Commonwealth Coast Football unveiled a new family of logos during a June 2019 visual rebrand"}]}, {'value': 'CCC Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Springfield is a city in the state of Massachusetts , United States , and the seat of Hampden County . Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers : the western Westfield River , the eastern Chicopee River , and the eastern Mill River . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 153,060 . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 155,032 , making it the third-largest city in Massachusetts , the fourth-most populous city in New England after Boston , Worcester , and Providence , and the 12th-most populous in the Northeastern United States . Metropolitan Springfield , as one of two metropolitan areas [ b ] in Massachusetts ( the other being Greater Boston ) , had a population of 692,942 as of 2010 . Founded in 1636 as the first Springfield in the New World , during the American Revolution , George Washington designated it as the site of the Springfield Armory for its central location , subsequently the site of Shays ' Rebellion . The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War , as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown , widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry , and for the Armory 's manufacture of the famed Springfield rifles used ubiquitously by Union troops . Closing during the Johnson administration , today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world . Today the city is the largest in western New England , and the urban , economic , and media capital of Massachusetts ' section of the Connecticut River Valley , colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley . Springfield has several nicknames - The City of Firsts , due to the many innovations developed there , such as the first American dictionary , the first American gas-powered automobile , and the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts ; The City of Homes , due to its Victorian residential architecture ; and Hoop City , as basketball - one of the world 's most popular sports - was invented in Springfield in 1891 by James Naismith . Hartford , the capital of Connecticut , lies 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Springfield , on the western bank of the Connecticut River . The Hartford-Springfield region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because it hosts over 160,000 university students and over 32 universities and liberal arts colleges - the second-highest concentration of higher-learning institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Collegiate Football Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Collegiate_Football_Conference', 'summary': 'The Eastern Collegiate Football Conference is a football-only intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAAs Division III . Founded in 2009 , it combines seven schools spread across the states of Massachusetts , Vermont , Maine , and New York , plus Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'ECFC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Vermont', 'summary': 'Wilmington is a town in Windham County , Vermont , United States . The population was 1,876 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Empire 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_8', 'summary': "The Empire 8 ( E8 ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . The E8 sponsors intercollegiate athletic competition in men 's baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's cross country , women 's field hockey , men 's football , men 's golf , men 's and women 's lacrosse , men 's and women 's soccer , women 's softball , men 's and women 's swimming and diving , men 's and women 's tennis , men 's and women 's track and field , and women 's volleyball . The E8 shares offices with the United Volleyball Conference , a separate Division III league that competes solely in men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'E8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochester,_New_York', 'summary': "Rochester ( /ˈrɒtʃɛstər , -ɪs-/ ) is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in western New York and the seat of Monroe County . With a population of 208,046 , Rochester is the third most populous city in New York state , after New York City and Buffalo . The metropolitan area has a population of just over one million people . It is about 73 miles ( 117 km ) east of Buffalo and 87 miles ( 140 km ) west of Syracuse . Rochester was one of the United States ' first boom towns , initially due to the fertile Genesee River Valley , which gave rise to numerous flour mills , and then as a manufacturing hub . Several of the region 's universities ( notably the University of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology ) have renowned research programs . [ citation needed ] The area is the birthplace of Kodak , Paychex , Western Union , French 's , Bausch & Lomb , Gleason , Ragú and Xerox , which conduct extensive research and manufacturing of industrial and consumer products . Until 2010 , the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State , after the New York City metropolitan area . Rochester 's GMP has since ranked just below Buffalo 's , while exceeding it in per-capita income . In 2007 , the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester the most livable city among 379 U.S. metropolitan areas . In 2010 Forbes rated Rochester the third-best place to raise a family in the United States . In 2012 Kiplinger rated Rochester the fifth-best city in the United States for families , citing low cost of living , top public schools , and a low unemployment rate ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Northeast Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Northeast_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Great Northeast Athletic Conference ( GNAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division III .'}]}, {'value': 'GNAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartland_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference ( HCAC ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Member institutions are located in Indiana , Kentucky and Ohio . Founded as the Indiana Collegiate Athletic Conference ( ICAC ) in 1987 , it reincorporated under its current name in 1998 with the addition of several schools from Ohio . Original members of the HCAC included Anderson , Bluffton , Franklin , Hanover , Manchester , Mount St. Joseph , Wabash , and Wilmington . Of the ten current members , six were founding members of the former ICAC . Former members include DePauw ( 1987-1998 ) , Taylor ( 1988-1991 ) , Wabash ( 1987-1999 ) , and Wilmington ( 1998-2000 ) . Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology ( 1988-1998 ) re-joined as of July 1 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'HCAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Greenwood is a city in Johnson County , Indiana , United States . The population was 49,791 at the 2010 Census , and increased to 58,778 in the Census 2018 estimates . Greenwood is located between Indiana State Road 37 and Interstate 65 . The city shares a border with Indianapolis and is the most populous municipality in the southern portion of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Landmark Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landmark_Conference', 'summary': "The Landmark Conference is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . Member institutions are located in the eastern United States in the states of Maryland , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania , plus Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Landmark', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_New_Jersey', 'summary': 'Madison is a borough in Morris County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 15,845 , reflecting a drop in population of 685 ( −4.1% ) from the 16,530 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 680 ( +4.3% ) from the 15,850 counted in the 1990 Census . It is known as The Rose City and was named in honor of President James Madison . In 2019 , New Jersey Monthly magazine named Madison the number one town and best place to live in New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberty League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_League', 'summary': "The Liberty League is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division III . Member schools are top institutions that are all located in the state of New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canton , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Canton is a village in St. Lawrence County , New York , United States . The village is centrally located in both the town of Canton and the county of St. Lawrence . The population was 6,314 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of St. Lawrence County . The name comes from the Chinese city Canton . The village of Canton provides many municipal services such as a fully functional village highway department , water and sewer department , volunteer fire department , court system and a police department along with other municipal agencies .'}]}, {'value': 'Little East Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The Little East Conference ( LEC ) is an NCAA Division III intercollegiate athletic conference . The member institutions are located in all six states of New England .'}]}, {'value': 'LEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Dartmouth , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dartmouth,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Dartmouth is a coastal town in Bristol County , Massachusetts . Old Dartmouth was the first area of Southeastern Massachusetts to be settled by Europeans . Dartmouth itself is part of New England 's farm coast , which consists of a chain of historic coastal villages , vineyards , and farms . June 8 , 2014 marked the 350th year of Dartmouth 's incorporation as a town . It is also part of the Massachusetts South Coast . The local daily newspapers are The Dartmouth Chronicle and Dartmouth Weekly . The dog of Dartmouth is a Golden Retriever . The northern part of Dartmouth has the town 's large commercial districts . Although it does not abut Buzzards Bay , there are several waterways including Lake Noquochoke , Cornell Pond , Shingle Island River and Paskamansett River . There are several working farms in town and vineyard . All vineyards in the town are part of the Coastal Wine Tour . The town also has a thriving agricultural heritage and many of the working farms are protected ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Division III -- Current conferences', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCAA_conferences_8', 'intro': 'The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is divided into three divisions, based roughly on school size. Each division is made up of several conferences for regional league play. Unless otherwise noted, changes in conference affiliation will occur on July 1 of the given year.'}	null	null	Between Commonwealth Coast Conference and American Southwest Conference , which of their headquarters city has the lower population ?	Richardson , Texas
06260c72a444e499	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Arm School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Arm_School', 'summary': 'The Big Arm School is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located northwest of Polson , Montana . It was added to the Register on August 16 , 2007 . It is a one-story , wood-frame , 36 by 24 feet ( 11.0 m × 7.3 m ) school building which also served as a dance hall and a polling station and in other functions . It was built in the mid-1910s and served both Indian and non-Indian students for fifty years . Its first teacher was a Mr. Howe ; another named M.P . Elder taught 33 students from 15 families in 1915-16 . During 1944-45 there were just five students , taught by Marie Twitchel , including her brother .'}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 2007 ( # 07000816 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th and D Sts . 47°47′48″N 114°17′41″W / 47.796667°N 114.294722°W / 47.796667 ; -114.294722 ( Big Arm School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Arm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Arm,_Montana', 'summary': 'Big Arm is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Lake County , Montana , United States . The population was 131 at the 2000 census . The town forms a big arm on Flathead Lake , hence its name . The name was used by the Kootenai who lived there prior to the town being established . The post office opened in 1911 with Marion F. Lamb as postmaster . Big Arm State Park is located just north of the town .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton State Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_State_Bank', 'summary': 'The Dayton State Bank , at 133 C St. in Dayton in Lake County , Montana , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 . It was built in 1912 out of poured concrete and is 24 by 40 feet ( 7.3 m × 12.2 m ) in plan . It is the only example of Egyptian Revival architectural style of its era known to be surviving in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 2012 ( # 12000829 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '133 C St. 47°51′52″N 114°16′40″W / 47.864363°N 114.277794°W / 47.864363 ; -114.277794 ( Dayton State Bank )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Montana', 'summary': "Dayton ( Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille : iʔɫixʷ , Kutenai : aki¢qa ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Lake County , Montana , United States . The population was 95 at the 2000 census ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Connah Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Connah_Site', 'summary': "The Fort Connah Site is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located on U.S. Route 93 between St. Ignatius and Charlo , Montana . It was added to the Register on April 28 , 1982 . The fort was established in 1846 by the Hudson 's Bay Company . The remaining building is believed to be the oldest standing in Montana ."}]}, {'value': 'April 28 , 1982 ( # 82003173 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 93 47°24′20″N 114°05′14″W / 47.405556°N 114.087222°W / 47.405556 ; -114.087222 ( Fort Connah Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Montana', 'summary': 'U.S. Highway 93 ( US 93 ) is a north-south United States Numbered Highway in the state of Montana .'}]}, {'value': 'Post Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kootenai Lodge Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kootenai_Lodge_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Kootenai Lodge Historic District is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Bigfork , Montana . It was added to the Register on January 17 , 1984 . The listing has 25 contributing buildings . Architects Cutter and Malmgran are believed to have designed cabins # 1 , # 2 , # 3 , # 5 , # 6 , and # 7 , which were built by local craftsmen Ward Whitney and Fred Kitzmiller . William Moose was stonemason . The 1922 barn was built by local builder Les Averil .'}]}, {'value': 'January 17 , 1984 ( # 84002476 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunburst Dr. 48°01′16″N 113°58′33″W / 48.021111°N 113.975833°W / 48.021111 ; -113.975833 ( Kootenai Lodge Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bigfork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bigfork,_Montana', 'summary': 'Bigfork is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Flathead County , Montana , United States . The population was 4,270 at the 2010 census , up from 1,421 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Bird Linderman House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Bird_Linderman_House', 'summary': 'The Frank Bird Linderman House is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Lake County , Montana . It was added to the Register on February 22 , 1984 . Presumably it includes a house of Frank Bird Linderman . Linderman is known to have owned property at Goose Bay on Flathead Lake ( which is in Lake County and Flathead County ) , to which he moved his family from Helena , where he wrote full-time .'}]}, {'value': 'February 22 , 1984 ( # 84002479 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeside,_Montana', 'summary': 'Lakeside is an unincorporated area and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Flathead County , Montana , United States . The population was 2,669 at the 2010 census , up from 1,679 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don E. Olsson House and Garage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_E._Olsson_House_and_Garage', 'summary': "The Don E. Olsson House and Garage is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Ronan , Montana . It was added to the Register on January 15 , 2009 . It was deemed significant for its mid-century modern residential architecture that represents an early example of the Ranch style in Ronan and Lake County when it was built in 1950-51 . The house , its 1954 addition , and 1952 garage were designed by the architect Thomas Balzhiser ( the brother-in-law of the house 's owner ) , and as such the garage and addition share the same design features as the house . The house became a model for subsequent residential construction in Ronan such as the Harald Olsson House at 408 Eisenhower , also designed by Balzhiser ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15 , 2009 ( # 08001325 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '503 4th Ave. SW. 47°31′29″N 114°06′11″W / 47.524634°N 114.103149°W / 47.524634 ; -114.103149 ( Don E. Olsson House and Garage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronan,_Montana', 'summary': 'Ronan ( Salish : ocqʔetkʷ ) is a city in Lake County , Montana , United States . It lies on the Flathead Indian Reservation about 12 miles south of Flathead Lake in the northwestern part of the state . The population was 1,871 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polson Feed Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polson_Feed_Mill', 'summary': 'The Polson Feed Mill is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Polson , Montana . It was added to the Register on April 29 , 1980 . The Polson Feed Mill was built about 1910 . The mill is significant because of its historic associations with the development of Polson and Lake County . It has an irregular shape with complex roof , but its longest plan dimensions are 70 feet ( 21 m ) by 56 feet ( 17 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'April 29 , 1980 ( # 80002423 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501 Main St. 47°41′28″N 114°09′44″W / 47.691111°N 114.162222°W / 47.691111 ; -114.162222 ( Polson Feed Mill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polson,_Montana', 'summary': 'Polson is a city in Lake County , Montana , United States , on the southern shore of Flathead Lake . It is also on the Flathead Indian Reservation . The population was 4,488 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lake County . The city was named after pioneer rancher David Polson .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Ignatius Mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Ignatius_Mission', 'summary': 'The St. Ignatius Mission is a landmark Roman Catholic mission founded at its present location , St. Ignatius , Montana , in 1854 by Father Pierre-Jean De Smet and Father Adrian Hoecken . The current mission church was built between 1891 and 1893 , and listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1973 ( # 73001053 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About 0.1 miles ( 0.16 km ) southeast of U.S. Route 93 in St. Ignatius 47°18′54″N 114°06′07″W / 47.315°N 114.101944°W / 47.315 ; -114.101944 ( St. Ignatius Mission )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Montana', 'summary': 'U.S. Highway 93 ( US 93 ) is a north-south United States Numbered Highway in the state of Montana .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Ignatius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Ignatius,_Montana', 'summary': 'St. Ignatius ( Salish : snyél̓mn , Ktunaxa : ʔa·kikqǂaǂaǂuk̓pǂiʔit ) is a town in Lake County , Montana , United States . The population was 842 at the 2010 census . The town is located on the Flathead Indian Reservation .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Catholic Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Moiese,_Montana)", 'summary': "The St. Joseph 's Catholic Church is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located at the D'Aste Townsite . It was added to the Register on March 18 , 1999 . It is a wood frame church built in 1916 , with elements of Craftsman architecture . It is located between Charlo and Moiese , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) northwest of St. Ignatius . The church stands by itself along a graveled county road ."}]}, {'value': 'March 18 , 1999 ( # 99000345 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'Aste Townsite 47°23′07″N 114°11′47″W / 47.385278°N 114.196389°W / 47.385278 ; -114.196389 ( St. Joseph 's Catholic Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moiese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swan Lake Rock House Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swan_Lake_Rock_House_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Swan Lake Rock House Historic District is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places located southeast of Boulder , Montana . It was added to the Register on August 1 , 1984 . It includes Evans ' Rock House . It is located on what is known as Three Rock Point on the western side of Swan Lake in Lake County , Montana . It includes five contributing buildings built in 1930 . It is related to the Kootenai Lodge Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 1984 ( # 84002485 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Montana Highway 83 47°57′18″N 113°53′33″W / 47.955°N 113.8925°W / 47.955 ; -113.8925 ( Swan Lake Rock House Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_Highway_83', 'summary': 'Montana Highway 83 ( MT 83 ) is a 91.118-mile-long ( 146.640 km ) north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Montana connecting MT 200 east of Missoula to MT 35 north of Bigfork .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swan_Lake,_Montana', 'summary': 'Swan Lake is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lake County , Montana , United States . Its population was 113 as of the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Lake County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana_11', 'intro': "This is a list of properties and historic districts in Montana that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The state's more than 1,100 listings are distributed across all of its 56 counties. The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below), may be seen in an online map by clicking on Map of all coordinates."}	null	null	What is the population of the community that has a historic place that includes the Evans ' Rock House ?	113

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